International Clean Coal Initiatives
Dr John Topper
Managing Director
IEA Clean Coal Centre
International Clean Coal Initiatives
Dr John Topper
Managing Director
IEA Clean Coal Centre
Introduction
Programmes/strategies for CCTs in
•
EU
•
Germany
•
UK
•
Japan
•
Australia
•
Other countries
IEA Clean Coal Centre Report
EU Policy (1)
•
Up to 2000: EU policy of maintaining role for coal for diversity
and security of supply, while meeting tightening emissions
limits
•
Nov 2000: Green Paper on strategy for security of energy
supply highlighted energy supply; reducing role for coal
•
Followed by EU Parliament Resolution calling for European
initiative for development of emission-free coal-fired power
station
•
Commission proposed framework for energy cooperation with
developing countries
•
Research programme of Research Fund for Coal and Steel
adopted Feb 2002; Replaces ECSC programme.
•
To be closely coordinated with other activities, such as the
Framework Programme of the EU
EU Policy (2)
•
Most EU research implemented under research, technological
development and demonstration (RTD) frameworks
•
Non-nuclear energy (NNE) research forms part of the Sixth
Framework Programme for Research and Technological
Development (2002-2006).
•
NNE research programme objectives:
!
reduction of greenhouse gases and pollutant emissions;
!
security of energy supply;
!
increased use of renewable energy;
•
NNE programme includes long term RTD on capture and
sequestration of CO
2
, associated with near zero emission
more efficient fossil fuel plants.
EU - Technologies
•
700ºC supercritical programme
•
PFBC: ABB technology - Vartan plant,
Sweden; Escatron 80 MWe retrofit
•
Later (1994-99) HGCU project on 11%
of the flow to the GT at Escatron
(THERMIE).
•
IGCC: Puertollano 335 MWe entrained
IGCC demo - high ash lignite/high
sulphur petroleum coke 50/50 mixture
(THERMIE). Operated since 1996, but
intermittently because of technical
problems, partly because of the unusual
feed.
•
IGCC: Buggenum 250 MWe.
Constructed on commercial basis,
operating since 1995.
•
CFBC: 50 MWe plant at Asturias
supported as very high ash wastes
mixture fuel (65% ash).
Puertollano by night
night
EU - Technologies (cont’d)
•
UCG trial in Spain.
•
IGCC variants involving partial gasification have been pursued
in the past (e.g. HTV Winkler in Germany, ABGC in UK), but
demonstrations have yet to be built.
•
Germany - Schwarze Pumpe BGL gasifier At Dresden, a BGL
gasifier has been installed as part of the 75 MWe Schwarze
Pumpe IGCC, based otherwise on dry ash Lurgi gasifiers.
•
Pressurised PCC - Principal interest in Germany. Long term as
HGCU at 1400ºC required.
Germany
•
Overall goals:
!
forge a consensus on future energy security and energy
use, including role of coal;
!
ensure environmentally benign energy supply and use;
•
development of a strategy for protection of global climate a
major cornerstone of the policy;
•
Between 1996 and 2000, the German government’s Fourth
Energy Research and Technology Programme aimed to:
!
lay a broad technological foundation for attainment of the
federal government’s CO
2
emissions reduction targets;
!
facilitate modernisation of the German economy .
Germany (cont’d)
•
Fourth Energy Research Programme included low CO
2
emitting combustion technologies and power plant designs for
higher efficiency from hard and brown coal;
•
Power plant technology and combustion research includes
government-industry cost shared research projects on
development of combined cycle plants:
•
IGCC;
•
cyclone combustion;
•
pressurised pulverised coal combustion and indirect
combustion systems;
•
improvement of processes and components.
•
Currently, Ministry of Industry seeking funding for a new
programme called CORETEC aiming to reduce CO2
emissions.
UK - Cleaner Coal Technology Programme
•
Programme acts as focus for activities and collaborations
between industry and universities.
•
Policy also to encourage the use of CCTs in China and India.
•
Assistance to industry seeking aid from the European
Commission's Framework Programme.
•
Currently surplus coal-fired capacity so main opportunities for
CCTs in incremental improvements to PC plant
•
Total funding of 40 projects under the programme £8 million
(total project cost £22 million).
UK - Cleaner Coal Technology Programme (cont’d)
•
In 2001, government re-assessed case for supporting a CCT
Demonstration Plant.
•
Challenges of cleaner coal now focused on CO
2
emissions and Kyoto
commitments.
•
Opportunity for EOR from depleted wells in North Sea.
•
Found case for assessing legal, scientific, engineering and economic
aspects of EOR and CO
2
capture and storage.
ENERGY WHITE PAPER – February 2003
•
No case for support for the construction of a full scale demonstration
plant in the UK.
!
coal fired generation will either play a smaller part than today or be
linked to CO
2
capture and storage if technically, environmentally
and economically feasible;
!
Support for relevant research projects to develop options for
cleaner coal technologies and for carbon capture and storage
Japan - Coal utilisation technology development strategy for
the 21st century
1990
2000
2010
2020
Environment
CO
2
Reduction
10 – 20%
20 – 30%
30 – 40%
Resource
Shortage of oil supply
1
st
Step: High Efficiency
•PFBC
•PCC (USC)
2
nd
Step: High Efficiency
•IGCC
High Efficiency Hybrid
•IGFC
•Co-prod’n power/chemical
•Hydrogen from coal
•Zero-emission
Zero-emmission
•Hydrogen from coal
•F C / H – G T combined
•Hydrogen vehicles
•Coal complex
•CO
2
utilisation
Japan - Coal utilisation technology development strategy for
the 21st century
CCUJ recently formulated strategy to maintain an important role for coal.
Aims:
•
Technologies of reduced environmental impact.
•
Secure energy supply through coal.
•
Strengthening international competitiveness of energy related
industries.
•
International cooperation and technology transfer.
•
Until 2050, fossil fuels will account for major supply of energy.
•
Coal retaining an important role but biomass and waste co-utilisation
with coal will increase. Coal technologies should provide a means for
trading CO
2
emission rights.
•
Technologies to be developed that can cut CO
2
emissions by 30% or
more by 2030.
•
Japan will also develop technologies for CO
2
separation and
sequestration.
Japan - Coal utilisation technology development strategy for
the 21st century (cont’d)
•
The strategy cites efficiencies on deployment of 43 to 48% for
IGCC and 55% for IGFC (EAGLE).
•
Deployment of IGFC expected from 2010 (50 MWe distributed
power generation).
•
600 MWe system available by 2020.
•
Strategy calls for government to continue to promote such
long-term projects.
•
Continuing development of ultra-supercritical PCC technology
proposed.
Australia
•
CSIRO - coal R&D includes CCTs and GHG mitigation - $20 million
p.a. (60% government).
•
ACARP has committed $4.5 million over 7 years to be a full participant
in the Cooperative Research Centre for Coal in Sustainable
Development (CCSD).
•
CCSD budget $61 million over its seven years, including federal
funding of $14.5 million.
High pressure entrained gasification facility:
•
At Queensland Centre for Advanced Technology, Brisbane, now a
major programme for CCSD by CSIRO.
•
Current programmes on conversion efficiency, mineral matter under
slagging conditions, emissions aspects and fuel characterisation and
performance data.
Co-firing of coal and biomass:
•
Developing database to assess fouling and corrosion propensity using
CSIRO methodologies.
•
On-line biomass feedstock energy analysis envisaged.
•
Evaluation of co-firing with coal and natural gas plus coal seam
methane.
Australia - Other areas
R&D programmes by the Cooperative
Research Centre for Clean Power from
Lignite:
•
Coal dewatering; advanced combustion
and gasification and fluidised bed
process development; thermal efficiency
and operational improvement.
HRL process:
•
Low-cost, high-efficiency power
generation technology for high moisture
lignites that integrates drying and
gasification processes.
•
Suited also to biomass (renewable
energy boost since PM’s statement in
1997).
Ultra clean coal (UCC) for use in direct-
fired gas turbines:
•
CSIRO working with White Mining.
•
Pilot plant in Hunter Valley, New South
Wales; samples being tested by MHI in
Japan.
HRL Coal Gasification
Development Facility
Australia - Carbon Dioxide capture and geological
sequestration
CSIRO Direct Mitigation of Greenhouse Gas Program:
•
Methods of CO
2
capture; configurations for power generation
•
Options for disposal and sequestration of CO
2
CCSD:
•
Assessing total sequestration opportunities;
•
New project to research potential for sequestration into coal
seams
GEODISC programme - 11 projects:
CISS (Coal in a Sustainable Society) project
•
Studies based on LCA principles. 2-year programme $3 million.
Funding from ACARP, coal industry and stakeholders.
Australia - COAL21
•
Develop a National Clean Coal Strategy (NCCS).
•
Promote and facilitate demonstration, commercialisation and early
uptake of CCTs.
•
Promote Australian R&D in CCTs.
•
Foster awareness of potential for CCTs to reduce or eliminate GHGs
and other impacts.
•
Short term - reduce GHG emissions through CCTs (state and federal
government support).
•
Future: capture and geological storage of carbon dioxide.
•
CCT mission visited USA and Canada in 2002.
•
Early 2003 phase one - 1 year consultative process aimed at
developing a NCCS.
•
NCCS will include: case for an Australian commitment to CCTs; coal
technology roadmap; objectives for reaching identified milestones;
action plan.
•
Phase two will focus on implementation of the NCCS.
Other countries: India
India:
•
IGCC - FB gasifier
6 MWe. BHEL seeking
partners for 100 MWe
demonstration plant.
•
Planned lignite-fuelled
IGCC in India.
•
CFBC units of up to
125 MWe.
•
Interest also in
supercritical PCC and
PFBC.
BHEL gasifiers at Tiruchy, India
Other Countries: China
China:
•
10 supercritical PC units operating.
•
2 supercritical units of 800 MWe to be commissioned in
2003.
•
10 further supercritical units approved for construction.
•
Two 100 MWe co-generation PFBCs planned.
•
Yantai, Shandong Province, plans for 400 MWe IGCC
plant.
•
Yanzhou, Shandong Province, IGCC proposed for
chemical feedstocks plus 400 MWe power.
•
Recent indications are that PFBC, IGCC unlikely to be
deployed in the near term.
IEA CLEAN COAL CENTRE REPORT - CCTs ROADMAP
Aim and scope:
•
Review advancing coal technologies for power generation that
are less polluting than mature coal-fired generation
technologies and have lower CO
2
emissions.
•
Review re-emergence of concepts for coal-based
power/chemical production complexes.
•
Assess the long-term future for coal-fired power generation.
•
Identify developmental pathways.
•
Identify barriers and future research needs.
IEA CLEAN COAL CENTRE REPORT - CCTs ROADMAP
(cont’d)
Content:
•
Description, operating characteristics, thermal efficiency,
environmental performance, technical and commercial status and
existing development programmes for each of the technologies, from
the more established ones to the more speculative ones, including:
!
Supercritical PCC.
!
Pressurised pulverised coal combustion (PPCC).
!
Circulating fluidised bed combustion (CFBC).
!
Pressurised fluidised bed combustion (PFBC).
!
Circulating pressurised fluidised bed combustion (CPFBC).
!
Low-CO
2
PCC combustion.
!
Integrated gasification combined cycles (IGCC).
!
IGCC-fuel cells.
!
Low-CO
2
IGCC.
!
Hybrid gasification/combustion systems.
IEA CLEAN COAL CENTRE REPORT - CCTs ROADMAP
CONTENT (cont’d)
•
Recent capital cost data and estimates and trends in costs.
•
Economic comparisons with other technologies in the future.
•
Assessment of role for coal in future electricity supply mix.
•
Programmes of other organisations.
•
Identify barriers hindering further developments.
•
Roadmaps for the technologies up to 2020.
•
Future R&D needs.
•
ANNEX by IEA Coal Industry Advisory Board: the path towards
zero emissions technology power generation.
Conclusions
•
Coal under pressure as major energy
source because of bad image with
regard to emissions, particularly of CO
2
,
during past 10 years, despite continuing
improvements.
•
Some respite from phasing out of
nuclear power, security issues of gas
over-dependence.
•
Despite above, long term future of coal
necessitates clear progress in
movement toward zero emissions within
the next few decades.
•
CCTs must move toward zero
emissions technology while remaining
economically competitive. This will
be a major challenge.
Injection of CO
2
into a deep saline reservoir