1. Tragedy as a literary form and mode of experience

Greek tragedy - Cult of Dionysys

Human vs. Something bigger than him -> Oedipus vs. Fate

Catharsis

(what You get after seeing a tragedy)

Purification Purgation

(refering to religion) (medical sense)

Tragedy - The imitation of an action according to the law of probability and neccesity(mimesis)

Mythos - story (acted)

Pathos - suffering

Hamartia - tragic mistake or flaw

Peripateia - a sudden change of action

Hubris - excessive pride

Dramatic irony - When the character does something important, but is unaware of the fact

(like Oedipus fucking his own mom)

3 unities:

1. Time

2. Space Modern art abandones this (Shakespeare)

3. Action

Catharsis -> middle path, moderation

Sophrosyne - > self control, self mastery

Tragical Conflict

Nietzshe's view on life

Apollo Dionysys

(apollonian) (dionysian)

Sculpture Music

Harmony Inspiration

Proportion Passion

Symmetry

Order Disorder

Cosmos Chaos

Tragedia - Passionate but expressed with words

Tragic Culture - Wisdom takes

place of science

Tragedy as a literary form and mode of experience

Kogo wypada kojarzyć:

1. Aristotle (384 BC - 322 BC)student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great.

golden mean - the desirable middle between two extremes, one of excess and the other of deficiency.

Work:

Physics, Metaphysics, Nicomachean Ethics, Politics, De Anima (On the Soul) and Poetics.

2. Greek tragedians

Aeschylus - added the 2nd character in plays

Sophocles - added the 3^rd character

Euripides - focused on realism and character development

3. Unamuno y Jugo de Miguel(1864-1936), hiszpański pisarz i filozof, który znacząco wpłynął na życie umysłowe swego kraju. Bask z pochodzenia. Uznawany za przywódcę tzw. pokolenia 1898 - ugrupowania twórców, pisarzy, myślicieli dążących do moralnego odrodzenia się Hiszpanii po klęsce w wojnie hiszpańsko-amerykańskiej, oraz za jednego z prekursorów chrześcijańskiego personalizmu i egzystencjalizmu.

4. Samuel Beckett - irlandzki dramaturg, prozaik i eseista. Jeden z twórców teatru absurdu.

Definicje

Tragedy - The imitation of an action according to the law of probability and neccesity(mimesis)

Mythos - story (acted)

Pathos - suffering

Hamartia - tragic mistake or flaw

Peripateia - a sudden change of action

Hubris - excessive pride

Dramatic irony - When the character does something important, but is unaware of the fact

(like Oedipus fucking his own mom)

Poetry and its theories. Some historical insights.

Plato - student of Socrates, mentor of Aristotle. These three helped to lay the foundations of western philosophy.

This world is a shadow of the real world.

A wise person cannot do anything wrong or evil. Real virtue can be achieved only by wisdom and knowledge.

Works:

(The) Apology (of Socrates) - czyli Obrona Sokratesa

The Republic - Państwo

Laws - “Prawa”, ostatni i najdłuższy dialog Platona

Quintus Horatius Flaccus - Horace - leading lyric poet during the time of Augustus.

“Carpe diem”

`'Dulce et decorum est pro patria mori'' - It is sweet and fitting to die for one's country.

Works:

Odes (łac. Carmina) - 4 books containing lyric poems, conscious imitations of Greek originals(Pindar, Sappho, Acaeus). Famous for aplying these forms to the social background of Rome in the time of Augustus.

Satires - Sermonum liber primus i secundus. Most personal work, accessible to contemporary readers, social satire true even today.

Ars Poetica - a treatise on poetics, very important on the matter of decorum(appropriateness according to the situation)

Cassius Longinus - hellenistic rhetorician and philosophical critic.

Works:

Lost, appart from a rhetorical treatise On the Sublime, which is thought not have been written by him.

Dante Alighieri (Durante degli Alighieri) - florentine poet fo the middle ages, called "the father of the italian language"

Works:

The Divine Comedy

La Vita Nuova - the story of his love for Beatrice Portinari

Monarchia - political philosophy treatise describing a monarchial global political organization and its relantionshipp with the Roman Catholic Church.

Philip Sydney - Famous english poet, courtier and slodier form elizabethan age.

Works:

An Apology for Poetry (The defense of Poetry)

Astrophel and Stella

The Countess of Pembroke's Arcadia

John Dryden - influential english poet, literary critic, translator and playwright.

Works:

Alexander's Feat

Fables

Edward Young - English poet

Works:

Night Thoughts

Percy Shelley - one of the major english romantic poets, considered as one of the finest lyric poets in english language.

Works:

Ozymandias,

Ode to the West Wind

Alastor

The Revolt of Islam

Immanuel Kant - german philosopher, one of the most influential thinkers of the enlightment era.

Works:

Critique of Pure Reason

Critique of Practical Reason

Critique of Judgement

Friedrich Schiller - german poet, philosopher, historian, dramatist.

Works (Dramas):

The Robbers

Intrigue and Love

Don Carlos

Poetic tropes

Definition Anthimeria
	Anthimeria is the use of a member of one word class as if it were a member of another, thus altering its meaning.

Example (English)
	 In the following example, unhair is an example of anthimeria. Although hair is normally used as a noun, in this instance it takes an -un prefix and is used as a verb:  “I'll unhair thy head.” (Shakespeare's Antony and Cleopatra, II, v, 64, cited by Corbett 1971 484 )

Definition Euphemism
	A euphemism is a metaphorical or metonymic use of an expression in place of another expression that is disagreeable or offensive.

Example (English)
	 In Acts 2:39 and Ephesians 2:13, 17 of the Bible, the expression those that are afar off is used in place of a term of direct reference to the Gentiles.

Definition Hyperbole
	Hyperbole is deliberate exaggeration for emotional effect. The addressee is not expected to have a literal understanding of the expression.

Example (English)
	 In the Bible, the following expression from Matthew 23:24 contains examples of hyperbole:  Ye blind guides, which strain at a gnat, and swallow a camel. The words gnat and camel are hyperbolic expressions of smallness and largeness.

Definition Irony
	Irony is a trope in which an expression is used in such a fashion as to convey the opposite meaning of what is expressed.

Example (English)
	 Saying you're a pretty sight to a mud-splattered child is an illustration of irony.

Definition Litotes
	Litotes is the use of a negated antonym to make an understatement or to emphatically affirm the positive.

Examples (English)
	In John 6:37 in the Bible, the clause I will in no wise cast out means "I will certainly receive." An expression of the form not unX, as in the following: Moreover, the attempt is not unsuccessful. (Eduard Schevardnadze)

Definition Meiosis
	Meiosis is the minimization of the importance of a referent by the use of an expression that is disproportionate to it.

Example (English)
	 Referring to a generous gift as a small token of esteem

Definition Metaphor
	Here are two senses of metaphor:
	A metaphor is the expression of an understanding of one concept in terms of another concept, where there is some similarity or correlation between the two. A metaphor is the understanding itself of one concept in terms of another.

Examples (English)
	 The following sentences illustrate how the metaphorical understanding of anger-as-fire is expressed: Your insincere apology just added fuel to the fire. After the argument, Dave was smoldering for days. That kindled my ire. Boy, am I burned up!

Definition Metonymy
	Here are two senses for metonymy:
	Metonymy is, broadly defined, a trope in which one entity is used to stand for another associated entity. Metonymy is, more specifically, a replacive relationship that is the basis for a number of conventional metonymic expressions occurring in ordinary language.

Examples (English)
	The pen is mightier than the sword. Pen and sword represent publishing and military force, respectively. The following examples illustrate the controller-for-controlled metonymy: Nixon bombed Hanoi. Nixon stands for the armed forces that Nixon controlled. A Mercedes rear-ended me. The word me stands for the car that the speaker was driving.

Definition Onomatopoeia
	Onomatopoeia is the use of a word that denotes a
	sound suggested by the phonetic quality of the word, or thing that produces such a sound.

Examples (English)
	gong crackle twitter

Definition Oxymoron
	An oxymoron is a collocation of words that have contradictory or sharply incongruous meanings.

Examples (English)
	conspicuous by his absence cruel kindness thunderous silence make haste slowly

Definition Paradox
	A paradox is a proposition that is or appears to be contradictory but expresses some measure of truth.

Example (English)
	 Portnoy's complaint ... is too funny not to be taken seriously.

Definition   Pun

A pun is a variety of a usually humorous play on words involving

• the multiple meanings of an expression, or

• two expressions that sound similar.

Example - sex is good. Thats a fucked. <- nie jest to bardzo kreatywne, ale mniej więcej o to chodzi

Definition Simile
	A simile is a comparison between two things.
	It is signaled overtly; in English, a simile is expressed by the words like or as.

Example (English)
	 He had a posture like a question mark.

Formalism and new criticism

Viktor Shklovsky - Russian and soviet critic, writer, and pamphleteer. He developed the critical theories and techniques of Russian Formalism.

Boris Eichenbaum - Represtantive of the russian formalism, literature historian,

Kenneth Burke - major american literary theorist and philosopher. Mainly interested in rhetoric and aesthetics.

Works:

Towards a better life,

One light in a dark valley - song

Cleanth Brooks - American literary critic and professor. Made a large contribution to New Criticism, revolutionized the teaching of poetry in ameriacn higher education.

The interior life of a poem - author stops being so important

Ambiguity and paradox as a way of understanding poetry

Works:

The well wrought urn: Studies in the structure of Poetry

Modern Poetry and the Tradition

Mikhail Bachtin - russian philosopher, literary critic, semiotician and scholar. He wrote influential works on literal and rhetorical theory and criticism. Inspired neo-Marxists, structuralists and semioticians, he also helped develop a new “materialistic” view of russian literature

T. S. (Thomas Stearns) Eliot - a poet(modernism), dramatist and literary critic, he received a Noble Prize in literature.

Works:

The Hollow Men

The love song of J. Alfred Prufrock

The Waste Land

Ash wednesday

Four Quartets

Structuralism and Semiotics

Ferdinand de Saussure - was a Swiss linguist whose ideas laid a foundation for many significant developments in linguistics in the 20th century. Saussure is widely considered the 'father' of 20th-century linguistics, and his ideas have had a monumental impact on literary and cultural theory and interpretation.

Claude levi-Strauss - French anthropologist. He applied Saussaure's ideas to anthropology.

Roman Jakobson - was a Russian linguist and literary critic, associated with the Formalist school. He became one of the most influential linguists of the 20th century by pioneering the development of structural analysis of language, poetry, and art.

Herman Northrop Frye - a Canadian, was one of the most distinguished literary critics and literary theorists of the twentieth century.

Works:

Fearful Symmetry

Anatomy of Criticism

Charles Sander Peirce - was an Amercian logician, mathematician, philosopher, and scientist. He made a large contribution to logic, maths, philosophy and semiotics. As early as 1886 he saw that logical operations could be carried out by electrical switching circuits, an idea used decades later to produce digital computers.

Roland Barthes - was a french literary critic, literary and social theorist, philosopher and semiotician. Barthes's work extended over many fields and he influenced the development of schools of theory including structuralism, semiotics, existentialism, Marxism and post-structuralism.

Phenomenology and Hermeneutics

Friedrich Schleiermacher - was a German theologian and philosopher known for his impressive attempt to reconcile the criticisms of the Enlightenment with traditional Protestant orthodoxy. He was also influential in the evolution of Higher Criticism. Because of his profound impact on subsequent Christian thought, he is often called the "Father of Modern Protestant Theology."

Works:

On Religion: Speeches to Its Cultured Despisers

Edmund Husserl - was a philosopher who is deemed the founder of phenomenology. He broke with the positivist orientation of the science and philosophy of his day, believing that experience is the source of all knowledge, while at the same time he elaborated critiques of psychologism and historicism.

Martin Heidegger - was an influential German philosopher. Heidegger's work remains controversial due to his involvement with National Socialism.

Works:

Being and Time

Walter Bendix Schönflies Benjamin - was a German-Jewish Marxist literary critic, essayist, translator, and philosopher. Benjamin combined ideas drawn from historical materialism, German idealism, and Jewish mysticism in a body of work which was a novel contribution to western philosophy, Marxism, and aesthetic theory.

Hans Georg Gadamer - German philosopher of the continental tradition.

Works:

Truth and Method

Psychoanalysis

Sigmund Freud - was an Austrian psychiatrist who founded the psychoanalytic school of psychology. Freud is best known for his theories of the unconscious mind and the defense mechanism of repression and for creating the clinical practice of psychoanalysis for curing psychopathology through dialogue between a patient and a psychoanalyst.

Carl Gustav Jung - was a Swiss psychiatrist, an influential thinker and the founder of analytical psychology. Jung's approach to psychology has been influential in the field of depth psychology and in countercultural movements across the globe. Jung is considered as the first modern psychologist to state that human psyche is "by nature religious" and to explore it in depth.

Harold Bloom - is an American author, intellectual and renowned literary critic. Bloom defended 19th-century Romantic poets at a time when their reputations stood at a low ebb, has constructed controversial theories of poetic influence, and advocates an aesthetic approach to literature against feminist, Marxist, New Historicist, post-modernist (deconstructive and semiotic), and other methods of academic literary criticism.

Julia Kristeva - is a Bulgarian-French philosopher, literary critic, psychoanalyst, feminist.

Works:

Semeiotikč

Reader-Response theory

Roman Ingarden - a Polish philosopher, working in the fields of phenomenology, ontology, and aesthetics. Before the second World War, Ingarden published his works mainly in German, and during World War II he switched to Polish, therefore his major works on ontology went largely unnoticed by the wider philosophical community.

Works:

The Cognition of the Literary Work of Art

The Ontology of the Work of Art

Roland Barthes - patrz Phenomenology and Hermeneutics

Stanley Fish - is an American literary theorist and legal scholar. He is among the most important critics of the English poet John Milton in the 20th century and is often associated with postmodernism, at times to his irritation as he describes himself as an anti-foundationalist.

Wolfgang Iser - was a German literary scholar. He is known for his reader-response theory in literary theory, and he is considered to be the founder of Constance School of reception aesthetics

Deconstruction and Postmodernism

Friedrich Nietzsche - was a nineteenth-century German philosopher and classical philologist. He wrote critical texts on religion, morality, contemporary culture, philosophy, and science, using a distinctive German language style and displaying a fondness for metaphor and aphorism. Nietzsche's influence remains substantial within and beyond philosophy, notably in existentialism and postmodernism.

Works:

The Birth of Tragedy

Thus Spoke Zarathustra

Beyond Good and Evil

Jaques Derrida - was an Algerian-born French philosopher, known as the founder of deconstruction. His voluminous work has had a profound impact upon literary theory and continental philosophy.

Works:

Of Grammatology

Paul de Man - was a Belgian-born deconstructionist literary critic and theorist. De Man's influence on literary criticism was considerable for many years, in no small part through his many influential students. He was a very charismatic teacher and influenced both students and fellow faculty members profoundly.

Michel Foucalt - was a French philosopher, historian, intellectual, critic and sociologist. Foucault is best known for his critical studies of social institutions, most notably psychiatry, medicine, the human sciences, and the prison system, as well as for his work on the history of human sexuality. Foucault's work on power, and the relationships between power, knowledge, and discourse, has been widely discussed. In the 1960s Foucault was often associated with the structuralist movement. Foucault later distanced himself from structuralism. Though sometimes characterised as postmodernist, Foucault always rejected the post-structuralist and postmodernist labels.

Helene Cixous - is a professor, French feminist writer, poet, playwright, philosopher, literary critic and rhetorician.

Works:

The Laugh of the Medusa

Sorties

Donna Haraway - is currently a professor and chair of the History of Consciousness Program at the University of California, Santa Cruz, United States. Haraway is a leading thinker about people's love and hate relationship with machines. Her ideas have sparked an explosion of debate in areas as diverse as primatology, philosophy, and developmental biology.

Jean Baudrillard - was a French cultural theorist, sociologist, philosopher, political commentator, and photographer. His work is frequently associated with postmodernism and post-structuralism. Best known for his analyses of the modes of mediation and of technological communication.

Cultural Studies

Theodor Adorno - was a German-born international sociologist, philosopher, musicologist, and composer.

Stuart Hall - is a Jamaican cultural theorist and sociologist who has lived and worked in the United Kingdom since 1951. Hall's work covers issues of hegemony and cultural studies, taking a post-Gramscian stance. He regards language-use as operating within a framework of power, institutions and politics/economics. This view presents people as producers and consumers of culture at the same time. (Hegemony, in Gramscian theory, refers to the cultural production of 'consent' as opposed to 'coercion'.)

Raymond Williams - was a Welsh academic, novelist and critic. He was an influential figure within the New Left and in wider culture. His writings on politics, culture, the mass media and literature are a significant contribution to the Marxist critique of culture and the arts.

Works:

Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society

Culture and Society

Dick Hebdige - is an expatriate British media theorist and sociologist, most commonly associated with the study of subcultures, and its resistance against the mainstream of society.

Works:

Subculture

Fredric Jameson - is an American literary critic and Marxist political theorist. He is best known for the analysis of contemporary cultural trends—he once described postmodernism as the spatialization of culture under the pressure of organized capitalism.

Works:

Postmodernism: The Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism

The Political Unconscious

Marxism and Form

Edward Said - Said is best known for describing and critiquing "Orientalism", which he perceived as a constellation of false assumptions underlying Western attitudes toward the East. In Orientalism (1978), Said claimed a "subtle and persistent Eurocentric prejudice against Arabo-Islamic peoples and their culture.

Roland Barthes - patrz Phenomenology and Hermeneutics

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