10 – 14.12.12

Exam: 30.01.12

1. Modifier in a NP

4. Apposition
   
   

5. Subject or Determiner or Subject Determiner fused construction or

6. two hour describes adverb 'later' – modifier in an adverb phrase

7. head – PP, Noun describes PP. Noun functions as modifier

8. 'This is a memorable film' – Object complement / object predicative

NP head

NOM

head

mod

PP

AP

head

D ADV A N N P D N

A somewhat old-fashioned country cottage on the shore of the sea

hand – common, count, concrete

Jerusalem – Proper – don't indicate rest for proper nouns

witchraft – common, uncount, abstract

battles – common, count, concrete

screen – common, count, concrete

discussion – common, abstract, uncountable

behaviour – common, abstract, uncountable

difference – common, count, abstract

meaning – common, abstract, uncountable

to chceck if it's countable try to change it's form to plural and check if it makes sense

pigeon – triple gender

audience – collective noun, double gender

vixen (female fox) – double gender, femine, neuter

Poland – as ^

testator – (the person who leaves last will) – single gender, he

Television will be a serious competitor for radio because people must sit and keep their eyes glued

sg, inv Var sg,inv(no det) pl, inv var

to a screen; the average American family hasn't got time for that

var. Sg, inv

albums – regular

men-of-war – mutation

wharves – irregular, voicing

series – Zero plural

ova – Latin

Citeria – Greek

Volcanoes – Regular plural

lice – irregular, mutation

children – mutation +en

indices – Latin

Possessive Determiners

Regularly appear with parts of the body

He wore a hat on his head.

He tapped me on the shoulder. ← not 'my shoulder' because the possessor is mentioned in the form of the object

She rested her hand on his shoulder - not specified possessive of the shoulder and hand

Clothing items:

Please take off your shoes.

If ppl thing sth belongs to them they use possessives

Demonstratives (demonstrative pronouns)

this / these (close to the speaker)

that / those (object is distant to the speaker)

• It's distance in distance and time

• Emotional attachment/ distance

I don't understand this ← I'm interested in this, my next question will be to explain it to me

I don't understand that ← I'm not interested in it

Demonstratives can be used in the same way as definite article

1. Situational use

give me this book ← teacher is in front of the student
give me that book ← teacher is not close to the student

2. Anaphoric use

In 1982 H. Weber gave a [set of postulates for abstract groups of finite order.]₁ These postulates are₁ essentially those in use today.

It's definite because we definite it in the next part

3. Cataphoric use

We apologise to those readers who did not receive the Guardian on Saturday.

4. Time reference use

These days / this week

5. Introductory use

This – used to introduce a new topic
to talk about sth new

We went to the restaurant where there was this French cook. ← The listener does not know anything about the restaurant and cook.
And this girl comes to me.


Quantifying determiners

1. Inclusive determiners

all, both | every, each

all, both – determiners & pre-determiners, can be used in front of other determiners

every, each – distributive. I've read every book in the library. ← treated as a set, but each of the book separately

I have read all books in the library.

I have read every book in the library

^ basically the same message BUT

all – collective meaning

every – meaning is more distributive

The teacher greeted every student ← treated collectively – hello everyone

The teacher greeted each student. ← treated separately - Hello Kate, Hello Martha

The actress wore a bracelet on each wrist ← each refers to 2 or more

every wrist ← grammatically incorrect – every refers to 3 or more

I go swimming every Sunday – every refers to the set that is not-finite

I go swimming each Sunday – each refers to the set which is finite

Not every/*each student will come to the party

Each cannot be modifies, we cannot say 'not each'

Almost every/*each student will come to the party

2. Large quantity

many, much, lots of, a lot of

many, much – generally not used in positive statement

I've got lot's of problems these days

Did you have many problems with your essay?

3. Moderate / small quantity

some, a little, a few, several

SOME

• proportional use – some refers to certain proportion of the total amount
  
  

some people have already left ← some ppl are still here

• non-proportional use

There are some ppl outside who want to talk to you

• to large amount

Some years have passed since I last saw my teacher

• Singular countable noun

This I some car ← emphatic use

Some idiot left the over on over night ← to criticise

^not to mention directly, or I don't know who exactly it is

I saw some man on the street. ← to stress that we talk about sthe we cannot describe precisely