NATO/PfP UNCLASSIFIED

ii

NATO/PfP UNCLASSIFIED

RECORD OF AMENDMENTS

No. Reference/date

of

Amendment

Date
Entered

Signature

EXPLANATORY NOTES

AGREEMENT

1.

This NATO Standardization Agreement (STANAG) is promulgated by the Director

NATO Standardization Agency under the authority vested in him by the NATO
Standardization Organisation Charter.

2.

No departure may be made from the agreement without informing the tasking

authority in the form of a reservation. Nations may propose changes at any time to the
tasking authority where they will be processed in the same manner as the original
agreement.

3.

Ratifying nations have agreed that national orders, manuals and instructions

implementing this STANAG will include a reference to the STANAG number for purposes of
identification.

RATIFICATION, IMPLEMENTATION AND RESERVATIONS

4.

Ratification, implementation and reservation details are available on request or through the

NSA websites (internet

http://nsa.nato.int;

NATO Secure WAN http://nsa.hq.nato.int).

FEEDBACK

5.

Any comments concerning this publication should be directed to NATO/NSA – Bvd

Leopold III - 1110 Brussels - BEL.

NATO/PfP UNCLASSIFIED

- 1 -

NATO/PfP UNCLASSIFIED

STANAG 2418
(Edition 2)

NATO STANDARDIZATION AGREEMENT

(STANAG)

PROCEDURES FOR EXPEDIENT REPAIR, INCLUDING BATTLE DAMAGE REPAIR

Annexes:

A.

Equipment Design To Reduce Damage.

B. Expedient/BDR

Capabilities.

C. Expedient/BDR

Training.

D.

Expedient Repair Record Form.

Related Document:

STANAG 2407 - Helicopter Operational Expedient and Battle Damage Repair

AIM

1.

The aim of this agreement is to standardize the policy for Expedient Repair, including

Battle Damage Repair (BDR), across the NATO Armed Forces.

AGREEMENT

2.

The participating nations agree to include the contents of this STANAG in their

national publications.

APPLICABILITY

3.

The STANAG applies to the following NATO Forces:

a.

The land forces of NATO.

b.

The elements of naval forces and air forces of NATO engaged in land
operations, as appropriate.

c.

The procedures to assist Nations in carrying out expedient repairs, including
BDR to each other’s helicopters in an operational environment is covered in
STANAG 2407.

EXPEDIENT REPAIR CONCEPT

4.

Expedient Repair is a key enabler in maintaining military capability, using engineering

skills and non-conventional techniques to carry out limited repairs to equipment.

5.

Expedient Repair is an important engineering process when deployed on operations

and may also be useful, when authorised, during peacetime. It is vital that any repairs that
fall below the normally accepted engineering standard or quality are

rigorously recorded.

Engineering judgement is needed to determine how long a repair might last during use and
the risk associated if the repair fails. Expedient repairs must be authorized by an appropriate

NATO/PfP UNCLASSIFIED

- 2 -

NATO/PfP UNCLASSIFIED

technical engineering authority and accepted for use by the operational commander, who
agrees to any limitations/constraints on use. An Expedient Repair Form is at Annex D which
nations may adopt for their own use.

6.

Expedient Repairs can be categories into three main types:

a. Type

1. An improvised, non-conventional repair that is of sufficient engineering

quality and robustness to be considered as permanent, so allowing the
continued use of the equipment, and does not require subsequent
replacement. This repair must meet any legal and safety requirements.

b. Type

2. An improvised, non-conventional repair that is considered only

temporary in nature, allowing the equipment to complete the immediate
mission or task, before being replaced by a conventional repair. This repair
should meet agreed legal and safety requirements.

c. Type

3. An improvised, non-conventional repair that rapidly returns the

equipment for use. This repair is unlikely to be permanent or may not meet
legal and safety requirements but is essential to maintain military capability in
periods of conflict or war. This type of expedient repair is considered to be
Battle Damage Repair.

DEFINITION(S)

7.

The definition of Expedient Repair is:

“Repair, which may be temporary, to restore an equipment to a specified condition by
non-conventional/improvised repair, both deployed and in-barracks, bounded by legal
constraints.”

8.

The definition of Battle Damage Repair (BDR) is:

“Essential repairs, which may be improvised and/or temporary, carried out rapidly in a
combat environment, in order to return damaged or disabled equipment to further
contribute to operations

.

”

SCOPE

9.

The STANAG covers the following aspects:

a.

Design of equipment to reduce the effects of failure and damage.

b.

Identification of the type and extent of damage which can be repaired using
expedient/BDR techniques.

c. Expedient/BDR

capabilities.

d. Training.

e.

Recording of expedient repairs.

NATO/PfP UNCLASSIFIED

- 3 -

NATO/PfP UNCLASSIFIED

FUTURE EQUIPMENT DESIGN

10. Equipment design or modification should give consideration to enhancing the
equipment’s combat effectiveness by minimizing its vulnerability to battle damage and
simplifying its repair. Further guidance is given at Annex A.

TYPE AND EXTENT OF DAMAGE

11.

Damage assessment is fundamental to future equipment design and the development

of Expedient/BDR procedures. It is important, therefore, to keep current with the expected
types and extent of damage by:

a.

Carrying out post operation analysis of damaged equipment and feeding this
back to the Design Authority/Manufacturer.

b. Conducting

field

tests

on in-service equipment.

c.

Conducting computer modelling during the design stage of new equipment.

SPECIAL PURPOSE KITS, TOOLS AND DOCUMENTATION

12.

Nations will develop and establish non-conventional expedient/BDR techniques, kits and

technical publications as appropriate to their own equipments. Exchange of information between
nations should be encouraged such that common techniques can be established and an appropriate
Allied Engineering Publication (AEP) produced.

13.

A summary of national expedient/BDR capabilities is detailed at Annex B.

TRAINING

14.

a.

The ability of a maintainer or operator/user to carry out expedient/BDR will
depend, to a large extent, on the training. Training should be as realistic as
possible and should comprise the following elements:

(1) Formal,

specialist

training at technical schools.

(2)

On the job training in units.

(3) Periods specifically devoted to improvised/non-conventional repair

techniques training prior to or during exercises and deployments.

b.

Nations should set training objectives according to their particular
requirements and resources. An overall approach to expedient/BDR training
is outlined at Annex C which nations may adapt for their own use.

IMPLEMENTATION OF THE AGREEMENT

15.

This STANAG is implemented when its contents have been incorporated into the

necessary National orders/instructions and have been issued to the forces concerned.

NATO/PfP UNCLASSIFIED

A-1

NATO/PfP UNCLASSIFIED

ANNEX A TO
STANAG 2418
(Edition 2)

EQUIPMENT DESIGN TO REDUCE DAMAGE

TECHNICAL RECOMMENDATIONS

1.

Equipment design should consider:

a.

Extra protection for the more vulnerable systems and vital parts.

b.

Durability, with built-in redundancies.

c.

Ease of access to systems and components, and of malfunction diagnosis;

simplicity of non-conventional maintenance actions.

d.

Consistency in the design approach to systems and sub-systems, with

particular emphasis on:

(1)

The modular concept.

(2)

Maximizing commonality of assemblies, modules and circuitry.

(3) The duplication and interoperability of sub-assemblies within

equipments or between similar equipments.

(4)

The incorporation of built-in test and diagnostic equipment (BITE).

ASSESSMENT AND VALIDATION

2.

Damage assessment should be a major element in all system testing, and before any

validation.

EXCHANGE OF INFORMATION

3.

Nations must be actively encouraged to exchange national expedient/BDR

policies, experience, techniques and equipment.

NATO/PfP UNCLASSIFIED

NATO/PfP UNCLASSIFIED

B-1

ANNEX B TO
STANAG 2418
(Edition 2)

EXPEDIENT/BDR CAPABILITES

1.

Each Nation will develop it’s own improvised techniques and expedient/BDR-kits to meet

their appropriate organisational needs. Capabilities will vary based upon the National concept
for the applying non-conventional repair techniques, system types to be repaired, materials
available, training delivered and skills of the maintainer.

EXPEDIENT/BDR-KITS

2.

An expedient/BDR-kit must contain the equipment, tools, spare parts and materials

necessary to apply non-conventional repair techniques on systems and/or mechanical,
hydraulic, electrical and optical parts to ensure a minimum and balanced performance by the
principal functions (mobility, firepower, liaison and command) of the equipment, irrespective of
the type and origin of the equipment.

3.

An expedient/BDR-kit will be available to every country at different levels of

maintenance, from the user to the specialized maintenance unit. The contents of a kit
may vary according to the maintenance level.

CAPABILITIES

4.

Each nation will develop its own expedient/BDR techniques. Examples include:

a. Repair

of

electrical

wires/cables, possibly including fibre optics and

databuses.

b.

Repair of pipes/hoses (metal, rubber and synthetic materials) for:

(1) Coolant.

(2) Fuel.

(3) Lubricating

Oil.

(4) Hydraulic

Fluid.

(5) Air.

c.

Repair of non-pressurized liquid storage tanks (fuel, oil, water) or

pressurized (air).

d. Mechanical

connections.

e. Armour.

NATO/PfP UNCLASSIFIED

NATO/PfP UNCLASSIFIED

B-2

f. Vehicle

panels.

g. Tyres.

5.

For a specified operation it will be usual for the designated chief maintenance

officer to publish guidance on the expedient/BDR capabilities of each contributing nation
and to issue guidance on and authorisation for the application of expedient repair
techniques.

NATO/PfP UNCLASSIFIED

NATO/PfP UNCLASSIFIED

C-1

ANNEX C TO

STANAG 2418
(Edition 2)

EXPEDIENT/BDR TRAINING

INTRODUCTION

1.

The aim of this Annex is to set out the recommended NATO approach to

expedient/BDR techniques training.

TRAINING METHODS

2.

To set up a programme of improvised, non-conventional repair training the

following factors need to be identified:

a. The types of repairs to be carried out on the different types of systems.

b. The skills needed and the trade group(s) responsible for carrying out specific
repairs.

c. The materials and kits approved to meet required standards.

d. The most appropriate location and timeframe to teach and practice
expedient/BDR techniques.

e. Emerging conventional and non-conventional repair techniques.

BASIC TRAINING

3.

Training Centers. To ensure a minimum standard of expedient/BDR knowledge at

each level of a tradesman’s career, repair techniques modules should feature in
appropriate courses at Trade Schools, covering:

a. A short introduction to improvised/non-conventional repair techniques on
basic courses.

b. Longer modules on refresher courses and specialist equipment courses, with
the emphasis on practical engineering methods.

c. Modules on courses for senior personnel with the emphasis on damage
diagnosis and assessment.

4.

Instructor Training. There will be a requirement to set up advanced courses for

unit expedient/BDR instructors to become the unit focus for advice and continuation
training.

5. Officer Training. The training of maintenance officers should include an
appreciation of expedient/BDR, where their engineering background will enable them to
assess problems from basic principles.

NATO/PfP UNCLASSIFIED

NATO/PfP UNCLASSIFIED

C-2

6.

Operator Training. Non-conventional repair training should not be confined to

maintenance staff. Valuable time can be saved if operators are trained in the immediate
use of elementary improvisation techniques before the arrival of maintenance
personnel. Users should receive basic training appropriate to their role and equipment
used.

CONTINUATION TRAINING

7.

Continuation training is essential to maintaining expedient/BDR skills.

a. Non-conventional techniques and documents must be regularly updated to
retain skills in units.

b. Some improvisation techniques may safely be applied in peacetime; these
should be practiced as circumstances permit. Others must only be regarded as
operational expedients only.

c. More specialized repairs should be practiced under controlled conditions as
part of periodic training organized by the unit expedient/BDR instructor.

EXPEDIENT/BDR EXERCISES

8.

Every opportunity should be taken to practice non-conventional repair techniques

under realistic exercise conditions. Participation by other NATO nations should be
encouraged.

TRAINING AIDS

9.

Training should be carefully planned with adequate resources such as damaged

vehicles, visual aides, up-to-date publications and a full range of expedient/BDR-kits
and materials.

NATO/PfP UNCLASSIFIED

THIS FORM TO REMAIN WITH EQUIPMENT

THIS FORM TO REMAIN WITH EQUIPMENT

D-1

NATO/PfP UNCLASSIFIED

ANNEX D TO
STANAG 2418
(Edition 2)

EXPEDIENT REPAIR RECORD FORM

Equipment Type:

Designating Mark/
Number Plate:

Crew: Equipment

Location:

Owning Unit:

Nationality of Owner:

DTG of Repair:

Maintenance Unit:

Maint Unit Nationality:

Maint Unit
Contact Details:

Maint Unit Location:

Description of Fault/Damage (including systems affected)

Weapon/Armament

(main or primary)

Weapon/Armament

(secondary)

Communications Chassis/Hull Steering

Weapon

control

system

(main)

Weapon

control

system (secondary)

External

Lights

Suspension

Power

Train

Electrical

Electronic

Hydraulic

Braking

Other

Sketch of Expedient Repair





















Parts Fitted/Materials Used:

NATO/PfP UNCLASSIFIED

THIS FORM TO REMAIN WITH EQUIPMENT

THIS FORM TO REMAIN WITH EQUIPMENT

D-2

NATO/PfP UNCLASSIFIED

Description:

NSN:

Quantity:

Description:

NSN:

Quantity:

Description:

NSN:

Quantity:

Description:

NSN:

Quantity:

Description:

NSN:

Quantity:

Description:

NSN:

Quantity:

LIMITATIONS/CONSTRAINTS ON USE

Repair completed by:
(The Maintainer)

Repair Authorised by:
(The Engineering Authority)

Equipment User/Owner or Vehicle
Commander; acceptance of repair
and agreement to the limitations or
constraints on use:

Number:

Rank:

Name:

Unit:

Signature:

Number:

Rank:

Name:

Unit:

Signature:


Qualifications & Appointment:

Number:

Rank:

Name:

Unit:

Signature:


Appointment:

OTAN/PPP SANS CLASSIFICATION

EXEMPLAIRE RESTANT SUR L’ÉQUIPEMENT

EXEMPLAIRE RESTANT SUR L'ÉQUIPEMENT

D-

3

OTAN/PPP SANS CLASSIFICATION

FORMULAIRE OTAN DE RÉPARATION DE FORTUNE

Type d’engin :

Numéro de série/
d’immatriculation :

Équipage :

Position :

Unité :

Nationalité :

GDH :

Unité de
maintenance :

Nationalité de l’unité
de maintenance :

Point de contact

à l’unité de

maintenance:

Position :

Description de la panne / défectuosité (mentionnant les systèmes concernés) :

Arme/

Armement

(principal ou primaire)

Arme/

Armement

(secondaire)

Communications

Châssis

/

caisse

Direction

Conduite de tir (arme

principale)

Conduite de tir

(arme secondaire)

Dispositif

d’éclairage

Suspension

Groupe

motopropulseur /
chaîne cinétique

Électricité

Électronique

Hydraulique

Freinage

Autres

Schéma de la réparation de fortune

OTAN/PPP SANS CLASSIFICATION

EXEMPLAIRE RESTANT SUR L’ÉQUIPEMENT

EXEMPLAIRE RESTANT SUR L'ÉQUIPEMENT

D-

4

OTAN/PPP SANS CLASSIFICATION

Pièce de rechanges montées / matériaux utilisés :

Description :

NNO :

Quantité :

Description :

NNO :

Quantité :

Description :

NNO :

Quantité :

Description :

NNO :

Quantité :

Description :

NNO :

Quantité :

Description :

NNO :

Quantité :

LIMITATIONS / RESTRICTIONS D’EMPLOI

Opération effectuée par :
(le technicien)

Autorisée par :
(responsable technique)

Autorisation de l’utilisateur/du
détenteur du véhicule ou du chef de
bord de procéder à l’intervention et
acceptation des restrictions ou
contraintes d’utilisation :

Matricule :

Grade :

Nom :

Unité :

Signature :

Matricule :

Grade :

Nom :

Unité :

Signature :


Qualifications et affectation :

Matricule :

Grade :

Nom :

Unité :

Signature :


Affectation :