1. Code switching

Code switching - using more than one language in the same conversation.

Very few bilinguals keep their languages completely separate.

Bilinguals (code switch) Monolinguals (borrowings)

Why do we code-switch:

1. The principle of the most available word

2. Bilingual may be not familiar with the word

3. L2 can better express the idea

4. The language spoken does not contain the word

5. In order to quote

6. Exclude sb from conversation

7. You're tired

Types of code switches:

1. Tag switches (wow, to było fantastyczne)

2. Intrasentential switches (in the middle of sentences)

3. Intersentential switches (between 2 sentences)

Types of borrowings:

1. Calques (literal translations)

2. Extensions (the meaning of the language spoken in extended in the TL)

LANGUAGE ATTRITION (language loss):

Types:

1. Loss of L1 in an L1 environment (older people)

2. Loss of L1 in an L2 environment (immigrants)

3. Loss of L2 in an L1 environment

4. Loss of L2 in an L2 environment (immigrants)

Why do we forget:

1. Retrieval failure theory - not a loss of information but temporary inaccessibility.

2. Regression hypothesis - Attrition is a mirror image of acquisition (last learnt - first forgotten, best learnt - last forgotten)

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