JOHN THE LACKLAND - treacherous (zdradziecki, podstępny), his rule was oppressive (oparty na ucisku). He was in conflict with:

1. Nobles

2. Merchants

3. Church

1204 - John more and more unpopular. French king invaded Normandy, people lost the land. English nobles paid high taxes and king should protect their lands, but he didn't.

Prices were rising very quickly.

1209 - king John quarrelled with the Pope. The quarrelled who should be appointed the Archbishop of Canterbury. Pope declared that John is not a rightful king. King's response to that was to confiscate all church estates.

1214 - he allied himself with the Emperor of Germany and attacked Philip II (French king) and he lost Angevin Empire. That infuriated English barons and 1215 they captured London and forced John to sign peace Magna Carta (or the Great Charter) - it limited king's power and abuse of the feudal system. English feudalism is coming to an end (Nobles rebelled against John - they should be loyal). John repudiated (wyrzekać się) the document and it was not lawful.

1216 May - Louis VIII invaded London, obliged John I to accept baron's demands. Civil war was avoided only because John died.

HENRY III - John I's son. Tied by Magna Carta, he was a child, so he was under the council of nobles which ruled on his behalf.

He restored his inheritance (England) and got rid of the French Dauphin (przyszły król).

He bribed Louis VIII to leave the country.

1224 - Louis VIII took control over Poitou. Henry was left only with Gascony in France. Empire shrank.

1259 - Henry III Treaty of Paris. In Gascony he was a vassal to a French king. He favoured Frenchmen, appointed them to important posts. Englishmen organised opposition on and off since 1233. They threatened to use force.

1258 - Provisions (postanowienia) of Oxford - limited king's power.

1. New council half chosen by the king and half chosen by the nobles.

2. Parliament which meets 3 times a year

Henry III signed it and repudiated (just like his father). It was not lawful.

SIMON DE MONTFORT - married Henry III's widowed sister. Nobles decided to oppose the king (once again they acted as a class). He was a leader.

1258 - council of nobles called “parliament” took control of the treasury (state money).

Baron's war 1264 - issue: king's right to choose foreigners to be his counsellors (doradcy).

1264 - Battle of Lewes -> king in prison. First attended parliamentary government.

Edward (Henry's son) escaped from custody (areszt śledczy), he swore to reform the realm (=kingdom). Many magnates decided to desert de Montfort. Edward had more power. De Montfort was killed by Edward 1265 Evesham. Henry III was restored, Previsions of Oxford were annulled.

EDWARD I `LONGSHANKS' (długonogi) (1272-1307)

“The Hammer of the Scots” - he was really cruel to them.

The greatest of the Plantagenets.

Efficient religious ruler.

Trouble in Wales. Only one land in Wales was free from England: Snowdonia. Lord of Snowdonia - Lord Llewelyn ap Gruffydd. English lords who lived in Wales felt unsafe so they built castles. There were intermarriages (English people married Welsh people) and they lived a happy life there. Lord Llewelyn ap Gruffydd was even acknowledged as a prince of Welsh. He refused to pay homage to Edward I. He decided to capture whole Wales.

1284 - Statute of Wales - Edward gained Wales and divided it into shires. Edward I's baby son was established Prince of Wales at a public ceremony at Caernarfon. Since then it has been a TRADITION: king's eldest son is Prince of Wales.

When Edward I conquered Wales, he wanted to conquer Scotland. This was dangerous and difficult (they had their own king and sense of independence). What did Edward do? He used the opportunity…

SCOTTISH WAR OF INDEPENDENCE

1286 - Alexander III died, Margaret the Maid of Norway - heiress, died also.

Who was likely to succeed the throne then? John de Balliol and Robert Bruce. This situation was called Great Cause 1290. Scottish people decided to ask Edward I for advice. Edward I chose John de Balliol, because he was weak. Then Edward I captured all the Scottish Castles.

He stole Stone of Destiny - it symbolised that he should be chosen a king now. But neither he, nor his successors weren't kings of Scotland. There was a resistance from William Walace (then captured and executed). On the day Wallace died Scottish nationalism was born.

New leader: Robert Bruce. Bruce became king of Scotland, but castles were still kept by English.

1314 - Edward II invaded Scotland, Bruce defeated him at the Battle of Bannockburn.

EDWARD I - Founder of English Parliamentary System

Regular meetings of Parliament. Simon de Montfort's Parliament included only nobles. To tax them king needed their agreement.

KINGS MONEY:

1. Taxation (you can tax only people who can pay you)

House of Commons - knights, wealthy freemen, merchants

2. Vassals

1275 - 2 representatives of each shire and town (or borough) in Parliament. “No taxation without representation”.

HISTORIA - WYKŁAD - 03.11.2011

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