USE OF ENGLISH UNIT 1

Phrasal Verbs 1

• to be in with - Susan gets all the perks because she is in with the administration.

• be beneath sb - uwłaczać czyjejś godności

• be down on sb - As a vegetarian Paul is down on people who eat meat.

• be in for sth - He'll be in for it when his parents discover he took the money.

• be down with - zachorowac na.

• be into sth - być za czymś, interesować się czymś

• be off sth - odsuwać się od czegoś, e.g. Our dog Has been off its food for days now.

• Do you know what's on at the cinema? - wiesz, co grają?

• be up to sth - kombinowac coś, robić (w negatywnym znaczeniu)

• The roses have been our for a few days now.

Phrasal verbs 2

• act on - iść za (radą, sugestią)

• to have a bearing on sth - mieć na coś wpływ

• bear on - be relevant to/affect

• back out of sth - wycofać się z czegoś - withdraw from

• answer to - odpowiadać przed kimś

• back up - wesprzeć, potwierdzić

• act up - źle się zachowywać

• answer for - odpowiedzieć za (czyny)

• back down - wycofać się

• answer Sb back - pyskować

• bear with Sb - być cierpliwym

Idioms and Fixed Phrases 1

• all but -

• all In - wycieńczony

• all told - w sumie

• for all - in spite of

• of all people- I never expected you of all people to say such a thing.

• all along - od początku

• all the same - however, yet

• all in all - when everything is considered

• for all I know - as far as I know

• for all I care - I don't care

Idioms and Fixed Phrases 2

• take sth into account - consider sth

• on account of - because of

• on no account - under no circumstances

• on this/that account - for this/that reason

• on the air, off the air

• in the air - uncertain

• up in the air - it exists but not talked about. His future is up in the air - he can't decide whether to become a surgeon or a psychiatrist.

• clear the air - remove suspicion or bad feeling.

• be up in arms - be very angry

• on the alert - on the look-out, expecting sth

Fixed phrases

• in abeyance - nieużywany tymczasowo

• be of/have no fixed abode - be homeless

• out and about - outdoors, travelling from one place to another

• in the abstract - in the general way

• of its own accord - automatically

• agree to differ/disagree - stop arguing because because there is no chance of agreement

• be in arrears - zalegać

• cast aspersions - criticize

• cost an arm and a leg - be very expensive

• be thrown off balance - be confused, surprised

• on the ball - alert

• below the belt - cruel and unfair

• be beside oneself with anger/excitement - e extremely angry/excited

• bide one's time - wait for a good opportunity

• in the black - być na czysto, opp. in the red

• blaze a trail - discover/explore sth new

• on the blink - nawalać (of electrical equipment)

• go by the board - be rejected/ignored/no longer possible

• cut to the bone - reduced to a minimum

• out of bounds - prohibited, forbidden (of a place)

• pick someone's brains - ask sb to help with a problem/extract information from an expert.

Word Usage

• origin - original

• long - elongation (wydłużenie) - elongated

• monument - monumental - straszny, moniumentalny

• popular - popularity

• relation - relationship

• remark - remarkable - niezwykły

• convention - conventional

• question - unquestionable

• extend - extensive - rozległy

• identify - unidentified

• giggle - za/chichotać - laugh in a childlike way, because they are amused, nervous, or embarrassed.

• chuckle - za/chichotać - laugh quietly

• sneer - drwić

• grin AT - uśmiechać się szeroko

• snigger - chichotać, podśmiechiwać się - laugh quietly in a disrespectful way, for example at something rude or unkind.

• smirk - uśmiechać się złośliwie, pogardliwie, z wyższością

• beam At - uśmiechać się promiennie

• titter - chichotać - give a short nervous laugh, especially when they are embarrassed about something.

• guffaw - śmiać się głośno

• dodge - unikać, uchylać się przed

• evade responsibility/tricky questions

• shirk - wymigiwać się od (one's duties)

• duck - unikać

• affect sb's health

• rich food - If you have stomach problems, you should avoid rich food. (jedzenie kalorycne)

• commodity - towar

• stock - zapas, towar na składzie

• merchandise - towary (goods that are sold, traded or bought)

USE OF ENGLISH UNIT 2

9

Cosmetic Surgery

disfigurement [dɪs`fɪgərmənt] - zniekształcenie, oszpecenie

wig [wɪg] - peruka

blusher ['blʎʃər] - róż ( kosmetyk )

tuck [tʌk] - chować

clinic plush [plʎʃ] - luksusowa, komfortowa klinika, jako rzeczownik: plush - plusz

knife - wielder [wilder] - ten kto dzierży nóż, trzyma go, tu w sensie chirurg plastyczny

scarring - bliznowacenie, zabliźnianie się ran, scar [ska:] - blizna

swelling [`swelɪN] - opuchlizna, obrzęk

PHRASAL VERBS 1

10

1. break in - to interrupt: przeszkadzać. Perhaps you could hold your questions until the end of the lecture rather than keep breaking in.

2. break off - to end sth suddenly: zakońcyć coś gwałtownie, szybko. The two countries hale broken off diplomatic relations.

3. break out - to begin suddenly ( of war, disease, fire, etc. ): wybuchnąć. War in the Falklands broke out in 1982.

4. break down - to stop functioning: zepsuć się. The car broke down just as we were leaving the house

5. break down - to lose control of oneself: załamać się. When accused, she broke down and confessed her guilt.

6. break into - suddenly start doing sth: zacząć coś robić szybko, nagle. Breaking into smile, Tim said „Happy birthday”.

7. break through - achieve success despite obstacles or difficulties: przezwyciężyć coś np. przeszkodę. Breaking through poverty barrier she became a world - famous scientist.

8. break up - to end a relationship: rozstać się. Since they did nothing but quarrel, they decided to break up.

Other meanings:
Negotiations between the two countries have broken down - negocjace między dwoma krajami załamały się, nic z nich nie wyszło.
He broke down the list of words into nouns and verbs - on podzielił listę słów na rzeczowniki i czasowniki.
The prisoner was arrested while trying to break out - więzień został aresztowany podczas próby ucieczki.
A rash broke out all over her hands - całe jej ręce pokryły się wysypką.
He broke up the chocolate into small pieces - on rozdzielił czekoladę na małe kawałki.
The police began to break up the crowd of protesters - policja zaczęła rozpraszać, rozbijać tłum protestujących.
When does the school break up for Christmas? - kiedy zaczyna się przerwa świąteczna
w szkole?

PHRASAL VERBS 2

11

0. become of - happen to: przydarzyć się, przytrafić. What has happened to/become of John?

1. build up - acquire gradually/accumulate: nabywać stopniowo, gromadzić. Over the years he has accumulated/has built up an impressive collection of artifacts from all over the world.

2. balance against - assess in relation to: oceniać w związku z czymś. Your request for greater financial support has to be assessed in relation to/balanced against the claims from other departments

3. bank on - depend on: polegać na. He may come tomorrow but don't depend/bank on it.

4. blow over - stop and be forgotten: zakończyć się i zostać zapomnianym. Their disagreement about where to spend their holidays soon stopped and was forgotten/blew over.

5. book up - reserve: zarezerwować. The restaurant was fully reserved/booked up so we went to another.

6. bear out - support the truth of: potwierdzać prawdę. I accept your excuse. His statement supports the truth of/bears out your story.

7. blow up - explode: eksplodować. Fortunately, no one was in the car when it exploded/blew up.

8. brush up - improve ( by study ): podszlifować swoją wiedzę w danej dziedzinie.
   I must improve/brush up my Italian before going to that meeting in Rome.

9. break through - 1) make a discovery: odkryć coś, 2) become visible: stać się widocznym, 3) achieve success despite obstacles or difficulties

After days of rain, the sun finally became visible/broke through from behind the clouds.

Other meanings:
The cottage was completely burnt down in the fire - chata całkowicie spłonęła w pożarze
Every year bush fires burn up large areas of forests - każdego roku pożary buszu powodują doszczętne spalenie dużych obszarów lasów
Tom's sports car burns up a lot of petrol - sportowe auto Toma pali dużo benzyny
IDIOMS/FIXED PHRASES 1

12

0. to be black and blue all over - być posiniaczonym

1. by and large - ogólnie rzecz biorąc

2. behind bars - w więzieniu, za kratami

3. full of beans - pełen życia

4. drop a brick - zrobić, powiedzieć coś nie na miejscu, spalić cegłę

5. browned off - mieć dość, być znudzonym

6. a brainwave - olśnienie

7. out of the blue - nagle, niespodziewanie

8. break even - wyjść na zero, nie mieć żadnego zysku

9. cost a bomb - kosztować majątek, fortunę

IDIOMS/ FIXED PHRASES 2

13

1. to beat about/around the bush - mówić ogródkami

2. to take the bull by the horns - brać byka za rogi

3. ring a bell - przypomnieć komuś o czymś

4. lay bare/to be laid bare - rozdmuchać coś. np. aferę, skandal

5. blue - eyed boy/golden boy - pupilek, protegowany

6. ( to hang ) in the balance - wisieć na włosku

7. to be broke - być spłukanym

8. to be in sb's black books - mieć u kogoś złe notowania

9. to make a clean breast of sth - przyznać się do czegoś

10. a bolt from the blue - jak grom z jasnego nieba. The takeover came like a bolt from the blue.

11. in black and white - czarno na białym, na piśmie

12. to get one's own back ( on sb )- odegrać się na kimś, zemścić się

13. to make one's blood boil - złościć, denerwować

14. to feel sth in one's bones - czuć coś po kościach, instynktownie

15. to bark up the wrong tree - grubo się mylić, źle kombinować

16. to butter sb up - podlizać się komuś. Butter up the boss.

17. don't hold your breath - nie spodziewaj się zbyt wiele

18. to be caught red - handed - być złapanym na gorącym uczynku

19. todeal a blow to sth - zaprzepaścić, np. czyjeś nadzieje

20. to see the back of sb - cieszyć się, że ktoś odjeżdża/odchodzi

IDIOMS/FIXED PHRASES 3

14

1. a chip off the old block - dziecko, które jest bardzo podobne do któregoś z rodziców: sb who is very like one of his parents

2. a wet blanket - ten, kto psuje nastrój, któremu nic nie pasuje i nic się nie podoba

3. big - headed - zarozumiały

4. above board - uczciwy, szczery

PREPOSITIONS

16

1. for sale - na sprzedaż
   on sale - na wyprzedaży, wyprzedaż

2. absorbed by - absorbtion by - action of being absorbed by
   absorbed in + noun/gerund - zaabsorbowany

3. in possession of - owning: w posiadaniu
   in the possession of - she is in the possession of the devil - jest opętana przez diabła

4. meddle with sb's things - ruszać czyjeś rzeczy
   meddle in sb's affairs - wtrącać się w czyjeś sprawy

5. in sight ( of ) - w zasięgu wzroku
   on sight - as soon as sth is seen: jak tylko się zobaczy kogoś/coś

6. advise sb of sth - powiadomić kogoś o czymś
   advise sb on sth - radzić komuś w jakiejś sprawie

7. at hand - pod ręką, blisko
   in hand - w trakcie opracowywania

8. support sb with sth - wesprzeć czymś
   support sb in sth - wesprzeć kogoś w czymś

9. on sight - as soon as sth is seen: jak tylko się zobaczy kogoś/coś
   by sight - z widzenia, np. znać kogoś tylko z widzenia

10. respond with - reply by doing sth. Respond with a smile - odpowiedzieć uśmiechem
    respond to - question, stimulus, etc.: odpowiadać na

17

1. to blow one's top - wyjść z siebie, bardzo się zezłościć

2. to be baffled - nie nadążać, być skonsternowanym, zdumionym

5. on the spur of the moment - pod wpływem chwili, niewiele się namyślając

6. a blessing in disguise - szczęście w nieszczęściu

7. drive a hard bargain - być twardym, konsekwentnym biznesmenem

8. to have a bee in one's bonnet - mieć bzika na punkcie czegoś

9. to have butterflies in one's stomach - mieć motyle w brzuchu ( być poddenerwowanym z powodu czegoś )

10. to be on the verge of sth - być na granicy czegoś

12. to hand in one's resignation - wręczyć wymówienie

13. to get up at the crack of dawn - wstawać bladym świtem

17. she hardly touched her lunch - mało co zjadła ze swojego lunchu, ledwie tknęła

FIXED PHRASES

1. make a common cause with sb - to act together to achieve aim: działać razem, aby osiągnąć jakiś cel. The teachers decided to make a common cause with the administration in the school and together press for a salary increase.

2. rise to the challenge - act and be successful even though sth is new: odnosić sukcesy nawet w nowej, nieznanej dziedzinie. The team rose to the challenge.

3. give chapter and verse - give very exact detail: podać detale. I can't quote you chapter and verse but I think it's a line from “Macbeth”.

4. hold/keep in check - control, prevent from being too powerful: kontrolować. Firefighting teams worked relentlessly throughout the day and managed to hold the fire in check.

5. big cheese - person with important job/position: gruba ryba. He is a big cheese in our company.

6. take sth on the chin - bravely accept criticism, punishment, etc.: przyjąć np. krytykę bez narzekania, z godnością. When his boss criticizes his work, Jason never complains and takes it on the chin.

7. chop and change - keep changing ( your mind ): zmieniać zdanie, być niezdecydowanym. Sarah seems unable to make a final decision about her future career. She keeps chopping and changing.

8. strike a chord - make sb feel sympathy/enthusiasm: dotknąć czułej struny. Her speech struck a sympathetic chord among business leaders.

9. claim to fame - thing which make sb unusual/important:powód do chwały, zasługa, wyczyn. Ted likes to think of himself s a celebrity but his only claim to fame is that he attended a banquet at Buckingham Palace.

10. come clean - admit the truth, confess: przyznać się. The employee reluctantly came clean about breaking the new computer and confessed to his boss.

11. steer/stay clear of - avoid sb/sth: unikać. If you want to lose weight permanently, you should steer clear of food containing a lot of fat.

12. part company with - end association: rozstawać się; nie zgadzać się, różnić się zdaniem. He had to part company with his father due to their strong disagreement.

13. of no/ little consequence - of no value/importance: bez wartości, ważności. Your opinion is of little consequence to me.

14. cut corners - be less thorough: iść na skróty, nie przyłożyć się do czegoś. In his attempt to meet the deadline he cut corners and handed in a poor presentation.

15. not all it's cracked up to be - not as good as people say it is/overestimated: nie tak dobry jak się wydaje, przeceniany. This new radio station's not all it's cracked up to be.

16. cramp one's style - restrict one's behaviour in some way ( informal ): nie pozwalać komuś rozwinąć skrzydeł. Paul said he didn't want Sarah to come along because she cramps his style.

PROVERBS

20 a)

0.Too many cooks spoil the broth - gdzie kucharek 6 tam nie ma co jeść

1. Actions speaks louder than words - czyny są ważniejsze niż słowa

2. A stitch in time saves nine - nie czekaj aż będzie za późno

3. A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush - lepszy wróbel w garści niż gołąb na dachu

4. Too many chiefs and not enough Indians - zbyt wielu generałów a za mało żołnierzy

5. The early bird catches the worm - kto rano wstaje, temu pan Bóg daje

6. Make hay while the sun shines - kuj żelazo póki gorące

7. Every cloud has a silver lining - nie ma tego złego co by na dobre nie wyszło

8. It never rains but it pours - nieszczęścia chodzą parami

9. There's no use crying over spilt milk - nie ma co płakać nad rozlanym mlekiem

20 b)

1. Better late than never - lepiej późno niż wcale

2. Time and tide wait for no man - nie da się zatrzymać czasu

3. Absence makes the heart grow fonder - o nieobecnych myślimy życzliwiej

4. People in glass - houses shouldn't throw stones - przyjrzyj się sobie zanim zaczniesz krytykować innych

5. All's well that ends well - wszystko dobre, co się dobrze kończy

6. Don't count your chickens before they hatched - nie dziel skóry na niedźwiedziu

7. The grass is always greener on the other side ( of the fence ) - wszędzie dobrze, gdzie nas nie ma

8. An apple a day keeps the doctor away - jedno jabłko dziennie sprawia, że nie musisz odwiedzać lekarza ( sprawia, że jesteś zdrowy )

9. A new broom sweeps clean - nowy szef, nowe porządki

10. Curiosity killed the cat - ciekawość to pierwszy stopień do piekła

WORD USAGE

22

0. exception - exceptional

1. destroy - indestructibility ( niezniszczalność )

2. compare - comparatively

3. equal - unequalled ( niezrównany )

4. attend - attention

5. favour - favoured

6. décor - decorative

7. exploit - exploitation ( eksploatacja, wyzysk )

8. precedent - unprecedented ( niespotykany )

9. economy - economic

10. captive - captivated ( urzeczony, zauroczony )

influx of sth [`ɪnflʌks] - napływ czegoś

allure [ə`ljuə] - magia, pokusa, powab

artisan [`æ:tɪzæn] - rzemieślnik

23

emulate [`emjuleɪt] - naśladować

lean [li:n] - chude mięso

skinny - chuddy, patykowaty

slender [`slendə(r)] - szczupły, smukły

moulder [`məuldə(r)] - rozpaść się ( building, ruins ), rozłożyć się ( corpse, refuse )

rot [rot] - psuć się, gnić, rozkładać się, butwieć

decompose - rozłożyć się

snarl [sna:l] - warczeć

bleat [bli:t] - beczeć ( sheep, goat )

twitter [`twɪtə(r)] - świergotać

affinity to/with sb/sth [ə'fɪnɪtɪ] - podobieństwo

crumbs ( of bread ) - okruszki chleba, ale też bułka tarta

cube - kostka, sześcian, sugar cube - kostka cukru

slivers [`slɪvə(r)s] - kawałeczki, sliver - kawałek

shredded - pocięty na strzępy

fade [feɪd] - powodować blednięcie koloru, słabnąć, zamierać, zanikać

fling - rzucać ( się ), ciskać, miotać ( się )

cast [ka:st] - rzucać, ciskać

toss - podrzucić

COLLOCATIONS

24

0. to squirm with embarrassment [skwə:m] - nie wiedzieć, gdzie się podziać ze wstydu

1. to heal a wound - wyleczyć ranę

2. to concede a defeat [kən`si:d] - przyznać się do porażki

3. to devour a meal [dɪ`vauə(r)] - zeżreć posiłek

4. to raze a city - zetrzeć z powierzchni ziemi, zrównać coś z ziemią

5. to mow the grass - kosić trawę

6. to interrupt a speech - przerwać mowę, przemówienie

7. to flout the law [flaut] - lekceważyć, łamać przepisy/prawo

8. to imitate sb's behaviour - naśladować czyjeś zachowanie

USE OF ENGLISH UNIT 3

10. Forever on the phone

a means/system of communications- środki/system przekazywania informacji

to be assured of sth- być pewnym czegoś

up-to-the-minute - [information, account] z ostatniej chwili, najświeższy

to be essential to or for sb- być niezbędnym dla kogoś /ı'sen∫l/

worldwide - ogólnoświatowy, światowy; na całym świecie

on one's own- samodzielnie, bez niczyjej pomocy

At times, families are often scattered, not only throughout the country but also throughout the world.

scattered - (dispersed) [houses, villages, population] rozproszony; [books, litter] porozrzucany

a source of great comfort to us

nuisance - niedogodność, uciążliwość

Some will say that it intrudes too much on people's privacy by ringing at the most inconvenient times.

on the whole- ogólnie rzecz biorąc

to be of benefit to sb/sth- być korzystnym dla kogoś/czegoś

PHRASAL VERBS

11

bring about- cause

The rioting was brought about by a huge increase in the price of bread.

bring off- succeed in (sth difficult)

He brought off the business deal through sheer persistence.

bring up- 1.stop

2. mention a subject

3. vomit

4. raise a child

Don't forget to bring up the matter of the new park at the council meeting.

He was brought up by his grandmother as he had been orphaned at an early age.

bring out- publish/release

CBN has just brought out a new CD of a collection of songs from the sixties.

bring in- introduce (law, idea)

That law was brought in to protect tenants from being exploited by their landlords.

bring on- cause an illness

The cold weather has brought on his cough again.

bring round/to- cause sb to regain consciousness

We brought the unconscious woman round/to with smelling salts.

carry off- succeed in doing sth difficult

The young actress carried off the performance without a hitch.

carry on- 1. continue

2. behave wildly

Carry on with your work, please. There's no time to waste.

Negotiations between the Union and the management have been carrying on for months without a result.

She is always carrying on like a lunatic when she loses something.

carry out- fulfil or perform sth

The soldier carried out his orders, doing exactly what he had been told to do.

carry over- last from another time

Tradition has been carried over into our time in many ways.

carry through- complete sth in spite of difficulties

He will carry his plan out/ through despite all your objections.

catch on- become popular

His new song caught on right away and entered the top ten the week after its release.

catch up- reach sb who is ahead

She was waking too quickly for me to catch up with her.

chip in- add one's share of money

Let's all chip in and buy her a gift.

12.

call at- to visit briefly

I'll call at the travel agency to collect our tickets.

call back- to ask to return

As soon as John reached Vienna he was called back to Paris.

call for- to require

His condition calls for immediate medical attention.

call off- to cancel

The meeting was called off due to the chairman's illness.

call in- to consult

You'd better call in a solicitor before writing your will.

call up- to conscript

My cousin was called up at the age of 19 and died in Vietnam a year later.

call out- to cause one to go on strike.

The union has called out its members to try to get a better deal.

clear of- to find innocent

She was cleared of the charges of negligence but some people still believe she's guilty.

clear off- to run away

The bully cleared off when he saw the teacher approaching.

clear out- to get rid of unwanted things

They cleared out the garage to make room for their new car.

clear up- to brighten up (of the weather)

It's been raining all morning but it seems to be clearing up now.

clear away- to remove, tidy

If you cleared away all these books, we'd have room to eat.

IDIOMS/FIXED PHRASES

13.

lost cause- hopeless situation or case

Trying to make them understand how teenagers think is a lost cause. They are so conservative.

show one's true colours- reveal one's character

He showed his true colours when he started throwing his weight around at work.

chair a meeting- preside over a meeting

Paul was asked to chair a meeting as the director was away on business.

off colour- slightly unwell

You look off colour. Would you like me to call a doctor for you?

have the cheek (inf)- dare to do sth unreasonable/ annoying

I don't know how he has the cheek to moan about my spelling when his is even worse.

get a bit hot under the collar- get angry/upset

She got a bit hot under the collar when a colleague started criticising her work.

keep one's chin up (inf)- not be discouraged

John managed to keep his chin up despite his chronic illness.

with flying colours- with great success

Laura passed her exams with flying colours. She came top of the class.

get a problem off one's chest- confide in sb, zrzucić cos z serca, zwierzyć się komuś

Instead of just sitting there feeling bad , why not talk about it and get it off your chest?

different as chalk and cheese- very different

Bert and Tom are different as chalk and cheese. It's hard to believe that they are brothers!

call sb names- insult sb

Those boys are very rude to me. They are always calling me names.

play one's cards right- act clearly

If you play your cards right and speak nicely to your father, he might take you to the fair this afternoon.

to count one's chickens (before they are hatched) - dzielić skórę na niedźwiedziu

14.

a wild-goose chase- hopeless pursuit

Looking for Susan in NY is simply a wild goose chase; she could be anywhere.

be caught red-handed- be caught while committing a crime/ doing sth wrong

The little boy was caught red- handed taking the last piece of cake from the tin.

crocodile tears- false tears

You can't fool me with your crocodile tears; I know you're not really upset.

a piece of cake- (sth) easily done

Fred thought the test was a piece of cake; he has no doubt that he has passed it.

down the drain- wasted/lost

All the money I'd invested went down the drain when the stockmarket crashed.

down in the dumps- not cheerful

Kate is feeling down in the dumps because her boyfriend has left her.

on the dole- receiving unemployment benefit/ social security

I have plenty of spare time but very little money because I am on the dole.

go to the dogs- fail/ deteriorate

While some people claim the country is going to the dogs, others think the new government will be able to improve matters.

a red-letter day- a very important day

12 June is a red-letter day for my sister. It's the day she launched her own business.

let sleeping dogs lie- avoid mentioning a subject or taking action which could cause trouble

Please don't bring up that old argument with Joe when you see him. Just let sleeping dog lie.

PREPOSITIONS

15.

0. The children were late and had to make a dash for the school bus.

1. The woman exulted in her son's success as a writer. (radować się)

2. We'll have to economise on heating or we won't be able to pay the bill.

3. I dream of becoming a millionaire and buying a big yacht.

4. The student was eligible for a full grant to study at university. (mieć prawo ubiegać się o coś)

5. The employee showed total disregard for the company rules and was dismissed.

6. The driver was distracted by the commotion and didn't notice that the traffic lights had changed.

7. John was so engrossed in the film that he forgot about the cake that was in the oven.

8. We were totally entranced by the prima ballerina's dancing. (urzeczony)

9. The doctor told me I was deficient in iron and would have to take supplements.

10. Michael was delighted with his promotion to office manager.

16.

0. We sold our house at a profit; we made 2,000 $

1. He put the car in/into gear and drove off.

2. She's working as a waitress for the time being, but her ambition is to become an actress.

3. I've met Elizabeth Taylor in the flesh. I even shook her hand.

4. She's been on a diet for weeks, but she hasn't lost much weight.

5. We have a car on loan until ours has been repaired.

6. Strictly off the record, his work is below standard.

7. The workers have been on strike for three weeks.

8. I realised something was out of the ordinary when Ann didn't show up for work today.

9. We were shocked when she called him an idiot to his face.

10. He was in pain after the operation.

11. At times he wishes he had never become a doctor.

12. By all accounts, he is the best basketball player in the association.

17

1. Have you ever thought of changing jobs? (mind)

Has it ever crossed your mind to change jobs?

2. These two cars are not in the same class at all. (comparison)

There is no comparison between these two cars.

3. He never stops criticising people. (limit)

There is no limit to his criticising/ criticism of people.

4. It's not our habit to eat so early. (used)

We are not used to eating so early.

5. What do you think of his appearance? (strike)

How does his appearance strike you?

6. That man has no pity whatsoever. (devoid)

That man is totally devoid of pity.

7. He is likely to be promoted. (cards)

It is on the cards that he will be promoted.

8. We were elated by the birth of our first grandchild. (moon)

We were over the moon when our first grandchild was born.

9. Employees failing to abide by the rules will be dismissed on the spot. (sack)

Employees failing to abide by the rules will be given the sack immediately.

10. Our boss criticises our work all the time. (fault)

Our boss constantly finds fault with our work.

11. I don't mind whether you come in the morning or the afternoon. ( difference)

It makes no difference to me whether you come in the morning or the afternoon.

12. Women outnumber men by two to one in Greece. (twice)

There are twice as many women as men in Greece.

13. It's quite likely he will resign soon. (chance)

There's a good chance he will resign soon.

14. As soon as she saw my flatmate, my mother decided she didn't like him. (dislike)

My mother took an instant dislike to my flatmate.

15. Could you have a quick look at my essay before I give it in? (cast)

Could you cast an eye over my essay before I hand it in?

16. My father has been healthier since he moved to the country. (improved)

My father's health has improved since he moved to the country.

17. The public reacted angrily to the minister's remarks. (drew)

The minister's remarks drew an angry response from the public.

18. The company has changed a lot since the new management took over. (undergone)

The company has undergone a lot of changes since the new management took over.

19. Frances is unlikely to be promoted. (prospect)

There's little prospect of Frances being promoted.

20. The minister's actions do not conform at all to his pre-election promises. (contrast)

The minister's actions are in complete contrast to his pre-election promises.

FIXED PHRASES

put a damper on- ruin sth or make it less enjoyable

John's losing his money and passport on the first day put a damper on his holiday.

be in the dark about sth- be unaware of sth

I am in the dark as to where Chris was last night.

don't give up your day job (inf)- continue to do sth you know rather than trying sth new

I know you have a good voice and have ambitions to be an opera singer but don't give up your day job yet.

in broad daylight- in full view of the public/ easily seen

deal a blow to sb or sth- cause sb great difficulty or spoil their plans

Breaking his leg dealt a blow to his chances of becoming a professional footballer.

be on the defensive- protect oneself because one feels insecure or threatened

She's been on the defensive at work ever since she was criticised by her boss for losing an important contract.

by definition- having a quality simply because of what it is

(for) donkey's years (inf)- (for) a very long time

on the dot- punctual, exactly on time

Breakfast will be at 7 am on the dot; latecomers will go hungry.

lend an ear- listen to sb in a careful and sympathetic way

Jane is a sympathetic listener. She lent me an ear when I lost my job.

play it by ear- act in a situation by responding to events rather than according to plan

Todd hadn't prepared for his T.V. appearance, so he had to play it by ear and improvise.

ease off- reduce in degree, speed or intensity

Let's make a dash for the train now as the rain seems to be easing off.

at the cutting edge- at the forefront of (eg. technology)

Our firm is so successful because it is at the cutting edge of computer technology.

on edge- tense/ nervous/ anxious

Julia's really been on edge waiting for the results of her university entrance exam.

to no effect (f)- unsuccessful; ineffective

(not) see eye to eye with sb- (dis)agree with sb

Despite being identical twins, Deidre and Donna don't see eye to eye on everything.

have an eye for- be good at judging, the worth/quality of sth

Mrs Gibson is an extremely shrewd shopper and has an eye for a bargain.

more to sth/sb than meets the eye- sth/sb is more important/ interesting than is first seen

Initially Brian appears shy and introspective but there's more to him than meets the eye.

WORD USAGE

Concrete noun	Abstract noun	Verb	Adjective	Adverb
caretaker; carer	care; carefulness; carelessness	care	carefree; careful; careless; (un)caring	carefully; carelessly
adult	adulthood
costing(s)	cost	cost	costly
requirement(s)	requirement	require	required
activity; activist	action; activism	act; activate	active; actionable	actively
assessor	assessment	assess	assessed
creation; creator	creation; creativity	create	creative	creatively
increaser	increase	increase	increasing; increased; increasable	increasingly
	knowledge; knowingness	know	(un)known; knowing; knowledgeable	knowingly; knowledgeably
school	schooling	school	schooled
specialty; specialist	specialisations; specialism	specialise	special; specialised	specially; especially

22.

inheritance- (thing inherited) (money, property) spadek, dziedzictwo, spuścizna

The two brothers of the family fell out over the inheritance when the head of the family died.

His inheritance will be held in trust until he is an adult.

will- wola, ostatnia wola, testament

The family was called to the solicitor's office for the reading of their grandfather's will.

legacy- spadek ; scheda

The old man's back trouble was the legacy of a childhood fall from a horse.

heritage- spadek; spuścizna, scheda, (cultural) dziedzictwo

The Acropolis is part of Greece's national heritage.

23.

1. He was coached intensively for two weeks before the tennis tournament.

2. obstruct - przesł|onić, -aniać [view]; za|tarasować, za|blokować [road, path]; zat|kać, -ykać [pipe, gutter], utrudnić

impede - vt zakłóc|ić, -ać [progress, enjoyment]; przeszk|odzić, -adzać w (czymś) [career]; utrudni|ć, -ać [action, rescue attempt, traffic]

bar- - za|blokować, za|tarasować, zagr|odzić, -adzać [entrance, road]

block- za|blokować [entrance, route, pass]; zatarasow|ać, -ywać, tarasować [corridor, entrance, road]; zat|kać, -ykać, zap|chać, -ychać [hole, pipe]

Our journey was impeded by the icy roads, which forced us to drive very slowly.

3. Before the parachute jump he was carefully instructed in safety procedures.

4. entrust - to entrust sb with sth, to entrust sth to sb powierzyć coś komuś

consign - to consign sth to the care of sb powierzyć coś opiece kogoś

confide - entrust) powierz|yć, -ać [object, person, duty] (to sb komuś); to confide sb/sth to sb's care powierzyć kogoś/coś opiece kogoś

She entrusted her daughter to the care of a babysitter for the evening.

5. slap /slæp/- trzepnąć [person, animal], klepnąć

smack /smæk/- trzasn|ąć, -kać (czymś) [object] (on sth/against sth w coś/o coś); uderz|yć, -ać (czymś); wal|nąć, -ić

whack /wæk, US hwæk/- huknąć, grzmotnąć, przywalić (komuś/czemuś)

punch - uderzyć pięścią, zadać cios

The engineer whacked the machine with a hammer and, miraculously, it roared back to life.

6. enhance US -'hæns/ - zwiększ|yć, -ać [prospects, chances]; poprawi|ć, -ać; podnieść

aggravate - (make worse) pog|orszyć, -arszać [situation, health]; drażnić [sensitive skin]

heighten /'haıtn/- wzm|óc, -agać [anxiety, emotions, curiosity, suspense, tension]; zwiększ|yć, -ać [desire, effect]; s|potęgować [sensation];

intensify /ın'tensıfaı/- nasil|ić, -ać [campaign]; zdw|oić, -ajać [efforts]; z|intensyfikować [farming, traffic]

Fighting among rebel soldiers intensified last night and a curfew has now been imposed on the city.

7. While other companies collapsed in the economic recession, Cartwright Ltd. profited and share prices.

8. Rebecca slapped her fiancé across the face during argument and walked out of the restaurant.

9. launch- rozpocząć, zapoczątkować

instigate /'ınstıgeıt/ - wszcz|ąć, -ynać

provoke

commence - rozpocz|ąć, -ynać [story, activity]; wszcz|ąć, -ynać

The judge's ruling provoked a wave of protest campaign across the country.

10. hinder - (hamper) przeszk|odzić, -adzać

intervene - interweniować, stanąć na przeszkodzie

Although she was able to walk with the aid of crutches, having a broken ankle hindered her movements considerably.

11. exude

1. (give off) wydziel|ić, -ać [liquid, sweat]; rozt|oczyć, -aczać [smell]; pu|ścić, -szczać

2. (radiate) promieniować (czymś) [energy, charm, enthusiasm]

exclude - wyklucz|yć, -ać, wyłącz|yć, -ać [person, group] (from sth z czegoś); zawie|sić, -szać [pupil]

expunge - wykreśl|ić, -ać, wymaz|ać, -ywać (from sth z czegoś); to expunge sth from one's memory fig wymazać coś z pamięci

extricate - wyswob|odzić, -adzać (from sth z czegoś); (from net) wypląt|ać, -ywać (from sth z czegoś)

The Oscar winning actress simply exuded charm of professionalism in her acceptance speech.

24.

investigate or explore?

explore a jungle

explore a possibility

explore a town

investigate Mr. Smith

investigate a crime

explore an idea

explore an ocean

investigate an allegation (domniemanie, zarzut)

investigate the cause of sth

explore an........ (nie wiem co tam jest bo mi ucięło) for oil

weak or feeble?

weak tea

feeble attempt

weak boy

weak eyesight

weak voice

weak smile

weak defend

weak heart

weak support

weak bones

feeble light

weak case

25.

interval or intermission or break?

break between school lessons

break for coffee

intermission in the middle of a film

break in conversation

break for lunch

interval between two acts of a play

keen or enthusiastic?

keen eye

keen on music

enthusiastic about travelling

enthusiastic response

keen sense of smell

enthusiastic greeting

keen swimmer

26.

to stagger under the weight of sth- zataczać się, słaniać się

to disperse a crowd- rozproszyć/rozpędzić

to curb one's behaviour- powściągać, pohamować

to cuddle the baby- tulić, przytulać

to slip on the ice- poślizgnąć się

to blab the secret- wypaplać

to accuse sb of lying

to sprinkle with sugar- posypać cukrem

to charge sb with careless driving

to betray sb's trust- zawieść zaufanie

to marvel at the view- zachwycać się widokiem

Nie ma zadania 27

USE OF ENGLISH UNIT 4

Idioms/Fixed expressions

• fair and square - bezdyskusyjnie

• I'm only flesh and blood jestem tylko człowiekiem
  in the flesh we własnej osobie; I've seen her perform on television, but never in the flesh widziałem ją w telewizji, ale nigdy na żywo

• in a flash - błyskawicznie

• put one's foot down - nalegać

• even the gatecrashers left the stadium nawet ci, którzy wcisnęli się bez biletu, opuścili stadion

• granted, it's magnificent, but very expensive zgoda, to jest wspaniałe, ale bardzo drogie

• he takes his mother for granted uważa, że ma matkę na każde zawołanie

• take sth for granted - z góry coś zakładać

• give-and-take wzajemne ustępstwa
  there has to be give-and-take in a situation like this w takiej sytuacji trzeba pójść na ustępstwa

• to hear sth on/through the grapevine dowiedzieć się czegoś pocztą pantoflową
  grapevine - winorośl

• to put one's foot in it - popełnić gafę

• to have a frog in one's throat - mieć chrypkę.

• atrocity - potworność, okropność

• In all, I spent $500 on holiday - w sumie…

• blizzard - śnieżyca

• a meal fit for a king królewska uczta, uczta godna króla

• In all likelihood - najprawdopodobniej

• villages in this area are few and far between w tym rejonie jest bardzo niewiele wsi

• to stop in full flow przerwać w pół słowa

• bear fruit - be successful;
  her efforts finally bore fruit jej wysiłki w końcu zaowocowały

• to kick the habit - zerwać z nałogiem
  by/from force of habit - used to do sth without thinking

• all together - razem, w sumie; how much is that altogether? ile to jest razem?

• To bear the cost of sth - ponieść koszty

• as tough as old boots - twarda sztuka

• as silent as the grave - cichy jak grób

• as right as rain - (person) zdrów jak ryba, (object) jak nowy, w doskonałym stanie

• as sick as a dog -
  to go to the dogs schodzić na psy;
  to treat sb like a dog traktować kogoś jak psa;
  to be dressed up or got up like a dog's dinner odstawić się jak stróż w Boże Ciało

• as strong as a horse

• as thin as a rake/lath - chudy jak patyk
  to be thin on the ground być rzadkością

• as white as a sheet - blady jak płótno

• as cool as a cucumber (to be)- zachowywać stoicki spokój

• as deaf as a post - głuchy jak pień

• as different as chalk and cheese - podobny jak dzień do nocy

WORD FORMATION

• ceremony - ceremonial (uroczysty, ceremonialny)

• volunteer - voluntary

• behave - behaviour - behavioural (~change - zmiana zachowania)

• recive - recipient (odbiorca, laureate, biorca) - donor - dawca

• person - impersonal - personage (osobistość)

• oblige - obligation it entails obligation to - wiąże się z obowiązkiem

• approve - disapprove - (dis)approval

• refuse - refusal - refusal to do sth

• generous - generosity

• approximate - approximately

• signify (oznaczać) - significant (istotny, znaczący) - INSIGNIFICANT

• build - rebuild

• exhibit - exhibition - exhibitor

• expose - exposition

• memory - memorable (pamiętny, niezapomniany)

• remark - remarkable

• participate - participant

• attend - attendance

• size - sizeable

• architekt - architectural

• damage - undamaged - niezniszczony, nieuszkodzony
  his confidence/reputation was undamaged jego pewność siebie/reputacja nie ucierpiała or nie doznała szwanku

• land - landmark (punkt orientacyjny, obiekt charakterystyczny)

COLLOCATIONS

• a gaggle of geese - stado gęsi

• a shoal of fish - ławica ryb

• a pride of lions - stado lwów

• a swarm of bees - rój pszczół

• a colony of monkeys/ants

• a herd of cows - stado krów

• a flock of sheep - stado owiec (also a flock of people - gromada, in flocks - gromadnie)

• a pack of cards/a pack of wolves - talia kart, wataha lisów

• a troop of soldiers/ a troop of monkeys - oddział żołnierzy, gromada małp

• a school of fish

• a bunch of grapes - kiść winogron

• wares - towary

• grow a beard

• rear - wychować, wyhodować

• breed pedigree horses - hodować rodowodowe konie

• nurture - wychowywać, pielęgnować

• a bird rears its young

• swipe - rąbnąć, podwędzić

• abduct - uprowadzić

• derive pleasure from doing sth - czerpać radość z czegoś

• to pilfer money (from the till) podkradać pieniądze (z kasy)

• pinch - zwędzić, buchnąć, ukraść

• forest-dwelling animals

• your reputation as a lawyer/poet twoja sława prawnika/poety;
  he has a reputation for honesty/arriving late uchodzi za or ma opinię uczciwego/spóźnialskiego

USE OF ENGLISH UNIT 5

PHRASAL VERBS 1

14

Cut back sth on- ograniczyć

The government has decided to cut back expenditure on health service.

(be) Cheat out of- naciągać kogoś

He was cheated out of his full holiday entitlement due to a change in company policy.

Feel for sb- współczuć

I truly feel for you in your terrible misfortune.

Cut in- wtrącać się

The interviewer kept cutting in when the Minister was trying to answer the question on environmental policy.

Drop off- spadać

Sales of records and cassettes have dropped off considerably this year.

Fit in- pasować

She's trying to get on with her schoolmates but she doesn't really fit in.

(be) cut off from- odcinać

Their house was cut off from the village by the flooding river.

To draw in- stawać się krótszym (o dniu)

Winter is coming. It's getting darker and the days are really starting to draw in.

To draw on- czerpać z, wykorzystywać

He had to draw on his savings to pay his rent after he was made redundant.

Fly at- atakować (słowami albo ciosami)

I wish you wouldn't fly at me like that every time I make mistake.

Draw up- zatrzymać się

The limousine drew up in front of the theatre and the actress got out.

Drop in- wpaść (z wizytą)

Yes, I've already heard the news. Simon dropped in to tell me this morning.

(be) cut off- odcinać

During the power workers' strike, the electricity was cut off at regular intervals.

To drop out off- zrezygnować

He was forced to drop out off college when his father died.

Eat into- stopniowo uszczuplać

The unforeseen expense on the new house ate into my savings but it was worth it.

To cut down on- ograniczać

He was told to cut down on sugar and fats or he would suffer serious health problems.

Cut out- wycinać

This composition would be better if you cut out the second paragraph.

Draw sth out- przeciagać

She drew the lecture out to nearly three hours although it was only supposed to last an hour.

Fold up- upadać

I'm afraid their business is on the verge of folding up due to a lack of orders.

To head off sth- zapobiegać

We'll have to organise a union meeting if we want to head off a strike.

Check up on- sprawdzać

Could you check up on the children and see what they're up to?

To check in - zameldować się

We had to check in at the hotel, as the receptionist was not at his desk.

To check out- wymeldować się

All guests should check out by 12 o'clock.

PHRASAL VERBS 2

15

Fall back- wycofywać się

The soldiers fell back when the enemy appeared on the horizon.

Join up- zaciagnąć się do armi

During the war many men joined up in order to defend their county.

Fall back on- zdawać się na, zwracać się ku

She fell back on her own ingenuity when all else failed.

Fall for- zakochać się w

John fell for Susan at fist sight.

Fall in- zapadac się

The roof of the house fell in during the earthquake.

Fall in with- zgadzać się

To avoid an argument, she fell in with her husband plans.

Fall on- rzucac się na coś

When Tom saw the food he fell on it and ate it greedily.

Fall off- spadać

Attendance has fallen off severely during the Christmas period.

Fall out with- kłócić się

The always fall out with each other the household accounts.

Fall through- nie dochodzić do skutku

Their holiday plan fell through when the children became ill.

IDIOM/FIXED PHRASES 1

16

Grey matter- szare komórki

Linda must be lacking in grey matter if she can't understand this.

To know sth like the back of one's hand- znać coć jak własną kieszeń/ na wylot

She has lived here so long that she knows the town like the back of her hand.

Hold one's horses- czekać, być cierpliwym

Would you hold your horses and stop complaining?

Go to one's head- uderzyć do głowy, zrobić się zarozumiałym

All the praise he's got from his teachers has gone to his head; know he thinks he's the best student in the school

Lend sb a hand- pomóc komuś, podać pomocna dłoń

I'd appreciate it if you could lend me a hand with these bags.

Have sb's hands full- mieć ręce pełne roboty

Kristina had her hands full after giving birth to triplets.

Lose heart- stracic zapał/ducha

When he failed the exam for the third time, he lost heart and decided not to try again.

Hand in glove with- mieć dobry kontakt z kimś

Mary is hand in glove with her supervisor, and as a result knows everything that's going on in the office.

Take to one's heels- uciec

When they heard the sound of police sirens, the burglars took to their heels and managed to escape.

Straight from the horse's mouth- z pierwszej ręki

I heard the news straight from the horse's mouth; John himself told me he was planning to change jobs.

Keep things under one's hat- dochować sekret

I daren't tell him my plans; I know he's incapable of keeping things under his hat.

Have so much time on one's hands- mieć dużo wolnego czasu

He has so much time on his hands now that he retired that he's taken up several new hobbies.

Off the cuff- bez przygotowania

As the politician hadn't had the chance to prepare a speech, he had to deliver one off the cuff.

Have one's heart in one's mouth- mieć serce w gardle, niepokoic się

She had her heart in her mouth all the time the firemen were trying to rescue her child from the building.

Sth come in handy- może się przydać

A torch comes in handy when you go on a camping trip.

Flog a dead horse- tracić czas

Talking this matter over again is just flogging a dead horse; we can't have anything to discuss.

Get out of hand- wymykać się z pod kontroli

Someone is going to do something abort the violence at football matches before the situation completely gets out of hand.

Get the hang of it- wejśc w krew, wyrobic sobie nawyk

You have to drive a car a number of times before you get the hang of it.

Take sth to heart- dobierać sobie coś do głowy

You should be careful about criticizing her as she always takes it to heart.

A bit of a dark horse- Czarny koń, osoba z ukrytymi zdolnościami

She was a bit of a dark horse; nobody knew she was a publisher poet.

Struck gold- trafić w dziesiątkę

Everyone says Maria struck gold when she married her millionaire husband.

IDIOM/FIXED PHRASES 2

17

Break the ice- przełamać lody

When she introduced her two friends, she tried to break the ice by mentioning the interests.

The tip of the iceberg- wierzchołek gory lodowej

What you saw last night was just the tip of the iceberg.

Ill at ease- zawstydzony

He was ill at ease at the party as he didn't know anyone who was there.

The ins and outs- szczegóły

Having worked for the firm for years, she knew all the ins and outs of company policy.

Have many irons in the fire- miec wiele planów/ mozliwośc na raz

George has so many irons in the fire that if he decides not to accept the sales job he has the pick of at least seven other positions.

Be in for the high jump- zostac ukaranym

The children who broke the window will be in for the high jump when their father finds out.

Have a job- znaleśc cos trudnego do zrobienia

Stew in one's juice- ponosić konsekwencje własnych czynów

It's your own fault you got the sack; now you will have to stew in one's own juice.

Keep up with the Joneses- konkurować z innymi o status/ dobra materialne

Our neighbours do their best to keep up with the Joneses by buying the atest model car and most expensive furniture.

Before one can say Jack Robinson- bardzo szybko

When someone threatened to report him to the police, Peter was out of the house before one can say Jack Robinson.

PREPOSITIONS

18

Harmful to- szkodliwy dla

You should not use aerosols because they're harmful to the environment.

Operate on- operować

Surgeons operated on her last night; her condition is said to be satisfactory.

Deaf to- głuchy na

The teacher was deaf to Nick's explanation of why he hadn't done his homework.

Huddle up together- ściesniac się, skupiać się

It was so cold in the tent that the children had to huddle up together to keep warm.

Haggle with- targować się

She haggled with the shopkeeper over the price of the souvenir.

Hear from sb- mieć (jakieś) wiadomości od

We still haven't heard from the insurance company abort our claim.

Face with- stawic czoło

Commuters found themselves faced with a lengthy public transport strike.

Invitation for/to- zaproszenie na

I've received an invitation for/in the annual nurses' conference in Glasgow.

Impatient with- niecierpliwy w stosunku do

Mr. Smith is becoming increasingly impatient with this class as they never pay attention.

Be indebted to- miec długi u kogoś

I'm indebted to my husband for his support in my new business venture.

Inferior to- gorszy od

The computer in the reception is inferior to the one in my office.

Feel a bit off colour- źle się czuć

He says he's feeling a bit off colour today.

With regard to- jesli chodzi o

With regard to your request, I'm afraid there's nothing I can do about it.

Be under age- byc niepełnoletnim

She wasn't allowed in the cinema because she was under age.

Be stranded on- być porzucionym na, być zostawionym na

The castaways were stranded on an island for nearly a week.

By profession- z zawodu

He is a solicitor (notariusz) by profession.

Be in a sale- tani

This coat was in a sale when I bought it so it was very cheap.

Be in arrears with- zalegac z

He is in arrears with his loan repayment.

On condition that- pod warunkiem, że

I will lend you the money on condition that you pay it back within the month.

In season- w sezonie

Strawberries are only in season in May and June.

In name only- tylko na papierze

He is an expert in name only; he actually knows very little about the subject.

19

Be sound asleep- byc pogrążonym w głebokim śnie =be in deep sleep

Everyone was sound asleep when the fire broke out.

Be in two minds- miec watpliwości

She is in two minds about marrying him.

Injurious to- szkodliwy dla

She sued the newspaper, as their article about her had been injurious to her reputation.

Be beside oneself with- wychodzic z siebie ze np. złości

Jerry was beside himself with anger when he saw the damage to his car.

Lead to- prowadzic do

His neglect of his work led to his dismissal.

The exact double of- wyglądać tak samo jak

She's the exact double of her mother.

In spite of- mimo, pomimo

In spite of severity of his illness, he managed to get over it.

Give sb one's word- dać komus słowo

They gave me their word they would come.

Now and then- od czasu do czasu

A cream cake now and then won't do you any harm.

Take exception to- miec pretensje

He took exception to the way she spoke to him.

Interval- przerwa

At regular intervals- w regularnych odstepach

There is a bus to the station at half-hour intervals on Saturdays.

Off-putting - odpychający (o człowieku)

Be put off by- być zniesmaczonym

We were put off by her manner.

Amount of- suma czegoś

No amount of criticism affected his confidence.

Implication - implikacja, zmiana

What implications will the changes have on the company?

Involve- dotyczyc, obejmować

Jane's job involves a lot of training abroad.

Mystery to- tajemnica dla

It's a mystery to them why Lena resigned.

Insufficient- niewystarczający

We were given insufficient time to finish the work.

Result in- spowodować, doprowadzić do

The strike resulted in the concert being cancelled.

Catch a glimpse of- zobaczyc w przelocie

I caught a glimpse of James he walked past the door.

Have a go (at sth)- spróbować czegoś

He had a go at solving the equation (równanie) but he couldn't do it.

FIXED PHRASES

20/21

Gain ground- zyskiwac poparcie

For busy people in today's society, lifestyle management is gaining ground.

Beat sb at their own game (inf)- pokonać kogoś jego własna bronią

The lawyer knew that to win his case he had to beat the prosecuting counsel at his own game

Give the game away- wygadać sekret

You'll give the game away if you tell Prter about his surprise birthday party.

Throw down the gauntlet - rzucać wyzwanie

We at Buyrite throw down the gauntlet to competitors to match us for price, quality and service.

Gild the lily- zepsuc coś co juz jest piękne poprzez dodatki

The designers refuses to gild the lily, preferring clean, simple lines for his creations.

Fit like a glove- pasuje idelanie

This lovely new dress fits like a glove.

Move the goalposts- zmieniać zasady/rządania

Every time the government meets their demands, the union leaders move the goalposts.

Have a lot going for you- mieć przewagę

If you are a computer literate, you have a lot going for you in the workplace nowadays.

As good as- prawie

The new Pension Act as good as eliminates some of the basic rights of pensioners.

Up for grabs (inf)- dostepne dla zaiteresowanych

During pioneer days a lot of land in the US was up for grabs.

Dig one's own grave- kopac sobie grób

The patient was told that he was digging his own grave with his unhealthy diet.

Come/get the grips with- zacząć działać

When inflation reached double figures the government had to get the grips with the problem.

Grind to a halt- zatrzymać sie stanąć

With fuel in short supply, machinery in the factory slowly ground to a halt.

Get off the ground- zacząć funkcjonować

Come to grief- spełzać na niczym (o planie)

All Sue's efforts to keep the business going come to grief and she was forced to declare herself bankrupt.

Make a go of sth- odnieść w czymś sukces

She had been unhappy in her marriage for some time but decided to make a go of it for the sake of her children.

For good- na dobre

David decided that smoking was ruining his health and so gave it up for good.

Stick to one's guns- obstawać przy swoim

The teacher was adamant (nieugięty) and stuck to his guns about the date of the final exam.

WORD USAGE

23

Primary- podstawowy

Primarily- w pierwszym rzędzie

Use- uzywać

Usefulness- użyteczność, przydatność

Veil- welon, ukrywać

Unveil- ujawniać (secret)

Relative- krewny, względny

Relatively- stosunkowo, odpowiednio

Research- badanie, badać

Researchers- badacze

Botany- botanika

Botanical- botaniczny

Cure- leczyć, lekarstwo

Curative-

Sure- pewny

Ensure- zapewnić

Effect- wynik, wpływ, zjawisko, efekt

Effective- efektowny, skuteczny

Relieve- łagodzić

Relief- ulga

Character- charkter

Characteristics- cechy charakterystyczne

COLLOCATIONS

24

Lost money- zgubione pieniądze

Stray dog- bezpański pies

Lost property- utracone nieruchomości

Lost opportunity- utracona możliwość

Stray/lost bullet- zabłąkana/zgubiona kula

Stray cat- bezpański kot

Lost child- zgubione dziecko

Lost hope- utracona nadzieja

Lost youth- utracona młodość

Stray lock of hair-

25

Produce cars in a factory- produkować samochody w fabryce

Generate discussion- być prowodorem dyskusji

Generate new jobs- wytwarzać nowe stanowiska pracy

Generate warmth/power- wytwarzać ciepło/moc

Produce offspring- rozmnażać się

Generate bad feelings- wytwarzać złe uczucia

Produce a play- tworzyć sztukę

26

Counterfeit money- fałszywe pieniądze

Forged money- fałszywe pieniądze

Counterfeit fur- sztuczne futro

Fake cream-

Mock cream-

Forged painting- falsyfikat

Fake pearls- sztuczne perły

Counterfeit document- fałszywe dokumenty

Forged document- fałszywy document

Forged passport- fałszywy passport

False passport- fałszywy passport

Fake jewellery- podrobiona biżuteria

Nie zrobione zadania nr 13, 22 i 27.

USE OF ENGLISH UNIT 6

Ćw. 15 strona 123

sketch /sketʃ/- szkicować

tuberculosis - gruźlica

chiefly - głównie

respectively - kolejno, odpowiednio

gloomy - ponury, mroczny

blend - mieszac, łączyć

torpor /tɔːˈpɪd.ə.ti/ apatia, senność

dispirited - przygnębiony, zniechęcony

stagnation - zastój, stagnacja

provincial - lokalny, wojewódzki

trap - złapać w pułapkę

break out - wybuchać; wyrywać się, uciekać

ćw. 16 str 123

get at - mieć na myśli

get round to - zabrać się (wreszcie za coś)

get off with - uniknąć kary, uniknąć nieszczęścia

get about - wyzdrowieć

get along/on with - być w przyjacielskich stosunkach

get sth off - wziąć or zdjąć coś z czegoś [shelf, table

get on - robić postępy

get sth across - rozumieć, pojmować

get through - przepychać się, przebrnąć, przetrwać, dostać się, skontaktować się, połączyć się (telefonicznie);

get sb down - przygnębiac

get at - atakować, napadać ( słownie)

get ahead - odnieść sukces

get away with - unikać

get on with - być w dobrych stosunkach (z kimś),wziąść się do roboty

get by - radzić sobie, być zaakceptowanym

get out of - WYKRĘCAĆ SIĘ Z CZEGOŚ

get about - ( o wiadomościach - także to get abroad) rozchodzić się

get round - przezwyciężać; obchodzić; rozchodzić się; przekonywać, ur|obić, -abiać (kogoś);

get over - do|jść, -chodzić do siebie po (czymś)

get up to - dochodzić do, osiągać, być wciągniętym w coś

PHRASAL VERBS 2

give away- reveal

She unintentionally gave away the secret of the surprise party

give in - 1) deliver

Haven't you given in your application form yet?

2) yield

The teacher reluctantly gave in to the students' request to change thedate of the exam.

give off - send out/emit

That tiny radiator doesn't give off much heat.

give out - 1) announce

On the news last night it was given out that the Prime Minister had resigned.

2) come to an end

Eventually their savings gave out and they were forced to apply to the state for assistance.

give up - 1) stop

I can't guess the answer. I give up.

2) admit defeat

The athlete has decided to give up the amateur competition and became a professional.

give oneself up - surrender

the man was forced to give himself up to the police

hype up - exaggerate the value of sth

They have hyped this car up to such an extent that I should be the biggest seller of the year.

IDIOMS/FIXED PHRASES 1

keep oneself to oneself - live quietly, privately

Although she enjoys on occasional evening out with friends, as a general rule she keeps herself to herself.

fine kettle of fish - confused state of affairs

The tap is dripping, the bath's overflowing, the plumber's on holiday; what a fine kettle a fish this is!

make a killing - have a sudden, great success/profit

Starting with only a few thousand pounds, Tom made a killing on the stock market and within a year was a millionaire.

bring to one's knees - destroy, humble

The enemy were brought to their knees by a surprise air attack

in the know - well - informed

If you want to know about the new film you should ask someone who is in the know like a critic.

keep one's fingers crossed - hope that sth will turn out well

She kept her fingers crossed all the time they were announcing the winners of the contest.

pull sb's leg - tease or trick sb

Is it really your car or are you pulling my leg?

make/ earn a/one's living - earn money

She makes/earns a living as a freelance journalist.

sleep like a log - be sound asleep

David sleeps like a log, I'm not sure if he'd hear a bomb drop.

IDIOMS/FIXED PHRASES 2

the lion's share - the biggest part/portion

Although she had several people to help her, Susan still did the lion's share of the work.

turn over a new leaf - make a new start

As he wanted to go to university David decided to turn over a new leaf.

on the level - honest, sincere

I wouldn't have any doubts about trusting him: I'm sure he's completely on the level.

drop sb a line - send sb a letter

If you have time, drop me a line.

go to any lengths - do anything necessary to get sth youwant

That man would go to any lengths.

shed light upon - give new/ further information

Their research has shed light upon some aspects of the reproduction of cancer cells. But there is still much to be discovered.

make light of - treat sth as unimportant

You shouldn't make light of her people's problems, even if you don't consider them to be very serious.

bury one's head in the sand - avoid or ignore reality/responsibility

John has a tendency to bury his head in the sand whenever he's faced with problems instead of facing up to them.

come to a head - reach a critical point

The differences between management and the workers came to a head.

Nie ma zadania 20

Cw 21

1. You could let someone else use your old clothes.

Why not recycle your old clothes?

2. Severe weather conditions have had a serious effect on traffic.

Traffic has been seriously affected by the severe weather conditions.

3. She decided to start her own business because she wanted to be independent.

She decided to start her own business with a view to being independent.

4. The loss of the account was not our fault.

We are not to blame for the loss of the account.

5. She said she was worried about the problem of pollution.

She expressed concern about the problem of pollution.

6. Tom's presence at parties adds to everyone's enjoyment.

Tom is life and soul of the party.

7. Linda did not agree with me about the closure.

Linda did not share my opinion about the closure.

8. The government's retraining programme proved to be unsuccessful due to lack of funds.

The government's retraining programme met with failure/ no success.

9. The lease on my flat is valid until the end of the year.

The lease on my flat does not come up for renewal until the end of the year.

10. I always get your boys mixed up.

I can't tell the difference between your boys.

11. She wants success more than anything else.

Her desire for success outweighs anything else.

12. There are fewer males than females in our country.

Females are in the/a minority in our country.

13. Mark didn't get home until just before dawn yesterday.

Mark didn't get home until the small/early hours yesterday.

14. Sheena can be bad - tempered in the mornings.

Sheena has a tendency to be bad tempered in the mornings.

15. The latest development have made them decide to postpone their visit.

They have decided to postpone their visit in view of the latest developmwnt.

16. He hated the way the media scrutinized his private life.

He hated how his private life came under scrutiny from the media.

17.The current champion has been beaten in this year's tournament.

The current champion has suffered a defeat in this year's tournament.

18. The civil service has completely changed under the present government.

The civil service has undergone a complete change under the present government.

19. Charles has potential but he hasn't exploited it yet.

Charles hasn't made use of his potential yet.

20. Some services may be running late due to bad weather.

Some services may be subject to delay due to bad weather.

FIXED PHRASES

meet sb halfway - come to a agreement/compromise - wyjść komuś naprzeciw Let's meet halfway if we can't agree on this.

come under the hammer - sth is sold at auction, , pójść pod młotek

Some recently found paintings attributed to Picasso are coming under the hammer.

let your hair down - relax and enjoy yourself, pójść w tango

When soldiers are on leave they forget about the army's rigid discipline and let their hair down.

to make/lose money hand over fist - acquire/lose a lot of money very quickly

After making several bad business deals the company was losing money hand over fist.

give sb a free hand - allow sb to do as they wish

The art teacher gave the children a free hand in their creative compositions.

know sth off-hand - know sth without asking or looking it up

I can't tell you off hand the population of Prague, but there is an encyclopedia in the cupboard.

have to hand it to sb - admire sb and think they deserve praise

You have to hand it to Larry for tirelessly working with disabled.

keep out of harm's way - keep out of danger

All medication must be kept out of harm's way if you have young children.

fly off the handle - lose your temper very suddenly, wyjść z siebie

Maggie is so moody and unpredictable. She's apt to fly off the handle without any real cause.

do sth at the drop of a hat - be willing / happy to do sth; do sth quickly

not to make head (n)or tail of sth - not to understand sth at all

Sally couldn't make head nor tail of the instruction for operating the lawnmower.

make headway - make progress

The government is making little headway in its fight to beat inflation.

take heart from sth -feel encouraged by or optimistic about sth

Investors have taken heart from the improving economic situation.

make a hash of sth - do sth very badly

Alice made a hash of her final exam and failed her degree.

to one's heart's content - (Do) as much or as often as one wants

Once at the skating rink, Ivan was allowed to skate to nis heart's content.
strike/hit home - (of situation) be accepted as real even though it is painful/ achieve the intended effect, wyjść z siebie

It was only when he ahd been unemployed for six months that Neil's situation hit home.

after hours - outside regular business hours

To withdraw cash from your bank accont after hours you can use an ATM card.

Ćw. 25 strona128

as clear as bell

as large as life - naturalnej wielkości; hum we własnej osobie, osobiście

as fresh as a daisy- świeży jak pączek róży as hard as nails

as thick as thieves - znać się jak łyse konie

as red as a beetroot - poczerwienieć jak burak

as heavy as lead - my feet felt as heavy as lead fig miałem nogi jak z ołowiu

as stubborn as a mule - uparty jak osioł

as steady as a rock - niezwruszony

ćw. 26 strona 128

have a memory like a sieve - mieć kurzą pamięć

shook like a leaf - trząść się jak osika or jak liść osiki

get on like house on fire - przypaść sobie do serca

go/come down on you like a ton of bricks - rozprawić się z kimś

fit like a glove - pasuje jak ulał

eats like a horse - jeść za trzech or za dziesięciu;

as safe as houses - najzupełniej bezpieczny

spread like wildfire - rozchodzić się lotem błyskawicy

ćw. 28

frequent częsty - frequently - często

habitat - siedlisko inhabited - zamieszkany

populate - population

settle - settlements - osada, osiedle

art - artwork szata graficzna

note - notable - wybitny; godny uwagi

access - accessible - dostępny (to sb/sth dla kogoś/czegoś);

ordinary - extraordinary

grade - gradully

scene - scenery - pejzaż , krajobraz, widok, sceneria

suffice - wystarcz|yć, -ać, starcz|yć, -ać, insufficient - niewystarczający

ćw 29

take legal action (against sb) wystąpić na drogę sądową (przeciwko komuś)

lash down [rain] zacinać, lać

continually adv ciągle, nieustannie, ustawicznie

continuously (without a break) [sing, talk] ciągle, bez przerwy; [breathe] równomiernie

perpetually adv wiecznie, nieustannie

eternally adv wiecznie

ongoing adj [crisis, process] trwający; [battle, dispute] toczący się

incessant /ın'sesnt/ adj nieustanny, bezustanny

crucial [role, importance] decydujący, rozstrzygający

vital - podstawowy

grave /greıv/ [danger, consequences, error, risk, illness, injury] poważny

significant [amount, influence, increase, saving] znaczny, znaczący

fundamental fundamentalny, zasadniczy

remarkable adj [performance, ease, person] niezwykły

eminent (famous, respected) [person, scholar] wybitny

elevated /'elıveıtıd/ [style, thought, tone] podniosły, wzniosły;

prestigious adj [award, job] prestiżowy;

noteworthy adj godny uwagi, interesujący

ćw.30

a)postpone - to change the date or time of a planned event or action to a later one

The meeting was postponed due to the absence of the chairman.

delay - when someone or something has to wait, or the length of the waiting time

I was delayed in the traffic.

b) extend a hand - wyciągnąć rekę

extend a deadline - przedłużyć termin

expand a product range -

extend/expand a road

expand a business

extend a deadline

extend a piece of furniture

expand one's services

ćw. 31

to decline an offer

to hold someone's hand

to abide by the rules - przestrzegać

to relish an idea - cieszyć się

to repress one's feelings - stłumić

to bar someone from a club - zabronić

to secure someone's release - uzysk|ać, -iwać, zapewni|ć, -ać sobie

to stick to the question

to control a crowd - panować na tłumem.

to cling an old habit - uparcie trwać przy czymś

Nie ma zadania 32

USE OF ENGLISH UNIT 7

Cw5,str 143

earthling n Ziemian|in m, -ka

intergalactic adj międzygalaktyczny (travel)

either... or albo..., albo

How can be sure of either the existance or the non-existence of extraterrestrial life?

extraterrestrial -pozaziemski (life)

report (relay) po|informować o (czymś) [fact, occurrence]

other than (except) poza (kimś/czymś)

Obviously he had no proof other than his testimony, but this sparked off an epidemic of apparent spottings of “unidentified flying objects”.

spark off [sth] wywoł|ać, -ywać [interest, controversy, reaction, anger, panic, war, riot]

spotting n Med plamienie

a total of w sumie

a total of 364 people voted w sumie głosowały 364 osoby;

A total of 850 sightings of spaceships were reported.

sighting /'saıtıŋ/

there have been a number of reported sightings of the animal/escaped prisoners już kilka osób zgłosiło, że widziało to zwierzę/zbiegłych więźniów

ufology n ufologia f

ufologist-ufolog

take root [plant] wypuścić korzenie, ukorzenić się; fig [idea, system, feeling] zakorzenić się fig; [company] zdobyć pozycję

Ufology had taken root and was spreading prolifically.

Prolifically- płodnie, bujnie

Gallup poll n sondaż m Instytutu Gallupa

convey vt

(transmit) [person] przekaz|ać, -ywać [order, message, news, regards, thanks, congratulations, condolences] (to sb komuś); wyra|zić, -żać [opinion, judgment, feeling]

The latest Gallup poll conveyed that twenty percent of the British and sixty percent of the American populations believe in the existence of UFOs

elsewhere adv gdzie indziej; to go/look elsewhere iść/patrzeć gdzie indziej; elsewhere in the book w innym miejscu w książce; elsewhere in Europe gdzie indziej w Europie

Clearly, These figures do not prove the existence of life elsewhere in the cosmos, but they do prove that belief in humanoids is international and widespread.

humanoid (robot) android m, humanoid

alleged pp adj [attacker, crime, culprit, fraud] domniemany; [reason, incident, torture] (asserted to be true) przypuszczalny

One out of five-jeden na pięciu

footprint n ślad m (stopy)

residue Chem (sediment) osad m powdery residues

entity n (existence, being) istota -hmunanlike entities and robots

to come to or to reach a conclusion dojść do wniosku

admit to (doing) sth przyznać się do (zrobienia) czegoś

inadequacy n

1. (insufficiency) (of resources, preparation) niedostatek m (of sth czegoś)

little more than niewiele więcej

So, with little more than the Word o fan apparent eye withness to consider,evidence for the existence of alien life forms is far from conclusive.

conclusive adj [argument, evidence, proof] ostateczny, rozstrzygający

far from-wcale

cw6,143

go down (be received) to go down well/badly zostać dobrze/źle przyjętym;

His proposal didn't go down very well at all; in fact they were all rejected.

Go down with (become ill) to go down with flu/malaria zachorować na grypę/malarię

She had to cancel Her holiday when she went down with the flu.

Go for

Those shoes are going for next to nothing. I've never seen such a good sale.

Go in for. (take part in) przyst|ąpić, -ępować do (czegoś) [exam]; wy|startować w (czymś) [competition]

I'm planning to go in for the poetry competition this year.

Go into sth . (take up) zająć się (czymś), wziąć się do (czegoś) [politics, business]

Go on (happen, take place) what's going on?

I don't know what's going on next door but they're being very noisy.

Go on with

(continue) kontynuować; go on with your work pracuj dalej; go on looking szukaj dalej

He paused to answer the phone, and then he went on with what he was doing.

Go off. [alarm clock] za|dzwonić; [fire alarm] włącz|yć, -ać się

Suddenly the fire alarm went off.

Go round

(suffice) there isn't enough food/money to go round jedzenia/pieniędzy nie wystarczy dla wszystkich;

I don't think there's enough fruit to go round. Could you get some more?

Go through (check, inspect) prze|jrzeć, -glądać [documents, files, list]

Let's go through the plan one more to make sure it's all clear.

Go through (consume, use up) zuży|ć, -wać; we went through three bottles of wine opróżniliśmy trzy butelki wina

She's gone through all her savings since she lost her job.

Go up (be erected) [building] wyr|osnąć, -astać fig; [poster] pojawi|ć, -ać się

New blocks of flats are going up everywhere, destroying the character of the township.

Go with sth (accompany) iść w parze z (czymś); happiness doesn't always go with wealth szczęście nie zawsze idzie w parze z bogactwem

Does the shed go with the house should I pay extra?

Cw7.144

Hold back

1)delay(tr)

2)prevent development

He is talented actor but his lack of ambition holds him back

3)withhold-wstrzymywac

The firm held back the launch of the new product in the hope that demand would rise

Hold in- control (oneself/feeling)

Although they tried, they couldn't hold in their laughter

Hold off

1)keep a distance

Can't you hold off those reporters until I've finished the rehearsal?

2)delay

We will have to hold off having a housewarming party until we get the electricity connected.

Hold on-wait

Hold on a minute while I get sth from my room

Hold out

1)last

Some Japanese soldiers refused to belive the war was over and held out in the jungle for years

2)resist-wystarczyć

Our water supplies held out for tree wekks when we were marooned in the desert.

Hold out for sth-wait to ger sth -domagać się or żądać czegoś [pay rise, increase]

They offered to buy her a BMV but she's holding out for a Porsche

Hold out on sb -keep a secret from sb-mieć przed kimś tajemnice

He says he knows nth about the missing documents but I'm sure he's holding out on me.

Hold over-postpone

Due to the chairman's illness, the meeting was held over till the next week

Hold up

1)delay

Strike action held up trains and buses all day yesterday.

2)rob

Cw 8

Feel down in the mouth- feel discouraged/depressed.-być smutnym

Get a move on-hurry up- pospieszyć się

Would you get a move on?We've got only half an hour before the bus leaves.

Work a miracle-make sth impossible to happen-dokonać cudu

Slip sb's mind- forget about sth- wylecieć z głowy

Put words into sb's mouth-pretend tah sb had said sth tha they hadn't actually said

He put words into my mouth when he said I was willing to help, I simply haven't got the time.

Make hay while the sun shines-take advantage of favourable circumstances- kuć żelazo póki gorące;

Life is short so, make hay while the sun shines

Cry over spilt milk-grieve over sth that can't be put right- płakać nad rozlanym mlekiem

She's always crying over split milk when she should be getting on with her life

Give the green light to sb/sth-give permission to proceed with sth

Cross sb's mind- occur to sb/have a sudden idea-przyjść komuś do głowy

It never crossed my mind that she might be offended by what I said

Cw 9

A night owl-person who enjoys staying up late

In a nutshell-briefly, in a few words-krótko mówiąc

I haven't really taken to him, in a nutshell, I think he's unbearable.

Have an early night-go to bed early-położyć sie spać wcześnie

Be second to none- be the best

That pianist is second to none in his interpretation of Mozart's music

Hit the nail on the head-say exactly the right thing- trafić w sedno

You hit the nail on the head when you call him the slowest worker on the earth.

Lose sb's nerve-lose courage

Null and void-invalid/not legally binding-bez mocy prawnej, nieważny(contract, deal, act)

Every nook and cranny-everywhere

She cleaned every nook and cranny of the house.

Make a name for oneself-become famous, respected for sth-wyrobić sobie nazwisko(as-jako)

My cousin Rebecca has made a name for herself as a neurosurgeon.

Get on sb's nerve-irriate/annoy sb

Cw 10

muddle [sth] up (disorder) po|mieszać [papers]; po|plątać [string]

I muddled up the jigsaw pieces and the children did the puzzle again.

mistake sth for sth(confuse) pomylić coś z czymś;

mistake sb for sb else wziąć kogoś za kogoś innego

be mean with sth żałować czegoś [time, water]; he's mean with his money jest skąpy

make of (car/comuter)-marka

I asked the assistant whish make of hi-fi he recommended

militate against sth /'mılıteıt/ [person, organization] wystąpić przeciw czemuś, zwalczać coś

All the evidence militated against a conclusion in our favour

naturalize Admin naturalizować [person]; to be naturalized naturalizować się, uzyskać obywatelstwo

I was born in Britain but was naturalised in Italy

notify sb of sth zawiadomić kogoś o czymś [birth, engagement, death]

be noted/not noted for sth słynąć z czegoś/z braku czegoś [tact, wit]

negligent adj

be negligent in doing sth niestarannie or niedbale coś robić;

be negligent of one's duties fml zaniedbywać swoje obowiązki

cw 11

He spent the summer on a cruise..

Be in favour of sth-być za

Be on fire-płonąć (house)

At sb's request-na czyjeś życzenie

At Her boss's request, she Has worked overtime nearly e-y this month

By means of-za pomocą

They estimated the canidates' popularity by means of opinion polls

At a guess- na oko

In vogue-być modnym(clothes)

On farm-na roli

She was brought up on farm

be on leave być na urlopie, mieć urlop; Mil być na przepustce, mieć przepustkę

Paul Has been on leave from work for the past month.

On second thoughts-po zastanowieniu

Cw.12

put forward [sb] wysu|nąć, -wać kandydaturę (kogoś), za|proponować-nominate

Some friends put his name forward as a spokeman.

make getaway zmyć się-escape

They have made their getaway through the back door.

moon about- snuć się bez celu

You've done nth but moon about all day.

Depend/rely/count on sb-liczyć na kogoś

Be the point of sth-być celem czegoś

what's the point? po co?

What was the point of your behaving so rudely.

to be prone to sth mieć skłonność do czegoś [migraines, colds, depression, violence]

He is prone to headaches.

to be in excess of sth przekraczać coś

There are in excess of 6 hospitals in this city.

Mike has greater depths (=morecomplex personality )to him that you may think.

Judge by sth-oceniać na podstawie czegoś

He is poor, judging by the look of him.

Give sb sb's assurance- promise

Give explanation for sth-explain

What explanation did he give for his lateness?

Double-podwoić

Obtain sth from sb -zyskać coś od kogoś

I haven't (got) the remotest idea nie mam najmniejszego pojęcia

I resent the fact that... nie podoba mi się to, że...

Confuse Sb with Sb else-mylić kogoś z kimś-mistake sb for sb

make no mention of sb/sth [report, person] nie wspomnieć o kimś/czymś

The brochure makes no mention of its parking facilities.

Cw.13,14

from or since time immemorial od niepamiętnych czasów-for a long time/throught history

Those stones have been here since time immemorial.

in the interim w tym czasie, tymczasem-in the meantime

tie oneslef in knots-be confused

I always tie myself in knots when speaking public

jog sb's memory odświeżyć pamięć komuś-make one remember sth

in an effort to jog her memory Jo was shown pictures of the place where she was found.

be on an even keel Naut płynąć na równej stępce-working or progressing steadily, to regularize sth

after an operation you don't fully recover for a while so you shouldn't expect to feel aon an even keel for a few weeks.

in the interest(s) of sth (to promote) na rzecz czegoś [peace, freedom]; (out of concern for) ze względu na coś [hygiene]

make inroads into or on sth wkraczać na coś [market]; nadszarpnąć coś [savings]-affext sth negatively for destructively

do sb justice-odać komuś sprawiedliwość-reproduce Sb/sth accurately and show how good they are

I don't think Julia's wedding photos do her justice. I think she looked much more attractive on her wedding day.

take issue with sb/sth nie zgodzić się z kimś/czymś-disagree and start arguing

to all intents and purposes na dobrą sprawę-in effect

reserve judgementwstrzymać się z opiniami

I'll reserve judgement on Ben Shipley's atest novel until I've read it.

have itchy feet infml nie móc usiedzieć w miejscu

always having had itchy feet Delia is off again, backpacking round India.

rough justice (unfair) niesprawiedliwość-unfair of unjust treatment

and to add insult to injury... i jakby tego było mało.

He slammed my hand in the car door and, to add insult to injury, didn't stop to apologize.

be on a knife-edge [result, success] być niepewnym

We were on a knife-edge until the very end of the Hitchcock film.

Safe in the knowledge -confidently

Enjoy your “Sunwya” cruise, safe in the knowledge that everything has been taken care of.

in a jiff(y) za sekundkę-quickly

in jeopardy-in danger

take the initiative oneself- podjąć inicjatywę samemu

15

run for president/mayor/governor kandydować na prezydenta/burmistrza/gubernatora

make journey

tell lies

A drowing man will clutch at a straw-tonący brzywty się chwyta

when the cat's away, the mice will play myszy harcują, gdy kota nie czują

a leopard cannot change his spots natura ciągnie wilka do lasu

the proof of the pudding is in the eating okaże się w praktyce

tell the true and shame the devil

people in glass houses shouldn't throw stones Prov  przyjrzyj się sobie, zanim zaczniesz krytykować innych

Look before you leap pomyśl dwa razy zanim coś zrobisz;

nothing ventured nothing gained Prov kto nie ryzykuje, ten nie ma

one man's meat is another man's poison Prov są gusta i guściki

birds of a feather flock together Prov ciągnie swój do swego

19

Tradition-traditional

Moral-morally

Time-timeless

Type-typical

Loyal-loyalty

Centre-central

Boast-boasts

Signify-insignificant

Grudge-grudging

Like-alike

Instruct-instruction

20.

Sue spent weeks in hospital after being seriously injured in a car crash.

When she lost her temper, she smased(=roztrzaskać, rozbić) the vase her ex-husband had brought her.

Floods have completely ruined(=zniszczyć) the farmer's crops.

I scanned(=prze|jrzeć, -glądać [paper, small ads, list])the notice-board quickly.

The forensic expert scrutinized(=prze|analizować [document, plan, motives]) the evidence looking for particles of skin.

My brother is always teasing(=drażnić) me about my hooked nose.

The border guards have been accused of harassing(dreczyc) refugees.

My young niece kept pestering (=dręczyć)me to buy them sweets.

I chipped(=wyszczerbi|ć, -ać [cup, glass, plate])a plate when I was washing up but it can still be used.

The windscreen shattered(=[window, glass] roztrzask|ać, -iwać się) into thousand pieces when the car hit a lamp-post.

impair vt za|szkodzić (czemuś), niekorzystnie wpły|nąć, -wać na (coś) [career, negotiations, digestion, reputation, performance];

snap /snæp/ [wood, branch, metal] z|łamać się, pęk|nąć, -ać;

clip/klıp/ przyci|ąć, -nać [nails, cigar]; przystrzy|c, -gać, podstrzy|c, -gać [hedge, hair, grass]

peer vi przy|jrzeć, -glądać się (badawczo) (at sb/sth komuś/czemuś);

crack /kræk/ (make a crack in) s|powodować pęknięcie (czegoś) [mirror, cup, bone]; zarysow|ać, -ywać [paint, varnish]

21

Borrow 50p/a pencil

Hire a hall/a Lawery

Hire/borrow a flat

Hire/borrow/rent a car/a boat

22

Bluff your way out of a difficult situation-oszukaj (?) trudną sytuacje yyy

Glimpse a cow out of a moving train-mignięcie …

Work to earn a living-pracować zeby zarobić na życie

Cope with a problem-poradzić sobie z problemem

Contaminate a river-zanieczyszczać

Peer At a small print- przyglądać sie

Devastate sb by giving bad news-załamać kogoś złą wiadmością

Evaluate the damage At 1.000p wycenić szkodę na 1000 funtów

Shiver with cold-trząść sie z zimna

Alter dress-przerobić sukienkę

23

Effective medication(kuracja)/system/cure/insect repellent(środek odstraszający owady)

Efficient secretary/system

efficacious adj efektywny, skuteczny

efficacious medication/cure/insect repellent

defective /dı'fektıv/ [part] wadliwy; [speech] niewyraźny; [reasoning, method, idea] błędny;

defective system/speech/insect repellent

24

Grade

1)high grade-wyskokiej jakości

2)ocena (w szkole)

3)klasa czegos->For civil sernice positions the grade depends on both qualifications and length of sernice.

Service

1)obsługa

2)tea service

3)nabożeństwo

Shot

1)shoot out-wypaść ( o samochodzie)

2)shoot to fame fig nagle stać się sławnym

3)

shock

wstrząs, szok

Srock of red curls

Shock of explosion

It came as shock to me

Shift

He is on night shift-nocna zmina

Zmiana(change)

Luźna sukienka]

Round

round of applause burza oklasków

round of golf-rundka golfa

round of talks

sharp

sharp knife

sharp tone

these lemons sweets are too sharp for my taste.-ostry

accommodate

dostosow|ać, -ywać [idea, plan, view] (to sth do czegoś)

zadow|olić, -alać [person]; uwzględni|ć, -ać [need, request, wish]

zakwaterować [tourist]; [building, room, site, vehicle] po|mieścić, zmieścić; [hotel] przyj|ąć, -mować;

USE OF ENGLISH UNIT 8

7.

familiar with - zaznajomoiny z czymś

I'm not familiar with her poetry.

A Picture paints a thousand words - a visualization is a better description than a verbal description.

pictorial form - forma obrazkowa

take place - mieć miejsce

 The race will take place at the university track at 10 a.m.

devised by - wymyślony przez

A method for quicker communications between offices was devised by her.

phone booth - budka telefoniczna

boon for - dobrodziejstwo

Overspending on debit cards is a boon for banks

circuit diagrams

bypass - omijać

Francis bypassed his manager and wrote straight to the director.

label on a garment - metka na ubraniau

independent of

We need a central bank that is independent of the government.

transliterated into -

transliterate - przedstawianie znaków jednego alfabetu możliwie najbardziej zbliżonymi znakami innego alfabetu, to write a word, sentence etc in the alphabet of a different language or writing system

romanised -

pin yin script -

8.

keep at - be continue working at, kontynuować robienie czegos

If you keep at your French studies, you'll improve.

keep up with - be informed about, być nabieżąco

Employees need to keep up with the latest technical developments.

keep up with - stay at an equal level with, nadążać za

Jack's having trouble keeping up with the rest of the class.

keep up (with) - progress at the same rate, kontynuować, utrzymywać

Keep up(with) your work and you'll eventually succeed.

keep to - follow, trzymać się, przestrzegać,

If we keep to the plan, we're certain to succeed.

keep on at - continue talking in an irritating way, nudzić, nie dawać spokoju,

Don't keep on at me about my door; I'll fix it.

keep down - repress, tłumić

The authorities managed to keep down rebellious factions with the use of force.

keep in with sb - continue to be friendly, utrzymywać dobre stosunki

It's a good idea to keep in with the boss.

keep back - hide, ukrywać,

I got the feeling he was keeping something back.

be kept in - detain after normal hours as a punishment

The student was kept in for an hour for cheating in the exam.

keep on - continues doing sth, kontynuować,

She pretended not to hear, and kept on walking.

9.

lay aside - put to one side, oszczędzać,

For the last 20 years, he's been laying aside 15% of his salary for his old age.

lay into - attack (with blows or words) rzuczać się na kogoś,

Outside the club, two men were laying into each other

lay off - stop doing sth irritating, odłożyć np. używki

I think you'd better lay off alcohol for a while.

lay out - spend, wydatkowć, łożyć,

What's the point in laying out money on something you'll only wear once?

let down - disappoint, zawieść,

He let his parents down by failing his exams.

let down - lower sth, spuścić, opuścić,

Let down a rope so that I can climb up.

let in for - involve in trouble

I let myself in for a lot of trouble when I agreed to help her.

let in on - allow sb to share a paln, secret, powierzyć komuś secret,

We'll let you in on our plans but don't tell anybody else.

let sb off - not punish severely, nie ukarać,

I'll let you off this time, but don't do it again.

let on - reveal a secret, wyajwić, rozpowiedzieć,

Don't let on that I told you.

let out - make (a garment) loose or larger, poszerzyć,

Your cuisine made me let out my trousers

let out - utter a cry, wydać np. wrzask

He let out a cry of disbelief.

let sb through - allow sb to pass an exam or test

let up - became less in degree, zmniejszenie nailenia

The wind had dropped and the rain gradually let up.

let up on - treat sb less severely

You should really let upon the children. They can't be perfect all the time.

10.

against all odds - despite difficulties

 Against all odds - poor weather, student pilot - we landed safely.

get the sack - be dismissed from one's job

My father got the sack last year and he is still unemployed.

in the offing - likely to happen

I'm afraid a recession is in the offing.

status symbol - possession thought to show sb's high social rank, wealth

She doesn't even drive; that car of hers is purely a status symbol.

once and for all - for the last time

 I broke with him once and for all. 

white elephant - useless/unwanted possession

When the theatre first opened it was widely regarded as a white elephant.

short and sweet - brief but pleasant (usu ironic)

Let's keep this short and sweet - just tell me what you want and then leave. I'm busy!

out in the open - (of secrets) revealed, known

 She finally came out in the open and revealed her real intentions.

golden opportunity - the best chance to gain sth

This job is a golden opportunity for you.

out and out - complete, total

The advertisement was an out-and-out lie.

in public - in the presence of other people

She really should sing in public, don't you think?

get the wrong end of the stick - misunderstand completely what has been said

Her friend saw us arrive at the party together and got hold of the wrong end of the stick.

throw a party - have/hold a party

He will throw a party next week and everyone is invited.

take things to pieces - dismantle things

Being a car mechanic, William loves taking engines to pices.

grease sb's palm - bribe sb

It was found that the smugglers had been greasing the palm of several high-ranking police officers

11.

out of print - (of a book) not available anymore

 I'm sorry but the book you've ordered is out of print.

past one's prime - growing old/not at your best

He is now past his prime.

come to the point - reach the main point in a discussion

When you make a speech, come to the point quickly

be out of practice - lacking practice

I'd love a game of tennis even though I'm out of practice.

off the point - irrelevant

He started talking completely off the point

pop the question - make a proposal of marriage

In the old days, a man would buy the ring and then pop the question.

part and parcel of - basic part

These things happen to be part and parcel of my everyday reality

out of the frying pan into the fire - from a bad situation to the worse/similar one

Moving from that house to this one was a case of out of the frying pan into the fire.

a bitter pill to swallow - a difficult fact to accept

 I got deeply in debt. Then I really got out of the frying pan into the fire when I lost my job

fall into place - become clear

Once I discovered that the woman I had seen him with was his daughter, everything fell into place.

12.

to one's astonishment

To my astonishment, the car was gone

impatient for - very eager for something to happen and not wanting to wait

He was eager to talk to Shildon and impatient for him to return from lunch.

under repair - w naprawie,

The bridge is under repair.

at the point of

She was at the point of leaving when the phone rang.

at random - without a governing design, method, or purpose

Bullets were fired into the crowd at random

in answer - w odpowiedzi

In answer to your question, the meeting will take place next Tuesday.

impatient with - annoyed because of delays, someone else's mistakes etc

We are growing impatient with the lack of results.

on no account - w żadnym wypadku

 On no account will I lend you the money.

in brief - briefly; concisely

Please tell me in brief why you want this job.

ooze from - to flow or leak out slowly, as through small openings.

Jam oozed from the doughnut when she bit into it.

proud of - pleased about sth or sb

Her parents are very proud of her.

oblivious to - lacking conscious awareness; unmindful

The party appeared oblivious to (or of) the mounting pressures for political reform.

overburden with - to give an organization, person, or system more work or problems than they can deal with

a manager overburdened with work

operate on - perform surgery on

The doctors operated on the patient but failed to save his life

part with - to give up or let go of; relinquish

Janice hated to part with her cat, but the landlord wouldn't allow pets. 

precaution against - something you do in order to prevent something dangerous or unpleasant from happening

Save your work often as a precaution against computer failure.

on approval - if you buy something on approval, you have the right to return it to the shop if you decide you do not want it

took the dress on approval.

proclivity to -  tendency to behave in a particular way, or to like a particular thing - used especially about something bad

plead with - to ask for something that you want very much, in a sincere and emotional way [= beg]

Moira pleaded with him to stay.

13.

vent (frustration) - To express (one's thoughts or feelings, for example), especially forcefully

Digging in the garden allows me to vent my frustrations.

extensive coverage - containing or dealing with a lot of information and details

T he exhibition has received extensive coverage in the national press.

pelt sb with - to attack someone by throwing a lot of things at them

The marchers were pelted with rocks and bottles.

hurl at - to throw something with a lot of force, especially because you are angry

The boys hurled lots of snowballs at their next-door neighbour.

attribute sth to - to believe or say that a situation or event is caused by something

The fall in the number of deaths from heart disease is generally attributed to improvements in diet

due to - because of something

She has been absent from work due to illness

the onset of sth - the beginning of something, especially something bad

the onset of winter

marked/signaled by

sign of - an event, fact etc that shows that something is happening or that something is true or exists [= indication]

The economy is beginning to show signs of recovery.

blurred vision

Tears blurred her vision - made it difficult for her to see.

make a mistake

We may have made a mistake in our calculations

get the wrong end of the stick - misunderstand completely what has been said

Her friend saw us arrive at the party together and got hold of the wrong end of the stick

be exposed as

The politician was exposed as spy by the newspaper.

grow out of - if a child grows out of clothes, he or she becomes too big to wear them

Kate has grown out of her pullover.

level of unemployment

The level of unemployment is high in this town.

be out of work - be unemployed

There are a lot of people out of work in this town.

include sth in - to make someone or something part of a larger group or set

Service is included in the bill.

allow sth in - to let someone do or have something, or let something happen [= permit]

I don't allow the cat in the bedroom.

depend on - if something depends on something else, it is directly affected or decided by that thing:

The length of time spent exercising depends on the sport you are training for.

be in debt - owe money to someone

The band will be in debt to the record company for years.

forthcoming - if something is forthcoming, it is given or offered when needed - often used to say that this does not happen:

When no reply was forthcoming, she wrote again.

cause of - a person, event, or thing that makes something happen

Breast cancer is the leading cause of death for American women in their forties

result of - something that happens or exists because of something that happened before 

Accidents are the inevitable result of driving too fast.

supported by

This programme needs to be supported by the local council.

backing of - support, help

This programme needs the backing of the local council

be full of praise for - praise sb a lot

Mrs. George was full of praise for her nurses

be in force - if a law, rule etc is in force, it already exists

The trade embargo has been in force for a year.

come into force - if a new law, rule, change etc comes or is brought into force, it starts to exist.

Parking restrictions in the town centre came into force last month.

get far with sth - make progress

Marcus hasn't got very far with his dissertation.

make progress with - the process of getting better at doing something, or getting closer to finishing or achieving something

I'm afraid we're not making much progress.

14.

by and large - to great extent/generally

By and large, chocolate is the favorite flavor.

larger than life - exaggerated

on its last legs - in weak, poor condition/needing replacement

 We've had the same vacuum cleaner for twenty years now and it's on its last legs.

lay it on thick - exaggerate

Sally was laying it on thick when she said that Tom was the best singer she had ever heard.

lay sb low - makes sb ill or weak, confine them to bed

improve by/in leaps and bounds - improve/increase very rapidly

do sth at length - take a long time to do/do sth in great detail

He described the history of his village at length.

follow/obey to the letter - follow (e.g. instruction) exactly without question

I read through the recipe and followed it to the letter for successful outcome.

on the level - sincere, truthful

Come on now, on the level, tell me the truth.

make light of sth - treat sth as though it is not serious when in fact it is

The Barths never complain about their hard condition. They certainly know how to make light of it

bring into line with - make sb/sth comply with a standard/behaviour

Sam brought his proposal into line with the company standards.

draw the line - refuse to do/tolerate sth

 It's hard to keep young people under control, but you have to draw the line somewhere.

put sth on the line - risk, endanger

The lawyer put his reputation on the line when he agreed to defend this man.

be lost on sb - have noe effect on sb/not to be understood by sb

Why should I try harder if all that is lost on her

not for love nor money - by no means/for no reason

I won't do it for love nor money

like it or lump it - whether you like it or not

This is the supper Dad cooked for us - like it or lump it.

leave sb in the lurch - abandon/let sb down

He left me in the lurch and I had to finish the whole project by myself.

16.

as plain as the nose on your face - to be very obvious 

There's no doubt that he's interested in her. It's as plain as the nose on your face.

as keen as mustard - to be very eager 

Why don't we ask Tom to captain the cricket team? He's as keen as mustard.

as fit as a fiddle - in very good health

You may feel sick now, but after a few days of rest and plenty of liquids, you'll be fit as a fiddle.

as gentle as a lamb -  very gentle

Don't be afraid of Mr. Schaeffer. He may look fierce, but he's as gentle as a lamb. 

as good as gold - very well behaved

You can bring her anytime to play with Emily. Your daughter's as good as gold!

as light as a feather - to be very light in weight 

I could easily pick you up - you're as light as a feather.

as miserable as sin - być nieszczęśliwym

Since his girlfriend left him, Jim looks as miserable as sin.

as old as the hills - very old

This washing-machine is as old as the hills. 

as dull as ditchwater - very uninteresting

He loved the book but I thought it was as dull as ditchwater.

as pleased as Punch - delighted; very pleased.

Now he was as pleased as Punch that he had achieved.

17.

drama - dramatic

ridicule - ridiculous

portray - portrayal

mime (pantomime, mim) - mimetic (mimetyczny, naśladujący)

number - numerous

face - facial

company - accompanied

dispense - indispensable

symbol - symbolism

comprehend - incomprehensible

noble - ennobled (nobilitowany, uszlachetniony)

18.

in a hurry - more quickly than usual [= in a rush]

Sorry, I can't stop, I'm in a hurry.

be strewn with - to scatter things around a large area

The street was strewn with broken glass.

dispersed - if something disperses or is dispersed, it spreads in different directions over a wide area

The clouds dispersed as quickly as they had gathered.

scattered - spread over a wide area or over a long period of time

The sky was scattered with stars.

sprinkled - to scatter small drops of liquid or small pieces of something

Sprinkle the top with cheese.

giggle at - to laugh quickly, quietly, and in a high voice,

totter - move without being stable, as if threatening to fall

We giggled at the sight of Mrs Benson tottering down the road in her six-inch stiletto heels.

stagger - to walk or move unsteadily, almost falling over [= stumble]

He managed to stagger home

reel - to walk in an unsteady way and almost fall over, as if you are drunk

Andy reeled away from the bar and knocked over his stool.

stumble - to walk in an unsteady way and often almost fall [= stagger]

He stumbled upstairs and into bed.

glide (across the ice) - szybować, płynąć,to move smoothly and quietly, as if without effort

The skaters glided gracefully across the ice.

slide - ślizgać się, to move smoothly over a surface while continuing to touch it, or to make something move in this way

Francesca slid across the ice.

slip - to slide a short distance accidentally, and fall or lose your balance slightly

He slipped on the ice

skid - if a vehicle or a wheel on a vehicle skids, it suddenly slides sideways and you cannot control it

The car skidded as she turned onto the highway.

nestle - to move into a comfortable position, pressing your head or body against someone or against something soft

The cat slept peacefully nestled in the long grass.

huddle - if a group of people huddle together, they stay very close to each other, especially because they are cold or frightened:

We lay huddled together for warmth.

snuggle - to settle into a warm comfortable position

She snuggled up in Clarissa's lap to listen to the story.

cuddle - to hold someone or something very close to you with your arms around them, especially to show that you love them 

Dawn and her boyfriend were cuddling on the sofa.

tend - to have the care of; watch over; look after

 tend a child.

grow - if plants grow, they exist and develop in a natural way

a tree which will grow well in most types of soil

maintain - to keep a machine, building etc in good condition by checking and repairing it regularly

The report found that safety equipment had been very poorly maintained.

attend - to look after someone, especially because they are ill:

On his deathbed the General was attended by several doctors.

divulge - to give someone information that should be secret [= reveal]

It is not company policy to divulge personal details of employees.

betray - to be disloyal to someone who trusts you so that they are harmed or upset:

He felt that she had betrayed him.

portray - to describe or show someone or something in a particular way, according to your opinion of them [= depict]

Romantic artists portrayed nature as wild and powerful.

unveil - to show or tell people about a new product or plan for the first time

The club has unveiled plans to build a new stadium.

heave - to pull or lift something very heavy with one great effort

Alan heaved his suitcase onto his bed.

thrust - to push something somewhere roughly

She thrust a letter into my hand.

tot - to add together numbers or amounts of money in order to find the total:

The waiter quickly totted up the bill.

shove sth into - to put something somewhere carelessly or without thinking much

He shoved his hands into his pockets.

scatter - if someone scatters a lot of things, or if they scatter, they are thrown or dropped over a wide area in an irregular way

Scatter the onions over the fish.

pile - to fill a place or container or cover a surface with a large amount of things

He piled bread and milk into his basket.

stem from - to develop as a result of something else

His headaches stemmed from vision problems.

beget - to cause something or make it happen

Hunger begets crime.

generate - to produce or cause something [= create]

a useful technique for generating new ideas

commence with - to begin or to start something

The course commences with a one week introduction to Art Theory.

originate - to come from a particular place or start in a particular situation

How did the plan originate?

derive - to develop or come from something else

This word is derived from Latin.

chatter - to talk quickly in a friendly way without stopping, especially about things that are not serious or important

She chattered away happily until she noticed I wasn't listening

babble - to speak quickly in a way that is difficult to understand or sounds silly:

I have no idea what he was babbling on about.

blab about - to tell someone something that should be kept secret

Jane blabbed about the surprise party for Kate and now the whole idea is ruined.

prattle - to talk continuously about silly and unimportant things

What's Sarah prattling on about?

gossip - to talk about other people's behaviour and private lives, often including remarks that are unkind or untrue

The whole town was gossiping about them.

chat - to talk in a friendly informal way, especially about things that are not important

John and I sat up until the early hours chatting.

19.

valuable: advice, experience, discovery, antique, jewellery, links

precious: metal(metal szlachetny), friend, moment, time,

comfortable: bed, position, life, room

convenient: time, place, excuse, supermarket, bus stop,

20.

chop: wood, tomatoes, meat

slice: bread, cake, tomatoes, meat,

shred (sztkować): paper, documents, cabbage

slim: volume (a thin book, esp. of poetry), chance (little or no chance of success),

lean: meat (a meat that is low in fat), man (thin in a healthy and attractive way), times (a lean period is a very difficult time because there is not enough money, business) , harvest,

thin: man, ice, line,

clean: hands, sheets, air, wound, knife, lines,

clear: sky, air, weather, day, voice

21.

meet sb's demands

issue - if an organization or someone in an official position issues something such as documents or equipment, they give these things to people who need them, wydać

issue a ticket

waive - do without or cease to hold or adhere to, odstąpić, zrezygnować

waive the requirements

monitor - to carefully watch and check a situation in order to see how it changes over a period of time, kontrolować, nadzorować,

monitor sb's progress

vent - to express feelings of anger, hatred etc, dać upust, wyładować,

vent one's anger

fire the gun - make it shoot, strzelać,

enact a law -uchwalać prawo,

broaden one's mind

howl - to make a long loud cry because you are unhappy, angry, or in pain, or because you are amused or excited

howl with pain - wyć z bólu

pamper - to look after someone very kindly, for example by giving them the things that they want and making them feel warm and comfortable, rozpieszczać,

pamper children

22.

appreciate in value - zyskć na wartości,

appreciate one's help - być wdzięcznym

appreciate the beauty of sth - doceniać, dostrzegać

tire sb's patience - nadwyrężyć czyjąś cierpiwość

tire the door

case is tired

straight choice - prosty wybór

beat in straight sets

straight teeth

wooden board

tourist board

10$ per night and board - wyżywienie

lot of people - a group of people or things considered together

lot - sb's situation, your lot is your work, duties, social position etc, especially when they could be better

lot - something, or a group of things, that is sold at an auction

clean fight

clean driving licence

clean sheet of paper

crime waive

the waive of immigrants

a waive of panic

fit to eat - jadalny

fit to do part-time job - zdolna do wykonywania pracy na pół etatu

keep fit - utrzymywać dobrą formę

tie with - zremisować z

tie to the house - siedzi w domu

tie to sth - powiazane, zwiazane, zależne

23.

Test:

1.

self-indulgent - allowing yourself to have or do things that you enjoy but do not need, especially if you do this too often - used to show disapproval

It feels self-indulgent spending so much on a pair of shoes.

adornment - something that you use to decorate something

reed - a type of tall plant like grass that grows in wet places

Reeds grew in clumps all along the river bank.

crude - not developed to a high standard, or made with little skill

a crude wooden bridge

fashion - to shape or make something, using your hands or only a few tools

He fashioned a box from a few old pieces of wood.

pebbles - a small smooth stone found especially on a beach or on the bottom of a river

The beach was covered with smooth white pebbles

thorn - a sharp point that grows on the stem of a plant such as a rose

ward off - to do something to try to protect yourself from something bad, such as illness, danger, or attack

a spell to ward off evil spirits

ivory - the hard smooth yellowish-white substance from the tusks (=long teeth) of an elephant

an ivory chess set

insertion - the act of putting something inside something else

pound into

inlay - a material which has been set into the surface of furniture, floors etc for decoration, or the pattern made by this:

a cedarwood casket with gold inlay

enamel - a hard shiny substance that is put onto metal, clay etc for decoration or protection

gemstones -

filigree - delicate designs or decorations made of gold or silver wire:

silver filigree jewellery

restrain by

engagement token

2.

receive - recipient

resist - irresistible

yodel - to sing while changing between your natural voice and a very high voice, traditionally done in the mountains of countries such as Switzerland and Austria

humour - humourless

pregnant - impregnated with

intangible - an intangible quality or feeling is difficult to describe exactly

The island has an intangible quality of holiness.

under the proviso

entail - to involve something as a necessary part or result

Some foreign travel is entailed in the job.

neutral - neutrality

able-bodied - physically strong and healthy, especially when compared with someone who is disabled

Every able-bodied man had to fight for his country.

go - undergo

repel - to make someone who is attacking you go away, by fighting them:

The army was ready to repel an attack.

invasion - invaders

sobering - making you feel very serious

It was a sobering thought.

install - installations

law-abiding - respectful of the law and obeying it

custom - customary

engender - to be the cause of a situation or feeling

the changes in society engendered by the war

diligent (someone who is diligent works hard and is careful and thorough) - diligently

3.

4.

culprit - the person who is guilty of a crime or doing something wrong

Police finally managed to catch the culprit.

stand in for sb - substitute someone temporarily

She had to stand in for the editor while he was on holiday.

common knowledge

to the best of my knowledge - o ile mi wiadomo

To the best of my knowledge, all the trains are on time today.

hindrance - something or someone that makes it difficult for you to do something

The floods have been a major hindrance to relief efforts.

prior to - before

All the arrangements should be completed prior to your departure.

market for - a particular country or area where a company sells its goods or where a particular type of goods is sold

The world's largest market for illegal drugs is the US.

opposition to - strong disagreement with, or protest against,

There was a great deal of opposition to the war.

disapproval of - an attitude that shows you think that someone or their behaviour, ideas etc are bad or not suitable 

strong disapproval of the country's human rights record

5.

rigid - stiff and not moving or bending

rigid plastic

infiltrate - to secretly join an organization or enter a place in order to find out information about it or harm it

Police attempts to infiltrate neo-Nazi groups were largely unsuccessful

spy on - to secretly collect information about an enemy country or an organization you are competing against

He was charged with spying on British military bases.

sizeable - fairly large

a sizeable amount of money

cruising speed - prędkość podróżna (stała prędkość, przy której pojazd może być kierowany bez wysiłku i stresu) 

inflate - to fill something with air or gas so it becomes larger, or to become filled with air or gas

Her life jacket failed to inflate.

feat - something that is an impressive achievement, because it needs a lot of skill, strength etc to do

They climbed the mountain in 28 days, a remarkable feat.

set out - to start a journey, especially a long journey

Kate set out for the house on the other side of the bay.

circumnavigate - to sail, fly, or travel completely around the Earth, an island etc

stopover - a short stay somewhere between parts of a journey, especially on a long plane journey

a two-day stopover in Hong Kong

stricken with - very badly affected by trouble, illness, unhappiness etc

a country stricken by severe economic problems

dysentery - biegunka, czerwonka, a serious disease of your bowels that makes them bleed and pass much more waste than usual

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