Index

Page numbers followed by f refer to figures, t refer to tables, respectively.

A

ABA. See abscisic acid (ABA)
ABO blood groups, 461, 461t

inheritance of, 149, 149f

abscisic acid (ABA), 358, 359t, 373

effects of, 358, 358f

abscission, 358
abstinence, 519, 519t
acetylcholine (ACh), 476, 482
acetylcholinesterase (AChE), 476
acetyl-CoA, 102, 106, 106f

in citric acid cycle, 102, 103f

ACh. See acetylcholine (ACh)
AChE. See acetylcholinesterase (AChE)
acid(s), 25, 26, 26f, 27

strong, 25, 25f

acid-base balance, regulation of, 429, 429f, 432
acid deposition, 26, 26f
acid precipitation, 28, 552
acid rain. See acid precipitation
acoelomates, 308f, 309, 309f, 311
acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. See AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome)
acrosome, 515, 515f, 524f
ACTH. See adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
actin, 39, 166, 505
actin filament, 62, 62f, 67
action potential(s), 475

conduction of, 475, 475f

active immunity, 464
active site, 76, 76f, 80
active transport, 77, 78, 78f, 80
acyclovir, 269
AD. See Alzheimer disease (AD)
adaptation(s), 4, 221, 223, 223f, 228
adaptive radiation, 251, 251f
Addison disease, 487
adenine (A), 41, 41f, 161, 161f,

162, 164

adenosine deaminase gene, gene therapy with, 210
adenosine diphosphate (ADP), 72, 72f, 80, 94
adenosine triphosphate (ATP),

60, 80

in active transport, 78, 78f
breakdown of, 72, 72f, 73, 73f

in glycolysis, 100f, 101

in cellular respiration, 98
formation of, 72, 72f
in fermentation, 107, 107f
in glycolysis, 100f, 101
in photosynthesis, 86, 86f, 89, 89f, 94
structure of, 72, 72f
substrate-level synthesis of, 100f, 101, 101f, 102, 103f, 106, 106f, 107
synthesis of, 61, 67, 105, 105f
use of, 72, 72f
yield of, from glucose metabolism, 106, 106f, 108

ADH. See antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
adhesion, of water molecules, 23, 23f, 349
adhesion junction, 65, 65f, 67
adipose tissue, 382f, 446
adrenal cortex, 487
adrenal gland(s), 487
adrenal medulla, 487
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), 166, 166f, 484
adult stem cells, 188

in cloning, 181

advertisements, for food and

drink, 454

African sleeping sickness, 278, 278f
Agent Orange, 273
age structure, 536f, 537, 539,

539f, 548

agglutination, 461
Agnatha, 321f, 322
AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome), 265, 266, 466,

522, 522f

drugs for, costs of, 470
effect on population growth in Africa, 536
helper T cells in, 466, 466f
opportunistic fungal infections

in, 301

treatment of, 466

costs of, 470

vaccine against, 466

Alagille syndrome, 199, 199f
albumin, 166
alcohol

and cancer, 123
consumption of, in pregnancy, 110

algae (sing. alga), 84, 84f, 94,

266, 276

biology of, 277, 277f, 281
classification of, 276, 277
in lichen, 299
metabolic pathways in, 91, 91f
reproduction of, 277
structure of, 277, 277f

allantois, 524f, 527
allele(s), 128, 145, 145f, 232

dominant, frequencies of,

233, 233f

frequencies of, in population, 233

–234

multiple, 156
rearrangement of, in meiosis, 131, 131f, 132, 132f, 232
X-linked, 152

–153

allergen(s), 465
allergy(ies), 465, 465f
allopatric speciation, 250, 250f, 262
alternation of generations, 286, 286f, 302, 362, 362f
alveolus (pl. alveoli), 423, 425, 425f
Alzheimer disease (AD), 112, 480
Amborella trichopoda, 292, 292f
amino acid(s), 39, 43

essential, 106
formation of, 106

in plants, 91, 91f

hydrocarbon backbone of, in metabolism, 106, 106f
mRNA codons for, 166, 167, 167f
structure of, 39, 39f

amino acid sequence(s), 40, 40f

similarities, in different organisms, 227, 227f

amino group(s), 31f, 34, 39
Amish, founder effect in, 238, 238f
ammonia, 25, 106, 106f, 429
ammonium, in nitrogen cycle,

566, 566f

amniocentesis, 197, 197f, 206
amnion, 524f, 526, 526f
amniotic egg, 321f

of birds, 324
of monotremes, 326
of reptiles, 324, 324f

amniotic fluid, 526, 526f
amoeba, reproduction of, 112, 112f
amoebas, 278, 278f

amoeboid cell(s), 79, 278
amoeboids, 279
amphibian(s), 323, 334

circulatory pathways in, 398, 398f
evolution of, 321, 321f, 323, 323f

ampicillin, 274
amygdala, 480, 480f
amyloplasts, 91
anabolic steroids, 38, 516
analogous structure, 226, 257
analogy, 257
anaphase, 114f, 115, 115f, 117f, 118, 124, 134t
anaphase I, 132, 132f, 134, 134t, 138
anaphase II, 133, 133f, 134t, 138
anemia, 42, 442
angiogenesis, 121, 188, 190

inhibition of, 122, 190

angiosperm(s), 286, 290, 302

adaptations of, 294
biology of, 292

–293

diversity of, 292
evolution of, 285f, 292
gametophyte of, 286, 286f
life cycle of, 293, 293f
uses of, 294

angiostatin, 190
animal(s), 6, 7f, 262

characteristics of, 306

–307, 306f

classification of, 305

–306

cloning of, 180, 181f
evolutionary tree of, 308

–309, 308f, 309f, 333

evolution of, 306

–309, 333

laboratory research using, 336
reproduction of, 530
transgenic, 175, 175f

animal cell(s), 67

cell surfaces of, 64

–65, 64f

cytokinesis in, 117f, 118, 118f
mitosis in, 115, 116

–117, 116f–117f

osmosis in, 78, 78f
structure of, 54f

animal kingdom, 6, 7f
annelid(s), 308f, 309, 309f, 313f, 315, 333
annual ring, 345, 345f
anorexia nervosa, 448
antennae, of crustaceans, 316
anterior pituitary, 484, 485f

and male reproductive system, 516

anther, 292, 362f, 363

of angiosperms, 293, 293f

anther culture, for plant

propagation, 370

antheridium, 289f
anthrax, 272
anthropoid(s), 328, 328f
antibacterial(s), 2

mechanism of action of, 274

antibiotics

bacterial resistance to, 216
mechanism of action of, 274
natural sources of, 588
overuse of, 282
resistance to, 239, 275

antibody(ies), 38, 166, 406, 456

functions of, 461, 461f
production of, 460, 460f
specificity of, 461, 461f

anticodon, 168, 169f
antidiuretic hormone (ADH), 485
antigen(s), 406, 456, 460

antigen-presenting cell (APC),

462, 462f

antioxidant(s), 442
ants, bullhorn acacia and, mutualism of, 558, 558f
anus, 420

in female, 516f

aorta, 399, 402
aortic body, 424
aortic semilunar valve, 399, 399f
APC gene, 194
apes, 328, 328f, 329
apical dominance, 357, 357f
apical meristem, 341

of eudicot root, 346f, 347

apicocomplexans, 278, 278f
aplastic anemia, 48
apoptosis, 58, 119, 119f, 120, 120f, 124, 189, 460, 462
appendages, of crustaceans, 316, 316f
appendicitis, 419

–420

appendicular skeleton, 503
appendix, 419, 456
aquaculture, 589
aquatic ecosystem(s), 568, 568f, 572

primary productivity in, 570, 570f

aquifer(s), 579

water removal from, 579, 580

arachnid(s), 317, 333
arboreal life, 328
Archaea. See domain Archaea
archaea. See also domain Archaea

biology of, 281
definition of, 275
functions of, 275
structure of, 275
types of, 275

Archaeopteryx, 224, 224f
archegonium, 289f
armadillo

and glyptodont, comparison

of, 219f

nine-banded, 588, 588f

arteriole(s), 401
artery(ies), 399, 401f
arthropod(s), 308f, 309, 309f, 313f, 316, 333

anatomy of, 316, 316f
diversity of, 316

arthroscopy, 506
artificial insemination by donor

(AID), 520

artificial selection, 215, 222
Ascaris, 312f, 313
asexual reproduction, 112, 112f, 512, 512f, 530

bacterial, 271

–272, 272f

in flowering plants, 369

–372, 373

fungal, 297, 297f
of lichen, 299, 299f
of sponges, 310

A site, 169, 169f, 170, 170f
assisted reproductive technology, 140, 158, 521

–522

assortative mating, 236
aster, 115, 117f
asthma, 423
atherosclerosis, 36
athletes

blood doping by, 412
erythropoietin use by, 412

athlete’s foot, 301, 301f
atom(s), 17
atomic number, 17, 27
atomic symbol, 17

atomic theory, 17, 230
atomic weight, 17
ATP cycle, 72, 72f, 80
ATP synthase, 89, 89f, 94, 104,

105, 105f

atrioventricular valve, 399
atrium (pl. atria), 399, 399f
auricles, of planarians, 311, 311f
Australian orchid, 552, 552f
australopithecine(s), 329f, 330
autoimmune disease(s), 465, 465f
autonomic system, 482

functions of, 482, 482f
structure of, 482, 482f

autosomal disorder(s), 212

characteristics of, 202

–204

pedigree chart for, 200, 200f

autosomal dominant disorder, pedigree chart for,

200, 200f

autosomal recessive disorder, pedigree chart for,

200, 200f

autosome(s), 128f, 129
autotroph(s), 560, 571
auxin, 356, 359t, 373

effects of, 357
mode of action of, 356, 356f, 357

Aves, 324
avian influenza virus, 269, 269f
AV (atrioventricular) node, 400,

400f, 409

axial skeleton, 502f, 503
axon(s), 385, 385f, 474, 474f,

480, 480f

functions of, 475, 475f
myelinated, 475, 475f
unmyelinated, 475, 475f

AZT, 269

B

bacilli, 271, 271f
backswimmer, ecological niche of, 556, 556f
Bacteria. See domain Bacteria
bacteria, 261, 270

–275

antibiotics from, 588
beneficial, 50
biology of, 271

–273, 280–281

in biotechnology, 274, 281
chemosynthetic, 85n
denitrifying, 566, 566f
disease-causing, 265

–266

environmental importance of, 273, 273f, 281
evolution of, 215

–216

fermentation by, 107
in food science, 274, 274f, 281
functions of, 50
human diseases caused by, 274

–275, 281

human gene production by, 68
medical importance of, 281
nitrifying, 566, 566f
nutrition of, 272

–273, 272f, 280–281

pathogenic, 50
reproduction of, 271

–272,

272f, 280

structure of, 50

–51, 51f, 66, 265, 271, 271f, 280

survival of, 280
transgenic, 175, 175f

bacterial cells, 67
bacteriophage, 267, 272

reproduction of, 267, 267f

balance, sense of, 498, 498f

balanced polymorphism, 241
ball-and-socket joint(s), 506, 507f
ball-and-stick model, 21, 21f
bark (tree), 345, 345f
barnacles, 316, 317, 317f
Barr body, 137, 139, 184, 184f
basal bodies, of cilia and flagella,

63, 63f

base(s), 25, 26, 26f, 27

in nucleic acids, 41, 41f, 161f
strong, 25, 25f

base-pairing, complementary, 41, 41f, 164
basidium (pl., basidia), of mushrooms, 298, 298f
basketweaver’s disease, 301
basophils, 406t
bats, as pollinators, 294, 294f
Bax protein, 189
B-cell receptor (BCR), 460
BCR. See B-cell receptor (BCR)
beach(es)

and human habitation, 577
primary productivity in, 570, 570f

beach erosion, 577, 577f, 595
Beadle, George, 166
beads-on-a-string organization,

113f, 124

HMS Beagle, 216, 216f
Beaumont, William, 417
bees, as pollinators, 294, 294f, 295
behavioral isolation, species and, 248

–249, 248f

beta-carotene, and cancer prevention, 123
bicarbonate ion, 426

in carbon cycle, 567, 567f

bicuspid valve, 399, 399f
bilateral symmetry, 308, 308f

of echinoderms, 319
of flatworms, 311

–312

bile, 418
bile duct, 418, 418f
binary fission, 271
binge-eating disorder, 448
binocular vision, 499
binomial name, 7, 13, 256
biodiversity, 7, 588, 593

agricultural value of, 588

–589, 589f

consumptive use value of, 589

–590, 589f

direct values of, 588

–590, 593

indirect value of, 590

–591,

590f, 593

loss of, with deforestation, 578
medicinal value of, 588, 588f

bioethical issue(s), 12

acid precipitation as, 28
affordability of ADS drugs as, 470
alcohol use in pregnancy as, 110
animals used for laboratory research as, 336
antibiotic use and, 282
assisted reproductive technology and, 140
beach erosion as, 595
blood doping as, 412
cesarean section and, 532
in clinical trials, 14
and deafness as culture, 510
developmental biology and, 264
DNA fingerprinting and, 178
erythropoietin use by athletes as, 412
food and drink advertisements

and, 454

fossil fuel energy in agriculture as, 96
genetic testing for cancer as, 194

genetic testing for cancer susceptibility as, 194
herbicide-resistant crops and, 376
human gene production by bacteria as, 68
human growth hormone therapy for short stature as, 492
intelligent-design theory and, 230
invasive species eradication

as, 574

logging of old-growth forests

as, 354

organ donation and, 394
organophosphate use as, 82
patenting of DNA sequences as, 214
persistent vegetative state and, 434
pesticide use as, 96
plastic vs. bioplastic as, 46
pre-implantation genetic diagnosis and, 196
protection of high-risk species as, 550
protection of unique trees as, 304
reproductive selection and, 244
sex selection as, 158
stem cell research as, 126

biogas, 275
biogeochemical cycle(s), 564, 565, 565f, 566, 566f, 571,

590, 590f

biogeography, 219

Darwin’s study of, 220–221

bioinformatics, 209, 209f
biological magnification, 587, 587f
biological organization, levels of, 2, 2f, 378, 378f, 546, 546f
biological species concept, 246

–247

biologist(s), 8f
biology, 8
biomass, 563
biomes, 568
bioplastic, 46
bioremediation, 273, 273f
biosphere, 2, 5, 12, 546, 568
Biosphere 2, 575

–576

biotechnology, 175, 177

bacteria in, 274

biotic community, in chemical cycling, 564, 564f
biotic potential, 540, 540f, 541, 541f
bipedalism, 329, 330, 330f, 334
bird(s), 324, 334

anatomy of, 325
beak of, 325, 325f
breathing in, 424, 424f
circulatory pathways in, 398, 398f
diversity of, 306
evolution of, 321, 321f
feet of, 325, 325f
flight of, 325, 325f
as pollinators, 294, 294f
reproduction of, 513
temperature regulation by, 325
wading, ecological niches of,

556, 556f

bird flu. See avian influenza virus
birth, 530

stages of, 529, 529f

birth control pill, 519, 519f, 519t
bivalve(s), 314, 314f, 333
black bread mold, 297, 297f
bladder

in female, 516f
in male, 514f

blade, 338, 338f
blastocoel, 526
blastocyst, 525, 525f
blastopore, 313, 313f

blind spot, 500
blood, 383, 405

chemical composition of, 15
components of, 383, 383f, 405, 405f
formed elements of, 405

–406, 405f, 406t, 409

functions of, 405, 409
pH of, 26

blood clotting, 406

–407, 407f

blood doping, 412
blood fluke, 312, 312f
blood pressure, 401

diastolic, 403
systolic, 403

blood type(s), 461, 461t

inheritance of, 149, 149f

blood vessel(s), 401

–403, 401f, 409

blubber, 35
B lymphocyte(s) (B cell(s)), 457

characteristics of, 460, 460t
functions of, 457t, 460, 460f

body cavity, 308, 308f

of roundworms, 312, 312f
types of, 308

–309, 309f

body stalk, 527
body temperature, 388, 455

–456

regulation of, 390, 390f

body weight

energy balance and, 446, 446f
healthy, 446

bog moss, 287
bolus, 416
bomb calorimeter, 444, 444f
bone(s), 383

extracellular matrix of, 64
functions of, 502
structure of, 504, 504f

bony fishes, 321, 321f, 322, 322f

gills of, 425, 425f

book lungs, 317
botanist(s), 8f
bottleneck effect, 237

and microevolution, 237

–238, 237f

botulism, 272
bowel, 419
brain

of annelids, 315, 315f
of cephalopods, 314, 314f
disorders of, 471

–472

embryonic development of, 526
functions of, 471

–472

human, evolution of, 330

–331

injury to, 111

–112

of mammals, 327
PET scan of, 18, 18f
of planarians, 311, 311f
of primates, 328

–329

vertebrate, 478, 478f

brain stem, 478f, 479
BRCA-1 and BRCA-2, 142, 191, 194
breast cancer

BRCA-1 and BRCA-2 and, 142, 191, 194
development of, 121f

breathing, 424, 424f, 431
breathing center, in brain, 424
breathing rate, control of,

426, 426f

bristlecone pine, 291
British land snails, disruptive selection in, 240, 240f
brittle star, 319f
bronchiole(s), 423

bronchitis, 423
bronchus (pl. bronchi), 423
brown algae, 277, 277f
bryophyte(s), 286, 287, 287f. See also moss

adaptations of, 287
uses of, 287

budding, in reproduction of

sponges, 310

buffer(s), 26
bulbourethral glands, 514f, 515
bulimia nervosa, 448
bulk transport, 77, 79, 79f, 80
bullhorn acacia, and ants, mutualism of, 558, 558f
bundle sheath cell(s), in C

4

plants, 92

bursa, 506
bursitis, 506
butterfly(ies), 318

as pollinators, 294, 294f

C

calcitonin, 185, 486
calcium

dietary, 441t, 442
roles of, in human body, 493

–494

calcium balance, regulation of, 486
calcium carbonate, 311f, 567

in otoliths, 498

calorie(s), 70. See also energy
Calories, 70, 74f

in food, 74f

Calvin cycle reaction(s), 86, 86f, 89f, 90

–91, 90f, 94

in CAM plants, 93, 93f
in C

4

plants, 92

–93, 93f

calyx, 292, 292f
CAM, 93, 93f, 94
Cambrian explosion, 252t, 253,

307, 307f

camera-type eye, 499, 499f
cancer, 16, 18, 18f, 111, 121

cell cycle and, 121

–123

development of, 188, 188f
as failure of genetic control, 188

–191, 192

gene therapy for, 210, 211
as genetic disease, 189, 192
genetic testing for, 194
hereditary forms of, 191, 191f, 192
inheritance patterns for, 191, 192
prevention of, 122

–123

risk factors for, 179

–180

treatment of, 122

cancer cell(s), 122f, 179

absence of telomere shortening

in, 190

characteristics of, 121, 188, 188t
genetic changes in, 190, 192
motility of, 190
and normal cells, comparison of, 188, 188t

cancer in situ, 121, 121f, 188f,

190, 190f

Candida albicans, 301, 523
cannabis, 477
CAPD. See continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD)
capillary(ies), 401, 401f

lymphatic, 403, 408, 408f

capillary exchange, 408, 408f, 409
capsid, 266, 266f, 268
capsule, 50, 51f, 66
carbohydrate(s), 33

–34. See also glycolysis

dietary, 32, 32f, 437, 438

–439, 438t

formation of, in photosynthesis, 83

–84, 85, 85f, 86, 86f, 90, 90f. See also photosynthesis

functions of, 43
metabolism of, 106, 106f, 439
production of, by cholorplast, 60
structure of, 43

carbon, 16, 16f
carbon atom, 19f, 30

–31

carbon cycle, 564, 567, 567f

bacteria and, 273
human activities and, 567

carbon dioxide (CO

2

)

in carbon cycle, 567, 567f
in citric acid cycle, 102, 103f
in photosynthesis, 85, 85f, 86, 86f
reduction of, 90, 94
transport of, 77, 426, 426f, 431
uptake of, by plants, 295, 591

carbon dioxide (CO

2

) fixation, 90, 90f, 94

in C

4

plants, 92

–93, 93f

carbonic acid, 26
Carboniferous period, 288, 288f, 291
carbon monoxide, 97
carbon skeleton, 31, 31f
carbon-to-carbon bonds, 31, 31f
carboxyl group(s), 31, 31f, 39
carcinogenesis, 121, 188, 188f
carcinoma, 121
cardiac cycle, 400
cardiac muscle, 384, 384f
cardiovascular disease, 447, 447f
cardiovascular system, 386, 386f, 395

–396, 397

disorders of, 403

–404, 409

functions of, 388
human, 414f
movement of blood in, 402, 402f

carnivore(s), 415, 555, 560, 560f

dentition in, 415, 415f
digestive system of, 418, 419f
and energy balance, 561, 561f
in food webs, 562

–563, 562f

fungal, 298, 298f
mammals as, 327
plants as, 337

–338

carotenoid, 87, 87f, 88
carotid body, 424
carpel, 292, 292f, 293, 363, 363f
carrier(s), of recessive traits,

153, 200

carrier proteins, 38
carrying capacity, 535
Carson, Rachel, Silent Spring, 12, 587
cartilage, 383

extracellular matrix of, 64
torn, 506

cartilaginous fishes, 322, 322f

evolution of, 321, 321f

caspase(s), 120, 124
cassava, 295
cataracts, 499
catastrophists, 217
cat’s cry syndrome, 198
cDNA, 268, 268f
cell(s), 2, 48

diversity of, 48, 48f
eukaryotic, 50, 50f, 54

–63, 66

microscopy of, 48

–49, 48f, 66

multinucleated, 118
number of, in human body, 47
osmosis in, 78, 78f
prokaryotic, 50

–53, 50f, 51f, 66

signaling between, 187,

187f, 192

specialized, gene expression in, 182, 182f
types of, 47, 48, 48f

cell body, 474
cell cycle, 114, 114f, 124, 189

and cancer, 121

–123

checkpoints, 124
control of, 119

–120, 124

length of, 117

cell plate, 118, 118f
cell recognition proteins, 53, 53f, 66
cell-signaling pathway, 187, 187f
cell suspension culture, for plant propagation, 370
cell theory, 9, 50, 230
cellular reproduction, 112

–113,

112f, 124

cellular respiration, 61, 67, 74, 98

–100, 98f, 108

anaerobic, 97

cellulose, 34, 43, 64, 67, 91, 341

structure of, 34, 34f

cell wall, 50, 51f, 55f, 64

of plants, 64, 64f, 67
primary, 64
secondary, 64

centipedes, 317, 317f
central nervous system (CNS), 473, 478

–480, 478f, 494, 494f

embryonic development of,

526, 526f

central vacuole, 55f
centriole(s), 54f, 62

–63, 63f, 66,

67, 116f

centromere, 113, 113f, 115, 115f, 116, 116f, 124
centrosome(s), 55f, 62

–63, 62f, 63f, 67, 115, 116f, 124

cephalization, 308

of planarians, 311, 311f

Cephalochordata, 320, 321f
cephalopod(s), 314, 314f, 333
cephalothorax, of crustaceans,

316, 316f

cerebellum, 478f, 479
cerebral cortex, 329, 478

functional regions of, 478

–479, 479f

cerebrum, 478f
cervical cancer, 179, 180, 512
cervical cap, 520
cervix, 512, 516, 516f
cesarean section, woman’s refusal of, 532
CFCs. See chlorofluorcarbons (CFCs)
channel proteins, 38, 53, 53f, 66
Chara, 284
character displacement, 557, 557f
Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, 172
Chargaff, Erwin, 160, 161
Chargaff’s rules, 161
checkpoint(s), in cell cycle, 119, 119f, 124
chemical bonds, 19

–21, 20f, 21f

chemical cycling, 273, 273f

in ecosystems, 5, 5f, 561, 561f, 564

–567, 564f, 571

chemical energy, 70, 74f, 83

formation from solar energy, 83

–84. See also photosynthesis

chemical reactions, 21
chemistry, 16
chemoautotroph(s), 272, 272f, 275, 560, 566
chemoheterotroph(s), 272, 276,

296, 306

chemoreceptor(s), 495, 495f
chemosynthetic bacteria, 85n
chemotherapy, 122
Chicago disease, 301

chiggers, 317
China, one-child policy of, 533

–534

chitin, 34, 297, 316, 502
chlamydia, 523
Chlamydomonas, 277, 277f
chloride, as nutrient, 441t
chlorofluorcarbons (CFCs), 586
chlorophyll, 85, 86, 87, 87f, 88, 284
chloroplast(s), 55, 55f, 60, 67, 74, 74f, 85, 85f, 94

algal, 277, 277f
in C

4

plants, 92

origins of, 276
structure of, 60, 60f

chloroquine resistance, 239
CHNOPS [acronym], 16, 30
choanocytes, 310, 310f
cholesterol, 35, 37, 43, 440

dietary sources of, 29
functions of, 29

–30

intake of, 447
structure of, 37, 37f

Chondrichthyes, 321f, 322
chordate(s), 308f, 309, 309f, 313f, 320, 333, 334

characteristics of, 320, 320f
evolution of, 320

–321, 321f

invertebrate, 320, 320f, 334

chorion, 327, 524f, 525, 528, 528f
chorionic villi, 528, 528f
chorionic villi sampling, 197,

197f, 206

Christmas tree worm, 315
chromatin, 54f, 55f, 56, 56f, 66, 113, 113f, 116f, 124, 184
chromosomal disorder(s), genetic counseling for, 196

–199, 212

chromosomal mutation(s), 198

genetic counseling for, 196

–199, 212

testing for, 196

–197, 197f

chromosome(s), 56, 66, 113, 116

abnormalities of

genetic counseling for, 196

–199

testing for, 196

–197, 197f

number of, 114, 115. See also diploid (2n) number; haploid (n) number

abnormalities of, 136, 136f

organization of, levels of, 113, 113f
structure of, abnormalities of, syndromes caused by, 198

chromosome map, 154

–155, 155f

chromosome pairs, 128, 128f, 129
chyme, 418
cilia

of protozoans, 276
of respiratory passages, 422, 422f

ciliate, 278
ciliates, 276
cilium (pl., cilia), 63, 63f, 67
circulatory system

animals without, 396, 396f
of annelids, 315, 315f
of arthropods, 316
closed, 397, 397f, 409
open, 396

–397, 397f, 409

circumcision, 514f
cirrhosis, 421
citric acid cycle, 99, 99f, 102, 103f, 106, 106f, 108
clade(s), 259, 259f
cladistics, 259, 264
cladists, 260, 260f, 262
cladograms, 259

–260, 259f, 264

clams, 314

–315

clam worm, 315, 315f
Clark’s nutcracker, whitebark pine and, mutualism of,

558, 558f

class, 6, 256, 256f
classification systems, 261
clavicle, 503
cleavage, of zygote, 525, 525f
cleavage furrow, 117f, 118, 118f, 132f
climate, 5

regulation of, 591

climax community, 554, 554f
clitoris, 516f, 517
cloaca, 326
clonal plants, 370, 370f
cloning, human, 12
closed circulatory system, 397,

397f, 409

club mosses, 287, 288, 288f
clumped distribution, 538, 538f, 548
cnidarian(s), 308, 308f, 309f, 310

–311, 311f, 333

body forms of, 310f, 311, 311f

cnidocytes, 311
CNS. See central nervous system (CNS)
CoA. See coenzyme A (CoA)
coal, 84

–85

formation of, 288

coast(s), and human habitation, 577
coastal pollution, 577
coastal redwood, 291, 337, 338
coated pit, 79, 79f
cocaine abuse, 477, 477f
cocci, 271, 271f
codominance, 149
codon(s), 166, 167, 167f, 172

and anticodons, pairing of, 168, 169f, 170, 170f, 171f

coelom, 308, 309, 309f, 414,

526f, 527

of annelids, 315, 315f

coelomates, 308

–309, 308f

coenzyme, 89
coenzyme A (CoA), 99
coevolution, 552, 552f
cohesion, of water molecules, 23, 23f, 349
cohesion-tension model, 349, 349f
coiled fiber, 113f
collagen, 38, 38f, 40, 64, 64f

synthesis of, 436

collar cells, 310, 310f
collecting duct(s), 428
collenchyma, 341, 341f
colon cancer, 179, 188
color blindness, 204
color vision, species distribution of, 499
columnar epithelium, 380

–381, 380f

commensalism, 273, 556, 556t, 571
common ancestor, 247, 256
community(ies), 2, 5, 12, 546, 546f, 552, 571

diversity of, 553
ecology of, 552

–559, 571

interactions in, 556

–558, 556t, 571

keystone species in, 558

–559

species composition of, 553, 553f
stability of, 558

–559

compact bone, 382f, 383, 504, 504f
competition, 542, 542f, 556, 556t, 557, 571
competitive exclusion principle,

557, 557f

complementary base-pairing, 41, 41f, 162, 163f, 164
complement system, 459, 459f
composting, 298
compound, 19
compound eye, 499, 499f
conchs, 314

conclusion, 9, 9f
condom

female, 519f, 520
male, 520

conduction deafness, 497
cone(s) (photoreceptor), 500, 500f
cone(s) (plant), 291, 291f
conifer(s), 291, 291f
conjugation, 272
connective tissue, 379, 379f, 382, 391

functions of, 382

–383, 382f

structure of, 382

–383, 382f

conservation, 7

in farming, 580, 580f
of water, 579, 579f

conservation biology, 547
consumer(s), 560, 560f, 571
contact inhibition, 120
continental drift, 254, 255f

and extinctions, 254

continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD), 430
contour farming, 580f
contraceptive implant, 519, 519f, 519t
contraceptive injection, 519t, 520
contraceptive vaccine, 520
contractile ring, 118, 118f
control group, 8
controlled study, 10

–11, 10f–11f

control systems, of human body, 386

–387, 387f, 471–490

convergent evolution, 257
copepod, 317, 317f
copper, as nutrient, 441t
copper mosses, 287
copulation, 513, 513f
coral reef(s), 5, 276, 311f

primary productivity in, 570, 570f

cork, 341, 341f, 345, 345f
cork cambium, 341, 341f, 345, 345f
cork cell, 345
corn, transposon in, 172, 172f
cornea, 499, 499f
corn smut, 300
corolla, 292, 292f
coronary artery disease, 404, 404f
corpus callosum, 478f
corpus luteum, 517

–518, 517f, 518f

cortex, 347

of eudicot root, 346f, 347, 347f

cotton, 295
cotyledon(s), 293, 293f, 340, 340f, 366, 366f
coupled reaction, 73, 73f
covalent bond, 20, 27
coxal bones, 503
crabs, 316, 317, 317f
cranial nerve(s), 473, 473f, 480
cranium, 503
Crassulaceae, 93
crassulacean-acid metabolism.

See CAM

crayfish, 316
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, 270
Crick, Francis, 160, 162, 162f
cru du chat syndrome, 198
cristae, 61, 61f, 67, 102f,

104

–105, 105f

critical length, of photoperiod,

360, 361f

crocodiles, 324
Cro-Magnon, 332
crossing-over, 131, 131f, 132, 132f, 135f, 138, 154, 154f, 156

inversion and, 199, 199f

crustacean(s), 316, 333

anatomy of, 316, 316f
diversity of, 317f

cuboidal epithelium, 380

–381, 380f

culture

definition of, 330
of Homo habilis, 330

cup coral, 311f
Cushing syndrome, 487, 487f
cutaneous receptor(s), 501, 501f
cuticle, 341
Cutshall, Cindy, 210f
Cuvier, Georges, 217, 228
cyanide, 76, 97
cyanobacteria, 84, 84f, 94, 272, 272f, 276

in lichen, 299

cycads, 291, 291f
cyclin(s), 119, 119f, 189

in cancer, 189, 189f

cyclin D, 189
cysteine, 39f
cystic fibrosis, 141, 202

characteristics of, 202, 202f

cytokine(s), 463
cytokinesis, 114, 114f, 117, 117f, 124, 133

in animal cells, 117f, 118, 118f
length of, 117
in plant cells, 118, 118f

cytokinin(s), 358, 359t

effects of, 358

cytoplasm, 50, 51f, 54f

of animal cells, 64f
of plant cells, 64f

cytosine (C), 41, 41f, 161, 161f,

162, 164

cytoskeleton, 55, 55f, 62, 67

of animal cells, 64f
filaments of, 64f, 65f

cytotoxic T cell(s), 462

–463, 463f

functions of, 457t

D

dam(s), and water supply, 579
Darwin, Charles, 216

–218, 216f, 228, 238

On the Origin of Species, 223
study of biogeography, 220

–221

study of geology and fossils, 219
and Wallace, 223, 228

Darwin’s finches. See finches, of Galápagos Islands
data, 9

analysis of, 9

daughter chromosome(s), 115, 115f, 116, 133, 133f, 135f
day-neutral plant, 360
DDT, 239, 587
deafness, as culture, 510
deamination, 421, 440
decapods, 317f
deceleration phase, of logistic growth, 541, 541f
deciduous trees, 339
Decker, Donovan, 210f
decomposer(s), 560, 560f,

561, 590

bacterial, 273, 273f
fungi as, 298

deer, 327f
deficiency disorder, 436
deforestation, 578, 578f, 591

species lost due to, 575

dehydration reaction, 32f, 33, 35

–36, 39, 39f

delayed allergic response, 465
deletion, 198, 198f
demographics, 539

and population growth, 539, 548

denatured enzyme, 40
dendrite(s), 385, 385f, 474, 474f
denitrification, 566, 566f
dense fibrous connective tissue, 382
density-dependent factor(s),

542

–543, 542f, 543f, 548

density-independent factor(s), 542, 542f, 548
dentition

human, 415, 415f
in mammals, 415, 415f

deoxyribose, 33, 41, 161f
depressants, 476
depth perception, 499
derived character, 256
desert(s), 568, 569f

primary productivity in, 570, 570f

desertification, 578, 578f
detrital food web, 562

–563, 562f

detritus, 560, 562

–563

deuterostome(s), 309f, 313, 333. See also chordate(s); echinoderm(s)

development of, 313, 313f
and protostomes, comparison of, 313

development, human, 524

–529, 530

diabetes mellitus, 488

type 1, 446, 488
type 2, 446

–447, 488

dialysate, 430
dialysis, 430, 430f
diaphragm, 424
diaphragm (contraceptive), 520
diaphragm (muscle), 327
diarrhea, 420
diastole, 400, 400f
diatoms, 84f, 276, 277f
diencephalon, 478f, 479, 480
diet, 437

balanced, 437
and cancer prevention, 123, 123f
healthy, 435

–436, 436f

dietary supplement(s), 450

–451

dieting, 446
digestive juices, regulation of, 421, 431
digestive system, 386, 386f, 431

of annelids, 315, 315f
of carnivores, 418, 419f
of earthworm, 414

–415, 415f

functions of, 388
human, 414

–421, 414f

anatomy of, 414

–415, 415f

of planarians, 311, 311f, 312
of roundworms, 312, 312f
of ruminants, 418, 419f

dihybrid, 147, 154
dinoflagellates, 276, 277f
dinosaurs, 246f, 324
dioecious plants, 363
diploid (2n) number, 129, 129f, 131, 134, 135f, 138, 515, 515f
directional selection, 239, 239f, 242
disaccharide, 33
disruptive selection, 240, 240f, 242
distal tubule, 428
diuretics, 429
diversity, 553
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), 4, 4f, 41, 43, 160, 160f

bacterial, 51
base-pair sequences, in

phylogeny, 258

cloning of, 173
damage to, 16, 18
double helix of, 114, 115, 162, 162f, 163f
in eukaryotic cells, 54, 56, 66
mitochondrial, in human

evolution, 331

nucleotide composition of, 161, 161f
in prokaryotes, 50

–51

and protein synthesis, 166
repair, enzymes for, 172
replication of, 41, 113, 114, 114f, 162, 164, 164f, 176

complementary base-pairing in, 164
in eukaryotes, 164, 164f
joining in, 164
unwinding in, 164

and RNA, comparison of, 165t
sequences

patenting of, 214
similarities, in different organisms, 227, 227f

space-filling model of, 163f
structure of, 41, 41f, 160

–163, 163f, 176

compared to structure of

RNA, 43

template strand of, 167, 167f
testing, for genetic disorders, 205
transcription of. See transcription
viral, 266, 266f
X-ray diffraction pattern of,

162, 162f

DNA chip, 205, 205f, 209
DNA fingerprinting, 174, 174f,

177, 178

DNA ligase, 164, 173
DNA polymerase, 164, 174, 174f
DNA probe, 205, 205f
DNA technology, 173

–175, 177

DNA unpacking, 183, 183f,

184, 184f

Dolly, 180
domain(s), 6, 12

–13, 256, 256f,

261, 261f. See also three-domain system

domain Archaea, 6, 6f, 261, 261f
domain Bacteria, 6, 6f, 261, 261f
domain Eukarya, 6, 6f, 7f, 261, 261f
dominant allele, 145
dominant trait, 141
dormancy, 357

of seeds, 290

dorsal root ganglion, 481, 481f
double fertilization, 293, 293f,

364f, 365

double helix, 41, 41f
double membrane

of chloroplasts, 60, 60f
of mitochondria, 61, 61f, 102f

doubling time, of population, 535
Down syndrome, 127, 136

–137, 136f, 139

karyotype in, 197
prenatal diagnosis of, 197
translocation causing, 199

drip irrigation, 579, 579f
Drosophila melanogaster

chromosome map for, 155
chromosomes of, 154, 154f
genetic experiments with, 146

–147, 147f, 152–153, 153f

wild-type, 146

drug(s), natural sources of, 588, 588f
drug abuse, 476

–477

drug resistance, 239

Duchenne muscular dystrophy, 204

characteristics of, 204, 204f

duckbill platypus, 305

–306, 326

duodenum, 418, 418f, 420
duplication, 198, 198f
dyad(s), 130, 132

–133

dynein, 62, 62f
dysentery, 274

amoebic, 278

E

ear(s), anatomy of, 496

–497, 496f

Earth

carrying capacity of, for

humans, 535

crust of, elements in, 16f
temperature of, greenhouse gases and, 583, 583f

earthworm, 315, 333

anatomy of, 315, 315f
biology of, 315
nervous system of, 473, 473f

eating disorders, 448, 448f
Ebola virus, 269, 269f
ecdysozoa, 309, 309f
echinoderm(s), 308f, 309f, 313f, 319, 333, 334

diversity of, 319, 319f

ecological niche(s), 556, 556f, 571

specialization of, 557

ecological pyramid, 563, 563f, 571
ecological succession, 554

–555, 554f, 555f, 571

primary, 554, 554f
secondary, 554

–555, 554f, 555f

ecologist(s), 8f
ecology, 546

as biological science, 547
of communities, 552

–559, 571

of ecosystems, 560

–567, 571

and environmental science, 547
of major ecosystems,

568

–570, 572

scope of, 546

–547, 548

ecosystem(s), 2, 5, 5f, 12, 546, 546f, 552

–553, 571

chemical cycling in, 5, 5f, 561, 561f, 564

–567, 564f, 571

ecology of, 560

–567, 571

energy flow in, 5, 5f, 74, 74f, 561

–564, 561f, 571

indirect value of, 590

–591, 590f

major, ecology of, 568

–570, 572

preservation of, 7
primary productivity in, 570,

570f, 572

ecotourism, 591, 591f
ectoderm, 309, 309f, 526, 526f
ectothermic animals, 324
edema, 430
EGF. See epidermal growth

factor (EGF)

egg(s), 127, 128, 129, 129f, 512

in fertilization, 524, 524f
of reptiles, 324, 324f
testing, for genetic disorders,

207, 207f

ejaculation, 515
ejaculatory duct, 514f, 515
elastic fibers, of extracellular matrix, 64, 64f
electrocardiogram (ECG), 400, 400f
electron(s), 17, 17f, 27

arrangement of, in atom, 18

–19

electron acceptor(s)

in electron transport chain,

104, 104f

in glucose metabolism, 99, 99f
in photosynthesis, 88, 88f, 94

electronegativity, 22
electron microscope(s), 48f, 49, 49f
electron model, 21, 21f
electron shell, 18

–19, 19f

electron transport chain, 88, 88f,

94, 99, 99f, 104

–105, 104f, 108

element(s), 16, 27. See also

periodic table

elephantiasis, 313
elongation cycle, of translation, 170, 170f, 177
embolus, 404
embryo

animal, 308, 308f
human

early development of, 525, 525f, 530
later development of, 526

–527, 526f, 527f, 530

organ formation in, 526

–527, 526f, 527f

pre-implantation genetic diagnosis in, 195

–196

testing, for genetic disorders,

206f, 207

of seed plants, 290f

embryonic period, 525
embryonic stem cells, in cloning, 181, 181f
embryo sac, 362, 362f, 365

of angiosperms, 293, 293f

emergency contraception, 520
emerging viruses, 269, 269f
emission, in ejaculation, 515
emphysema, 425
empty-calorie foods, 437
emulsification, 418
endocrine disrupters, 587

functions of, 388

endocrine gland(s), 420, 483, 483f
endocrine system, 387, 387f, 483

–488, 483f

mode of action of, 472, 472f

endocytosis, 79, 79f, 80
endoderm, 309, 309f, 526, 526f
endodermis, 347

of eudicot root, 346f, 347

endomembrane system (ES), 54

–55, 58, 59f, 66

endometrium, 517

blastocyst implantation in,

525, 525f

in menstrual cycle, 518, 518f

endoparasite(s), 312
endoplasmic reticulum (ER), 54f, 56f, 57f, 58f, 165

lumen of, 56f, 57f
membranes of, 57f, 58

endoskeleton, 307, 502

of vertebrates, 320

endosperm(s), 357

of angiosperms, 293, 293f

endospore(s), 272, 272f
endostatin, 190
endosymbiotic hypothesis, 276
endothermic, 325
energy, 3, 3f, 70. See also calorie(s)

in active transport, 78, 78f
from food, 74, 74f
in food, measurement of, 444, 444f
intake of, 444

–445

measurement of, 70
output, 445
renewable types of, 584

–585, 584f

requirements, of human body, 445
as resource, 576, 576f,

583

–585, 593

solar. See solar energy
yield of, from glycolysis, 106,

106f, 108

energy balance, and body weight, 446, 446f
energy flow, in ecosystems, 5, 5f, 74, 74f, 561

–564, 561f, 571

energy laws, 70, 74, 80
energy of activation (E

a

), 75, 75f

enhancer, 186, 186f
Ensatina salamanders, 250, 250f
Entamoeba histolytica, 278
Entamoeba invadens, 278f
entomology, 318
entropy, 71, 80

cells and, 71, 71f

environment

definition of, 388
internal, 388, 388f
organisms’ response to, 3
and phenotype, 150, 150f

environmental impact, population growth and, 537, 537f
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 587
enzyme(s), 38, 53, 53f, 66, 75, 80, 166

acrosomal, 524, 524f
actions of, 75, 75f, 76, 76f
active site of, 76, 76f, 80
denatured, 40
for DNA repair, 172
and rate of reactions, 75, 75f
specificity of, 166
structure of, 40

enzyme inhibition, 76, 76f
eosinophils, 406t
EPA. See Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
epidermal growth factor (EGF), 120
epidermal tissue, of plants, 341,

341f, 352

epidermis, 381, 381f

of eudicot root, 346f, 347, 347f
of plants, 341, 341f

epididymis, 514, 514f
epiglottis, 416
epinephrine, 487
episodic memory, 480
epithelial tissue, 379, 379f, 380, 391

functions of, 380

–381, 380f, 381f

structure of, 380

–381, 380f

equilibrium population, 544, 544f, 548

and vulnerability to extinction,

545, 545f

erection, 515
ergot, 301
erythromycin, 274
erythropoietin, 405

use by athletes, 412

Escherichia coli, 6f, 50, 271, 271f

lac operon of, 182

–183, 182f

in large intestine, 420

esophagus, 416, 420f

of annelids, 315, 315f

essential nutrient(s), 437
estrogen(s), 37, 37f, 43, 518, 530

action of, 120
in menstrual cycle, 518, 518f
in ovarian cycle, 517

ethanol, 300
ethyl alcohol, 33

production of, in fermentation, 107, 107f

ethylene, 359, 373

functions of, 359, 359f, 359t

etiolate seedlings, 361

euchromatin, 184
eudicot(s), 340, 340f, 351

flowers of, 362, 363, 363f
germination in, 368, 368f
roots of, 346f, 347, 347f, 352
seed development in, 366, 366f
stems of, 344, 344f

eugenics, 140
Euglena, 6f, 84f
Eukarya, 275. See domain Eukarya
eukaryote(s), 265

classification of, 261, 261f
DNA replication in, 164, 164f
evolution of, 253
gene expression in, 166

–170, 171f, 183–186, 183f, 192

eukaryotic cell(s), 50, 50f, 54

–63, 66

evolution of, 276, 276f

eutrophication, 565
evergreens, 339
evolution, 4, 215. See also macroevolution; microevolution

of bacteria, 215

–216

evidence for, 224

–227

anatomical, 226
biochemical, 227, 227f
biogeographic, 225
fossil, 224, 224f

genetic context for, 233, 242
gradualistic model of, 253, 254f
human, 328

–332, 328f, 329f, 334

law of, 9
major events in, 252t
of modern humans, 331, 331f
pace of, 253

–254, 254f

principle of, 9
punctuated equilibrium model of, 254, 254f
theory of, 9, 216

–223, 228

exchange pool, in chemical cycling, 564, 564f
excretory system

of annelids, 315, 315f
of planarians, 311f

exercise, 447, 447f

benefits of, 507

exocrine gland(s), 420
exocytosis, 79, 79f, 80
exons, 168, 168f, 185, 185f
exophthalmic goiter, 486
exoskeleton, 307, 502, 503f

of arthropods, 316
of insects, 318
of molluscs, 314, 314f

exotic species, 559, 559f, 571
experiment(s), 8

–9, 9f

experimental design, 8
experimental variable, 8
expiration, 424, 424f, 431
exponential growth, 540, 540f, 548
exponential growth phase

of exponential growth, 540, 540f
of logistic growth, 541, 541f

expulsion, in ejaculation, 515
external fertilization, 512, 513f
extinction(s), 7, 221, 246, 246f, 252t, 545, 548, 553

causes of, 588, 588f
mass, 7
potential, number of, 588
rate of, 7
vulnerability to, 545, 545f, 550

extracellular matrix, 64, 67

of animal cells, 64, 64f

extraembryonic membranes, 513, 524, 524f, 525, 526

of mammals, 327
of reptiles, 324, 324f

eye(s)

of arthropods, 316, 316f
of cephalopods, 314, 314f
human, anatomy of, 499, 499f
types of, 499, 499f

eyespots, of planarians, 311, 311f
Ey gene, 186, 186f

F

facial bones, 503
facilitated diffusion, 77, 80
FAD

as coenzyme, 99
in electron transport chain, 104, 104f

FADH

2

, 99, 99f

in citric acid cycle, 102, 103f
and electron transport chain,

104, 104f

fairy ring, 298, 298f
fallopian tubes. See oviduct(s)
familial hypercholesterolemia (FH), 204

characteristics of, 204, 204f
gene therapy for, 210

family, 6, 256
family (taxonomic), 256f
family pedigree. See pedigree(s)
farming

conservation methods for, 580, 580f
contour, 580f
fossil fuel use in, 580
harmful practices used in, 580
no-till, 580f

fat(s), 35, 43

breakdown of, 35

–36, 35f

dietary, 439

–440

reduction of, 440, 440t

metabolism of, 106, 106f
synthesis of, 35

–36, 35f, 106

fatty acid(s), 35, 36f, 43

formation of, in plants, 91, 91f
metabolism of, 106, 106f
omega-3 unsaturated, 447

feathers, 321f, 324
feedback inhibition, 76, 76f
female gametophyte, 362, 362f, 364, 364f, 365

of angiosperms, 293f
of seed plants, 290, 290f

femur, 503
fermentation, 33, 107, 107f, 108

fungal, 300
yeast, 300

fern(s), 284f, 288, 289

adaptations of, 289, 289f
diversity of, 289, 289f
evolution of, 285f
as food, 289
gametophyte of, 286, 286f
life cycle of, 289, 289f
medicinal value of, 289
uses of, 289

fertilization

of angiosperms, 293, 293f
in ferns, 289f
in human reproduction, 515, 516, 524, 524f, 525f, 530
of seed plants, 290, 290f

fertilizer(s), 566

controlled study of, 10

–11, 10f–11f

in farming, 580

fetal cells, testing, for genetic disorders, 206
fetal development, 528

–529, 528f, 529f, 530

fetus

age of viability, 511
testing, for genetic disorders, 206
ultrasound of, 206, 206f

fever, 455

–456

F

2

fitness, species and, 248f, 249

F

1

generation, 144, 144f

F

2

generation, 144, 144f

fiber, dietary, 29, 34, 91,

438

–439, 439f

fibrillin, 151
fibrin, 407, 407f
fibrinogen, 407, 407f
fibroblast(s), 382, 382f
fibrous protein, 40, 40f
fibula, 503
filaments, 363

in cytoskeleton, 55f
of stamen, 292, 292f

filarial worm, 313
filter feeder, 310
filtration, 428
fimbriae, 51, 51f, 66, 516, 517f
fin(s), of fish, 322, 322f
finches, of Galápagos Islands, 220, 220f, 251, 251f

niche specialization among,

557, 557f

fishes, 334

circulatory pathways in, 398, 398f
classes of, 322, 322f
evolution of, 321, 321f, 322, 322f

fishing, 582, 582f
fitness, 222
five-kingdom system, 6, 13, 261, 262
flagellum (pl., flagella), 51, 51f, 63, 63f, 66, 67

amoebic, 278
bacterial, 271, 271f
of protozoans, 276
of sponges, 310, 310f

flame cells, of planarians, 311f
flatworm(s), 309, 309f, 311

–312, 333

parasitic, 312, 312f

Fleming, Alexander, 8
flood(s), prevention of, 295, 591
flower(s), 285, 362

anatomy of, 362, 362f
complete, 363
evolution of, 285, 285f
incomplete, 363
parts of, 292, 292f

flowering plant(s)

asexual reproduction in, 369

–372

eudicot, 340, 340f

flowers of, 362, 363, 363f
germination in, 368, 368f
roots of, 346f, 347, 347f, 352
seed development in,

366, 366f

stems of, 344, 344f

life cycle of, 362, 364, 364f, 373
monocot, 340, 340f

flowers of, 362, 363, 363f
germination in, 368, 368f
roots of, 347
seed development in, 366
stems of, 344, 344f

as photosynthesizers, 85
responses in, 356

–361

sexual reproduction in,

362

–368, 373

flowering plants, 284f.

See also angiosperm(s)

evolution of, 285, 285f
gametophyte of, 286, 286f

fluid-mosaic model, 52, 66
flukes, 312, 312f
fluoroquinolone, 274
flycatchers, species of, 246, 247f
follicle(s), 517

number of, in human female, 517
primary, 517, 517f

follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), 516

in ovarian cycle, 517, 518f

follicular phase, of ovarian cycle, 517

–518, 518f

food, 3, 3f

empty-calorie, 437
energy from, 74, 74f
production of, 96
as resource, 576, 576f,

580

–582, 593

food chain, 563, 563f, 571, 582
food guide pyramid, 449

–450, 449f, 449t, 451

food poisoning, 274
food science, bacteria in, 274, 274f
food web, 562, 562f, 571
foot, of molluscs, 314, 314f
foraminiferan, 278, 278f
foreskin, 514f
forest(s)

in climate regulation, 591
ecological benefits of, 295
effects of fire on, 547, 547f
old-growth, logging of, 354
temperate, 568, 569f

primary productivity in,

570, 570f

water-holding by, 591

fossil(s), 217f, 253, 253f

Darwin’s study of, 219, 219f

fossil fuel, 85, 567, 567f, 583

consumption of, 583
as energy source, 583
and global climate change,

583, 583f

use in farming, 580

fossil fuel energy, in agriculture, 96
fossil record, 224
founder effect, 238

and microevolution, 238, 238f

fovea, 499f, 500
frameshift mutation, 172
Franklin, Rosalind, 160, 162, 162f
freckles, 233f
free radicals, 16
freshwater ecosystems, 568, 568f, 590

–591

frog(s), 323, 323f

characteristics of, 306

–307, 306f

frond(s), 289, 289f
fructose, 33
fruit(s), 284f, 293, 293f, 366

as food, 294f, 295
and seed dispersal, 294
types of, 366

–367, 367f, 373

fruiting body, of mushroom,

298, 298f

functional group, 31, 31f
fungus (pl. fungi), 6, 262, 296

–301

and animals, differences between, 296, 296t, 306

antibiotic from, 588
biology of, 296

–298, 302

carnivorous, 298, 298f
disease-causing, 300

–301, 302

diversity of, 296, 296f
ecological benefits of, 298

–299, 302

fungus

—Cont.

economic benefits of, 300,

300f, 302

as food, 300, 300f
in lichen, 299
mutualistic relationships of,

299, 299f

and plants, differences between, 296, 296t

G

gain-of-function mutations, 189
galactose, 33
gallbladder, 418, 418f
gamete(s), of plants, 286, 286f
gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT), 520

–521

gamete isolation, species and,

248f, 249

gametes, 512, 521

formation of, 127

–128, 130, 130f, 134, 138, 148, 148f.

See also meiosis

gametophyte(s), 286, 286f, 362

of ferns, 289, 289f
of mosses, 287, 287f
of seed plants, 290, 290f
sizes of, 286, 286f

ganglion, 480
gap junction, 65, 65f, 67
garden peas. See peas
Garrod, Archibald, 166
gaseous cycle, 564, 566, 566f
gas exchange

internal, 431

in humans, 426, 426f

in lungs, 431

in humans, 425, 425f

gastic reflux disease, 417
gas transport, in humans, 426, 426f
gastropod(s), 314, 314f, 333
gastrovascular cavity, of planarians, 311f, 312
gastrula, 526
gastrulation, 526, 526f
Gause, G.F., 557
G

1

checkpoint, 119, 119f

G

2

checkpoint, 119, 119f

gender, inheritance of, 152, 152f
gender selection, 158
gene(s), 4, 4f, 41, 143, 160, 160f. See also allele(s)

cloning of, 173
human, in bacteria, 68
and illness, 42, 42f
linked inheritance of, 154, 155f, 156

gene expression, 166

–171, 171f, 176–177

control of, 180

–187, 183f, 192

in eukaryotes, 183

–186, 183f, 192

factors affecting, 141

–142

mechanisms of, 182

–187, 192

in prokaryotes, 182

–183, 182f, 192

in specialized cells, 182, 182f

gene flow, 236

and microevolution, 236, 236f

gene linkage, 154, 155f
gene locus, 145, 145f
gene mutation(s), 172, 177, 221

and cancer, 179, 188, 188f

causes of, 172, 172f
effects of, 172
germ-line, 172
and microevolution, 235
somatic, 172

gene pool, 233
gene theory, 9
gene therapy, 12, 173, 210

–211, 210f, 212

ex vivo, 210, 210f
in vivo, 210

–211, 211f

sites of, 211f

genetically modified plants (GMP), 371
genetic code, 167
genetic counseling, 196, 196f

for chromosomal disorders, 196

–199, 212

for genetic disorders,

200

–207, 212

future of, 208

–209, 212

genetic disorders

characteristics of, 202

–204

genetic counseling for, 200

–207

future of, 208

–209

testing for, 205

–207, 212

genetic drift, 237

and microevolution, 237, 237f

genetic engineering, 173

of plants, 370

–372, 373, 581

genetic marker, 205, 205f
genetic profile, 209
genetics, 546
genetic testing, 205

–207, 212

for cancer susceptibility, 191,

192, 194

genital herpes, 523
genital warts, 180, 522
genome, 208

human, sequencing of, 208

genome(s)

comparison of, 208, 208f
sequenced, 208, 208t

genomics, 208, 212
genotype, 145, 149

versus phenotype, 145, 145t

genus, 6, 247, 256, 256f
geological timescale, 252t, 253
geology, Darwin’s study of, 219
geothermal energy, 585
germ cells, 512
germination, 368, 368f
germ layer(s), 308

–309, 308f,

526, 526f

germ-line mutations, 172
Giardia lamblia, 278, 278f
gibberellin, 357, 359t, 373

effects of, 357, 357f

GIFT. See gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT)
gills

of arthropods, 316
of chordates, 320, 320f
of crustaceans, 316, 316f
of fish, 322f, 323, 425, 425f

gill slits, 322f, 323
global warming, 295, 567, 583, 583f, 591
Globigerina, 278f
globular protein, 40, 40f
globulins, 166
glottis, 423
glucagon, 378, 420, 487

action of, 488, 488f

glucocorticoid(s), 487

glucose, 33, 33f, 43

blood level of, regulation of, 487

–488, 488f

breakdown of, 98

–99, 98f, 99f

in fermentation, 107, 107f

in cellular respiration, 98, 98f
in citric acid cycle, 102, 103f
formation of, in photosynthesis, 86, 90, 90f, 91, 91f
metabolism of, energy yield from, 106, 106f, 108
model of, 21
storage of, 34, 34f

glucose phosphate, 91, 91f
glutamate, 39f
glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P), 90f, 91, 91f
glycerol, 35, 43

formation of, in plants, 91, 91f
metabolism of, 106, 106f

glycogen, 34, 43

structure of, 34, 34f

glycolysis, 99, 99f, 100f, 101, 108

energy-harvesting steps of,

100f, 101

energy-investment steps of,

100f, 101

energy yield from, 106, 106f, 108
in fermentation, 107, 107f

glycoproteins, 52, 53, 53f
glyptodont, 219f
goiter, 486, 486f
golden-brown algae, 277, 277f. See also diatoms
Golgi apparatus, 54f, 55f, 58,

59f, 66

gonadotropic hormones (FSH and LH), 484, 516

in ovarian cycle, 517

–518, 518f

gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), 516
gonads, 512
gonorrhea, 265, 266, 523
gradualistic model, of evolution,

253, 254f

grain(s), refinement of, 439
grana (sing., granum), 60, 60f, 85, 85f, 94
grasshopper, mouthparts of,

318, 318f

grassland(s), 568, 569f

primary productivity in, 570, 570f

gravitational equilibrium, 498, 498f
gravitropism, 360, 360f, 373
grazing food web, 562, 562f
green algae, 277, 277f

in lichen, 299
and plants, comparison of, 284

greenhouse effect, 567
greenhouse gases, 583, 583f
green revolution, 581
groins, 577
ground pines, 288
ground tissue, 341, 341f, 352
groundwater, depletion of, 579
group(s), of atoms, 17, 17f
growth factor(s), 119

–120, 124,

184, 189

growth hormone (GH), 485.

See also human growth hormone therapy

action of, 39

G

1

stage, 124

of cell cycle, 114, 114f

G

2

stage, 124

of cell cycle, 114, 114f

guanine (G), 41, 41f, 161, 161f,

162, 164

gulls, 306

gummas, 523
gymnosperm(s), 286, 302

evolution of, 285f
gametophyte of, 286, 286f

H

habitat, 556
habitat isolation, species and,

248, 248f

habitat loss, and extinctions,

588, 588f

hagfishes, 322
hair, 321f, 326
hair cells, 496, 498

damaged, 497, 497f
normal, 497, 497f

halophile(s), 275, 275f
hantavirus, 269, 269f
haploid (n) number, 129, 129f, 131, 132f, 133, 133f, 134, 135f, 138, 515, 515f
Hardy, G.H., 234, 234f
Hardy-Weinberg law, 233f, 234, 234f
hart’s tongue fern, 289, 289f
hearing

noise and, 497, 497f
sense of, 496

–497

heart, 396

anatomy of, 399, 399f
human, 399, 399f, 409
regulation of, 395

–396

heart attack, 404
heartbeat, 400, 400f, 409
heartburn, 417
heart murmur, 399
heat, 71
heat of vaporization, 24, 24f
heavy metals, 586

disposal of, in biological communities, 590
in industrial waste, 587

helicase, 164
Helicobacter pylori, 417
helium, models of, 17, 17f
helix, 40, 40f

double, 41, 41f

helper T cell(s), 463

functions of, 457t
in HIV-infected (AIDS) patients, 466, 466f

heme, 185, 405, 426
hemodialysis, 430
hemoglobin, 38, 38f, 166, 405,

426, 426f

structure of, 40
synthesis of, 185

hemolysis, 78
hemophilia, 204, 406

characteristics of, 204

Henslow, John, 216
hepatitis, 421

viral, 523

herbaceous plant(s), 344, 344f
herbicide(s)

bioremediation of, 273
in farming, 580

herbicide-resistant crops, 376, 581
herbivore(s), 415, 555, 560, 560f

dentition in, 415, 415f
and energy balance, 561, 561f
in food webs, 562

–563, 562f

mammals as, 327

hermaphrodite(s), 312, 512
heroin abuse, 477, 477f

herpes, genital, 523
herpesviruses, latent infection, 267
heterochromatin, 184
heterotroph(s), 560, 561, 571
heterozygous, 145
high-density lipoproteins (HDL),

30, 447

hinge joint, 506, 507f
hip (pelvic) girdle, 503
hippocampus, 480, 480f
hirudin, 315
histamine, 458
histone(s), 113, 113f, 184
histoplasmosis, 301
HIV (human immunodeficiency virus), 266, 463, 466, 512, 522

latent infection, 267
replication of, 268f
treatment of, 269

Hodgkin disease, treatment of, 588
homeostasis, 3, 377

–378,

388

–390, 391

hominid(s), 328f, 329

evolution of, 329

–331, 334

Homo, 6, 329f
Homo erectus, 329f, 330

–331,

331f, 334

Homo habilis, 329f, 330, 334
homologous chromosome(s), 128, 128f, 130

–131, 130f, 135f, 145f

homologous structure, 226, 257
homologue, 128. See also homologous chromosome(s)
homology, 257
Homo sapiens, 329f, 331, 332, 332f
homozygous, 145
honeybees, 589
hookworm, 313
hormone(s)

action of, 39, 483

–484, 483f

in cancer therapy, 122
and cell cycle, 120
and glucose metabolism, 34
plant, 356

–359, 359t

horse(s), directional selection in,

239, 239f

horseshoe crabs, 317, 317f, 588
horsetails, 288, 288f
housekeeping genes, 182
HPV. See human papillomavirus (HPV)
human body, organization of, 378

–385, 391

human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), 525

vaccine against, 520

human development, 524

–529, 530

Human Genome Project, 41, 208, 212
human growth hormone therapy, for short stature, 492
human immunodeficiency virus.

See HIV (human immunodeficiency virus)

human papillomavirus (HPV), 179, 180, 512, 522
human population. See population(s), human; population growth
humerus, 503
Huntington disease, 186, 203

characteristics of, 203, 203f

Hutton, James, 219
hyaline cartilage, 382f, 383
hybridization, 370
hybrid sterility, species and, 248f, 249, 249f
Hydra, 308, 310f
hydras, reproduction of, 512, 512f
hydrocarbons, 31, 31f
hydrochloric acid, 25, 25f
hydrogen, 16, 16f

atoms of, 19f

hydrogen (H) bond(s), 22, 22f, 27

in DNA, 162, 163f

hydrogen fuel, 585, 585f
hydrogen ion(s) (H

•

), 22

in intermembrane space, 105, 105f
in photosynthesis, 89, 89f, 94

hydrolysis reaction, 32f, 33, 35f, 36, 39, 39f
hydrophilic molecule(s), 23, 31
hydrophobic molecule(s), 23, 31
hydropower, 584

–585, 584f

hydrostatic skeleton, 308, 315,

503, 503f

hydroxide ion (OH

•

), 23

hydroxyl group(s), 31, 31f
hypertension, 403
hypertonic solution, 78, 78f, 80
hyphae (sing., hypha), 296

–297, 296f

dikaryotic, 298
of lichen, 299, 299f

hypothalamic-releasing hormone, 484
hypothalamus, 478f, 479, 480, 480f, 483f, 484

and male reproductive system, 516
and pituitary, interactions of, 484

–485, 484f, 485f

hypothesis, 8, 9f, 13
hypotonic solution, 78, 78f, 80

I

ice, density of, 24

–25, 24f

ICSI. See intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI)
iguanas, 245

–246

immediate allergic response, 465
immune system, 386, 386f, 456

barrier functions in, 458, 458f
cells of, 456

–457

disorders of, 465

–466

nonspecific defenses of, 458

–459

organs of, 456

–457

specific defenses of, 460

–463

tissues of, 456

–457

immunity, 456, 460
immunization(s), 464, 464f
implantation, 525, 525f
inborn error of metabolism, 166
inbreeding, 236
incomplete dominance, 149,

149f, 156

disorders caused by, 204, 204f, 212

indisium, 289f
indoleacetic acid, 356

–357

induced fit model, 76
induction, 526
inductive reasoning, 8
industrial melanism, 234

–235,

235f, 239

industrial waste, 587
infertility, 520

–521

causes of, 520

–521

sexually transmitted disease and, 511

–512

inflammatory response, 406,

458, 458f

inheritance

one-trait

Mendel’s experiments with, 144–145, 144f
modern genetics view of, 145

two-

trait, Mendel’s experiments with, 146–147, 146f

inheritance of acquired characteristics, 217
initiation, of translation, 170, 170f, 177
initiator tRNA, 170, 170f
inner cell mass, 525, 525f
inner membrane

of chloroplasts, 60, 60f
of mitochondria, 61, 61f, 102f

innervation, 474
inorganic chemistry, 30
insect(s), 318, 333

anatomy of, 318
diversity of, 318, 318f
mouthparts of, 318, 318f
as pollinators, 294, 294f
respiration in, 423, 423f
vision in, 499, 499f

inspiration, 424, 424f, 431
insulin, 34, 185, 185f, 378, 420, 487

action of, 39, 488, 488f
production of, recombinant DNA technology in, 173f

integration, 476
integumentary system, 387, 387f
intelligent-design theory, 230
intercalated disks, 384
intercellular space, 65f
interkinesis, 133
intermediate filaments, 62, 67
intermembrane space, 102f, 105, 105f
interneuron, 474, 474f
internode, 338f, 339
interphase, 114, 114f, 115f, 116f, 124, 189
interstitial cells, 515, 515f
interstitial cell-stimulating hormone (ICSH), 516
intervertebral disks, 503
intestinal enzyme(s), 418
intestine, of annelids, 315, 315f
intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), 521
intrauterine device (IUD), 519f,

519t, 520

introns, 168, 168f, 171f, 185, 185f
invasive species, control of, 574
inv dup 15 syndrome, 198, 198f
inversion, 198, 199, 199f
invertebrate(s), 310

–313, 333

invertebrate chordate(s), 320,

320f, 334

in vitro fertilization (IVF), 520, 520f

and testing of embryo, 207

iodine, 486

as nutrient, 441t

iodine (

131

I), 18

ion(s), 20
ionic bond, 20, 27
iris, 499, 499f
Irish moss, 287
iron, dietary, 441t, 442
irrigation, 579, 579f, 580
isomer(s), 31
isotonic solution, 78, 78f, 80
isotope(s), 18, 27

radioactive, uses of, 18, 18f

IUD. See intrauterine device (IUD)
IVF. See in vitro fertilization (IVF)

J

Jacob, François, 182
jaundice, 421
jawless fishes, 321f, 322, 322f
jaws, evolution of, 321, 321f,

322, 322f

jellyfish, 311, 311f
joint(s)

disorders of, 506
movement of, 506
overuse of, 506

replacement of, 506
types of, 506, 507f

jointed appendages, 308f, 309, 321f

of arthropods, 316, 316f, 333
of vertebrates, 323, 323f

jumping genes, 172, 172f
junction proteins, 53, 53f
junipers, 291f

K

kangaroo, 327
karyotype, 196, 197f
karyotyping, 196

–197, 197f, 212

kelp, 84f
keratin, 38, 38f, 40, 62
keystone species, 558

–559, 571

kidney(s), 427, 427f, 432. See

also renal

functions of, 427

disorders of, 430

kilocalorie, 70
kinase(s), 119, 119f, 124
kinesin, 62, 62f
kinetic energy, 70, 70f, 80
kingdom, 6, 13, 256, 256f
kingdom(s), 261, 261f. See also

five-kingdom system

kingdom Animalia, 6, 7f, 13
kingdom Fungi, 6, 7f, 13
kingdom Plantae, 6, 7f, 13
kingdom Protista, 6, 6f, 13
Klinefelter syndrome, 137, 137f, 139
koala, 326f, 327
Krebs cycle. See citric acid cycle
krill, 317
kuru, 270, 270f
kwashiorkor, 581
Kyoto protocol, 28

L

labia majora, 516f, 517
labia minora, 516f, 517
lac operon, 182

–183, 182f

lactate, in fermentation, 107, 107f
lacteal, 418
lacuna, 383
lag phase

of exponential growth, 540, 540f
of logistic growth, 541, 541f

Lamarck, Jean-Baptiste de, 217

–218, 222, 222f, 228

lambda phage, 267, 267f
lamprey, 322, 322f
lancelet, 320, 320f
land

as resource, 576, 576f,

577

–578, 593

semiarid, and human

habitation, 578

subsidence of, 579

lanugo, 528
large intestine, 419

–420, 420f, 431

larva, 307, 513, 513f

of amphibians, 323
of arthropods, 316
of echinoderms, 319
of roundworms, 312f
trochophore, 309

laryngitis, 423
larynx, 423, 431

of amphibians, 323

in males, 516

latent infections, viral, 267
lateral bud, 338f, 339
lateral line, 498

of fish, 322, 498f

law of conservation of energy, 70

–71

law of independent assortment, 146, 147, 156
law of segregation, 145, 147, 156
law [term], 9
LDCs. See less-developed

country(ies) (LDCs)

leaf (pl. leaves), 288, 288f, 338, 351

colors of, 87, 87f
compound, 342, 343f
diversity of, 338

–339, 339f

functions of, 338

–339

organization of, 342, 343f, 352
and photosynthesis, 85, 85f
senescence of, 358
simple, 342, 343f
structure of, 338

–339, 338f,

342, 343f

true, 366
twice compound, 342, 343f

leaf curl, 300, 300f
leaf vein, 338f, 340, 340f
learning, 480
leech, 315, 315f, 333
lemmings, 565, 565f
lemur(s), 328, 328f
lens, 499, 499f
lenticels, 345
leprosy, 265, 588
less-developed country(ies) (LDCs), 535, 535f

age structure diagram for, 536f, 537
crop development for, 581
fossil fuel consumption in, 583
industrial pollution in, 587
malnutrition in, 581
population growth in, 548

and environmental impact,

537, 537f

population growth rate in, 535f, 536
resource consumption in, 576, 592
sewage treatment in, 587

leukemia, 121, 462

treatment of, 588

lichen, 276, 287, 299, 299f, 555

foliose, 299, 299f
fruticose, 299, 299f
layers of, 299, 299f
morphology of, 299, 299f

life cycle, 129

human, 129, 129f, 138

life history, 544

patterns of, 544, 544f, 548

life table(s), 539, 539f
ligament(s), 382
light

visible, 87, 87f
wavelengths of, 87, 87f

light micrograph(s), 48f
light microscope(s), 48

–49, 48f, 49f

light reaction, 86, 86f, 87

–89, 94

lignin, 64, 288, 341

fungal digestion of, 298

limb buds, 527, 527f
limbic system, 480, 480f
limulus amoebocyte lysate, 588
lineage, 328

linkage group, 154, 156
lions, 327f
lipase(s), 418
lipid(s), 35

blood levels of, 447
dietary, 32, 32f, 437, 438t, 439

–440

functions of, 43
structure of, 43
synthesis of, 58, 58f

liver, 418

disorders of, 421
functions of, 420

–421

livestock, domestic, 581

–582, 581f

lizards, 324
lobe-finned fishes, 321, 323, 323f
lobster, 316, 317

anatomy of, 316f

lodgepole pine forest(s), effects of fire on, 547, 547f
logistic growth, 541, 541f, 548

practical applications of, 541

long-day plant, 360
loose fibrous connective tissue,

382, 382f

lophophore, 309
lophotrochozoa, 309, 309f
lorises, 328
loss-of-function mutations, 189
low-density lipoproteins (LDL), 30, 447
lower respiratory tract, 423, 423f
Lucy, 330, 330f
lung(s), 321, 321f, 323, 422, 431

of amphibians, 323, 323f
gas exchange in, 425, 425f, 431
of mammals, 327
of reptiles, 324

lung cancer, 122
luteal phase, of ovarian cycle, 517

–518, 518f

luteinizing hormone (LH), 516

in ovarian cycle, 517

–518, 518f

Lyell, Charles, 219, 223
Lyme disease, 317
lymph, 403
lymphatic duct (right), 403, 403f
lymphatic organ(s), 456, 456f
lymphatic system, 386, 386f, 403, 409, 419

functions of, 388

lymphatic vessel(s), 403, 403f
lymph node(s), 403, 403f, 456,

456f, 457

lymphocyte(s), 406. See also B lymphocyte(s) (B cell(s));

T lymphocyte(s) (T cell(s))

functions of, 406, 406t, 457t, 458

–459, 460

lymphoma, 179, 462
lysis, 78
lysogenic cycle, 267, 267f, 280
lysosome(s), 54f, 58, 59f, 66, 459f
lytic cycle, 267, 267f, 280

M

MacArthur, Robert, 557
McClintock, Barbara, 172f
macaws, as endangered

species, 588f

macroevolution, 246

–252, 262

macromolecule(s), 32
macronucleus, of Paramecium,

278, 278f

macronutrient(s), 348, 437
macrophage(s), 406, 457

functions of, 457t,

458

–459, 459f

mad cow disease, 270
magnesium, as nutrient, 441t
maidenhair fern, 289, 289f
maintenance systems, of human body, 386, 386f,

413

–432, 414f

malaria, 239, 265, 266

causative organism of,

278, 278f

sickle cell disease and, 241, 241f

male gametophyte, 362, 362f,

364, 364f

of angiosperms, 293f
of seed plants, 290, 290f

malignancy, 121, 190
malnutrition, 581
Malpighian tubule, 429, 429f
Malthus, Thomas, 222
maltose, 33, 33f, 43
mammal(s), 305

–306, 326, 334

anatomy of, 327
carnivorous, 327
circulatory pathways in, 398, 398f
dentition in, 415, 415f
evolution of, 321, 321f, 326
herbivorous, 327
locomotion of, 327
reproduction of, 513

mammary glands, 321f, 326
mammogram, 121f
mantle, of molluscs, 314, 314f
mantle cavity, of molluscs, 314, 314f
Marfan syndrome, 151, 151f, 203

characteristics of, 203

marijuana, 477
marine ecosystem(s), 568, 568f
mariner transposon, 172
marine worms, 315, 333
marshes. See wetlands
marsupial(s), 326, 326f

of Australia, 225, 225f
geographic distribution of, 327
reproduction of, 513

mass extinction, 252t, 254
mass number, 17, 27
mast cell(s), 458

functions of, 457t

matrix, 382, 382f

mitochondrial, 61, 61f, 67, 102f, 105, 105f

matter, 16, 27

nature of, 16

–21

M checkpoint, 119, 119f
MDCs. See more-developed country(ies) (MDCs)
meal planning, 449

–451

mechanical isolation, species and, 248f, 249
mechanoreceptor(s), 496
medulla oblongata, 478f, 479
medusa form, of cnidarians, 311, 311f
megaspore, 362, 362f, 364, 364f

of angiosperms, 293f
of seed plants, 290f

meiosis, 127

–133, 138, 145

in angiosperms, 293f
in ferns, 289, 289f
in fungi, 297, 297f
importance of, 131, 138
Mendel’s laws and, 148, 148f
and mitosis, comparison of, 134, 134t, 135f, 138

–139

in mushrooms, 298, 298f
nondisjunction during, 136, 136f

phases of, 132

–133, 132f–133f, 138

in plant cell, 362, 362f
in plants, 286, 286f
in plasmodial slime mold, 279, 279f

meiosis I, 130, 130f, 132

–133, 132f, 138, 145

and mitosis, comparison of, 134, 134t, 139
nondisjunction during, 136, 136f

meiosis II, 130, 130f, 133, 133f,

138, 524

and mitosis, comparison of, 134, 134t, 139
nondisjunction during, 136, 136f

melanoma, 122
melatonin, 479
memory, 480

loss of, 480

memory cell(s), 460, 460f

functions of, 457t

Mendel, Gregor, 142, 142f
Mendel’s laws, 142–148, 156

and meiosis, 148, 148f
and probability, 147

meniscus, 506
menopause, 128, 518
menses, 518
menstrual cycle, 518, 518f, 530
meristem, 341
mesentery, 309, 309f
mesoderm, 309, 309f, 526, 526f
mesophyll, 342, 343f
mesophyll cell(s), 85, 85f, 92, 93f
messenger RNA (mRNA), 56, 57, 57f, 66, 165, 176

codons of, 166, 167, 167f
formation of, 167, 167f, 171, 171f
mature, 168, 168f, 171f,

185, 185f

in polyribosome, 169, 169f
primary, 168, 168f, 171f, 185f
processing of, 168, 168f, 171, 171f, 183, 183f, 184

–185, 185f

translation of. See translation

metabolic pathway(s), 75, 80, 166. See also glycolysis

alternative, 106, 106f, 108

metabolism, 3
metal(s), 586
metamorphosis, 306f, 307

of arthropods, 316, 316f
of echinoderms, 319

metaphase, 114f, 115, 115f, 117f, 124, 134t
metaphase I, 132, 132f, 134,

134t, 138

metaphase II, 133, 133f, 134t, 138
metastasis, 121, 121f, 188f, 190
meteorite(s), and extinctions, 254

–255

methane, 21, 21f, 275
methanogen(s), 275, 275f
Methanosarcina mazei, 6f
metric system, 602
microbes, 265
microevolution, 232, 242

causes of, 235

–238, 242

micronucleus, of Paramecium,

278, 278f

micronutrient(s), 348, 437
microorganism(s)

beneficial, 2
fermentation by, 107
number of

on skin, 1
in soil, 1

microscope(s)

light, 48

–49, 48f, 49f

scanning electron, 48f
transmission electron, 48f

microspore(s), 362, 362f, 364, 364f

of angiosperms, 293f
of seed plants, 290f

microtubule(s), 55f, 62, 62f, 67,

115, 115f

in cilia and flagella, 63, 63f
9 • 0 pattern of, 62, 67
9 • 2 pattern of, 63, 67

microvillus (pl. microvilli), 49,

418, 419f

of filter feeders, 310

midbrain, 478f, 479
Mifepristone, 520
milk of magnesia, 25
millipedes, 317, 317f
mineral(s)

as nutrients, 438t, 441, 441t
as resource, 576, 576f, 586,

586f, 593

transport of, in plants,

349

–350, 349f

uptake of, by plants, 348, 3

48f, 352

mineralocorticoid(s), 487
mining, 586, 586f
mitchondrial Eve hypothesis, 331
mites, 317
mitochondrion (pl., mitochondria), 54f, 55, 55f, 60, 61, 66, 67, 74, 74f

in cellular respiration, 98, 98f, 99, 99f
functions of, 102f
origins of, 276
structure of, 61, 61f, 102f

mitosis, 111, 114, 114f, 115

–116, 115f, 119, 119f, 124, 129, 129f, 138, 189

in animal cells, 115, 116

–117, 116f–117f

length of, 117
and meiosis, comparison of, 134, 134t, 135f, 138

–139

in plant cell, 115, 115f, 286, 286f, 362, 362f

mitotic spindle. See spindle
model, 8
mold(s), 6
molecular data, in phylogeny, 309
molecular formula, 20

–21

molecule(s), 19
molluscs, 308f, 309, 309f, 313f, 314

–315, 333

body plan of, 314, 314f
economic importance of, 315

molting, 309, 316

of arthropods, 316

monarch butterfly, metamorphosis of, 316f
monerans, 262
monkeys, 327f, 328, 328f
monocot(s), 340, 340f, 351

flowers of, 362, 363, 363f
germination in, 368, 368f
seed development in, 366
stems of, 344, 344f

monoculture, 580
monocyte(s), 406

functions of, 406, 406t

Monod, Jacques, 182
monoecious plants, 363, 363f
monomer, 32
monosaccharide, 33
monosomy, 136
monotreme(s), 326, 326f
mons pubis, 516f, 517
more-developed country(ies) (MDCs), 535, 535f

age structure diagram for,

536f, 537

fossil fuel consumption in, 583
industrial pollution in, 587
livestock in, 581

–582

population growth in, 548

and environmental impact,

537, 537f

population growth rate in, 535f, 536
resource consumption in, 592
water use in, 578, 579f

morning-after pill, 520
morula, 525, 525f
mosaic evolution, 330
moss, 84f, 284f, 555. See also bryophyte(s)

evolution of, 285f
gametophyte of, 286, 286f

motor neuron(s), 474, 474f
motor output, 494, 494f
motor system(s), 502

–506

mouth, 415, 420f, 431
movement, by organisms, 3
mRNA transcript, 166, 167, 171, 171f, 185
M stage, 124

of cell cycle, 114

mules, 249f
multicellular organism(s), 2, 308, 308f

sponges as, 310

multifactorial trait, 150
multiple sclerosis, 465
multiregional continuity hypothesis, 331, 331f, 334
muscle(s)

bone and joint movements made by, 506, 506f
contraction of, 493

–494, 505, 505f

coupled reaction in, 73, 73f

embryonic development of, 526

–527, 526f

proteins of, 166

muscle dysmorphia, 448
muscular dystrophy, characteristics of, 204, 204f
muscular system, 387

human, 387, 387f

muscular tissue, 379, 379f, 384, 391

functions of, 384
structure of, 384, 384f
types of, 384, 384f

musculoskeletal system

functions of, 502, 502f
structure of, 502, 502f

mushroom(s), 6, 7f, 296, 296f

biology of, 298, 298f
as food, 300, 300f
poisonous, 301

mussels, 314
mutagen(s), 172
mutation(s), 16, 235
mute swans, 574
mutualism, 556, 556t, 558, 558f, 571. See also lichen
myasthenia gravis, 465
mycelium (pl., mycelia),

296

–297, 296f

of black bread mold, 297, 297f
definition of, 296

mycorrhizal association, 348,

348f, 555

mycorrhizal fungi, 299
mycoses, 301, 301f
myelin sheath, 385f, 474, 474f
MyoD, 186
myofibril(s), 505
myosin, 39, 62, 67, 166, 505

N

NAD, as coenzyme, 99
NAD

•

, in electron transport chain, 104, 104f

NADH, 99, 99f

in citric acid cycle, 102, 103f
and electron transport chain,

104, 104f

NADP

•

, 94

as coenzyme, 89
production of, in photosynthesis, 88, 88f

NADPH, formation of, in photosynthesis, 86, 86f, 88, 88f, 89, 89f, 94
nasal cavity, 422, 431
native species, 559, 571
natural fertilizer, controlled study of, 10

–11, 10f–11f

natural history, 547
natural killer (NK) cell(s), 459

functions of, 457t

natural selection, 4, 216, 218, 221, 221f, 228, 238, 242

evolution by, 238

–242, 238t

types of, 238

–239, 242

nautilus, 314, 314f
NE. See norepinephrine (NE)
Neandertal, 332
nectar, 292
negative feedback, 389, 389f,

391, 486

human example of, 390, 390f
in hypothalamic-pituitary axis,

484, 484f

mechanical example of, 389, 389f

nematocyst, 311
Nematoda, 312
nematodes, as food for fungus,

298, 298f

nephridium, 315, 315f
nephron, 427, 427f, 428
nephron capsule, 428
nephron loop, 428
nerve(s), 385, 480, 480f
nerve cell(s), death of, 111

–112

nerve cord, of chordates, 320, 320f
nerve deafness, 497
nerve impulse, 475
nervous system, 387, 472

–483

of annelids, 315, 315f
of arthropods, 316
of cephalopods, 314, 314f
drug abuse and, 476

–477

of earthworm, 473, 473f
of echinoderms, 319
embryonic development of,

526, 526f

functions of, 388
human, 387, 387f, 473

–483, 473f

ladderlike, 473, 473f
mode of action of, 472, 472f
of planarians, 311, 311f, 473, 473f
vertebrate, evolution of, 473

nervous tissue, 379, 379f, 385, 391

functions of, 385
structure of, 385, 385f

neural crest, 527
neural plate, 526
neural tube, 526, 526f
neuroglia, 385
neuron(s), 385, 474

types of, 474, 474f

neurotransmitter(s), 476, 476f
neurulation, 526

–527, 526f

neutron(s), 17, 17f
neutrophil(s), 406, 458

functions of, 406, 406t, 457t, 458

newts, 323, 323f
niche(s). See ecological niche(s)
nitrates, in nitrogen cycle, 566, 566f
nitric acid, 552
nitrification, 566, 566f
nitrites, 123

in nitrogen cycle, 566, 566f

nitrogen, 16, 16f

atoms of, 19f

nitrogen cycle, 564, 566, 566f

bacteria and, 273, 273f
human activities and, 566

nitrogen fertilizer, 12, 551

–552, 566

controlled study of, 10

–11, 10f–11f

nitrogen fixation, 348, 551

–552, 566, 566f

bacteria and, 273, 273f

noble gases, 17
node(s), of plants, 338f, 339
noise, effect on hearing, 497, 497f
nondisjunction, 136, 136f, 139

in oogenesis, 137
in spermatogenesis, 137

nonrandom mating, 236

and microevolution, 236, 236f

nonrenewable resources, 576, 593
nonvascular plant(s), 253, 287, 302. See also bryophyte(s); moss
norepinephrine (NE), 476, 487
normal flora, 2
notochord, 320, 320f, 526, 526f
nuclear envelope, 54f, 55f, 56f, 57, 58, 67, 116f

fragmentation of, in meiosis, 132, 132f, 133, 133f
inner membrane of, 56f
outer membrane of, 56f

nuclear pore, 55f, 56f, 57, 57f, 66
nuclear power, 583
nuclease(s), 418
nucleic acid(s), 32, 41, 43

and proteins, relationship

between, 42

viral, 266, 266f

nucleoid, 50, 51, 51f, 66, 271
nucleolus, 54f, 55f, 56, 56f, 66, 116f
nucleoplasm, 56f
nucleosome, 113, 113f, 184, 184f
nucleotide(s), 41, 43

of RNA, 164
structure of, 41f

nucleus

atomic, 17, 17f, 27
cellular, 50, 54, 55f, 56

–57, 57f, 66

structure of, 56, 56f
protozoan, 278, 278f

nudibranchs, 314, 314f
nutrient(s), 3, 3f, 436, 437, 437f. See also macronutrient(s); micronutrient(s)

in bread, 437, 437f
classes of, 438

–444, 438t

organic, 5

nutrition, 436

bacterial, 272

–273, 272f

human, 435

–453

and health, 444

–448

of plants, 348, 352

Nutrition Facts panel, 450, 450f

O

obesity, 439, 454

and cancer risk, 123

determination of, 444
disorders associated with, 446

–447

obligate intracellular parasites, 266
observation, 8, 9f
ocean(s), primary productivity in, 570, 570f
octet rule, 19, 27
octopus, 314, 314f
oil(s), 35, 43

birds’ use of, 35, 35f
metabolism of, 106, 106f
monounsaturated, 36, 36f
plant, formation of, 91, 91f
polyunsaturated, 36

oil (petroleum), formation of, 288
oil spills, bioremediation of, 273, 273f
oligochaetes, 315, 333
omnivore(s), 415, 560

in food webs, 562

–563, 562f

oncogene(s), 180, 189, 192

in cancer cells, 189, 189f

oncogenic viruses, 179

–180

oocyte(s), 517, 517f

primary, 517, 517f
secondary, 517, 517f, 524, 525f

oogenesis, 128, 129, 517, 517f

nondisjunction in, 137

oogonia (sing., oogonium), 517, 517f
open circulatory system, 396

–397, 397f, 409

operator, 183
operon(s), 182

–183, 182f

opossum, 326f, 327
opportunistic population, 544,

544f, 548

opportunistic species, 555
oral contraceptives. See birth

control pill

order, 6, 256, 256f
organ(s), 2, 378

–379

of human body, 386

–387, 386f, 391

organ donation, 394
organelle(s), 54

–55, 54f, 66, 276

algal, 277, 277f
energy-related, 60

–61, 67

protozoan, 277

–278, 278f

organic chemistry, 30
organic compounds

in industrial waste, 587
synthetic, 593

as pollutants, 586

–587

organic molecule(s), 30

–31, 30f, 43

of cells, 32

–42, 43

organism(s), 2, 546, 546f

behavior of, 3
characteristics of, 12
classification of, 7, 12

–13

elements in, 16, 16f
movement by, 3
response to environment, 3
sizes of, 49f
variations in, 221, 221f

organophosphates, 82
organ system(s), 2, 378

–379

of human body, 386

–387,

386f, 391

control function, 386

–387, 387f, 471–490

development of, 413

–414

maintenance function, 386, 386f, 413

–432

for reproduction,

386

–387, 387f

transport function, 386, 386f, 395

–409

organ transplants

rejection of, 463
from transgenic pigs, 159

–160

orgasm, 515
osculum, 310, 310f
osmosis, 70, 77, 77f, 80

cellular effects of, 78, 78f

Osteichthyes, 321f, 322
osteoarthritis, 506
osteoblast(s), 504
osteoclast(s), 504
osteon, 504
osteoporosis, 442, 504
otoliths, 498
outer membrane

of chloroplasts, 60, 60f
of mitochondria, 61, 61f, 102f

outgroup(s), 259
out-of-Africa hypothesis, 331,

331f, 334

ovarian cancer, BRCA-1 and BRCA-2 and, 142, 191, 194
ovarian cycle, 517

–518, 517f,

518f, 530

ovary(ies), 363, 512

of angiosperms, 292, 292f, 293, 293f, 362f
in animals, 512
human, 516, 516f

overweight, determination of, 444
oviduct(s), 516, 516f

fertilized egg in, 525, 525f

ovoviviparous animal(s), 513
ovulation, 516, 517, 525f
ovule(s), 363

of angiosperms, 292, 292f, 293, 293f, 362f
of seed plants, 290, 290f

oxygen, 16, 16f

atoms of, 19f
in cellular respiration, 98, 98f
in electron transport chain, 104, 104f
production of, by plants, 83

–84, 295

transport of, 77

oxygen deficit, 107
oxygen transport, 426, 426f, 431
oxytocin, 484, 486
oyster fungus, 298, 298f
oysters, 314
ozone layer, 87

thinning of, 586

P

p16, 189
p53, 119, 189

gene therapy with, 211

paleontology, 253
palisade mesophyll, 342, 343f
pancreas, 418, 418f, 431, 487

endocrine, 487

–488

exocrine, 487

–488

functions of, 420, 487

–488

pancreatic amylase, 418
pancreatic duct, 418, 418f
pancreatic islets, 487
papaya ring spot virus (PRSV), 268
parallel evolution, 257
Paramecium, 278, 278f

competitive exclusion principle and, 557, 557f

parasitism, 556, 556t, 571
parasympathetic division, 482, 482f
parathyroid gland, 486
parathyroid hormone (PTH), 486

parenchyma, 341, 341f
parsimony, 259
parthenogenesis, 512
particulate theory of inheritance, 143, 145
parturition. See birth
passive immunity, 464
passive transport, 77, 80
Patagonian hare, 220, 220f
patent(s)

for DNA sequences, 214
for plants, 355

–356

pathogen(s), 274

fungal, 300

–301

pattern of inheritance, 200
PCBs. See polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)
pearls, 315
peas, 294f, 295

Mendel’s experiments with, 142–147, 142f–147f

peat moss, 287
pectoral girdle. See shoulder (pectoral) girdle
pedigree(s), 200, 212

for autosomal disorders,

200, 200f

for sex-linked disorders, 201, 201f

pedipalps, 317
pelvic girdle. See hip (pelvic) girdle
pelvic inflammatory disease

(PID), 523

penguins, 306
penicillin, 8, 274, 588

mechanism of action of, 69, 76
resistance to, 275

penis, 514

–515, 514f

pepsin, 417
peptide(s), 40, 43

degradation of, 39, 39f
synthesis of, 39, 39f

peptide bond(s), 39
peptide hormone(s), 484

mode of action of, 483

–484, 483f

peptidoglycan, 271, 274
perennial plant(s), 339
pericycle, 347

of eudicot root, 346f, 347, 347f

period(s), of atoms, 17, 17f
periodic table, 17

–18, 17f

peripheral nervous system (PNS), 473, 480

–482, 494, 494f

peristalsis, 416, 417, 417f
periwinkle, rosy, medicinal value of, 588, 588f
permafrost, 568
persistent vegetative state, 434
pesticide(s), 12, 96

biological, 580f, 589, 589f
disposal of, in biological communities, 590
in farming, 580
as pollutants, 587
synthetic, natural alternatives to, 580f, 589, 589f

petal(s), 292, 292f, 363, 363f
petiole(s), 338, 338f
petroleum spills, bioremediation of, 273, 273f
PGD. See pre-implantation genetic diagnosis (PGD)
P generation, 144, 144f
pH, 26, 27

of blood, 26
regulation of, 429, 432
of stomach, 15

phage. See bacteriophage
phagocytosis, 79, 80, 279
pharyngeal pouches, of chordates, 320, 320f
pharynx, 416, 420f, 423, 431

anatomy of, 416f
of annelids, 315, 315f
of planarians, 311f, 312

phenotype, 145

environment and, 150, 150f
genes and, 149
versus genotype, 145, 145t

phenylketonuria (PKU), 202

characteristics of, 202
testing for, 205

phloem, 288, 288f, 302, 340, 340f, 342, 342f, 345, 345f, 352

organic nutrient transport in, 350

–351, 350f, 352

phosphate, 565

of nucleotides, 161f

phosphate group(s), 31f, 36, 41

of ATP, 72, 72f

phospholipid(s), 35, 36, 43

in membranes, 36, 37f, 43
structure of, 36, 37f

phospholipid bilayer, 36, 37f, 52, 52f, 66
phosphorus, 16, 16f

atoms of, 19f
as nutrient, 441t

phosphorus cycle, 564, 565, 565f

human activities and, 565

photoautotroph(s), 272, 272f,

560, 560f

photoperiod, 360, 361f, 373
photoreceptor(s), 500, 500f
photosynthesis, 3, 5, 67, 74, 74f, 83

–84, 94, 338

algal, 277
in bacteria, 272, 272f
C

3

, 92, 92f, 94

C

4

, 92

–93, 94

CAM, 93, 93f, 94
equation for, 86
leaves and, 85, 85f
in lichen, 299, 299f
process of, 86

–91, 86f. See also Calvin cycle reaction; light reaction

reactions in, 21

photosynthesizers, 83, 84, 84f, 551

flowering plants as, 85
multicellular, 6, 7f

photosynthetic pigment(s), 87, 87f
photosystem(s), 88, 88f, 94
phototropism, 360, 360f, 373
photovoltaic (solar) cell, 585
photovoltaic (solar) cell(s), 584f
pH scale, 26, 26f
phylogenetic tree, 256, 257f, 264
phylogeny, 256, 257f, 264

determination of, 257

–259

molecular data used in, 257

–259, 258f, 309

traditional versus cladistic view of, 260, 260f, 262

phylum, 6, 256, 256f
phytochrome, 361, 373
PID. See pelvic inflammatory

disease (PID)

pigment(s), photosynthetic, 87, 87f
pineal gland, 478f, 479
pine trees, 291, 291f

adaptations of, 291
uses of, 291

pinocytosis, 79, 80
pinworm, 313
Pisum, 6
Pisum sativum. See peas
pitch, of sound, 497
pitcher plants, 337

–338

pith, 345, 345f, 347

pituitary gland, 478f, 484.

See also anterior pituitary; posterior pituitary

hypothalamus and, interactions of, 484

–485, 484f, 485f

placenta, 513, 525, 527, 528, 528f
placental mammal, 327, 327f
placental mammal(s), 225
planarian, 311

anatomy of, 311, 311f
nervous system of, 473, 473f

plant(s), 3, 6, 84, 84f, 262

agricultural, genetic engineering of, 371

–372, 371f, 372t

C

3

, 92, 92f, 93, 94

C

4

, 92

–93, 94

CAM, 93, 93f, 94
carnivorous, 337

–338

cellulose in, 34, 34f
cell wall of, 64, 64f
classification of, 284, 284f
clonal, 370, 370f
cloning of, 180, 180f
cone-bearing, 284f. See also gymnosperm(s)
diversity of, 284, 287

–295, 302

dominant generation of, 286

–287

drought-resistant, 579, 579f
ecological benefits of, 295
economic benefits of, 294f, 295
evolution of, 253, 284

–285,

285f, 302

flowering. See flowering plant(s)
fungal diseases of, 300, 300f
genetically modified

commercial products from, 372
future, 371, 372f
regulation of, 371, 371f

genetic engineering of, 370

–372, 373, 581

growth of, 83

primary, 338
secondary, 341

hormones in, 356

–359,

359t, 373

importance of, for human life, 283

–284

life cycle of, 286

–287, 286f

medicinal value of, 588, 588f
metabolic pathways in, 91, 91f
nonvascular. See nonvascular plant(s)
nutrient transport in, 349

–351, 352

nutrition of, 348, 352
organs of, 338

–340, 338f, 351

patents for, 355

–356

pioneer (opportunistic), 555
salt-resistant, 579
species of, 6
sympatric speciation in,

250

–251, 250f

plant

—Cont.

tissues of, 341

–342, 352

transgenic, 175, 175f, 268, 371, 371f, 581
transplantation of, 339
tropisms of, 360, 360f, 373
vacuoles of, 59, 59f
vascular. See vascular plant(s)
woody, 345, 345f

plant cell(s), 67, 341

–342, 352

cytokinesis in, 118, 118f
mitosis in, 115, 115f
osmosis in, 78, 78f
structure of, 55f

plant kingdom, 6, 7f
plant virus(es), 268, 268f
plaque

in atherosclerosis, 36
atherosclerotic, 404, 404f, 447
cytoplasmic, 65, 65f

plasma, 383, 383f, 405, 405f, 409
plasma cell(s), functions of,

457t, 460

plasma membrane, 36, 37f, 43, 50, 51f, 52

–53, 52f, 54f, 55f, 66, 116f

channels of, 65f
functions of, 77
molecular transport across, 77

plasma proteins, 166
plasmid, 173, 271, 272
plasmodesmata (sing., plasmodesma), 64, 64f, 67, 268
plasmodium, 279, 279f
Plasmodium, 278, 278f
plasmolysis, 78
plastic(s)

biodegradable, 46
disposal of, 46
manufacture of, 46

platelet(s), 383, 383f, 406

functions of, 406, 406t

plate tectonics, 254, 255f
Platyhelminthes, 311
pleated sheet, 40, 40f
pleiotropy, 151, 156
PNS. See peripheral nervous

system (PNS)

point mutation, 172
polar covalent bond, 27
polar molecule(s), 22, 22f
polio, 265
pollen, 292

dispersal of, 294

pollen grain, 287, 290, 290f, 362, 362f, 364, 364f,

365, 365f

pollen sac, of angiosperms, 293f
pollen tube, 290, 290f, 293, 293f, 362, 364f
pollination, 290, 290f, 365,

552, 552f

by wildlife, 589, 589f

pollinators, 294, 294f, 295
pollutants, 273, 273f
pollution, 576

coastal, 577
disposal of, in biological communities, 590

polychaetes, 315, 333
polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), 587

bioremediation of, 273

polyculture, 580f
polygenic inheritance, 150, 150f, 156
polylactide, 46
polymer(s), 32, 32f, 43
polymerase(s), 266
polymerase chain reaction (PCR), 174, 174f, 177

for fetal DNA, 206

polymorphism, 241
polyp(s), 420
polypeptide(s), 40, 43

synthesis of, 170, 170f, 171, 171f

polyp form, of cnidarians, 310f,

311, 311f

polyploidy, 250
polyribosome, 57, 169, 169f
polysaccharide(s), 34

energy storage as, 34
of extracellular matrix, 64, 64f
structural role of, 34

polyspermy, 524
pons, 478f, 479

population(s), 2, 5, 12, 232, 546, 546f

age structure diagram for, 536f, 537, 539, 539f, 548
characteristics of, 538

–543, 548

distribution patterns of, 538,

538f, 548

human, 247, 247f, 534

–538, 548

of world, 533

postreproductive members of,

539, 539f

prereproductive members of,

539, 539f

reproductive members of, 539, 539f
variations in, 232, 232f

maintenance of, 240

–242

population density, 538, 548
population genetics, 233
population growth, 538

–540

competition and, 542, 542f
control of, 533

–534

demographics and, 539, 548
and environmental impact, 537, 537f, 548
future, 535, 535f, 548
patterns of, 540

–541, 540f,

541f, 548

predation and, 543, 543f
present, 534, 534f
regulation of, 542

–543, 548

density-dependent factors and, 542

–543, 542f, 543f, 548

density-independent factors and, 542, 542f, 548

population growth rate(s), 534, 535, 535f, 538

–539

Porifera, 310
porphyria, 151
portal system, 403

hepatic, 421, 421f

Portuguese man-of-war, 311f
positron emission tomography (PET), 18, 18f
postanal tail, 320, 320f
posterior pituitary, 485, 485f
postzygotic isolating mechanism, 248f, 249, 249f, 262
potassium, as nutrient, 441t
potatoes, 295
potential energy, 70, 70f, 80
prairie, 568, 569f

primary productivity in, 570, 570f

predation, 543, 543f, 556, 556t, 571
predator-prey population cycles,

543, 543f

prefrontal area, 479
pregnancy, alcohol use in, 110
pregnancy test, 525
pre-implantation genetic diagnosis (PGD), 195

–196

premature infant(s), 413

–414

preparatory (prep) reaction, 99, 99f, 102, 108
pressure-flow model, 350, 350f,

351, 351f

prezygotic isolating mechanism, 248, 248f, 262
primary motor area, 478
primary productivity, 570, 570f, 572
primary sensory area, 478
primary succession, 554

–555, 554f

primate(s)

anatomy of, 328
evolution of, 328, 328f

primer(s), in polymerase chain reaction, 174, 174f
primitive character, 256
principle, 9
prion, 270, 280
PRL. See prolactin (PRL)
producer(s), 560, 560f, 561, 571
product, 21

progesterone, 518, 530

in menstrual cycle, 518, 518f
in ovarian cycle, 517

–518

proglottids, 312
prognosis, 121
programmed cell death. See apoptosis
prokaryote(s), 6, 265, 270

–275, 280–281

classification of, 261, 261f
evolution of, 253
gene expression in, 182

–183,

182f, 192

lysogenic cycle in, 267, 267f
lytic cycle in, 267, 267f
and viruses, comparison of, 280

prokaryotic cell(s), 50

–53, 50f,

51f, 66

prolactin (PRL), 484
promoter, 167, 182f, 183
property, 16
prophage, 267
prophase, 114f, 115, 115f, 116f,

124, 134t

prophase I, 132, 132f, 134t, 138
prophase II, 133, 133f, 134t, 138
proprioceptor(s), 501
prosimian(s), 328, 328f, 329
prostate cancer, 515
prostate gland, 514f, 515
protease inhibitors, 269
protein(s), 38

activity of, 183, 183f, 185, 185f
cellular, 29, 56

–57

functions of, 38

–39

contractile, 38f, 39
dietary, 32, 32f, 437, 438t, 440

–441

in less-developed countries, 581
in more-developed

countries, 581

plant sources of, 440, 440f

of extracellular matrix, 64, 64f
functions of, 43, 166
membrane, 52

diversity of, 53, 53f
functions of, 53

metabolism of, 106, 106f
and nucleic acids, relationship between, 42
primary structure of, 40, 40f, 43, 166, 166f
quaternary structure of, 40, 40f, 43
regulatory, 39
secondary structure of, 40, 40f, 43, 166, 166f
shape of, 40
structural, 38, 38f
structure of, 43, 166, 166f
synthesis of, 57, 58f, 66, 165, 166
tertiary structure of, 40, 40f, 43, 166, 166f

proteome, 209
proteomics, 209, 212
proteosome(s), 185
prothallus, 289f
prothrombin, 407, 407f
protist(s), 6, 6f, 262, 276

–279, 281

biology of, 276

–279, 281

contractile vacuoles of, 59, 59f
photosynthetic, 84f
structure of, 265

protists, 261, 261f
proton(s), 17, 17f
proto-oncogene(s), 180, 189, 192

mutation to oncogenes, 189, 189f
in normal cells, 189, 189f

protoplasts, 369, 369f
protostome(s), 308f, 309, 309f,

313, 333

and deuterostomes, comparison of, 313
development of, 313, 313f

protozoan(s), 266, 276, 277. See also protist(s)

biology of, 276, 277

–278, 281

diversity of, 278, 278f

proximal tubule, 428
pseudocoelom, 309, 309f

of roundworms, 312

–313, 312f

pseudocoelomates, 308f, 309, 309f, 312

–313

pseudopod, 278

of protozoans, 276

pseudostratified epithelium, 380

–381, 380f

P site, 169, 169f, 170, 170f
PTH. See parathyroid hormone (PTH)
puberty, 516
pulmonary artery, 399, 402
pulmonary circuit, 398, 402
pulmonary semilunar valve, 399, 399f
pulmonary trunk, 399
pulmonary vein, 399, 402
pulse, 400
pump(s), 79, 80
punctuated equilibrium model, of evolution, 254, 254f
Punnett square, 144, 147, 156, 233
pupil(s), 499, 499f
purine(s), 161f
pus, 406, 459
pyrenoids, 277
pyrimidine(s), 161f
pyruvate, 106, 106f

formation of, in glycolysis, 100f, 101
reduction of, in fermentation,

107, 107f

R

R, 31, 31f
radial symmetry, 308, 308f
radiant energy, 87, 87f
radiation, 15

high levels of, 18, 18f
low levels of, 18, 18f

radiation therapy, 122
radioactive atom(s), 15

–16

radiolarian, 278
radius, 503
radon gas, and cancer, 122
radula, of molluscs, 314, 314f
rain forest(s), 5, 568, 569f. See also deforestation

and human habitation, 578, 578f
primary productivity in, 570, 570f

random distribution, 538, 538f, 548
random mating, 234, 234f, 236
range, of species, 538
Ras, 187, 189
ras oncogene, testing for, 191
ray-finned fishes, 322

–323, 322f

rays (fish), 322
RB gene, 191
reabsorption, 428
reactant, 21
reaction(s), chemical, 21
reaction center, of photosystem, 88, 88f, 94
receptacle, 362, 362f
receptor-mediated endocytosis, 79, 79f, 80
receptor proteins, 53, 53f, 66, 79f

of animal cells, 64f

recessive allele, 145

recessive trait, 141
recombinant DNA (rDNA), 173, 173f, 177
recombinant gamete, 154
red algae, 277, 277f, 287
red blood cells, 47

–48, 383, 383f, 405

for blood doping, 412
functions of, 405

–406, 406t

hemoglobin synthesis by, 185

red bone marrow, 456, 456f, 457, 504, 504f
reflex(es), 481

in human embryo, 527

reflex arc, 481, 481f
refractory period, 515
regeneration, 512
regulatory gene(s), 182f, 183
reindeer moss, 287
releasing hormone, 484
renal cortex, 427, 427f
renal medulla, 427, 427f
renal pelvis, 427, 427f
renewable resources, 576, 593
replacement reproduction, 537
replication. See DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), replication of
repressor, 182f, 183
reproduction, 3

–4

asexual, 112, 112f. See also asexual reproduction
bacterial, 271

–272, 272f

of bacteriophages, 267, 267f
cellular, 112

–113, 112f, 124

human, 514

–523, 530. See also assisted reproductive technology

control of, 519

–520

ethical issues and, 140,

158, 244

legal issues and, 140

on land, 513, 513f
sexual, 127

–140. See also sexual reproduction

of viruses, 266

–267

in water, 513, 513f

reproductive barriers, 262

and species, 248

–249, 248f

reproductive cloning, 134, 180,

181f, 192

reproductive system, 387

female, 516

–518, 516f, 530

human, 387, 387f
male, 514

–516, 514f, 515f, 530

hormonal regulation of,

516, 530

of planarians, 311f, 312

reptile(s), 324, 334

circulatory pathways in, 398, 398f
diversity of, 324
evolution of, 321, 321f, 324
reproduction of, 324, 324f
temperature regulation by, 324

reservoir, in chemical cycling,

564, 564f

resident bacteria, 2
resin, 291
resource(s), 538, 576

–588, 576f, 593

resource partitioning, 557
respiration, 422

in birds, 424, 424f
in insects, 423, 423f

respiratory distress syndrome, 414
respiratory membrane, 425
respiratory system, 386, 386f, 422

–426, 431

of arthropods, 316
development of, 413, 414
functions of, 388, 422, 422f

human, 414f, 422

–426

respiratory tree, 431
restriction enzyme, 173
RET gene, 191
retina, 499, 499f

functions of, 500, 500f
structure of, 500, 500f

retinal (molecule), 500
retinoblastoma (RB), 191, 191f
retinoblastoma (RB) protein, 189
retrovirus, 268

–269. See also HIV (human

immunodeficiency virus)

reverse transcriptase, 268, 268f, 269
R group(s), 39, 39f, 40
rheumatoid arthritis, 465, 465f, 506
rhizomes, of ferns, 289
rhodopsin, 500, 500f
ribavirin, 269
rib cage, 503
ribose, 33, 41, 161f
ribosomal RNA (rRNA), 56, 57, 66, 165, 169, 176

comparisons, in phylogeny, 258
phylogenetic tree based on,

309, 309f

ribosome(s), 51, 51f, 54, 54f

–58f, 56–58, 66, 165

bacterial, 271
ribosomal RNA in, 169, 169f
tRNA binding to, 168, 169, 169f, 170, 170f

ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate, in Calvin cycle, 90f, 91, 94
rice blast disease, 300
rickets, 442, 442f
ringworm, 301, 301f
RNA (ribonucleic acid), 41, 43, 164

and DNA, comparison of, 165t
in eukaryotic cells, 56
function of, 164

–165, 176

nucleotide composition of, 161, 161f
and protein synthesis, 166
structure of, 41, 41f, 164

–165, 165f, 176

compared to structure of

DNA, 43

viral, 266

RNA polymerase, 167, 167f, 182

–183, 182f

Rocky Mountain spotted fever, 317
rod(s) (bacteria), 271, 271f
rod(s) (photoreceptor), 500, 500f
room temperature, regulation of, 389, 389f
root(s), 288, 288f, 351

adaptations of, for mineral uptake, 348, 348f
diversity of, 339, 339f
edible, 295
fibrous, 339, 339f
lateral, 338f, 339
primary, 338f
prop, 339, 339f
and stems, comparison of, 347

root cap, 347
root hair, 338f, 339, 341f
root nodule(s), 273, 273f, 348, 566f
root system, 338, 338f, 339
root tip, 338f

of eudicot root, 346f, 347, 352

rose gardener’s disease, 301
rotational equilibrium, 498, 498f
rotator cuff, 503
rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER), 54f, 55f, 58, 58f, 59f, 66

ribosomal attachment to, 171, 171f

roundworm(s), 309f, 312

–313, 333

anatomy of, 312, 312f
biology of, 313

as food for fungus, 298, 298f
parasitic, 313

royal fern, 289, 289f
RU-486, 520
rubber production, 589f, 590
RuBP carboxylase (rubisco), 90, 90f, 92
rule of multiplication, 147
ruminants, 34, 417, 417f

digestive system of, 418, 419f

rusts (fungal), 300

S

saccules, 58, 58f, 496f, 498
sacrum, 503
St. Martin, Alexis, 417
salamanders, 323
salinization, 581
salivary amylase, 416
salivary gland, 416
Salmonella, 274
salt, 20
saltatory conduction, 475
salt balance, regulation of, 429, 432
saltwater intrusion, 579
sand dollar, 319f
SA (sinoatrial) node, 395

–396,

405, 409

saprotroph, 272, 298
sarcoma, 121
sarcomere, 505
SARS, 265, 266, 269, 269f
saturated fatty acid, 36, 36f, 43
savanna, 568, 569f
scales, of fish, 322

–323

scallops, 314, 314f
scanning electron micrograph(s), 48f
scapula, 503
schistosomiasis, 312
Schwann cell(s), 385, 385f
science, 8

–11

and society, 12

scientific method, 8, 9f, 13
scientific theory, 9, 9f
sclerenchyma, 341, 341f
scolex, 312
scorpions, 317, 317f
scrotum, 514, 514f
sea anemone, 310f
sea cucumber, 319f
sea lily, 319f
sea squirts, 320, 320f
sea star

anatomy of, 319, 319f
locomotion of, 319

sea urchin, 319f
seawalls, 577
secondary sex characteristic(s), 516

of males, 516

secondary succession, 554

–555, 554f, 555f

secretion, 58, 428

by urinary system, 428

secretory vesicle(s), 58, 59f
sedimentary cycle, 564, 565, 565f
seed(s), 284f, 285, 287, 290, 366

anatomy of, 290, 290f
development of, in eudicots, 366, 366f, 373
dispersal of, 294, 367, 367f, 373
germination of, 368, 368f
production of, 290, 290f

seed plants, 284f, 285, 287, 302

biology of, 290

segmentation, 308f, 309

of arthropods, 316

segmented worms, 309, 315, 333. See also annelid(s)
selective agent, 216
selenium, as nutrient, 441t
semantic memory, 480
semen (seminal fluid), 515
semiarid land, and human

habitation, 578

semiconservative, 164
semilunar valve, 399
seminal fluid. See semen

(seminal fluid)

seminal vesicle, 514f, 515
seminiferous tubule(s), 515, 515f
senescence, 120, 358
senses, 494

–501

chemical, 495

sensory input, 494, 494f

to brain, 501, 501f

sensory neuron(s), 474, 474f
sensory organs, of cephalopods,

314, 314f

sepal(s), 292, 292f, 363, 363f
septum, 399
Sertoli cells, 515, 515f
serum, 407
setae, of annelids, 315, 315f
severe acute respiratory syndrome. See SARS
severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID), gene therapy

for, 210

sewage, 587

bioremediation of, 273, 273f

sex chromosome(s), 128f, 129. See also X chromosome;

Y chromosome

genes of, 141
number of, abnormalities of, 137, 137f, 139

sex hormones, 35, 37, 37f, 43
sex-linked inheritance, 152

–153, 156

pedigree for, 201, 201f

sex pili, 51, 51f, 66, 272
sexually transmitted disease(s)

(STDs), 266, 511

–512, 522–523, 530

bacterial, 523
prevention of, 523f
viral, 522

–523

sexual reproduction, 272,

512

–513, 530

in angiosperms, 293, 293f, 294
of animals, 306
in flowering plants, 362

–368, 373

fungal, 297, 297f
of mushrooms, 298, 298f
in plasmodial slime mold,

279, 279f

of sponges, 310

sexual selection, 231

–232, 236

sharks, 322, 322f
shell, of molluscs, 314, 314f
Shigella dysenteriae, 274
shoot system, 338, 338f, 339
short-day plant, 360
short stature, human growth hormone therapy for, 492
shoulder (pectoral) girdle, 503
shrimp, 316, 317, 317f
sickle cell disease, 42, 42f, 141, 151, 172, 203

as balanced polymorphism, 241

–242, 242t

characteristics of, 203, 203f
geographic distribution of, 241, 241f

and malaria, 241, 241f

sieve plate, 319, 319f, 342f
sieve-tube member, 342
signal(s), 119

external, and cell cycle, 119, 124
internal, and cell cycle, 119, 124

signal transduction pathway, 187, 187f, 192
simple diffusion, 77, 77f, 80
simple goiter, 486
sinus(es), 422
sister chromatid(s), 113

–116, 113f, 115f, 116f, 128, 128f, 130–131, 130f, 131f, 133, 133f, 145f

skates (fish), 322
skeletal muscle, 384, 384f

contraction of, 505, 505f
functions of, 502
physiology of, 505
structure of, 504f, 505

skeletal system, 387, 387f
skeleton(s). See also appendicular skeleton; axial skeleton; endoskeleton; exoskeleton; hydrostatic skeleton

evolution of, 307
human, 502

–504

skill memory, 480
skin

barrier functions of, 458, 458f
embryonic development of, 527

skin cancer, 15, 122
skin color, inheritance of, 150, 150f
skull, 503
sliding filament model, 505
slime mold, 276, 279, 279f, 281

plasmodial, 279, 279f

small intestine, 418, 420f, 431

anatomy of, 418f
length of, 413
nutrient absorption in,

418

–419, 419f

smell, sense of, 495, 495f

in sharks, 322

smoking, and cancer, 122
smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER), 54f, 55f, 58, 58f, 59f, 66
smooth (visceral) muscle, 384, 384f
snails, 314
snakes, 324

tongue of, as sense organ,

324, 324f

sodium, dietary, 441t

reduction of, 442, 442t

sodium chloride

formation of, 19, 20f
in water, 23

sodium hydroxide, 25, 25f
sodium-potassium pump, 79, 80
soil

loss (erosion) of, 580

–581

prevention of, 591

salinization of, 581

solar cell. See photovoltaic

(solar) cell

solar energy, 5, 74, 74f, 80, 87, 87f, 96, 561

human use of, 585
in photosynthesis, 85, 85f, 88, 88f, 94
transformation into chemical energy, 83

–84. See also photosynthesis

solute(s), 77
solution(s), 77
solvent(s), 77
somaclonal variations, 370
somatic cell, 120
somatic mutations, 172
somatic system, 481
somites, 526

–527, 526f

sori (sing., sorus), 289f
sound(s), characteristics of, 497
space-filling model, 21, 21f
Spanish moss, 287
speciation, 220, 246

models of, 250

–251, 262

pace of, 253

–254, 254f

species, 4, 6, 256, 256f

classification of, 256

–261, 262

definition of, 246

–249, 262

history of, 252t, 253

–255, 262

number of, 1, 7, 253
reproductive barriers and, 248

–249, 248f

species richness, 553
specific epithet, 256
sperm, 127, 128, 129, 129f, 511, 512

of ferns, 289, 289f
in fertilization, 524, 524f
head of, 515, 515f
middle piece of, 515, 515f
of mosses, 287, 287f
production of, 514
of seed plants, 290, 290f
tail of, 515, 515f

spermatogenesis, 128, 129,

515, 515f

nondisjunction in, 137

sphincter, 417
spicules, 310, 310f
spiders, 317, 317f
spikes, viral, 266, 266f, 268
spinal cord, 473, 473f, 478

embryonic development of, 526
of vertebrates, 320

spinal nerves, 473, 473f, 481, 481f
spindle, 115, 115f, 116, 116f, 124, 132, 132f

cancer therapy directed at, 122

spindle equator, 115, 117f, 132, 132f, 133, 133f, 135f
spindle fiber(s), 116f, 132f
spindle pole, 115, 115f, 117f, 132, 132f, 133, 133f
spiny anteater, 326, 326f
spiral organ, 496, 496f
spirochete, 271, 271f
Spirogyra, 277, 277f
spleen, 456, 456f, 457
sponge(s), 308, 308f, 309f, 310, 333

anatomy of, 310, 310f

spongin, 310
spongy bone, 504
spongy mesophyll, 342, 343f
sporangium (pl., sporangia), 279, 279f, 297, 297f

of ferns, 289f

spore(s)

of black bread mold, 297, 297f
of ferns, 289f
fungal, 297, 297f
of mushrooms, 298, 298f
of plants, 286, 286f
of slime molds, 279
of water molds, 279

sporophyte, 286, 286f, 362

of angiosperms, 293, 293f
of ferns, 289, 289f
of mosses, 287, 287f

sporozoan, 278
sprains, 506
spring wood, 345, 345f
spruces, 291, 291f
squamous epithelium, 380

–381, 380f

squid, 314

SRY gene, 137, 152
S stage, 124

of cell cycle, 114, 114f

stabilizing selection, 240, 240f, 242
stable equilibrium phase, of logistic growth, 541, 541f
stamen, 292, 292f, 363, 363f
Staphylococcus aureus, penicillin resistance in, 275
starch, 34, 43, 91, 91f

energy storage as, 34
structure of, 34, 34f

statocyst, 498, 498f
STDs. See sexually transmitted disease(s) (STDs)
stem(s) (plant), 338f, 339, 351

nonwoody, 344, 344f
organization of, 344, 344f

–345f, 345, 352

and roots, comparison of, 347
woody, 352

stem cell research, 112, 126,

181, 181f

sterility, undescended testes

and, 514

sterilization, 519t
sternum, 503
steroid(s), 35, 37, 43

anabolic, 38
structure of, 37, 37f

steroid hormone, 483

mode of action of, 483

–484, 483f

stigma, 363

of angiosperms, 292, 292f

stimulants, 476
stimuli, 494
stomach, 417, 420f, 431

human, anatomy of, 417, 417f
ruminant, anatomy of, 417, 417f

stomata (sing., stoma), 85, 85f, 341, 341f, 343f, 349, 349f

opening and closing of, 350, 350f

stoneworts, 284
strata, 217, 217f

formation of, 217, 218f, 219

stratified epithelium, 381, 381f
streptococci, 271, 271f
streptomycin, 588
striated, 384
stroke, 404
stroma, 60, 60f, 67, 85, 85f, 94
structural formula, 20

–21

structural model, 21, 21f
style, 363

of angiosperms, 292, 292f

subatomic particles, 15

–16, 17, 17f

subcutaneous fat, 439
suberin, 341
subsidence, 579
subspecies, 236, 236f
substrate, 75, 76, 76f
suckers, of leeches, 315, 315f
sucrose, 33

–34, 43

formation of, 91, 91f

sugar(s), dietary, 438

–439

reduction of, 439, 439t

sulfhydryl group(s), 31f, 39
sulfur, 16, 16f

atoms of, 19f

summer wood, 345, 345f
sun exposure, and cancer, 122
supercoil, 113f
superfund, 587
surface-area-to-volume ratio, 49, 66
surface tension, of water, 23, 23f

survivorship, 539, 539f
survivorship curve, 539, 539f
sustainable ecosystem, 575

–576

sustainable society, 592, 593

characteristics of, 592, 592f
versus today’s society, 592, 592f

swallowing, 416f
swamps. See wetlands
swim bladder, 322
swimmerets, of crustaceans, 316, 316f
Swiss starlings, stabilizing selection in, 240, 240f
symbiotic bacteria, 273
sympathetic division, 482, 482f
sympatric speciation, 250, 250f, 262
synapse(s), 476

functions of, 476, 476f
structure of, 476, 476f

synapsis, 130, 131, 131f, 132, 135f
synaptic cleft, 476, 476f
synaptic vesicle(s), 476, 476f
synovial joint, 506, 507f
syphilis, 523

causative organism of, 271, 271f

systemic circuit, 398, 402
systemic lupus erythematosus, 465
systole, 400, 400f

T

T

4

. See thyroxine (T

4

)

taiga, 568, 569f
tail, of chordates, 320, 320f
tamoxifen, 122
tansfer RNA (tRNA), 165
tapeworm(s), 312, 312f
taproot, 339, 339f
tarsiers, 328
Tasmanian wolf, 327
taste (sense of), 495, 495f
taste buds, 495
Tatum, Edward, 166
taxol, 122, 295
taxon (pl., taxa), 256
taxonomy, 6, 256, 256f
Tay-Sachs disease, 58, 202

characteristics of, 202, 202f
testing for, 205

T-cell receptor (TCR), 462
TCR. See T-cell receptor (TCR)
technology, 12
telomerase, 190, 191
telomere(s), 120, 124, 190
telophase, 114f, 115, 115f, 117f, 118, 124, 134t
telophase I, 132, 132f, 134t, 138
telophase II, 133, 133f, 134t, 138
telson, of crustaceans, 316, 316f
template, 164
temporal isolation, species and,

248, 248f

tendon(s), 382
tentacles

of cephalopods, 314, 314f
of cnidarians, 310f

terminal bud, 338, 338f, 339
termination, of translation, 170, 177
terrestrial ecosystem(s), 568,

569f, 572

testcross, 144

one-trait, 144

–145, 144f

two-trait, 146

–147, 147f

testis (pl. testes), 512, 514,

514f, 515

undescended, 514

testis-determining factor, 137
testosterone, 37, 37f, 43, 516
tetanus, 274
tetany, 486
tetracycline, 274, 588
tetrad(s), 130

–132, 130f, 132f

tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), 477
thalamus, 478f, 479, 480, 480f
thalidomide, 528
theory, 9, 13, 230
theory of evolution, 9, 142, 216

–223, 228, 230

therapeutic cloning, 181, 181f, 192
thermoacidophile, 275, 275f
thermodynamics, second law of,

71, 71f

thoracic duct, 403, 403f
three-domain system, 6, 12

–13, 256, 256f, 261, 261f, 262

thrombin, 407, 407f
thromboembolism, 404
thrombus, 404
thrush, 301, 301f
thumb, opposable, 328
thylakoid, 60, 60f, 67, 85, 94
thylakoid membrane, 60, 60f, 86, 86f, 271

organization of, 89, 89f

thylakoid space, 60, 60f, 85, 89,

89f, 94

thymine (T), 41, 41f, 161, 161f, 162
thymus gland, 456, 456f, 457
thyroid cancer, inheritance of, 191
thyroid gland, 486
thyroid hormone(s), 486
thyroid-stimulating hormone

(TSH), 484

thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), 484
thyroxine (T

4

), 486

tibia, 503
ticks, 317
tight junction, 65, 65f, 67
tinea, 301
tissue(s), 2, 378

–379

true, 308, 308f

of cnidarians, 310

–311

types of, 379, 379f

tissue culture, plant propagation by, 369

–370, 369f, 373

tissue fluid, 386
tissue rejection, 463
T-lymphocyte(s) (T cell(s)), 457. See also cytotoxic T cell(s); helper T cell(s)

activation of, 462, 462f
characteristics of, 462, 462t
functions of, 457t, 460, 462
types of, 462

–463

toads, 323
tobacco mosaic virus, 268, 268f
tone, of sound, 497
tonsil(s), 456
topsoil, loss of, 580
tortoises, Darwin’s study of, 221
totipotent, 369
toxin(s), bacterial, 274

–275

toxoplasmosis, 278
tracer, 18
trachea (pl. tracheae), 423

in insects, 423, 423f

tracheids, 342, 342f
tract(s), 478
traditionalists, 260, 260f, 262
trait(s)

behavioral, inheritance of, 150
genetic, expression of, 141

–142

multifactorial, 150
multiple-allele, 149, 149f

transcription, 166, 167, 167f, 171, 171f, 176, 183, 183f
transcription activator(s), 186,

186f, 192

transcription factor(s), 186, 186f, 192

complex of, 186, 186f

transduction, 272
trans fats, 36, 436
transfer rate, 565
transfer RNA (tRNA), 165, 168, 176

function of, 168, 169f
initiator, 170, 170f
structure of, 168, 169f

transformation, 272
transgenic organism(s), 159

–160, 175, 175f

translation, 166, 168

–170, 171, 171f, 176, 183, 183f, 185

phases of, 170, 170f, 176

–177

translocation, 170, 170f, 199, 199f
transmission electron

micrograph(s), 48f

transpiration, 349
transport proteins, 38, 53, 53f, 66, 78f, 80
transport system(s), of human body, 386, 386f, 399

–409

transport vesicle(s), 58, 59f, 171
transposon, 172, 172f

mariner, 172

tree(s)

oldest living, 291
unique, protection of, 304
world’s tallest, 337

Treponema pallidum, 271, 271f
Trichinella, 312f
trichinosis, 313
trichomoniasis, 523
tricuspid valve, 399, 399f
triglycerides, 43, 439
triiodothyronine (T

3

), 486

triphosphate, 72, 72f
triplet code, 167
trisomy, 136
trisomy 21, 136. See also Down syndrome
trophic level, 563, 571
tropical rain forest. See rain forest(s)
tropism, 360
trp operon, 183
true-breeding plants, 143
truffles, 299
Trypanosoma brucei, 278f
trypanosome, 278
trypsin, 418
tryptophan, 39f
TSH. See thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
tubal ligation, 519t
tube feet, 319, 319f
tuberculosis, 265, 266

skin test for, 465

tube-within-a-tube body plan, 414

–415, 415f, 431

tube worms, 315
tubulin, 62
tumor(s), 121

benign, 121, 190, 190f
metastatic, 121, 121f, 188f

tumor suppressor gene(s), 189, 192

in cancer cells, 189, 189f
inactivation of, 189

tundra, 565, 565f, 568, 569f

primary productivity in, 570, 570f

tunicate(s), 320, 320f
turgid cell(s), 78, 78f
Turner syndrome, 137, 137f, 139
turpentine, 291
turtles, 324
T virus, 267, 267f

U

ulna, 503
ultrasound, fetal, 206, 206f
ultraviolet radiation, 15
umbilical cord, 527, 528, 528f
unicellular organism(s), 2
uniform distribution, 538,

538f, 548

uniformitarianism, 219
unsaturated fatty acid, 36, 36f, 43
upper respiratory tract, 422

–423, 423f

uracil (U), 41, 41f, 161f, 164, 165f
urea, 106
ureter(s), 427, 427f, 432

male, 514f

urethra, 427, 427f, 432

female, 516f
male, 514, 514f, 515

urinalysis, 413
urinary bladder, 427, 432
urinary system, 386, 386f,

427

–430, 432

filtration in, 428
functions of, 388
human, 414f, 427

–430, 427f

reabsorption of solutes in, 428
secretion by, 428

urine, 427

formation of, 427

–428,

428f, 432

Urochordata, 320, 321f
uropods, of crustaceans, 316, 316f
uterine tubes. See oviduct(s)
uterus, 516, 516f
utricle, 496f, 498
UV. See ultraviolet radiation

V

vaccine(s), 464

for AIDS, 466

vacuole(s), 59, 59f, 66

protozoan, 278, 278f

vagina, 516, 516f, 517
vaginal sponge, 519t
vaginitis, 523
valence shell, 19, 19f
valine, 39f
vascular bundle, 340, 340f, 342,

344, 344f

vascular cambium, 341, 345, 345f
vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), 190

gene therapy with, 210

vascular plant(s), 253, 284f, 285, 288, 302, 340, 340f. See also seed plants

cone-bearing, 291
evolution of, 285f
seedless, 288, 302

vascular system, of

echinoderms, 319

vascular tissue

of eudicot root, 346f, 347
of plants, 284f, 285, 288, 288f, 338f, 341, 342, 342f, 352

vas deferens, 514, 514f, 515
vasectomy, 519t

vegetarians, 440
vegetative propagation of plants, 369, 369f
vein(s), 399, 401f

movement of blood in, 401, 401f

vena cava (pl. venae cavae), 399, 402, 403
ventricle(s), cardiac, 399, 399f
ventricular fibrillation, 400
venule(s), 399
vernix caseosa, 529
vertebral column, 503

embryonic development of, 526

–527, 526f

vertebrate(s), 320

–321, 321f, 334

brain of, 478, 478f
circulatory pathways in, 398,

398f, 409

embryological development of,

226, 226f

forelimbs of, 226, 226f
homologous structures of, 226, 226f
tissue types in, 379, 379f

vertigo, 498
vesicle(s), 54f, 58, 66

secretory, 58, 59f, 66
transport, 58, 59f, 66

vessel element, 342, 342f
vestigial structure, 226
Viagra, 515
villus (pl. villi), 418. See also microvillus (pl. microvilli)
vinblastine, mechanism of action

of, 122

viroid, 270, 280
virology, 12
virus(es), 266

–269, 280

animal, 268

–269, 268f, 280

emerging, 269, 269f
enveloped, 268
genome of, 266
human diseases caused by, drug control of, 269, 280
latent infections, 267
oncogenic, 179

–180

plant, 268, 268f, 280
and prokaryotes, comparison

of, 280

reproduction of, 266

–267, 280

structure of, 265, 266f, 280

visceral mass, of molluscs, 314, 314f
visceral muscle. See smooth

(visceral) muscle

vision, 499

–500

binocular, 499
in dark, 500
in insects, 499, 499f

vitamin(s), 438t, 442

deficiency of, 442
fat-soluble, 442, 443t
water-soluble, 442, 443t

vitamin A, and cancer prevention, 123
vitamin C, 436

and cancer prevention, 123
deficiency of, 436, 437f

vitamin D, deficiency of, 442, 442f
vitamin K, 407, 420
viviparous animal(s), 513
vocal cord(s), 423

in males, 516

volume, of sound, 497
Volvox, 277, 277f
vulva, 516f, 517

W

Wallace, Alfred Russel, 223, 228
Wallace Line, 223
warblers, niche specialization

among, 557

warts, genital, 180, 522
waste(s)

industrial, 587
as pollutants, 587, 593

waste disposal, in natural

ecosystems, 590

water, 551

adhesion property of, 349
cohesion property of, 349
conservation of, 579, 579f
density of, as ice, 24

–25, 24f

fresh, sources of, 590

–591

heat capacity of, 24
in human diet, 438t, 442
molecules

adhesion of, 23, 23f
cohesion of, 23, 23f
dissociation of, 25, 25f

oxidation of, in photosynthesis, 86, 86f, 88, 88f, 89, 89f, 94
properties of, 22

–25, 27

purification of, in natural ecosystems, 590
as resource, 576, 576f,

578

–579, 593

as solvent, 23
structure of, 22, 22f
surface tension of, 23, 23f
transport of, in plants,

349

–350, 349f

water balance, regulation of, 429, 432
water consumption, 578, 579f
water intoxication, 69

–70

water mold, 276, 279, 281
water supply(ies), 578

–579

Watson, James, 160, 162, 162f
weight loss diets, 97

–98

Weinberg, W., 234, 234f
West Nile virus, 269, 269f
wetlands

primary productivity in, 570, 570f
value of, 590

whales, 327f

evolution of, 224, 224f

wheat

dietary importance of, 284
fungal disease of, 300

whitebark pine, and Clark’s nutcracker, mutualism of, 558, 558f
white blood cells, 383, 383f, 406

functions of, 405

–406, 406t

wild-type, 146
Williams syndrome, 198, 198f
wind power, 584, 584f
wood, 295, 295f, 345, 345f, 352

of pine trees, 291

wrasses, 512

X

X chromosome, 129, 152

–153, 156

inactivation of, 184, 184f

X-linked disorders, 212
X-linked dominant disorder, pedigree for, 201
X-linked inheritance, 152, 156

pedigree for, 201, 201f

X-linked recessive disorder

characteristics of, 204
pedigree for, 201, 201f

XO. See Turner syndrome

XXY. See Klinefelter syndrome
xylem, 288, 288f, 291, 302, 340, 340f, 342, 345, 345f, 352

water and mineral transport in, 349

–350, 349f, 352

Y

Y chromosome, 129, 152

–153, 156

yeasts, 300

fermentation by, 107

yeast infection(s), 301
yellow bone marrow, 504f
Y-linked disorders, 201
yolk sac, 524f, 526f

Z

zinc, as nutrient, 441t
Z lines, 505
zona pellucida, 524, 524f
zone of cell division, of eudicot root, 346f, 347, 352
zone of elongation, of eudicot root, 346f, 347, 352
zone of maturation, of eudicot root, 346f, 347, 352
zonulysin, 499
zooflagellate, 278, 278f
zooplankton, 276
zoospores, 279
zygospore, fungal, 297, 297f
zygote

of angiosperms, 293f
of mosses, 287, 287f
of plants, 286, 286f

zygote(s), 129, 129f, 131, 512, 524

development of, 112f

zygote mortality, species and,

248f, 249