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=JRGQLH]SLHUZV] ]DVDG WHUPRG\QDPLNLZ\UD DM F UyZQRZD QR üFLHSáDL
SUDF\ HQHUJLD ZHZQ WU]QD XNáDGX RGRVREQLRQHJR UR QLH JG\ GR WHJR XNáDGX
GRVWDUF]DQH MHVW FLHSáR OXE QDG XNáDGHP Z\NRQ\ZDQD MHVW SUDFD FR Z SRVWDFL
Uy QLF]NRZHMPR QD]DSLVDüQDVW SXM FR
G8 = 4 +:
,,
SU]\F]\PMH HOLSUDFDRJUDQLF]RQDMHVWGR]PLDQREM WR FLWR: SG9
: XNáDG]LH ]DPNQL W\P SU]HELHJ UHDNFML FKHPLF]QHM ] GHILQLFML QLH SRZRGXMH
]PLDQ\HQHUJL ZHZQ WU]QHMDOHPR HVSRZRGRZDü]PLDQ WHPSHUDWXU\WHJRXNáDGX
:FHOXUHDOL]DFMLSURFHVXFKHPLF]QHJRZVWDáHMWHPSHUDWXU]HQDOH \RGSURZDG]DüOXE
GRSURZDG]DüGRXNáDGXFLHSáR&LHSáRWRQD]\ZDP\FLHSáHPUHDNFMLDSU]\MPXMHRQR
ZDUWR FL]DOH QHRGWHJRF]\79 LGHPF]\7S LGHP
-H OL 7 LGHP L 9 LGHP WR FLHSáR SU]HPLDQ\ FKHPLF]QHM UyZQH MHVW ]PLDQLH
HQHUJL ZHZQ WU]QHM XNáDGX Z F]DVLH SU]HELHJX WHM SU]HPLDQ\ Z ZDUXQNDFK
L]RWHUPLF]Q\FK
4 = G8
,,
*G\7 LGHPRUD]S LGHPWRFLHSáRUHDNFMLPR QD]ZL ]Dü]H]PLDQDPLLQQHM
WHUPRG\QDPLF]QHM]PLHQQHMVWDQX]ZDQHMHQWDOSL + 8S9
4 = +
∆
,,
ZW\FKZDUXQNDFKFLHSáRUHDNFMLUyZQHMHVW]PLDQLHHQWDOSL XNáDGX
.DORU\PHWU\F]Q\SRPLDUZDUWR FLFLHSáDUHDNFMLMHVWWUXGQ\LPR OLZ\GRUHDOL]DFML
GR ZLDGF]DOQLH W\ONR GOD UHDNFML SU]HELHJDM F\FK EDUG]R V]\ENR GR NR FD L EH]
DGQ\FKSURFHVyZXERF]Q\FK'ODZL NV]R FLUHDNFMLFKHPLF]Q\FKGRNáDGQHZDUWR FL
FLHSáDUHDNFMLRWU]\PXMHVL QDSRGVWDZLHREOLF]H NRU]\VWDM F]SUDZD+HVVDktóre PóZL HFLHSáRUHDNFMLFKHPLF]QHMZZDUXQNDFKL]RFKRU\F]Q\FKOXEL]REDU\F]Q\FK
QLH]DOH \RGGURJLSU]HPLDQW\ONRRGVWDQXSRF] WNRZHJRLNR FRZHJRUHDNFML>@
'ODGRZROQHMUHDNFMLFKHPLF]QHMNWyUHMVFKHPDWPR QD]DSLVDüMDNR
VXEVWUDW\⇔SURGXNW\
VWDQHPSRF] WNRZ\PUHDNFMLV VXEVWUDW\DVWDQHPNR FRZ\PSURGXNW\
3RQLHZD ZLHOHSU]HP\VáRZ\FKSURFHVyZVSDODQLD]DFKRG]LSU]\VWDá\PFL QLHQLX
]EOL RQ\PGRDWPRVIHU\F]QHJRHIHNWFLHSOQ\UHDNFMLFKHPLF]QHMPR QDZ\UD]Lü]D
SRPRF ]PLDQ\HQWDOSL ∆+=PLDQ HQWDOSL ∆+GODGDQHMUHDNFMLREOLF]DVL ZWHQ
VSRVyE H RG VXP\ HQWDOSL WZRU]HQLD SURGXNWyZ RGHMPXMHP\ VXP HQWDOSL
L
WZRU]HQLD substratów, pomnR RQ\FK SU]H] RGSRZLHGQLH ZVSyáF]\QQLNL
VWHFKLRPHWU\F]QHQ
4 = ∆+ = ∑Q +
,,
(
)
Q +
⋅ ∆ −
(
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∑ ⋅∆
= SUDZD +HVVD Z\QLND H GR REOLF]HQLD ]PLDQ\ HQWDOSL UHDNFML FLHSáD UHDNFML
SU]HELHJDM FHMSRGVWDá\PFL QLHQLHPQDOH \]QDüHQWDOSLHWZRU]HQLDSRV]F]HJyOQ\FK
SURduktów i substratów.
(QWDOSLD WZRU]HQLD ∆+ GDQHJR ]ZL ]NX MHVW WR ]PLDQD HQWDOSL VSRZRGRZDQD
V\QWH] MHGQRVWNL PDV\PRODGDQHM VXEVWDQFMLSRGVWDá\PFL QLHQLHPLSU]\VWDáHM
WHPSHUDWXU]H
:DUWR FL HQWDOSL WZRU]HQLD F] FL UHDNFML FKHPLF]Q\FK ]RVWDá\ Z\]QDF]RQH
HNVSHU\PHQWDOQLH:FHOXXMHGQROLFHQLDGDQ\FKLXáDWZLHQLDREOLF]H SU]\MPXMHVL
HHQWDOSLHWZRU]HQLDV RNUH ODQHZZDUXQNDFKVWDQGDUGRZ\FK7 .S DWP
L QD]\ZDQH V VWDQGDUGRZ\PL HQWDOSLDPL WZRU]HQLD R]QDF]DQ\PL
∆+ :DUWR
298
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tworzenia, przy czym w praktyce wygodne jest rozró QLHQLH FLHSáD VSDODQLD 4 L
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WHPSHUDWXU\SRF] WNRZHMVXEVWUDWyZ
:DUWR ü RSDáRZD 4 MHVW QDWRPLDVW LOR FL FLHSáD Z\G]LHORQHJR SRGF]DV
]XSHáQHJRLFDáNRZLWHJRVSDOHQLDGDQHJRSDOLZDSU]\F]\PSDUDZRGQDSRZVWDáDZ
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MHVWSU]HOLF]QLNLHPZRGRUXQDZRG
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FKHPLF]QHJRSDOLZDOXEGRZ\]QDF]HQLDGR ZLDGF]DOQLH&LHSáDVSDODQLDLZDUWR FL
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j
j
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n
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298 n
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L]DáR HQLXRVNURSOHQLXSDU\ZRGQHMRWU]\PXMHVL
∆+ = −571 6
, 8N-PRO
Z\OLF]HQLHFLHSáDVSDODQLDZRGRUX4
b
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VSDODQLD 0 + JPRO L ]DPLHQLDM F RGSRZLHGQLR MHGQRVWNL
p
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v
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298 v
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wówczas zmiana entalpii tworzenia wynosi:
∆+ = 4
− 83 6
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DZDUWR üRSDáRZD4
∆+ − 48 ,366
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wóZF]DVNRU]\VWDVL ]SU]\EOL RQ\FKZ]RUyZHPSLU\F]Q\FKLQ \QLHUVNLFK
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0HQGHOHMHZD>@
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y
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x
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