plik

Document Outline

Front Matter

Table of Contents

Section A. General Principles

Section B. Materials & Processes

Section C. Control

Section D. Power Electronics and Drives

Section E. Environment

Section F. Power Generation

26. Prime Movers

26.1 Steam Generating Plant
- 26.1.1 Introduction
- 26.1.2 Combustion
- 26.1.3 Sources of Chemical Energy
- 26.1.4 Thermodynamics and Hydrodynamics of Steam Generating Plant
26.2 Steam Turbine Plant
- 26.2.1 Cycles and Types
- 26.2.2 Turbine Technology
- 26.2.3 Turbine Construction
- 26.2.4 Turbine Support Plant
- 26.2.5 Turbine Operation and Control
26.3 Gas Turbine Plant
- 26.3.1 Open-Cycle Plant
- 26.3.2 Closed-Cycle Plant
- 26.3.3 Combined-Cycle Plant
- 26.3.4 Cogeneration/CHP Plant
26.4 Hydroelectric Plant
- 26.4.1 General
- 26.4.2 Types of Plant
- 26.4.3 Power Station
- 26.4.4 Turbines
- 26.4.5 Hydrogenerators
- 26.4.6 Economics
- 26.4.7 Pumped Storage
26.5 Diesel-Engine Plant
- 26.5.1 Theory and General Principles
- 26.5.2 Engine Features
- 26.5.3 Engine Primary Systems
- 26.5.4 Engine Ancillaries
- 26.5.5 A.C. Generators
- 26.5.6 Switchgear and Controls
- 26.5.7 Operational Aspects
- 26.5.8 Plant Layout
- 26.5.9 Economic Factors
- 26.5.10 Cogeneration/CHP
References

27. Alternative Energy Sources

28. Alternating Current Generators

28.1 Introduction
28.2 Airgap Flux and Open-Circuit E.M.F.
- 28.2.1 Airgap Flux Waveforms
- 28.2.2 Open-Circuit E.M.F.: Integral Slots per Pole
- 28.2.3 Open-Circuit E.M.F.: Fractional Slot Windings
- 28.2.4 Slot Ripple E.M.F.s
28.3 Alternating Current Windings
- 28.3.1 Choice of Slot Number
- 28.3.2 Integral-Slot Windings
- 28.3.3 Fractional-Slot Windings
- 28.3.4 Parallel Circuits
28.4 Coils and Insulation
- 28.4.1 Service Conditions
- 28.4.2 Stator Coils
- 28.4.3 High Voltage Insulation Systems
- 28.4.4 Insulation Testing
- 28.4.5 Rotor Coils
28.5 Temperature Rise
28.6 Output Equation
- 28.6.1 Some Design Parameters
28.7 Armature Reaction
- 28.7.1 Cylindrical-Rotor Machine
- 28.7.2 Salient-Pole Rotor Machine
- 28.7.3 Magnitudes and Equivalence of Stator and Rotor M.M.F.
28.8 Reactances and Time Constants
- 28.8.1 Armature Leakage Reactance
- 28.8.2 Magnetisation (Armature Reaction) Reactances
- 28.8.3 Synchronous Reactances
- 28.8.4 Transient and Subtransient Reactances
- 28.8.5 Negative-Sequence Reactance
- 28.8.6 Zero-Sequence Reactance
- 28.8.7 Reactance Values
- 28.8.8 Reactances and Time Constants
- 28.8.9 Potier Reactance
- 28.8.10 Frequency-Response Tests
28.9 Steady-State Operation
- 28.9.1 Open- and Short-Circuit Characteristics
- 28.9.2 Phasor Diagram and Power Output
28.10 Synchronising
- 28.10.1 Synchronising Procedure
- 28.10.2 Synchronising Power and Torque
- 28.10.3 Rotor Oscillation
28.11 Operating Charts
- 28.11.1 Cylindrical-Rotor Generator
- 28.11.2 Salient-Pole Generator
28.12 On-Load Excitation
- 28.12.1 M.M.F. Phasor Diagram
- 28.12.2 The ANSI Potier Reactance Method
- 28.12.3 Use of Design Calculation
28.13 Sudden Three-Phase Short Circuit
28.14 Excitation Systems
- 28.14.1 D.C. Exciters
- 28.14.2 A.C. Exciters with Static Rectifiers
- 28.14.3 Brushless Excitation
- 28.14.4 Thyristor Excitation
- 28.14.5 Excitation Systems Circuits
- 28.14.6 Excitation Control
- 28.14.7 Basic Principles of Voltage Control
- 28.14.8 Additional Control Features
- 28.14.9 Overall Voltage Response
- 28.14.10 Digital Control
28.15 Turbogenerators
- 28.15.1 Main Dimensions
- 28.15.2 Rotor Body
- 28.15.3 Rotor Winding
- 28.15.4 Stator Core
- 28.15.5 Stator Casing
- 28.15.6 Stator Winding
- 28.15.7 Cooling
28.16 Generator-Transformer Connection
28.17 Hydrogenerators
- 28.17.1 Introduction
- 28.17.2 Construction
- 28.17.3 Cooling
- 28.17.4 Excitation
- 28.17.5 Pumped Storage Units
28.18 Salient-Pole Generators Other than Hydrogenerators
- 28.18.1 Applications
- 28.18.2 Construction
- 28.18.3 Ventilation and Cooling
- 28.18.4 Particular Design Requirements
28.19 Synchronous Compensators
28.20 Induction Generators
28.21 Standards
Acknowledgements
References

29. Batteries

29.1 Introduction
29.2 Cells and Batteries
- 29.2.1 Definitions
- 29.2.2 Principles
- 29.2.3 Redox Process
29.3 Primary Cells
- 29.3.1 Leclanché (Zinc-Carbon) Cell
- 29.3.2 Standard Cells
- 29.3.3 Alkaline Cells
- 29.3.4 Water Activated Cells
- 29.3.5 Acid Cells
29.4 Secondary Cells and Batteries
- 29.4.1 Lead/Acid Cells
- 29.4.2 Nickel/Cadmium and Nickel/Iron Alkaline Cells
- 29.4.3 Silver/Zinc Alkaline Cells
- 29.4.4 Secondary Battery Technology
- 29.4.5 Lithium Cells
- 29.4.6 Sodium/Sulphur Cells
29.5 Battery Applications
- 29.5.1 Stationary or Standby Power Batteries
- 29.5.2 Self-Contained Power Supplies
- 29.5.3 Traction Batteries
29.6 Anodising
- 29.6.1 Process
- 29.6.2 Vats
- 29.6.3 Workpieces
29.7 Electrodeposition
- 29.7.1 Electroplating
29.8 Hydrogen and Oxygen Electrolysis
- 29.8.1 Process
- 29.8.2 Electrolysers
- 29.8.3 Gas Purity
- 29.8.4 Plant Arrangement
References

Section G. Transmission and Distribution

Section H. Power Systems

Section I. Sectors of Electricity Use

Index