WHAT COUNTRY WOULD YOU LIKE TO VISIT?
THE MOST INTERESTING PLACE YOU HAVE EVER
VISIT OR YOU WOULD LIKE TO VISIT.
I would like to visit many countries but Egypt especially. It is a big country in the North of Africa. Egypt is bigger and older than Poland. The population of Egypt is about 30 million. The capital of Egypt is Cairo. It is the biggest city in Egypt.
There is the longest river of the world in this country. It is called the river Nile.
A lot of crocodiles live in the river Nile. There are a lot of wild animals in Egypt .
I would like go on safari. The large part of the country is a desert .It is hot and sunny and it's seldom rains in Egypt. Because Egypt is one of the oldest counties in the world there are many historical buildings and monuments. For example pyramids.
I would like to see them. I have never been to Egypt but I am sure that I will go there one day.
MY HOBBY
I'm interested in sports, especially football. I like playing it with my friends, of course. My team usually wins matches. I like watching matches of football too In June, I watched European championship „Euro 96” I take photographs of football. It's my special hobby. I like practising sport in my free time I play volleyball and basketball. In summer I go swimming and sailing with my friends. In winter I like playing ice hockey and I go skiing. I like staying with my family. It's my hobby too. I love going for a walk in the park with my wife and our children. I like playing with my children. I enjoy dancing listening to music and reading interesting books. I love my hobby.
MY FAVOURITE BOOK
I like reading different books but I prefer reading historical, adventures and science fiction books. Now I haven't too much time to read so I usually read crime books by Alistair MacLean and short articles in newspapers or journals. But I remember exactly a novel which I read for the first time long ago. Now it is my favourite book to which I often come back. I can tell you why?
It is „Potop”. I think that a lot of people also like that novel. It was written by Henry Sienkiewicz in the 19th century. The action of this book goes on against a background of the Polish-Swedish war. This book tells the story of Andrzej Kmicic who fought with the enemy Swedish army alone.
Andrzej Kmicic is a young Polish men who is afraid about nobody and nothing. This hero's life is stormy and filled with dangerous adventures. But everything finishes happily. „Potop” is a very long, romantic, exciting and historical novel.
The film of the same title has been made recently. Daniel Olbrychski is brilliant as Andrzej Kmicic and Ewa Braunek as Oleńka.
Plenty of people have seen this film in the cinema and on TV. If you haven't seen it yet you should see it at once. Nowadays preparations are being done to make a film „Ogniem i mieczem”. That novel is the first part of „Trilogy” by Hanryk Sienkiewicz.
Book, art, film
One of my favourite book is the „Painted bird” wrote by Jerzy Kosiński in 1965. This book was translated into 20 languages and was published in over 30 countries. In Poland before ninetieth this book was called „anti polish” and was issued over ninetyth. Jerzy Kosiński was born in 1933 in Łódź, where he studied at the university. In 1957 he emigrated to the U.S. He is graduated of Columbia University. He was the lecture of the Yale, Princeton. In 1969 he got National Book Award. Others books „Steps” (1968), „Being There” (1973), „Cockpit” (1975)
The „Painted Bird” is story about stranger little boy whose parents were probably Jewes. The boy was sent to a village. The child lost contact with his relations and during the Second World War he tred to survive. He was looked after different people for example a very old women who washed twice a year. In this book we can see a very cruel world, simple people with their traditions.
The boy had good lucky he managed to servive the war and to find his father.
MUSIC
Miusic is very important in my life. I like listening to music on the radio and on casettes very much. I enjoy listening to diffirent kind of music but as a rule I like pop music. I often translate songs from English into Polish.
Sometaims I like singing the best known songs. It is a great fun ! I have got a lot of records and cassets in my room. My favourite pop singers are Sandra, Kim Wilde, CC Catch but my most favourite singer is Madonna.
She is one of the most popular singers in the world. Her songs are known everywhere. Madonna recorded five or six records. Her music is nice and easy for me but some people think thath she is bad and stiupid. The best known songs by Madonna are „ Like a Virgins” , „ Material Girl” , „La isla Bonita „ ,and „Papa Don't Preach”
Madonna has played in a few film for example in the film called „Who is this Girl”,”In my opoinion Madonna
is a better singer than an actoress .She is better as a singer than an actoress.I don `t think she is a pretty woman bat I think she has nice voice and a talent.I have listened to her latest record called „Erotica”,it is very interesting and it may be come another hit of this singel.
MY FLAT - MY ROOM
The house I live in has three floors. I live on the ............. ..... floor. My flat has a long corridor from which you can go into all the rooms. The bathroom and the toilet are together. The kitchen is small, but comfortable. I have a table with some stools and very nice cupboards in the kitchen. I have central healing in my flat, and during a winter my home is warm. The living room is big and rectangular. There is a big window opposite the door. There is an entertainment centre under the window. There is a wardrobe and a bookcase on the right of the door. There is a very comfortable armchair on the left of the door. There is a big table and six chairs in the middle of the room. There are wooden panels and small oval carpet on the floor. There is a chandelier on the ceiling. I like my flat very much, because is small and nice.
IS WATCHING TV A WASTE OF TIME ?
I think, that watching tv too long is bad. It's especially bad when the children watching films or program dedicated not to them. Children shouldn't watch films witch violence horrors adult programs and brutal advertisements. When children watch too much, they repeat what they see. The TV can ruin your eyes. TV is the main source of information . It's a very fast medium (we could watch live football matches). TV makes the world closer. You can see places all over the World, where you have never been before or you will not be. You can learn a lot from TV. There are historical, biological, geographical programs. There are many films , shows and interesting programs. I usually watch eurosport and polish TV. Eurosport is my favourite tv program.
MY HOMETOWN.
I live in Krakow. It's situated in the South of Poland, at the bank of Vistula River.
It's a large city. The population of Krakow is about 1.000.000. Krakow is famous for its historical buildings, history and a lot of monuments. It is a famous beauty spot. Krakow used to be the capital of Poland. There are a lot of factories. The Vistula river divides Krakow into 2 parts. The city was founded in the 8th century. There are 5 districts in my city. There are in my district „Podgórze” a lot of housing estates. People usually live in blocs of flats. People in my city work in different kinds of industry. Some people commute to work. Fortunately there are not a lot of unemployed people. There are sports clubs, several cinemas, theatres, art galleries. It's a highly polluted city, and traffic is very heavy.
I love my city.
MY FAMILY
I was born in Krakow on the 7th of March 1962. I live in Gdansk. I'm married .
My parents live in Gdansk, too. My father name's Edwin. My mother name's Daniela. My father was born in 1934, and my mother was born in 1938.
I have one sister. She's 30. My sister name's Edyta. My parents are retired
My sister is professional nurses . She is married witch Walt and they have two children: daughter Joanna and son Paweł. She's 10, he's 9. This is a very beautiful and nice child. I live and work in Warsaw. I very seldom visit my family, because I'm staying in Warsaw, no I love my family.
MY FAMILY
My family consist at ...... people. We live in ............... At ................ Street, apartment........ . My wife is...... and she is............. . She works in the ............... In .................... . We have been married since ............ . We have ............ Children. My son is ..... . My daughter is ........ . Both my son and daughter go to the pre- school. Since the 1st of September my son will go to the primary school in .............. .I'm 34 and I'm officer of the ..................... . Now I'm studying at the Academy of National Defence. Since when I have been in the academy only my wife was been looking After the children.
Because I love my family I go to my hometown every weekend.
THE CLIMATE IN POLAND.
The climate in Poland is moderate. The four of the years are different. December, January and February are the winter months. Usually it snows and it's cold. Sometimes it's cool. It's rainy and windy in February, sometimes. The climate in the north of Poland is more severe than in the south of Poland. The next season of the year is spring. Sometimes it's cool in March. The days in April and may are warm. It often rains. The temperature is above zero. May is usually warmer than March and April. The weather in summer is nice. It's warm or hot in summer. This is a good season, Because we have a vacation. The days get longer. We can swim in the sea on sunny days. We needn't wear warm clothes. The weather usually isn't windy. They are storms, but not very often. The days get she the in autumn. They're usually cool. It's sunny and warm in September sometimes. It's usually rainy and windy in November. The temperature is usually above zero.
MY BEST FRIEND
John is my best friend. He is ... (tu wstaw wiek człowieka) years old. He's tall and well-built man.
First time I met him in 1985 when we started to study at the Military School in ... (tu wstaw miasto swojej szkoły). We made friends. We were in the same platoon for four years. He jointed the service to learn a proffesion and see our country. We wanted to get away from his small village. He couldn't afford to study at the politechnic, his parents didn't earn enough.
John was a good cadet, competent and fit. He achieved high results.
In 1989 when we finished school we went to Szczecin to work. John is interested in mechanics. He can mend every car and every machine.
Two years ago he took command of company and started to study at University. In May he is going to complate to school. He is learning a lot, that's why I think he should pass all his examinations. Later he would like to get a good and quiet job, which won't take so much time as now.
John's family consists of five persons: John, his wife, a daughter and two sons.
John's main worry is a housing problem. His family is big but his flat is very small, only 25 square meters. He should get a new flat in the fall this year.
Another important problem is money. His wife doesn't wife, she looks after the children.
John's family is getting on with mine very well, specially our wifes often meet each other and almost every day they speak a lot on the phone.
John and me often visit each other, last year we were together on holiday at the seaside in Świnoujście. This year we are going to spend a week of our holiday together too.
John is a good friend, always very dynamic, friendly and good humoured.
HOW DO YOU USUALLY SPEND YOUR WEEKENDS.
Saturday is my favourite day. I'm very busy during the week and I do not have much free time, so when the weekend comes I really like to relax and have a
good time. In the morning I usually have to help my mother/my wife in the housework. I clean my room, water the flowers and than go shopping.
When everything is ready I can relax and enjoy myself. On Saturday evening
I usually visit my friends or invite them to my place. We sit over a cup of tea,
with some delicious cake and listen to music once a month we go with our friends to the cinema, to the theatre or to a concert. Sunday is a time for all the family. In the morning we go somewhere out of the city to get some fresh.
In the afternoon we often visit our grandparents. Sunday evening is quiet. It's time to get ready for Monday.
HOW DID YOU SPEND YOUR LAST HOLIDAY ?
A summer holiday is important for everyone. Last year I was with my family at the Baltic sea. We were lucky because the weather was beautiful from the beginning to the end. We stayed in a modern holiday-house facing the sea.
Everyday before breakfast we went to a beach and ran or walked a long the coast. I also went swimming if the water was warm. Sometimes I dived. My wife preferred to lie in the sun and read magazines and books. My child/ children used to play beachball with other children. She also collected stones, shells. We often made sandcastles. One day we went on a boat trip but it was not very pleasant because it was windy and cold. We often went to a beach and admired the beauty of the sea. Next holiday we are planing to spend at the seaside too.
HOW ARE YOU GOING TO SPEND YOUR NEXT HOLIDAY ?
I have been waiting for my summer holiday for a year. I `m going to go to the mountains or to the seaside. Perhaps at the beginning of my holiday I'll spend to the mountains. I'm going to spend there about seven or ten days. I'm going to climb up the mountains and go for a walk there. I'm going to visit a lot of very interesting places. I like mountains very much and I'm very happy there. If I have enough money I'll go to the seaside too. I'll go to the little village in the north-west of Poland.
My friend told my about the village, Pobierowo. It's a wonderful little village on the coast of the Baltic Sea. I like the sea because the climate at the seaside is very pleasant for me and my family. I can swim and sail. I can take sunbathe.
I like fishing very much. At the sea the weather is usually pleasant.
I like the mountains and I like the sea.
I like every summer holiday.
MY FAVOURITE HOLIDAY PLACE
The mountains Bieszczady it's my favourite holiday place. There are a medium - sized mountains
situated in the south - east of Poland . Tarnica is the highest peak of Bieszczady. It's one thousand three hundred and forty six meters high. There are a lot of wild animals ( for example :wolfs, ).
There are few villages. Everywhere is quiet and the air is fresh and clean.
Climate of Bieszczady isn't always pleasant. The Winter is long , could and snow. A lot of people go
to sking there. There are a few ski-lifts. In summer is very hot and wet. It rains often.
At the Solina Lake you can go sailing,swiming, sunbathing and fishing . Autumn is my favourite season to go on holiday. In autumn the weather is the best. There is very little rain. You can go for a walk and admire the picturesque countryside. The view from Wielka Rawka Peak towards the massif of Tarnica is the most beautiful. In autumn, you can go to forrest and pick mushrooms. You can drink clean water from streams. You can admire different colours of the threes, around you.
I go on holiday to Bieszczady every year.
WARSOW THE CAPITAL CITY
The first information about Warsow comes from the 10th century. It was founded in the 13 th
century. It became the capital in the 1596 when King Sigismundus III transfered the capital.
It is located \ situated in the centre of Poland on the Vistula river. Warsow consists of 7 commutes
It is the most important administrative, cultural and research centre of Poland. There are a lot of museums, art galleries, cinemas and theatres and many other interesting places to see \ visit.
When you are in Warsow you must visit : the Royal Castle, the Łazienki & Wilanów palaces.
The populatin of Warsow is about 2.000.000 inhabitans.
It is a highly polluted city , especially in the centre. There streets are busy , crowded.
It also a dangerous city and many people don't go out when it is dark.
Many cars are stolen every day. One of the biggest problems of Warsow is traffic.
There are jams , every day. It is difficult to find a parking place.
It is an expensive city.
WITCH SEASON OF THE YEAR DO YOU LIKE ?
Summer is my favourite season of the year for many reasons. The weather is fine and days are long.
Summer usually is hot and sunny and it seldon rains. In summer my family has holiday.
We usually go to the seaside or to a lake. We can sunbath and swim in the sea or the lake.
At the seaside we can build sand castles and go for long walks along the beach.
In the afternoon we can watch beautiful sunsets. In summer we can go to the lake where we can sail.
We can go fishing, walk in a forrest and go mushrooming.
During summer holiday we can see many interesting places. We can get to know a lot of interesting
people and we can have a good time.
We can go to the cinema, theatre and we can visit a lot of interesting places in our free time.
I like summer very much.
WHY DO YOU LEARN ENGLISH?
There are many interesting places in the world. Everyone would like to visit them but some people speak only their native language. That is one of the reasons why people, for example in Poland, don't travel to these places.
The English language became the most popular one all round the world because many centuries ago lots of British ancestors had settled different parts of the world. Nowadays many people in another countries can speak English.
The Polish Army wants to join the NATO and our army's commanders organise the English courses in some cities, for example in: Poznań, Wrocław, Toruń and Łódź. In fact, they want the Polish officers to learn this language very quickly. I'm. professional soldier and a year ago I took part in the course level one and now I'm. learning English at level two. I learn English because I'd like to finish one of foreign military schools or courses for the artillery officers. Another reason why I learn this language is that I'm. going to travel with my family around Europe next year and I'd like to speak English well and understand what people say to me.
Finally, I'm. interested in computers, computer programmes and data transmission. Many computers have English instructions or they are distributed in English version only, and if we want to work with these computers and programmes we'll have to read and speak English.
I hope to finish this course successfully and after that I'd like to fulfil my dreams. I think if I learn hard and speak English a lot with my friends it will be possible.
MY TYPICAL DAY OR WEEK.
I usually wake up at 6 o`clock in the mornings except at the weekends. A few minutes later I am ready to get up. I quickly make the bad, go jogging and do exercises. After that I go to the bathroom. I brush my teeth, wash my face, shave and comb my hair. Then I go to the kitchen to eat something. I usually have yoghurt, a cheese sandwich and a cup of tea for breakfast. I make it myself because I don`t want to wake up my family. I leave the house and I rush to a bus stop. I go to work by bus and this takes me more or less twenty minutes. I am a professional soldier and I work in a military unit. I start working at 7.30 a.m. every day, I work eight hours a day and at 3.30 p.m. I leave my military unit. Sometimes when I go home I have to do shopping. I usually get home at about 4.10 p.m. I eat dinner and I rest for a while. After dinner I have to wash up, clean my flat and walk the dog. Then I start preparing supper. After supper I go visit my friends to chat, listen to music or watch TV witch my family. I really like watching the news, sport broadcasts and interesting films. However, if I find a film boring, I go to our pub to play snooker a bit and drink beer witch my friends. At about 11 p.m. I have a shower and get ready for bed. A few minutes later I`m in bed already and I fall asleep. Sometimes I read a book before felling asleep. This established routine is of course broken at the weekends and during my holidays.
My day at work.
I work in Military Unit called the 2nd Rocket Regiment in Choszczno as company commander.
My work starts at 7.15 a.m. First I get report from service on duty. Next I go to battalion commander to briefing. At 7.45 I keep morning roll call and I set tasks to my subordinate soldiers. At 8.00 o'clock trainings start which lead platoon's and team's commanders. On this time I drink coffee and plan trainings for the next day. After that I and company's chief do inspection in my sub-unit. At about 11 I have my the second breakfast. Then I usually go to do inspection trainings. At 1 p.m. I go to the staff of battalion to another briefing. The trainings finish at 2.30. After that I set task to platoon's commanders for afternoon trainings and for the next day. At 2.45 I keep noon roll call. My work finishes at 3.15.
MY ARMY CAREER.
Ten years ago I learned at the rail college in Kutno. During my study I was good at subjects such as Maths, Physics, Technology and Computer Studies. When I graduated from this college, some of my friends decided to go to a military school and after some time I did the same. I went to the WKU in Kutno and found out everything about military schools. Two days later I was certain that I wanted to go to the military school in Toruń. Now I'd like to say some sentences about my army career.
I'm. 29 years old and I applied to join the army nine years ago. After a medical examination and a number of other tests I was accepted as a cadet in the High Military School of Artillery in Toruń. I learned there for four years. Meanwhile I became a section commander and two years later I was a second-in-command and helped my platoon commander. In 1992 I graduated from this high school and moved from Toruń to my new base in Zgorzelec. I started my job as a fire officer. After one year I became a commander of an artillery battery. During the next year I worked hard and my superiors sent me at the Military Course in Toruń, which is called WKDO. Later on I became a staff chief of the 152 mm howitzers battalion in the 23rd Artillery Brigade. The howitzers are called „DANA” by us and they are very modern. In January 1996 I graduated from the Military English Course in Wrocław.
I'm. married with one child and I live in the married quarters with my wife and our son. Nowadays I'm. studying English at the Military School in Poznań. I hope to graduate this course and to be promoted to captain in one year's time.
AN OFFICER'S JOB
I would like to talk about an officers job taking into consideration my own example.
I have been an officer for 5 years. I'm a leutenant \ captain . I had to study for 4 years to be an officer. I studied at the Military School in Wrocław. Igot my first job in ........... .
I liked it but it was difficult. I had to train young soldiers. I had to teach them how to shoot, to run
fast with a full equipment, how to drive to APC. I was also teaching them tactics.
At the same time I was getting experience as an commander. I think an officers job is very difficult,
tiring and stresfull.An officer is responsible for others. He has to work long and irregular hours.
He's job is not well pay and his carier is very long. He is promouted every 5 years.
Very often the officers family is unhappy, because he can't look after his children.
He is often absent from home. His family has to change the place of living many times in live.
But if I were to choose again, I would choose my profesion.
It gives me great satisfaction.
LIVING IN THE COUNTRY.
I would like to live in the country, because of same reasons. First of all; live in the country is quiet. There isn't any traffic , you can listen to animals and birds.
There are a lot of open spaces, the air is fresh. There is a lot of green around you.
You can get fresh food (for example: fresh eggs , milk, vegetables, etc.). The speed of life is slower, than in the city. You are close to nature. You can rest there. The countryside is picturesque. You can ride a horse or an on the horse wagon. On the other hand: live can be very boring. There is nowhere to go to visit, to spend your free time. Medical service is not very good . So when you are ill, you often have to go to town the means of transport are poor. It takes a lot of time to get to big shop or to travel to a different places. Many people are unemployed. It's difficult to find a job there. The schools are not very good . There aren't any secondary schools.
WOULD YOU LIKE TO LIVE IN THE CITY ?
I would like to live in the city because of same reasons, first of all:
Live in the big city is more comfortable and exciting than in the country or a small town. There are a lot of cinemas, theatres and art gallery's. People in the city can work in different kind of industry. People live in modern housing estates.
There are sport clubs, swimming- pools. The city's are famous for historical buildings, monuments, where people go for a walk. There are some parks and flower garden. On the other hand the traffic is very heavy, the air is a highly pollution. There are a lot of unemployed people. Live in the city is too speed and noise. People in the city depend on city transport. Never the lees many people love their city.
TURISM IN POLAND
Turism in our country is one of the most important domain of economy, because her part in economy still increase. Of course one of the most important things in turism is passess adequate turist bases in attractive places and assure good condiction for turists.In our country often happen that conditions aren't still very good but prices we have equal like in Western Europe.
In my opinion the more attractive part of Poland for turists is Mazury Lake District.There are many lakes,woods and mivers which allow rest in way you like the best.
People which like sightseeing can travel from one place to another and see old castles in Olsztyn,Szczytno,Hitler's Headquater in Gierłoża,listen to the organ concert in Święta Lipka and see other interesting places for example Białowieża National Park. They can stay in big hotels like Gołębiowski Hotel and Mrongowia Hotel or stay on camps.
However there is very much work to do. There are too little good hotels, part of lakes are dirty, woods are dirty, roads aren't good. These things should be correct to invite people to visit Mazury Lake District.
Your suggestion to a foreigner what places to visit in Poland.
I am turist agent of Travel Agency.
If you want to spend a good time in weekend you can come to Poland. I suggest you to visit the capitol of Poland. I would like to preset the most tourist attraction of Warsaw. The first attraction is The Old Town with The Royal Castle. In Royal Castle you can see how polish kings lived and you can see polish historical furniture, paintings, clothes and weapons. After visiting it you can walk down the lines and see the old beautiful Warsaw's churches, cathedrals, monuments and tenement houses. Next in market - place you can watch see paintings of polish artists, watch a show of street's artists or listen to music of streets groups and also you can take a cab. If you are hungry you can eat something from polish cooking at a old town's restaurant. At night you can go to the Philharmonic Hall that to listen to polish classical music or if somebody doesn't like this music he can see Warsaw by night. You have a good time alone or with polish girls in discos, night locals for example in club of Wet Undershirt.
Next day at first you can go to Wilanów. There is the Palace of polish king Jan III Sobieski. There you can see how Jan III Sobieski who conqured Turcs under Vienna lived and also see beautiful polishh gardens. Next you can go to the Łazienki Park. You can walk down the avenues and you can see monuments, gardens, pond and sail boat in this pond. Also you can listen to the piano concert of Chopin.
I hope my presentation of spending a weekend in Warsaw is liked you. Only else one attention, you must pay attention for polish or russian thieves.
Is taxation in Poland is fair or unfair?
Everybody knows that people don't like to and don't want to pay taxes or pay as the least taxes. All politicians during election's campaignes promisse reducing or lifting taxes. But when they are elected a president or to parlament they not only reduce but else increase it. In Poland we have several different taxes: we have direct and indirect taxes. Direct taxes are the following:
firstly we have taxes on our earning which I think are too [high and have too few brackets.
secondly we pay tax on ZUS mean oldage pension and disability pension.
Next we have the following indirect taxes:
we have VAT (value added tax) on different articles and excise tax on cars, petrol, alcohol or cigarettes.
we have also road tax which for me is unfair becouse people pay more for larger cars then for it how many kilometers a car was driven.
Next tax is luxury tax which for me is fair only when people pay for articles which cost above 5 hundred milions zlotych.
We pay also tax on real estate and soil tax and climate tax and customs duty tax.
Generally I think that taxes in Poland are unfair because the poorest people and middle class pay taxes too high. That's why part of people don't pay taxes or sweandle tax offices or look for tax loopholes.
If taxes were lower more people would pay taxes and maybe the so called „grey zone” would be reduced.
WHICH COUNTRY YOU WOULD LIKE TO VISIT?
I would like to visit the States.This country is located in the west hemisphere. Everything is big there Besides, that country is the most democraticof all the countriesin the world. People there have great opportunites to develop their careers. In many regions of this territorywe can see wonderful landscapes.
In the western part in the States there are huge rocky mountains.
The largest lakes are in the northern part in the party. It is the Lake District. On the both sides of the continent there are oceans. The Pacific in the west and Atlantic in the east.
The Mississipi is the longest riwer in the States. Colorado is the most beautiful state in the USA.
In the States we can find a lot of traces of the Pre - Columbian period. There are still surviving Indian tribes. Most of them are on reservations. On the other hand it is a havily industrialised country. Many people make a living from turist services.
I would like to visit Florida which is situated in the south - eastern part of the States. It is a tourist centre. There are beautiful and famous beaches, for example Miami Beach and West Palm Beach.The sun shines all year. People sun - bath on the beaches. I would like to see beautiful nature and many kinds of plants. Apart from all that we can see a lot of palm trees. Many famous people live in Florida: pop singers, film stars and businesmen. I will visit Florida and the USA for these reasons.
LONDON
Great Britain is one of famous countries in the world. The country has the capitol in London. London one of largest cities in Europe and in the world, beside Mexico City, New York and Tokyo.
London is the financial centre of the country. There are many offices and banks. This city is full of life in daytime but at night and during weekends is empty. London is the city where we can see a lot of interesting places and things. There, we can see for example Buckingham Palace which is like a small town with a police station, two post-offices, a hospital, a bar, two sports clubs, a disco, a cinema and a swimming pool. There are 600 rooms and three miles of red carpet. There work about 700 people in this place.
Besides Buckingham Palace in London we can see St. Paul's Cathedral where Prince Charles and Princess Diana were married.
London has many famous museums for example The Natural History Museum, where we can see dinosaurs, bird gallery, minerals and so on.
Next museum is The British Museum. There we can see different old things from Egypt, Greece and Roma.
I'd like to visit this city because it is very interesting and exiting for my. Maybe after this course I go there.
DISCRIBE PLACE DO YOU KNOW.
Zgorzelec is an old town in the south of Poland about 50 km away from Bolesławiec and about 70 km away from Jelenia Góra. You can get there by train, by bus or by your own car.
Zgorzelec is a small-sized town with the population of around 40,000. It is situated on the Nysa Łużycka River. This town consists of three districts: Zgorzelec-Miasto, Zgorzelec-Ujazd and Manhattan. It gets its name from German word: gorlitz, which in Polish means: zgorzel. The town is famous for a number of buildings, the centre of Greek culture and two churches. One of them is old and the other one is very modern. Zgorzelec is the border town and there is a border crossing between Poland and Germany. Thanks this border crossing many Polish and German people can do shopping in Germany or Poland. This town is a special one because the shops and markets of the town offer an atmosphere, thanks that you can buy goods and another different articles without many. If you have credit cards you can use them to pay. There is a good selection of handicraft and art. There are four hotels, a few restaurants and coffee-houses.
However I'd like to say that Zgorzelec is one of the Polish cities where there are many drug addicts. The drugs are distributed in some public places in the town and when you go along the streets, you can see how people inject drugs.
Finally, I'd like to say that visitors who prefer camping are warmly welcome to Zgorzelec. The camping of this town offers high-standard indoor accommodation.
STRANGE EXPERIENCE IN MY LIFE.
I usually spend my holidays at the seaside but last summer I went to the lakes. My family spent two weeks near the Jeziorak lake near Iława. There are: a large campsite , a few holiday houses. We stayed at a holiday house called ”krąp”. There weather was very nice that summer. The days were hot and sunny and nights were quite warm too.
When my wife prepared supper for me .I went fishing with my friend Krzysiek .We took a boat and went fishing. Near us was a boat with a young man . He was fishing too. I heard a splash behind the young mans boat. I didn't know what happened undressed at once and leaped into the water . I swam very fast and dived near the boat and I saw something white in the black water. It was the young man's body I dived carefully and grabbed the man at his neck and swam out with him. My friend helped me pull out the man. He was shocked. I made a resuscitation and after 5 minutes he woke up. He asked me what I wanted for sawing his life. I said : nothing maybe 2 beers , one for my friend and one for me. We took him to the hospital but there was nothing wrong with him.
I still remember this day and beer and my new friend Pawel.
THE MOST IMPORTANT PERSON IN YOUR LIFE .
Dotyczy „Your best friend”: The friend must be loyal and helpful. Your friend should be open-minded and intelligent. He can help you with your problem not exactly but probably he might explain you how salute your problem. A friend should be witty to cheer us up and raise our spirit when we are down. Friends don't have to be the same age. It is good to have a friend in the family.
Don't you believe but the most important person in my live is my wife . We met when I was first time in `odnowa' club in Toruń . It was love at first sight. So we married three years later .She is of medium high slender and of medium build woman. She is charming , kind but she isn't selfish.
She is successful girl she works in bank as a insurance agent. I think that she'll be a very good mother.
Sometimes she works too much because she likes when the garden are clean. Besides she is a very dynamic and full of energy woman but she never talks too much. She is honest, tidy, but she isn't a two-faced wife. Only she always understands me.
She is also good at doing practical things for example sewing or knitting. As every woman she likes spending money but she doesn't like taking risks.
She is interested in rock music as a woman in fashion of course . She likes reading good books, watching romantic movies but she is fond of sightseeing. So we travel a lot . We have visited many interesting places.
WHAT WOULD YOU DO IF YOU WON A LOT OF MONEY ?
If I won a lot of money I would be very happy. I would do a lot of very interesting things.
I would buy an island. I would live there in a big and expensive villa overlooking the sea.
Then I would watch from my windows the long beach, with golden sand, blue water and sky.
There wouldn't be any clouds in the sky. It would be very hot.
There would be a lot of palm trees near the beach. There would be a lot of beautiful girls around me.
Some of them would be blond, others would be dark but they all would be sun tanned and love me.
none of them would be my wife. I would do nothing in my little paradise.
IS ENGLISH EASY OR DIFFICULT TO LEARN.
Nowadays learning foreign languages is one of the most important thing in our life. People prefer learning English to learning other languages because English is the most popular language in the world.
In my opinion English isn't easy to learn because we have to learn much more tenses than in Polish. We have to learn not only how to use all these tenses but also when we can use them, and why this tense is suitable in this situation. I think that this is the most difficult part of learning English. Besides English is difficult to learn because it has much more words and idioms than other languages and English words have a lot of meanings.
Very important part of learning foreign language is pronunciation. It's very difficult to us because in Polish pronunciation is easy. In Polish we pronounce as we read. In English there are some rules of pronunciation, e.g. English „double U” and Polish W. The problem is that rules are sometimes break.
Maybe English isn't the most difficult language in the world but I can't say that it is easy language. In spite of that we learn English because we want to know what people saying to us when we are abroad.
WHY DO PEOPLE WANT TO HAVE A CAR ?
There are various reasons why people buy cars. Some people buy old cars, because they very like to repair them. Some people, witch live in city, want to have cars, because this is independent of city transport. Other people buy cars as work tool. Sometimes people want to have cars, because they fill better or it is most prestige all people have main problem, the cars in Poland are very expensive. I don't have a car, now. I'm going to buy some car next year. I love drive a car.
ADVERTISING
Advertising is a way persuading people to buy certain products. It is very important thing in business because of every producer wants to sell his goods and products. However, advertisement's purpose isn't only to attract customers and sell goods but also to inform people about the new products.
Advertisements appear on television and radio where they are announced in the breaks between programmes. They are printed in papers as the different kinds of guides, hung in shop-windows or underground subways in the form of posters, and so on.
In my opinion, advertisement is necessary and useful because it creates mass markets for products and therefore goods are cheap, it informs people about household goods, jobs available, births and marriages in newspapers. It makes life more cheerful and streets more colourful. On the other hand, people have many objections to advertising because many advertisements are in poor taste, for example powder or soap. On commercial TV stations, interesting films, football matches or programmes are interrupted by very boring advertisements.
Finally, I think that good quality goods don't need to be advertised and in spite of a few advantages and disadvantages, advertising is integral part of modern life.
MY FAUVORIT CUISINE
One of the most important thing in people live it is what and haw they eat.
At first food should be healthy . That isn't easy say but I like some French food some Chinese and some Italian food.
The Chinese and French cuisine is the most healthy food on the world. I tell you what meals are my favourite. The first think what I prefer are Chinese food. This is chicken in many ways. It is not to hot this is medium spicy food. It taste better with salad juice. Sea food is the most popular meal in Italy but it should be fresh .
When I want something hotter and more spicy. I eat something from Italy cuisine like spaghetti bolognese , pizza with meat but not American pizza witch isn't true. The true pizza should be on the thin cake without ketchup with ham, cheese, mushrooms and oregano.
Between Chinese and Italy cuisine is French cuisine this is difficult to prepare especially sauce. Pork meat with fruit sauce oysters with lemon juice . This is what I prefer to eat. I like this food very much but unfortunately I can't cook it and I spend a lot of money to buy this.
WHAT ARE BOYS AND GIRLS GOOD AT? STEREOTYPES.
I'd like to say some sentences about stereotypes. It means what are boys and girls good at. In my opinion some of these stereotypes are true or almost true but many of them are false.
Girls are e.g. good at cooking. I think that it isn't true because men are better cooks. I can say that because most of famous hotels employ men as cooks. Men are better cooks than women. They wins all of cook competitions.
Another stereotype is that women gossip a lot. I think that it isn't true because men gossip much more than women. The difference between men and women is that women gossip about dresses their friends and men gossip about cars their friends.
Men are also more invasive than women. This stereotype also isn't true in my opinion. In proof of it I can say that women still fight for their rights. The true is that nowadays women have more rights than men, who haven't any organisation fighting for their rights.
Besides it says that women are less resistant than men. It is another stereotype because scientists improved that women are stronger than men.
We live almost in 21 century and as we see there are still a lot of stereotypes in our society. Some of them are true but most of them are false.
Difference between American English and American English.
Differences between British and American English are natural because development of people and countries are difference like their histories.
The Great Britain is older than the USA. The society in Great Britain were build the empire from early centuries. The America was discovered in 14 centuries . There lived many nations from all over the world . The language in this country was and developing. But American nation is more convenient and more lazy than the old tradition in England.
In Great Britain present perfect is used for an action in the past but in American English the present perfect and past simple are used. For example: She isn't here. She's gone out. In AE :She's gone out. And. She went out.
The spelling is different in many words like: labour -or (AE)/-our(BE)
analyse-z (AE)/-s(BE).
There are irregular differences like: airplane - aeroplane , whiskey - whisky.
The difference name of places and things like : apartment - flat;
elevator -lift ;
liquor - spirits;
There are only a few example differences between AE and BE. We can buy many books about this topic.
Why do people get married?
People get married for different reasons. It is very good if the decision to get married does not result from an unpleasant domestic situation, revolt against over protective parents, desire for freedom and situation when your girl is pregnant (which in Poland happen very often)
In my opinion the most important reason why do people get married is love. They want to be together.
Some people want to make a career. They get married with childrens of weight parents and then they are on the road to success.
The next reason for money. Mostly young woman to look for a rich man and married to their fortunes.
And last reason. For obtain nationality.
SPORTS and GAMES.
At first I'd like to say some sentences about practising sports and the Olympic Games. Practising sports is a popular leisure activity and one of the ways of earning money. It's generally known that people who do physical exercises are fit and healthy. Moreover, taking up sport has also many psychological benefits. Sport is a very important part of our lifestyle, for example our president himself jogs, plays tennis and skis. The most popular sports in Poland today are football, basketball, boxing, car racing and light athletics. Car racing has also become very popular recently because our driver Krzysztof Chołowczyc is the best competitor in Poland and one of the best in Europe.
There are many new stadiums, pools, courts, courses and pitches in our country. There are new hotels, restaurants, cafes where many tourists, visitors and sportsmen are able to spend time during the Olympic Games. The Polish Government and our president are making efforts to hold the Winter Olympic Games in Zakopane in 2002 or 2006. There are many sports objects in Zakopane and this town is situated in the foothills of the Tatra Mountains. It's famous for lots of places where people can practise winter sports. In my opinion the Winter Olympic Games is possible to organise in our country. However, this undertaking needs a lot of money, sponsors and it can give much money particularly for people who live in this town. Many TV stations would like to broadcast matches, meetings and competitions. These stations have to pay for the transmissions and advertise our products, goods and interesting places in our country.
The tourists and the visitors who will arrive to Zakopane can probably cause lots of problems. The police has to be careful, the streets of the town will be crowded. During the Winter Olympic Games we'll spend much time in front of TV sets and will forget about everything else.
Television its roll in society positive and negative
We can live without TV but often forget it an a most of us are under the influence of television. Generally speaking we are depended on TV programmes and information.
Before television was invented people used to develop hobbies read more books, talk to friends and lead a very active social life, cafes, museums, practice sports and spend more time in the fresh air as well. Now most of our free time is regulated by the TV. People watch millions of poor detective stories, police investigations, political debates, commercial and stupid comedies.
We get so lazy that we prefer spending a fine day in semi darkness instead of going for bicycle, ride or a long walk in the nearest forest.
We must know and decide what we want to watch news if we want to be well informed.
Television shows the events in the world. Thanks to satellite stations in the world. Thanks to satellite stations the some programme can be watched in such for away countries as Britain and Japan. This the world becomes a small village as on the some day every human being can learn about the current, aeroplan crashes, war and other catastropies.
Smoking in public places should be prohibited
At the beginning I would like to show you who is the smoker. Very often we can met smokers. They are standing with a cigarette in their hands or mouth and some smoke there is above them. We can met smokers among women and men and even sometimes among children. They are in restaurants, offices and other public places too. Considering the new research about smoking we know that it is very unhealthy and dangerous for smokers and for people who must breath the poison smoke.
That is why smoking should be prohibited in public places. This very harmful habit ruins smokers' health. They are used to spend a lot of money for cigarettes and tabacco. Smokers have caused the state and society a lot of trouble . Smokers more often than average people got as dangerous illnesses as cancer or heart attack. If they didn't give up smoking in time they would die earlier. We highly educated society can't let them young generation to destroy their health and life. Every wise person should avoid smoking. The person who breaks the regulation concerning in public places must be punished very hard but state should see the problems. We should promoted the way of life without cigarette. Smoking by children and pregnant women must be prohibited at all. Shops and other places can not sell to cigarettes and tabacco to children. If we do this several basic postulates we probably will be able to avoid many problems but it depends on every of us especially on teachers, doctors and parents.
POLLUTION
Ecology and contamination of environment , is concerned with climate, overpopulation in certain areas, deaths of plants and animals, chemical contamination of seas, lakes and rivers as well as atomic experiments and the dumping of atomic waste from power stations. Floods, unexpeceted draughts and the greenhouse effect are the next reasons.
Factories are contaminating many rivers and green areas. People must fight for clean water for their offspring so that they can have the benefit of pure water. Industrial pollution also destroys forests which are lungs of the Earth. Forests also collect water in their roots to prevent floods and absorb carbon dioxide. Many creatures which are part of our human diet live in water.
Governments should undertake some measures to rescue our planet. They should support those institutions and scientists who work on the development of new technologies in processing waste. They should impose very high fines and penalties on those factories and enterprises which pollute water basines, green areas and the atmosphere.
Ecology is an important subject that should be introduced in schools. In this way the next generations will be more conscious and sensitive to the problems of environment protection. Ecological organisations should be supported, as their initiatives, protests and proposals help persuade governments to make the right decisions.
Vocabulary
contamination - zanieczyszczenie
vaste - odpadki
draughts - wiatry
offspring - potomstwo
benefit - po¿ytek
pure - czysty
lungs - p³uca
roots - korzenie
carbon dioxide - dwutlenek wêgla
undertake - przedsiêwzi¹æ, zobowi¹zaæ
measures - przedsiêwzi¹æ kroki
inpose - nakazywaæ,narzucaæ
conscious -œwiadomy
sensitive - wra¿liwy
proposal - projekt
CAPITAL PUNISHMENT
The debate on capital punishment devides people into two groups, those for and those against.
The pro - hanging lobby uses four main arguments to support capital punisment.
First is the deterrance theory, which states that potential murderers would think twice before committing the act if they knew that maight also die if they were caught.
The second is the idea of public security which states that a convicted murderer would not be set free after serving 20 years or less of a life sentence and be able to go on to murder again.
The other is the idea of retribution demands that criminals should get what they deserve.
The fourth argument is economic. Less costs hang convicted murderers rather than have them in prison wasting taxpayers money.
There are four argument against the death penalty.
The first is the number of murders doesn't depend on the number of execution.
The second is that innocent people are sometimes wrongly convicted and they cannot be brought back from the dead if they have been hanged.
The other is the state should set an example to the individual by not taking lives.
The last is that Christianity preaches forgiveness, not revange.
I think that the death penalty is largerly a matter of individual conscience, but in my opinion the most desperate events, mass murderers should be eliminated from society and the rest of them would not be set free from the prisons. The capital punishment should be introduced but only for the most dangerous mass murderers.
AIDS victims should not be isolated from the rest of the society.
1. The histerical period, with a lot of intolerance and aggression towards the people living with
HIV, we have already behind us.
2. It is high time we started treating them normally.
3. Among them there may be our friends, workers and employers, members of our family.
4. Weather or not you get the infection, depends on us.
5. Everybody has common laws and common obligations.
6. The welfare of the people living with HIV is the business of all the society.
7. It is very important that they can fully profit from the rights of a citizents, at the right to
education, work and living in normal conditions.
8. They should be assured proper social assistance.
9. Depriving there people of employment, insurance restraint social and military life right
should be forbidden by law.
10. Also the people living with HIV should know, what means they have to observe not to
infect other people.
11. They have to know the legal consequences of conscious infecting healthy people.
12. Our maturity is expressed by our attitude to people who live with HIV and to AIDS
patients.
ADVENTAGES and DISADVENTAGES BEING A SOLDIER.
Every young man played with artificial machine guns, rifles, weapons and so on in his childhood. In my opinion everyone had to watch adventure films such as „Rambo”, „Commando”, „Dirty Dozen” and after watching these films they wanted to be soldiers. Nowadays many teenagers decide to be a soldier because of the economic situation of our country is unstable and after a secondary school they have big trouble to find a good job or get to a university.
A professional soldier is a very interesting job, however as you know, this profession has more disadvantages than advantages. I'd like to say some words about their. As a soldier, you have to serve 24 hours on weekdays and sometimes on weekends. Your unit and you go to the battle camp twice a year for three or four weeks. During field exercises the soldiers practise battle and field skills, drill and marching by day and by night. It is very tired and usually dangerous. Now our army has modern machines, equipment and computers as well as if you want to be a good soldier you must learn hard during study in a military school or academy. The Polish Army wants to join the NATO many Polish officers learn English in different the military foreign languages centres. I mean that the professional soldiers have little free time for their families and their hobbies.
But as a soldier you have a regular job and your wages are still raised. In the army you can get a married headquarters.
WHAT SHOULD POLISH ARMY BE LIKE?
Polish Army should not be as today. Now our army is badly organize, badly pay with out of date equipment and old opinions our commanders. If Poland wants to join NATO all of that undergo change.
The first thing are money. Ordinary soldiers in Polish Army get too less money so they don't want to stay in the army after the conscription. If they get much money they will want to stay on a contract.
The second is that the army should be contract. Contract should last several years. It will assure us that the person who serve in the army will be profesionalists.
The third is the army should reduce by about 50 thousand persons mainly in staffs and military organizations. It allow save much money.
The forth the army should have money to purchase new equipment. The most of equipment in our army is 20 or 30 years old and origin main from Soviet Union. We must buy new equipment from west.
And the last thing all conditions civilian control of the army and clear division of competence between the highest superiors should be make.
Make all of these conditions assure us that our army will be profesional, modern and good prepare for war.
„ My unpleasant experience in the army”
It is difficult for me to talk about unpleasant experience in the army. There are many such events in our routine duties. I think that it takes place because we work with people and with very expensive equipment, which is often brakes down. I remember one of my most unpleasant experiences. During field exercises in the mountains we stayed to pitch a camp at night. Before the sleep we drunk some water from the nearest stream. At sunrise I waked up with a high fever end stomach-ache. I got poisoned. My soldiers were feeling good. I brought my soldiers to the unit (conduct) in two days. During this exercises I didn't have any medicine. After two days I felt better but my soldiers had to go to the hospital. They got very poisoned. They stayed in the hospital for a few days. I was very sorry that my body overcame the illness very fast but my soldiers had to go to the hospital instead of going on holiday. It was my mistake because I let them drink some dirty water which had not been tested before.
POLISH OFFICERS LIVE
Polish officers live isn't easy but it is very interestig. We have always to learn if we want to cope with progress. We very often meet different personalist in our works. So we have to be psychologist, sociologist and teacher. Our bosses demand us to be know-all.
We have to be very tough, but also very shrewd careful and all time ready to go to work
if somebody command.
Polish officers often leave their familes for long time. We go in the field or on fining ground
and work almost all day and live in very bad conditions.
Officers are often liable to suffer or die and the Army isn't take carre of us and we are
underpaid. In the other hand in our works we meet new technology, we can make a carrier
and we can have big power. We travel a lot than we can get to know new part
of Poland, other countries and new friends.
to cope with progress- nadążyć za postępem
different personality- odmienna osobowość
demend- wymagać
know-all- wszystkowiedzący, omnibus
tough- twardy
shrewd- przebiegły
field- poligon
fining ground-strzelnica
to liable to suffer- być narażonym na uszkodzenia ciała
underpaid- źle opłacany
get to know- poznać ( kogoś, coś)
Discipline in the army!
In my opinion discipline in the army is very necessary. If we want to do our military tasks we will have to apply orders very well. Army is the organisation which should be directed by orders. We militate people must realise that our main task is to prepare for the eventual future war. The best way for doing it is keeping peace, stopping war end solving some dangerous situation. The military society is very specific it is organised different than some other civil organisation. Army must be ready do it tasks in specific and difficult condition. That is why discipline in the army must function very well.
Women in the army
Women have always participated in combat but in the 20th century they just get right place in the arny. Earlier, they were only the symbols as Queen Brodicca, Joana d'Arc or Emilia Plater. From 15th to 19th century women provided support for the army as washerwomen, cooks and nurses. They also colected the weapons of the men who died and fought with the enemy. In 20th century women fought in the insurections, the resistances and in the regular army in the First and Second World War. They were conscripted to work in ordinance factories, military administration, communication, transport, inteligence, medical services and even in the front line fighter as a pilot for example.
Today there is compulsory military service for women in Izrael and Libya, voluntary in USA, Sweden, UK and Canada with certain limitations in military functions. Restricted military service is permitted Greece and Poland. It is prohibited in certain Muslim countries.
There were many factors which limit conscription of women into the armed forces such as: lesser strenght and aggresiveness, lower phisical and psychological endurance, recesity for separate rooms in the hostels, uniforms and equipment.
Now with women's increasing participation in a „man's world” the change of the battle fields the technological revolution, the dicrease factors of the time and space the conscription of women doesn't have the meaning.
The engage of women in the army increase the effects of the training, allows the men for directly participation in the combat. The equality of civic laws for men and women concern also the defence of country particulary during the demografic decrease.
Today we see continuous inflow of women into the armed forces and I think they ought to work in the certain military services particulary in the services.
NATO
Poland is situated between Germany and Rusia and thanks to this fact we have had a lot problems over centuries.
After the callapse of the Warsaw Pact we need safeguard because we can't defend ourselves. Polish people think that national security will be assured by joinig NATO. In my opinion it is true but it will cost lots of money and we have to solve many problems.
The effective democratic control of the army is the bigest problem we have to deal with on our way to NATO.
Now Poland has civilian oversight of the army but the border between competitions of the civilian ministry of defence and general staff is not clear. For example when president Wałęsa took part in Drawski dinner some generals showed that civilian control doesn't appeale to them. The same problem is between Mr. President and the government. Now they are in the same pact but in the past they had problem with distribution of competence. I think that the resolution of a democratic constitution will and these controversies.
In the Polish army about 90% of equipment was made in Russia. We now that this country doesn't agree with our plans. It will big problem becouse Poland is very poor and changing all arms is very expensive. When we join NATO we will have to change all arms in a short time. It costs lots of money and I think with the present defence budget we won't join NATO. Polish people have to realise that defence budget has to increase.
At the same time the Polish army has to dicrease becouse the national budget doesn't maintain big army. Now
Polish army is dicreasing but we have change proportion between compulsory service and professional army. I think our army has to be smaller but more modern and professional.
I am afraid that decision about Poland's admitssion into NATO structures will be taken when Russia agrees to it.
Vocabulary
assure - zapewniać, zabezpieczać
solve - rozwiązać
deal with - załatwić
oversight - wgląd, kontrola
appeal - oddziaływać
will end this controversion - zakończy te kontrowersje
compulsory - przymusowy
admitssion - przyjęcie
THE BATTLE OF HASTINGS.
The Normans outnumbered the Anglo-Saxon forces and were greatly superior in quality. They were well armed and they all wore armour. The superior military tactics of the well-trained Normans were unknown in England. They used a skilful combination of heavy-armoured cavalry and archers. First the archers would break up the ranks and then followed a charging cavalry which decided the victory.
The Anglo-Saxons had a small cavalry, it was mainly Harold`s bodyguard. The Harold`s army mainly consisted of free peasants who fought on foot. Not all the footmen were properly armed, many were armed with pitchforks, axes, or only thick oak-poles. Besides King Harold`s power over the Anglo-Saxons earls was very weak and Harold couldn`t rely on them in time of need. The earls moved slowly toward Hastings, so as to arrive after the battle and the join with the victor.
Harold drew up his men inside a palisade on a hill-top awaiting the attack. His bodyguard was drawn up in the centre and the other troops on the flanks. Standing shoulder to shoulder they made a wall in front. Stakes were driven into the ground so that the Norman horsemen couldn`t break the ranks of the infantry. This was a good defensive position, as the Normans had to ride up the hill to fight and it was actually impossible to break through the shield-wall of the Anglo-Saxons.
The Norman army was drawn up in a different formation: in front were the footmen (archers, pikemen, and swordsmen) followed by the horsemen. The Normans began to attack with flights of arrows and the Anglo-Saxon light-armed footmen suffered greatly from them. Then followed the charging attacks of the Norman cavalry upon which William chiefly relied. But the Anglo-Saxons stood shield to shield and both the Norman infantry and cavalry had to turn back and retreat down the hill. The battle went on all day.
Three times the Normans went up the hill and then pretended to run away. When the Anglo-Saxons saw their enemies retreating, a large number of them came out from behind the palisade to pursue the Normans and to complete the defeat of their enemy. As soon as the Anglo-Saxons had descended to the plain and were a good way from their palisade the Normans turned round and attacked them. In the open the mounted Normans had a great advantage over the men fighting on foot. The Anglo-Saxons were encircled, many of them were killed, and horses trampled down their dead bodies.
Those who remained inside with Harold formed a ring round him and continued to fight bravely until the Normans thought of another plan. They shot their arrows high in the air, so that they fell inside the palisade. One of these arrows struck Harold in the eye and killed him. The Anglo-Saxons went on fighting hard round the standard of the English King but at least the Normans succeeded in breaking the line and the battle was at the end.
How to get from Rembertów to:
the station in Rembertów
Go out of the hostel and turn right. Go straight on to Czerwonych Beretów street and go down this street until the end of its. Turn left into Wieczorkiewicza street and go straight to the gate of Academy. Go trough the gate and go straight on the same street. Past three bus stops and go to the crossing Wieczorkiewicza and Cyrulików streets. Go across the street and go into the railway station. Then....
to the Wschodnia railway station
...buy the ticket to the Wschodnia station. It will be cost 1.60 zloty. Take a train which arrive from Siedlce or Miñsk Mazowiecki. Go to the next station. It will be the Wschodnia station. It takes about 10 minutes.
to the Centre of Warsaw
Go out of the hostel and turn right. Go straight on to Czerwonych Beretów street and go down this street until the end of its. Turn left into Wieczorkiewicza street and go straight to the gate of Academy. Go trough the gate and go to the nearest bus stop. Take the bus number 415 , go about 40 minutes and get off on the fifteenth bus stop. You have not to change. You should be near the department store called Sawa. There is the Palace of Culture and Science on the left. It is the biggest building in the Warsaw. You can not miss it!
„An accidents”
It was cold in the winter. I took my cruise mobile and went to Komorowo.(wziąłem moją ulubioną brykę i pojechałem). My car is loaded with such things as loudspeakers, a CD player and power sunroof. (mój samochód wyposażony jest w takie rzeczy jak głośniki, odtwarzacz CD i elektrycznie otwierane drzwi w dachu). I like Polonez he is usually awful guzzlers though. (lubię Poloneza choć żłopie dużo benzyny). My car engine was so cold that it wouldn't turn over. (silnik był bardzo zimny i nie chciał zapalić). I hit on the gas and went to. I drove very fastly. I don't looked at the dash, looked at the road. (ja nie patrzyłem na deskę, tylko na jezdnię). I wasn't saw the cherries on them car. (ja nie widziałem migaczy na samochodzie). It's were cops. I was barreling along till the police flegged him down. (gazowałem na całego, dopóki nie zatrzymała mnie policja). I pulled over smoothly and stopped on a dime. (zjechałem gładko i zgrabnie zatrzymałem się).
I like to cruising for a bruising. (lubię jazdę samochodem w niebezpieczny sposób). I drove my car behind him, tailgating him. (jechałem tuż za nim, niebezpiecznie blisko). He was a sunday driver. (powolny nieuważny kierowca). He was stopped. I suddenly stopped, leaving a strip. (nagle zatrzymałem się z piskiem opon, zostawiając ślady na drodze). I told him - look what your'e doing. Don't be a road hog.(nie zajeżdżaj drogi).
I like to joyride. I lost control over my car. I should've done something. (powinienem był coś zrobić). Downshift. (zredukować bieg). It's easy to spin out on icy roads. (łatwo jest ślizgać się na oblodzonych drogach). My car run off the road and turned turtle. (mój samochód wyleciał z szosy i miał dachowanie). The car piled up against the tree. (samochód walnął w drzewo). After I piled up his car and I was stood in the article of death I was thought...(po tym jak rozbiłem swój samochód i stanąłem w obliczu śmierci, pomyślałem)...
„One cannot be too careful”
„Na ostrożności nikt nie traci”
AMERICAN COWBOY.
American cowboy was a pioneer on the back of a half-wild horse. He knew little about reading and writing but those things were not important to him. His work didn`t demand such talents. He had to know something about cow psychology. He also had to ride horses as though they were part of them. They had to know how to keep the cattle under control to drove a four-dollar cow to the market.
It was one of the toughest jobs in the world, one of the dirtiest, most tiring, and least rewarding jobs in nineteenth-century America. Cowboys worked 18 hours a day on the back of a horse, 7 days a week. They sometimes started drove the cattle in the spring and reached the market in autumn. Their territory was called „the big country”, cattle country. The Great Plains covered one and one-third million square miles. Cowboys drove the cattle from the South to the beef markets in the North, to cow towns like Abilene, Dodge City and Wichita. And the cattle had to be taken there slowly, to be fat and healthy.
Most of the time the cowboy was fighting the elements. There were no trees to protect him from the elements and most cowboys didn`t even have a raincoat or any other thing that might have protected him from elements. But the cowboy feared most the buffaloes, often huge herds of them, that would attack his cattle herds.
Next to his horse, the gun was the cowboy`s best friend - be it a Colt calibre .44 or .45 called „six-shooter”, because it held six bullets or a Winchester repeating rifle. The gun protected the cowboy from the deadly rattlesnakes or moccasins he met on the trail, from the coyotes, from the rustlers who tried to steal his cattle.
The most important vehicle in the Old West was the chuck wagon. It was the rolling kitchen, and it was driven by the most important man on any cattle drive: the cook. Each spring, before the drive began, the wagon was loaded with enough food to last for about two months - or until the cook could buy more. Food was chosen to be easy to cook and to carry.
The cowboy`s clothes - narrow trousers, chaps, high-heeled boots, wide-brimmed hat, and neckerchief
THE 4 Thursday
The 4 Thursday in November which in the USA is a public holiday, a day of feasting & prayers, it celebrates the Thanksgiving to God in 1621 by the second group of English settlers in what becoming of USA.
After losing many men through during their first winter in Plymouth, Massachusetts, the settlers were thought how to grow the maize and other crops by the Native Americans. When they gathered (harvested) those crops that autumn they knew they had enough to live on through the second winter, and so they had a feast of thanksgiving with the Native Americans.
Today, more Americans travel to see their family on this then on any other day of year. The Thanksgiving Dinner is traditionally turkey, stuffing and sweet potatoes and many and various vegetables and pumpkin pie.
The 4 Thursday in November which in the USA is a public holiday, a day of feasting & prayers, it celebrates the Thanksgiving to God in 1621 by the second group of English settlers in what becoming of USA.
After losing many men through during their first winter in Plymouth, Massachusetts, the settlers were thought how to grow the maize and other crops by the Native Americans. When they gathered (harvested) those crops that autumn they knew they had enough to live on through the second winter, and so they had a feast of thanksgiving with the Native Americans.
Today, more Americans travel to see their family on this then on any other day of year. The Thanksgiving Dinner is traditionally turkey, stuffing and sweet potatoes and many and various vegetables and pumpkin pie.
The 4 Thursday in November which in the USA is a public holiday, a day of feasting & prayers, it celebrates the Thanksgiving to God in 1621 by the second group of English settlers in what becoming of USA.
After losing many men through during their first winter in Plymouth, Massachusetts, the settlers were thought how to grow the maize and other crops by the Native Americans. When they gathered (harvested) those crops that autumn they knew they had enough to live on through the second winter, and so they had a feast of thanksgiving with the Native Americans.
Today, more Americans travel to see their family on this then on any other day of year. The Thanksgiving Dinner is traditionally turkey, stuffing and sweet potatoes and many and various vegetables and pumpkin pie.
ATLANTA
One of the famous cities in the USA is Atlanta. This city is located on the south-east of the USA, in Georgia state, between Birmingham and Savannah. You can get there by plane or by sea to Savannah and next by car from Savannah to Atlanta.
The city has been called „The Gate City of the South” since 1920, because of its geographic location in the national transportation network. Atlanta is famous for a number of modern railway stations, hotels, popular tourist restaurants and office buildings. There are the Georgia Institute of Technology, Emory University and a few musical and arts centres. Only some American cities are as well represented in professional sports; Atlanta's teams include the Hawks (basketball), the Braves (baseball) and Falcons (football). Many national corporations, such as Coca Cola, CNN and Delta Airlines, among many others have their offices there.
Now, I'd like to say some sentences about a few interesting things in Atlanta. At first, everyone should know Margaret Mitchell's „Gone with the wind” about love between Scarlet and Rhett. There are Margaret's house and her tombstone in Atlanta. Next, I think there isn't anybody all round the world, who wouldn't drink Coca Cola or Pepsi Cola. If you are in Atlanta you can see the world of Coca Cola. Later, the largest organisation in the world is CNN with headquarters in Atlanta. This 24-hour news network reached about 30 million households in more than 130 countries and territories.
In 1996 Atlanta was the city of the Summer Olympic Games. All the sports were played in Atlanta except yachting because, as you know, the city has no access to water, so the Olympic event was staged in Savannah, where another Olympic village was built.
Thanks the Olympic Games and modern buildings and offices, nowadays, Atlanta is called „The Capitol of the New South. Finally, I want to say if you are in Atlanta you have to know that the city has 32 streets with the name Peachtree, for example Peachtree also crosses a Peachtree.