key role in the economy. –
entrepreneurial adj [przedsi_biorczy]–
entrepreneurship n [U]
[przedsi_biorczo__]
freelance n [C] someone who works for different companies and is not
employed by one niezale_ny
asset n [C] something belonging to an wykonawca. Freelancers usually receive
individual or business that has value or fixed payments and not a salary : We’re the power to earn money aktywa: The going to use a freelance designer for company has recently sold some of its the company website. – freelancer n [C]
assets to an Australian investor.
[niezale_ny wykonawca] – freelance
Collocations tangible assets, intangible ad j [zwi_zany z niezale_nym
assets, fixed assets, liquid assets
wykonawc_]
company n [C] a legally registered hierarchy n [C] system of authority within business spó_ka handlowa. There are
an organisation hierarchia : Many
many different types of companies:
Swedish firms have very flat
holding company (holds the share
hierarchies. – hierarchical adj capital of one or more other
[hierarchiczny] Collocations flat
companies) [holding] joint stock
hierarchy, steep hierarchy, traditional company (registered company or
hierarchy
limited company) [spó_ka akcyjna]
public limited or listed company
merger n [C] the creation of a new (company whose shares are traded on
company by joining two separate
the stock exchange) [spó_ka z
companies po__czenie, fuzja : The
ograniczon_ odpowiedzialno_ci_]
merger will have to be approved by the subsidiary [ filia] (company owned by
authorities. – merge v [I,T] [__czy_]
a parent company [spó_ka matka])
share n [C] a unit of the capital of a Synonyms corporation n [ C] AmE
company akcja. Shares in listed
[korporacja] concern n [C] [koncern]
companies can be bought and sold on
business n [C] [firma]
the stock market: Investors are having competition n [U] rivalry between to pay a higher price for the company’s businesses that are operating in the
shares. – shareholder n [C]
same market konkurencja: The
[akcjonariusz] stockholder n [C] US
competition is getting tougher every
[akcjonariusz] – shareholding n [C]
year. – compete v [I] [konkurowa_] –
[posiadanie akcji] Synonym stock n
competitor n [C][konkurent] –
[C] AmE [akcja] Collocations share competitive adj [konkurencyjny] –
capital, share certificate, share dealing, competitiveness n [U]
share issue, share price
[konkurencyjno__] Collocations
trade union n [C] an organisation that competitive advantage
exists to protect the rights of employees entrepreneur n [C] someone who starts a in a company zwi_zki zawodowe: The
company, arranges business deals and
trade union is in pay negotiations with takes risks przedsi_biorca:
the employer. Synonym labor union n Entrepreneurs have always played a
[C] AmE [zwi_zki zawodowe]
motivate v [T] make someone willing to work harder motywowa_ : He’s very
appraise v (T) to assesss the value of good at motivating his sales team. –
something ocena, wycena. Staff are
motivation n [U] [motywacja]–
regularly appraised to see if they have
motivational adj [motywacyjny] –
met the objectives that they are given : motivated adj [uzasadniony] Synonym The department manager will appraise encourage v [T] [zach_ta]Collocations each employee individually. – appraisal highly-motivated, motivational skills, n [C][ocena] – appraisee n [C] [osoba motivation techniques
oceniana] – appraisor n [C][taksator, objective n [C] a goal that has been fixed osoba oceniaj_ca] Collocations annual for people to achieve cel: I have a
appraisal, performance appraisal
meeting with my line manager to fix my authority 1 n [U] the power to impose objectives every six months. Synonyms decisions w_adze: The managers in our goal n [C] [cel] aim n [C] [cel] target n company have a great deal of
[C] [cel] Collocations set / fix / establish authority. – authorise v (T)
/ achieve / meet objectives
[upowa_ni_]– authorisation n
staff 1 n [plural] the employees of an
[U][upowa_nienie] – authoritative adj organisation za_oga : The new manager
[autorytatywny, uprawniony]
will be joining the staff in November. 2
– authoritarian adj [ autorytatywny]
v [I] to provide workers for an
Collocations lines of authority 2 n [C] a organisation zapewnia_ personel : Each public institution which is in charge of of our centres is staffed by expert
enforcing regulations or administering
personnel. Synonyms personnel n [U]
a government service: The public
[personel] employees n [ C]
health authority.
[pracownicy] workers n [C]
autonomy n [U] the freedom to make
[pracownicy] Collocations staff morale, your own decisions without having to
staff turnover
request authorisation autonomia: I’ve subordinate n [C] a person who works always believed that it’s best to give under a more senior member of staff
staff as much autonomy as possible. –
podw_adny : I have six subordinates
autonomous adj [autonomiczny]
that report to me. – subordinate v [T]
coach 1 n [C] person who is responsible
[podlega_]
for training a team or an individual
supervise v [ T] to control the work of instruktor: He’s a very successful
other people in order to make sure that
football coach. 2 v [T] to train people it is properly done nadzorowa_: We
to help them to acquire particular skills need to supervise the trainees very
szkoli_: I’m responsible for coaching closely. – supervision n [ U] [nadzór] –
two new people in the department.
supervisory adj [nadzoruj_cy]
delegate v [T] to give responsibility to Synonym manage v [T] [zarz_dza_]
someone at a lower level in the
task n [C] a piece of work that has to be hierarchy to enable them to take
done zadanie. Tasks are generally
decisions udziela_ pe_nomocnictwa :
assigned to employees at the start of the Managers need to delegate more
week. Synonym duty n [C]
routine tasks to junior members of staff.
[obowi_zek] Collocations assign /
– delegation n [U] [delegacja,
delegate a task, task-based, task-
przekazanie]
driven, task force
resources n [ C] this includes the capital, personnel and knowledge that an
analysis n [C] the work of studying data organisation has at its disposal zasoby, and information analiza : Detailed
_rodki: A key element of the new
analysis of our results shows that
strategy is the more effective use of our productivity has increased only
resources. Collocations human marginally. – analyse v [T]
resources, financial resources
[analizowa_] – analyst n [C] [analityk]
sales 1 n [plural] the value of the goods Collocations financial analysis
and services sold during a period
campaign n [C] a planned operation sprzeda_: The company reported sales which aims to achieve a particular result of $42 million during the first quarter.
kampania : A new campaign by activists 2 the department responsible for the has forced the company to reconsider activity of selling goods and services to some of its policies. – campaign v [I] [+
customers dzia_ sprzeda_y: I’ll put you for/against] [prowadzi_ kampani_] –
through to our sales department. –
campaigner n [C] [osoba prowadz_ca salesman/woman n [C] [sprzedawca] –
kampani_] Collocations advertising
salesclerk n [C] AmE [sprzedawca]
campaign, marketing campaign,
Collocations sales agent, sales call, political campaign
sales conference, sales department,
sales drive, sales figures, sales forecast, growth n [U] an increase in the size or sales manager, sales outlet, sales pitch, quantity of something wzrost : Research sales promotion, sales representative, suggests that there will be significant sales talk
growth in the market for women’s
products. – grow v [I] [rosn__]
strategy n [C] a plan of action to enable a Collocations growth rate
firm to compete strategia : As part of our new strategy we are developing
industry n [C] the production of goods closer links with our suppliers. –
using capital and labour przemys_ : The strategic adj strategiczny – strategically automobile industry is facing increased adv strategicznie Collocations develop /
competition. – industrial adj revise a strategy, strategic alliance,
[ przemys_owy] – industrialise v [T]
strategic management, strategic
[uprzemys_owi_] – industrialisation n planning, strategic business unit (SBU)
[C] [industrializacja] Collocations
manufacturing industry, service
supply n [U] the amount of goods or industry, industrial relations
services available on a market at a
certain time dostawa : Improved
market share n [U] the proportion of the production techniques will increase the total market that is supplied by a
supply of raw materials. – supply v [T]
particular company udzia_ w rynku:
[dostarcza_] – supplier n [C]
Our objective is to increase our
[dostawca] – supplies n [C] [dostawy, European market share by five per cent rezerwy] Collocations order supplies, this year. – market-sharing n [U]
supply and demand, supply chain
[posiadanie udzia_u w rynku]
management, supply side, oversupply
Collocations increase / lose / take / win market share
threat n [C] a potential danger to the interests of a company zagro_enie:
opportunity n [C] a situation with future Deregulation of the market is a real potential mo_liwo__, okazja: Japan
threat to established telecom operators.
represents a great opportunity for our
– threaten v [T] [grozi_] – threatening new brand. Collocations lose / sieze /
adj [zagra_aj_cy]– threateningly adv take an opportunity
[zagra_aj_co]
suit n [C] [proces s_dowy] Collocations take legal action, win a legal action board n [C] the group of directors elected pay 1 n [U] money earned by an by the shareholders to manage a
employee as a salary or wage wyp_ata:
company zarz_d : The board has
Some employees are complaining that
approved the director’s salary.
their pay has not increased in line with Collocations board of directors, board inflation. – payment n [C] [p_atno__]
meeting, boardroom
Collocations pay as you earn (PAYE), pay freeze, pay rise, payroll, pay-slip, budget n [C] an account of probable pay talks 2 to give money to someone future income and expenditure during
in exchange for items or services
a fixed period bud_et : We are currently zap_aci_: We’re paying more than the preparing the budget for next year. –
market rate.
budget v [ I] [bud_etowa_] – budgetary adj [bud_etowy] Collocations be on /
pension n [C] a regular payment made to a over / under budget, budget deficit, person after they have retired from
budget surplus, meet a budget
active work emerytura: Some businesses have decided to ask their staff to
compensation n [U] payment, including contribute another one per cent
salary and other incentives like stock
towards their pensions. Collocations options wynagrodzenie: The best paid pension fund, pension contribution
executives received more than $10
million in compensation last year. –
reward v [T] to give a payment for compensate v [T] [wynagradza_]
services performed or for excellent
Collocations compensation deal,
work or behaviour nagradza_: We like compensation package
to reward our staff when they reach the objectives. – reward n [C,U] [nagroda]
contract n [C] a document setting out an
– rewarding adj [dochodowy]
agreement between two or more parties
kontrakt : Under the new contract the salary n [C,U] an amount of money paid company becomes the exclusive
every month to an employee in
distributor for North America.
exchange for their services wyp_ata:
– contractor n [C] [zleceniobiorca] –
Salaries are always paid in the local sub-contractor n [C] [pod-currency. – salaried adj [otrzymuj_cy zleceniobiorca] Collocations agree a wyp_at_] Collocations be on a salary contract, be under contract, breach a of, earn a salary, negotiate a salary, contract, negotiate a contract, review a salary scale
contract, sign a contract, terminate a severance deal / pay n [C,U] money paid contract
by an employer when an employee’s
damages n [plural] an amount of money services are terminated odprawa:
paid to a person who has suffered an
Severance pay for top executives has injustice odszkodowanie: The company increased significantly in recent years.
paid damages to staff who were
stock option n [C] an option given to unfairly dismissed.
executive employees allowing them to
legal action n [C,U] using the law to buy shares in the company at a
defend one’s rights post_powanie
favourable price opcje menad_erskie :
prawne: The consumer association said Microsoft has announced that it plans it will consider legal action. Synonyms to end stock options for employees.
litigation n [U] [sprawa s_dowa] law
loan, interest on a loan, take out a loan
consortium n [C] an association between negotiation n [C] the process of two or more companies to work
negotiating a business deal negocjacje:
together on a specific project (usually a The success of the negotiations will major construction or engineering
depend on the financial terms of the project) konsorcjum: SK Gas has
deal. – negotiate v [I,T] [negocjowa_]
formed a consortium with automakers
– negotiator n [C] [negocjator]
to produce gas-powered vehicles.
Synonyms talks n [plural] Collocations negotiate an agreement / a deal,
cost 1 n [C] the price paid for something negotiation skills
koszt: The total cost for the new
equipment will be $50,000. 2 the prosperity n [U] a state of being rich, money that is required to produce or
having economic success rozkwit : The sell something koszty : It looks like nation’s future prosperity will depend production and labour costs will be
on developing a highly-skilled
higher than we expected. – cost v [I]
workforce. – prosper v [I]
[kosztowa_] Synonym overheads n [C]
[prosperowa_] – prosperous adj
[koszty ogólne] Collocations fixed
[dobrze prosperuj_cy]
costs, variable costs, cost-cutting, cost control, cost-effective, occur a cost reserve 1 n [C] the amount of something kept for future use rezerwy : Shell has development 1 n [C] the growth and revised its estimate of available oil expansion of a business, industry or
reserves. 2 an amount of money set economy rozwój: The OECD provides
aside from profits rezerwy _rodków
advice and assistance on all aspects of pieni__nych: Ten per cent of earnings development. 2 research to produce have been transferred to reserves. –
new, improved products opracowanie:
reserve v [T] [od_o_y_] Synonym
Our company is actively pursuing the resources n [U] [zasoby, _rodki]
development of new biotechnology
Collocations hold in reserve, use up solutions. 3 a change or alteration reserves
zmiana: Another recent development
has been the arrival of Asian
revenue n [C] money received especially companies on the market. – developer from selling goods and services
n [C] [developer] – developing adj przychód: Revenues have increased by
[rozwijaj_cy si_] Collocations research six per cent to £183m.
and development (R&D), developing countries
wealth n [U] the amount of money or possessions owned by an individual,
loan n [C] money lent to an individual or organisation or country bogactwo:
organisation po_yczka : The World
Accumulating wealth is the key to
Bank has agreed to a five-year loan of financial independence. – wealthy adj $125m. – loan v [T] [po_ycza_]
[bogaty] Collocations acquire /
Collocations apply for a loan, bank
accumulate wealth
marketingowy (marketing mix): 1
place n [C] [miejsce] the distribution and delivery of goods to market 2
barrier to entry n [C] any factor which price n [C] [cena] the amount of prevents new competition from
money for which something can be
entering a market bariery wej_cia: A sold. – price v [T] [cena] Collocations strong brand can become a barrier to cost price, cut price, fixed price, list entry in some markets, while a simple price, retail price , purchase price, product cannot.
recommended price, wholesale price,
price-list, price-tag, price war 3
benefit n [C] an advantage or an product n [C] [produkt] normally a improvement korzy__ : One benefit of manufactured item but also refers to
the new design is that it can be
everything that surrounds the product:
installed easily. – benefit [+ from] v the brand, the packaging, the product’s
[korzysta_ (z czego_)] – beneficial adj features and performance
[korzystny]
characteristics. 4 promotion n [C]
brand n [C] the identity of a product or
[promocja] activities that help sell a
service marka : Eastman Kodak is a
product
premier brand in traditional and
premium n [C] a price that is higher than digital imaging. – brand v [T]
the standard price, usually due to
[znakowa_] Collocations brand image, higher quality cena premiowa:
brand leader, brand loyalty, brand
Organically grown foods are sold at a manager, brand management, brand
premium. Collocations premium rate name, brand-stretching, cross-branding, own brand, premium brand
promotion n [C] a method of communicating and publicising a
consumer n [C]
a person who buys
product promocja : America Online
products and/or services konsument :
plans to launch a promotion on
Nokia is committed to providing
Thursday that will let its members
consumers with the information they
download full-feature films. – promote need. – consume v [T] [konsumowa_]
v [T] [promowa_] – promotional adj
– consumption n [U] [konsumpcja]
[promocyjny] Collocations seasonal
Collocations consumer goods,
promotion, promotional campaign,
consumer research, consumer survey
promotional price
logo n [C] a sign or symbol used as a point of sale abbreviation POS n [C] the trademark to represent a company or a
place where a consumer can buy a
brand logo: The Nike ‘swoosh’ is an
product or service miejsce sprzeda_y:
instantly recognisable logo.
New electronic systems can approve
marketing mix n [U] the four different credit for customers at the point of sale.
components of marketing miks
Synonyms outsource v [T] [zleca_ na zewn_trz]
back office n [C] the departments of a outsource v [T] transferring work to an financial company where routine
outside supplier zleca_ na zewn_trz : admistrative tasks are done without
We are planning to outsource all of our direct contact with customers zaplecze:
IT operations to an Indian supplier. –
Efficient management of the back office outsourcing n [U] [zlecanie na
can reduce costs.
zewn_trz] Synonyms subcontract v [T]
business process n [C] any activity that is
[podzlecanie]
essential for a firm to conduct its
overhead n [C] a cost that does not vary business dzia_alno__: Organisations
with output (e.g. rent, salaries) koszty that have complete control over their ogólne: The pressure on corporate
business processes are the most
mangement to reduce overheads is
productive. Collocations business increasing. Synonyms fixed cost n [C]
process re-engineering
[koszty sta_e]
database n [C] an organised set of pilot project n [C] a trial project to test information stored in a computer baza
performance projekt pilota_owy: The danych: We’re currently updating all pilot project will start operating in our customer files in the database.
June.
downsize v [I] to reduce the number of productivity n [U] wydajno__ The employees in an organisation redukcja
relationship between the output of
zatrudnienia : European companies are goods and the resources needed to
continuing to downsize their
produce them: Productivity has
manufacturing operations. – downsize continued to grow strongly.
v [T] [redukowa_ zatrudnienie]
Synonyms lay off v [ T] [zwolni_]
saving n [C] money and materials saved by economical working oszcz_dno__ :
knowledge work n [U] work that involves New construction techniques resulted in developing or using knowledge praca
a saving of 25 per cent of operation umys_owa: The profitability of most
and maintenance costs. – savings business today depends more on
[plural] [oszcz_dno_ci] Synonym
knowledge work than on manual work.
economy n [U] [ekonomiczno__]
– knowledge worker n [C] pracownik Collocations cost saving, make savings umys_owy
service provider n [C] a company that offshoring n [U] transferring work to an provides services for users especially in outside supplier based in another
computer networks dostawca us_ug:
country dzia_alno__ offshore:
There are several issues to consider Offshoring is only suitable for tasks that when selecting a service provider.
have been clearly defined and can be managed at a distance. – offshore adj shortage n [C] a lack or scarcity of dotycz_cy dzia_alno_ci offshore –
something brak: Silicon Valley is
offshore n [U] [dzia_alno__ offshore]
facing a shortage of skilled
programmers.
prices will rise more slowly next year. –
forecast v [T] [prognozowa_]
balance sheet n [C] a statement showing Synonyms projection n [C] [projekcja]
the wealth of a business or organisation income statement n [C] AmE a financial at a particular date bilans. The balance statement showing revenue, expenditure
sheet has two parts showing assets and and profit from operations during a
liabilities: Buildings and machinery are given period zeznanie podatkowe :
assets that should be listed on the
Enron’s income statement did not
balance sheet. Synonyms statement of accurately reflect its losses. Synonyms financial position n [C] AmE
profit and loss account n [C] BrE
[sprawozdanie finansowe]
[rachunek zysków i strat] statement of
bankrupt adj unable to pay your debts earnings n [C] AmE [zestawienie zbankrutowany : The company is almost przychodów]
bankrupt and will need to secure a
mismanagement n [U] poor quality loan to survive. – bankrupt v, n [C]
management niegospodarno__ : Lack
[bankrutowa_, bankrut]– bankruptcy n of cashflow is often due to
[U] [bankructwo] Synonyms insolvent
mismanagement. – mismanage v [T]
adj AmE [niewyp_acalno__]
[nieprawid_owo zarz_dza_]
bottom line n [C] the last line on a profit and loss account n [C] BrE a financial document which shows the
financial statement showing revenue,
final result (total profit once all costs expenditure and profit from operations
have been deducted) wynik ko_cowy:
during a given period rachunek zysków
Falling sales are going to have a
i strat : Ahold’s profit and loss account negative impact on the bottom line.
did not show all its losses. Synonyms expense 1 n [C] money spent wydatek: We income statement n [C] AmE [zeznanie have significantly reduced our expenses podatkowe] statement of earnings n [C]
over the last five years. – expenditure n AmE [zestawienie przychodów]
[C] [wydatki] Synonyms spending n
regulator n [C] a government agency
[U] [wydatki] 2 n [C] money spent by responsible for overseeing a profession
an employee that can be claimed back
or an activity cia_o nadzoruj_ce: Stock
[koszty podlegaj_ce zwrotowi]: I put market regulators are in charge of
the restaurant bill on expenses.
protecting investors. – regulation n [C]
Collocations expense account, expenses
[regulacja] Synonyms controller n [C]
claim form, claim expenses
[organ kontroluj_cy]
financial statement n [C] a document Securities Exchange Commission
showing the state of the finances of an
abbreviation SEC n the US agency organisation or business sprawozdanie
responsible for stock market regulation
finansowe: Financial statements must Komisja Papierów Warto_ciowych: The
be completed by the end of August.
SEC is currently investigating ten cases forecast n [C] [prognoza] an estimate of a of fraud.
future situation : According to forecasts,
Staff are empowered to shape their
career development. – empowerment n
[U] [upowa_nienie]
accountable adj responsible for the effects of your actions odpowiedzialny :
hire v [T] employ someone wynaj__: Managers are accountable for the
Businesses are hiring as job growth
performance of their employees.
booms. – hire n [C] [wynaj_cie]
Synonyms responsible [+ for] adj
Synonyms recruit v [T] [rekrutowa_]
[odpowiedzialny]
employ v [T] [zatrudni_] Collocations hiring and firing, hiring manager
applicant n [C] a person who is applying for a position wnioskodawca : All
payroll n [U] 1 a list of the employees in applicants are asked to provide a letter an organisation listra pracowników 2
of reference. – apply [+ for] [sk_ada_
the administration of employee pay
wniosek] v [I] – application n [C]
lista p_ac: Salaries are calculated
[wniosek] Synonyms candidate n [C]
according to the number of days that
[kandydat]
employees are on the payroll.
Collocations payroll management,
assign v [T] give someone a particular task cut/reduce the payroll
to do przydzieli_: Employees are
assigned duties that correspond to their qualification n [C] an examination passed skills and training. – assignment n [C]
at school or university kwalifikacje:
[przydzielenie]
Candidates must have qualifications in accounting. – qualify v cover letter n [C] a letter written to an
[I][kwalifikowa_] – qualified adj
employer in response to a job
[wykwalifikowany]
advertisement pismo przewodnie:
Candidates should send a cover letter resumé n [C] AmE a document that gives with a copy of their CV.
details of a candidate’s experience and
qualifications _yciorys: Preparing a curriculum vitae abbreviation CV n [C] a good resumé should be the starting
document that gives details of a
point for all job seekers. Synonyms person’s experience and qualifications
Curriculum Vitae BrE
_yciorys: Her CV is fairly typical for a business graduate. Synonyms resumé n screen v [T] [selekcjonowa_] to examine
[C] AmE [_yciorys]
or test people: Each candidate is
screened for education, experience,
deadline n [C] the date by which expertise and salary.
something has to be completed termin
wykonania: The deadline for
train v [T] to teach someone the skills of a applications has been extended until particular job or activity szkoli_ : Staff the 25 May. Collocations fix a are trained to watch for situations
deadline, meet a deadline, miss a
where they may be required to help. –
deadline, set a deadline
training n [U] [szkolenie] – trainee n
[C] [szkolony] – trainer n [C] [osoba empower v [T] give someone the power or szkol_ca]
ability to do something upowa_nia_:
file-swapping n [U] exchanging files between computers on a network
wymiana plików: Record companies
copycat n [C] the term for someone who tried to close down the illegal file-copies the work of another person
swapping website.
plagiator: The Australian government has announced that it is cracking down infringement n [U] a breach of the law or on copycats.
of another person’s rights naruszenie:
The company is being sued over
copyright n [U] the legal right that infringements of copyright technology.
belongs to the person who has created a
new artistic work or piece of software
intellectual property n [U] something that prawa autorskie: All of the graphics a person or business has invented and
and editorial content on this site are which is protected by patent prawa
protected under US copyright.
w_asno_ci intelektualnej: All
international businesses are having to currency n [C] the type of money that is spend more on protecting their
used by a particular country or trading intellectual property.
bloc waluta: The euro is the currency of most member states of the European
patent n [C] a special right given to the Union. Synonyms money n [U]
inventor of a machine or process
[pieni_dze] Collocations foreign
patent : Some governments do not
currency, hard currency, currency
recognise patents on software. – patent dealer, currency exchange rate,
v [T] [patentowa_] – patented adj currency trading
[opatentowany] Synonyms copyright n
[C,U] [prawa autorskie] Collocations
defraud v [T] to cheat another person by patent pending, patent office
taking something that they own
defraudacja : He admitted defrauding
piracy n [U] infringement of copyrights his employer of more than £2m.
piractwo: The association has launched a campaign to fight software piracy.
enforce v [T| to make people obey a law or rule egzekwowa_ : Enforcing a
profitability n [U] the ability of a business patent can be a long and expensive
to earn profits rentowno__ : Increased process. – enforcement n [U]
labour costs have reduced our
[egzekwowanie] – enforceable adj
profitability. – profit n [C] [zysk] –
[mo_liwy do wyegzekwowania]
profit v [I] [zyskiwa_] – profitable adj
[rentowny]
fake n [C] a copy or imitation of a genuine article podróbka : Experts have trademark n [C] a special, registered identified the components as fakes. –
picture or symbol that is associated with fake v [T] [oszukiwa_] Synonyms copy a particular brand or product znak
v [C] [kopiowa_] – copy n [C] [kopia]
towarowy: Our trademark is now well-
known in most countries in the region.
brutto: The film grossed $8.5m in the first two weeks. – gross adj [brutto]
bid n [C] an offer to buy something at a Collocations gross profit, gross
stated price oferta: All bids must be margins, gross national product, gross submitted in writing. – bid v [I,T]
domestic product (GDP)
[uzczestniczy_ w przetargu] – bidder n inventory n [C] a list of the stocks held by
[C] [uczestnik przetargu] – bidding n a business zapasy : New software has
[U] [przetarg] Synonyms offer n [C]
made it possible to control inventory
[oferta] Collocations make/accept/reject more accurately. Synonyms stock n [C]
a bid, takeover bid
[zapasy]
business to business abbreviation B2B adj market research n [U] the work of refers to any business or
finding out what kind of goods
correspondence between two
consumers want badania rynkowe:
companies relacje pomi_dzy dwoma
Conducting online surveys is a new and firmami: The B2B sector will be the
promising approach to market
biggest growth area in internet traffic.
research.
dealer n [C] a person who specialises in mass market n [U] the market for trading a particular type of goods
standardised consumer products rynek
dealer: The company only uses
masowego odbiorcy: Licensing is one
authorised dealers who are fully
way for small businesses to enter the trained. – deal n [C] [transakcja] –
mass market. – mass-market adj deal v [I,T] [handlowa_] Collocations
[dotycz_cy rynku masowego odbiorcy]
foreign exchange dealer, broker-
dealer, dealership,
merchandising n [U] toys, clothes and make/reach/conclude a deal, raw deal other products based on a popular film,
TV show, etc and sold to make
demand n [C,U] the quantity required to additional profits artyku_y
supply orders popyt: Total petroleum promocyjne: Star Wars merchandising
demand has increased by one per cent.
made far more profit than the films.
Collocations supply and demand
price setting n [U] fixing the prices at e-business n [ U] business to business which goods and services will be sold
relationships conducted using internet
ustalanie ceny: In price setting you try technology e-biznes: IBM is one of the to estimate how much customers will be leading suppliers of e-business
prepared to pay for an item
solutions.
real estate n [U] property in the form of e-commerce n [U] selling activities that are land or houses nieruchomo__:
conducted using internet technology e-
Investing in real estate is not as risk free handel: Some consumers still lack
as some people think. Synonyms
confidence in e-commerce.
property n [U] BrE [w_asno__] realty glitch n [ C] a minor fault with a computer n [U] AmE [maj_tek nieruchomy]
program or machine krótkotrwa_e
Collocations estate agent BrE
zak_ócenie: A glitch in the computer tender n [C] a written offer by a supplier system has led to the cancellation of to provide goods or services at a certain several flights. Synonyms malfunction price oferta: Your tender has been
n [C] [awaria] bug n [C] [wirus]
accepted at the agreed price. – tender v gross v [T] to calculate revenue before tax
[I,T] [sk_ada_ ofert_]
and other charges have been deducted
litigation n [U] legal action against an individual or organisation sprawa
s_dowa: Litigation has increased
aid n [U] assistance given to a country or significantly over the years. – litigate v organisation in difficulty pomoc: The
[U] [prowadzi_ spraw_ s_dow_] –
World Bank is repeating its call for rich litigator n [C] [strona prowadz_ca countries to increase the amount of aid spraw_ s_dow_]
given to the poorest nations. – aid v [T]
[udziela_ pomocy]
lobby v [T] to try to persuade a government or organisation to change
boycott n [C] a protest where people a policy or situation lobbowa_ : Big
refuse to buy or use a product or
companies are lobbying the president service bojkot : The consumer group is to open up marine reserves for oil
calling for the boycott of all tobacco drilling. – lobby n [U] [lobby] lobbyist products. – boycott v [T] [bojkotowa_]
n [U] [lobbysta]
charity n [C] a non profit-making petition n [C] a document signed by many organisation that collects goods and
people asking someone in authority to
money in order to provide assistance
change something petycja: So far, five dzia_alno__ charytatywna: The charity thousand people have signed the
managed to raise £3m for homeless
petition. – petition [+ against/for] v people in the UK.
[I,T] [sk_ada_ petycj_]
debt relief n [U] the cancellation or pressure group n [C] a group that tries to reduction of a debt umorzenie d_ugu:
influence the opinions of other people
The government is firmly committed to grupa nacisku : The pressure group is a programme of debt relief.
cordinating the protests.
demonstration n [C] a march to publicly protectionism n [U] protecting a country’s protest about something demonstracja:
trade by taxing foreign goods
The demonstration will take place at protekcjonizm: Protectionism usually G7 summit on 10 June.
increases the prices of basic goods to fair trade n [U] a movement which the consumer.
promotes fairer trading conditions for
quota n [C] an official limit on the amount developing countries handel oparty na
of something kontyngent: Quotas have zasadach wzajemno_ci w polityce
been imposed on 25 categories of
celnej: Fair trade gives consumers an imported clothing.
opportunity to help change the world.
subsidy n [C] money given by a grant n [C] a sum of money given to a government to certain producers to
person or organisation to help them to
help them to produce without losing
pay for something dotacja: The Central money subsydia: World Bank
Development Fund has awarded a
economists are urging rich countries to grant of $7.5m. – grant v [T] [udziela_
cut subsidies to certain industries. –
dotacji]
subsidise v [T] [subsydiowa_]
income n [C,U] money received by a taxpayer n [C] any person or organisation person, family or organisation dochód : that is liable to pay tax podatnik:
In some parts of the country incomes Taxpayers will pay more to subsidise have fallen by as much as 25 per cent.
the development of alternative energy Synonyms revenue n [C] [dochód]
sources.
Collocations income tax, gross income, net income
prioritise v [T] to put things in the order of importance so that you can deal with
the most important things first ustala_
priorytety: Prioritising your work will correspondence n [U] writing, receiving help you to avoid backlogs.
and answering letters korespondencja:
I’m catching up on my
process v [T] to deal with information or correspondence. – correspond v [I]
documents przetwarzanie: All the data
[korespondowa_]
is processed on the server. – process n
[C] [proces]
information technology abbreviation IT n
[C] technologia informatyczna the
product recall n [C] a situation where a technology of processing, storing or
defective product is withdrawn from the
transmitting data by electronic means:
market and returned to the
Information technology has
manufacturer wycofanie produktu z
revolutionised all aspects of
rynku: Product recalls of children’s management.
toys are now very rare.
mobile n [C] a wireless telephone text messaging n [U] a system which przeno_ny: The introduction of colour allows short text messages to be
screens and digital imaging have made communicated by telephone
mobiles even more essential. Synonyms przekazywanie wiadomo_ci tekstowych
cell phone n [C] AmE [telefon przez telefon: Text messaging is far komórkowy]
more popular than voice calls.
Synonyms SMS (Short Message
overload n [C] an excessive quantity of Service) n [C] [SMS]
something nadmiar: You may be
overwhelmed by the overload of
white-collar adj employees who work in information that is available on the net.
offices pracownik umys_owy: White-
– overload v [I] [prze_adowa_,
collar jobs are moving abroad.
przeci__y_]
loading bay n [C] the area in a factory or warehouse where goods are loaded for
distribution n [U] the arrangements and transport dok za_adowczy: When a
activities required in order to get goods truck arrives at the loading bay an
from the manufacturer to the consumer
employee registers the delivery.
dystrybucja: Distribution is organised pilot v [T] to test a new idea or product via a product list.
produkowa_ eksperymentalnie: We are
finished goods n [plural] goods or piloting new ways to improve our
products that are ready to be sold on to supply chain management. Synonyms consumers towary gotowe : We keep
test v [T] [testowa_] trial v [T]
close track of the stock levels of our
[prowadzi_ próby]
finished goods.
raw materials n [plural] materials such as freight n [U] the transportation of goods minerals and hydrocarbons which are
by air, sea, rail or road fracht: All used in a production process surowce:
freight is paid by the customer. –
Securing long term supplies of raw
freight v [T] [wysy_a_] Collocations materials is critical.
air-freight, freight car (AmE), freight ship v [T] to move goods from one place train, freight forward
to another wysy_a_: This order is being grey marketing n [U] selling products shipped to Puerto Rico. – shipment n without the authorisation of the
[U] [wysy_ka]– shipping n [U]
trademark owner szara strefa : Any
[wysy_anie]- ship n [C] [wysy_ka]
authorised dealers who resort to grey Synonyms deliver v [ T] [dostarcza_]
marketing will be immedaitely
supply chain n [C] the interactions suspended.
between the suppliers, manufacturers
haulage n [U] the business of transporting and distributors when making and
goods by road or railway przewóz: We selling a product _a_cuch dostawców : are a haulage and warehousing
Information technology has changed
company based in Poland.
the dynamics of the supply chain
Collocations road-haulage
Collocations supply chain management
achievement n [C] something that you succeed in doing by your own efforts
osi_gni_cie : Designing the first laptop computer was one of his greatest
achievements. – achieve v [T] [osi_ga_]
– achiever n [C] [osoba, która
osi_gn__a sukces]
borderline n [C] the point at which one thing ends and another begins granica : Many products fall into the borderline between different product categories –
borderline adj [graniczny]
breakthrough n [C] an important new discovery prze_om: The iMac was a
major breakthrough in computer
design. Collocations make a
breakthrough
business practices n [plural] the methods used to conduct business zasady
prowadzenia dzia_alno_ci: The
company is running a scheme to
encourage best business practices.
design v [T] to make a drawing or plan of something that will be made
projektowa_ : At the moment she’s
designing a new range of furniture to be used in schools. – design n [C]
[projekt] – designer n [C] [projektant]
– designed adj [zaprojektowany]
Collocations designer goods, designer label, designer ware
feature n [C] an important part of something cecha : The programme has
a number of interesting new features. –
feature v [T] [cechowa_ si_] Synonyms characteristic n [C] [charakterystyka]
Collocations product features, special features
generic adj a product that does not have a trademark odtwórczy: Generic drugs
sell at a much lower price.
mass-production adj produced in large quantities masowo produkowany :
Many companies have moved their
mass-production overseas to cheaper
markets. – mass-produce v [T]
[produkowa_ masowo]– mass-
production n [U] [produkcja masowa]
prototype n [C] the first form that a new design takes prototyp: The prototype has revealed areas where the design
can be improved.