Microsoft Word - L2 034 Reading _f

P O Z I O M 2

ARKUSZ ODPOWIEDZI

C Z Y T A N I E

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TASK ONE

Read the text and circle T for True or F for False.

After months of gossip, NASA has informed the public about its Space Launch System (SLS)

the spacecraft which the agency hopes will carry its astronauts into deep space. The rocket will first fly
to an asteroid but later its aim will
will use already tried and tested rocket technology, however
than previous ones. The final version
to the incredible power – more than 34 times the total thrust of a
most powerful rocket ever built –
the Moon. SLS will be huge with the height reach
building, and the weight of 2.950 tonnes, equivalent to 29 fully loaded
the cost of developing the rocket will be

The agency will replace the Space Shuttle, which was retired in July, with the SLS rocket able to

carry the Orion Multipurpose Crew Vehicle.
Shuttles’ main engines that burned
which are based on designs for the Ares I and Ares V rockets.
mission, there will be liquid-fuel used at the upper stage.

“One of the things we like

NASA’s  Launch  System  programme  manager.  “For  the  foreseeable  future,  chemical  propulsion  is  the
way to get from Earth’s surface to space and we’ve been developing such technologies for th
years,”  he  says.  May  also  adds  it  would  be  possible  to  get  astronauts  to  an  asteroid  and  Mars  using
chemical  rockets  but,  in  the  longer  term,  alternative  fuel sources  need  to  be  explored  for  such  long
distance missions. “If you want to be
such as nuclear or ion propulsion,” says May. He admits that although some engineers prefer nuclear
power, the final decision hasn’t been made yet.

NASA informs the Space Launch System will be rea

of getting to an asteroid by 2025. However, engineers be
earliest.

1.

The final destination of the SLS will be the Red P

The new rocket will take some astronauts to the Moon.

The final cost of the SLS could be higher than $18 billion.

The rocket will be powered by engines of an innovative design.

After using liquid-fuel, the space flight will continue on solid

Todd May says chemical rockets would be a better solution in the long run.

NASA have chosen nuclear energy for the SLS’s

Read the text and circle T for True or F for False.

NASA Shows Super Rocket

After months of gossip, NASA has informed the public about its Space Launch System (SLS)

the spacecraft which the agency hopes will carry its astronauts into deep space. The rocket will first fly
to an asteroid but later its aim will be Mars, commonly known as the Red Planet. The heavy
will use already tried and tested rocket technology, however, the engines will be many times bigger

final version of the craft will be able to lift a cargo of 130 tonnes into orbi

more than 34 times the total thrust of a Boeing 747. As a result,

even more powerful than the Saturn V rocket that took

the Moon. SLS will be huge with the height reaching 120 meters, which equals the height of a 40 floor
building, and the weight of 2.950 tonnes, equivalent to 29 fully loaded 747 jets. For now NASA thinks

will be $18 billion, but it may yet go far beyond

agency will replace the Space Shuttle, which was retired in July, with the SLS rocket able to

carry the Orion Multipurpose Crew Vehicle. Its main engines will be modified versions of the Space

huttles’ main engines that burned liquid hydrogen and oxygen. It will also use two solid

based on designs for the Ares I and Ares V rockets. When the solid fuel

fuel used at the upper stage.

“One of the things we like to say is that the laws of physics haven’t changed,” says Todd May,

NASA’s  Launch  System  programme  manager.  “For  the  foreseeable  future,  chemical  propulsion  is  the
way to get from Earth’s surface to space and we’ve been developing such technologies for th
years,”  he  says.  May  also  adds  it  would  be  possible  to  get  astronauts  to  an  asteroid  and  Mars  using
chemical  rockets  but,  in  the  longer  term,  alternative  fuel sources  need  to  be  explored  for  such  long
distance missions. “If you want to be effective in deep space, you’ve got to think of non
such as nuclear or ion propulsion,” says May. He admits that although some engineers prefer nuclear
power, the final decision hasn’t been made yet.

NASA informs the Space Launch System will be ready for its first lift-off in 2

an asteroid by 2025. However, engineers believe it will not land on Mars

ination of the SLS will be the Red Planet.

ake some astronauts to the Moon.

The final cost of the SLS could be higher than $18 billion.

The rocket will be powered by engines of an innovative design.

fuel, the space flight will continue on solid-fuel.

Todd May says chemical rockets would be a better solution in the long run.

NASA have chosen nuclear energy for the SLS’s flight into deep space.

After months of gossip, NASA has informed the public about its Space Launch System (SLS) –

the spacecraft which the agency hopes will carry its astronauts into deep space. The rocket will first fly

lanet. The heavy-lift vehicle

the engines will be many times bigger

a cargo of 130 tonnes into orbit due

As a result, it will be the

n the Saturn V rocket that took astronauts to

ing 120 meters, which equals the height of a 40 floor

747 jets. For now NASA thinks

beyond that figure.

agency will replace the Space Shuttle, which was retired in July, with the SLS rocket able to

Its main engines will be modified versions of the Space

liquid hydrogen and oxygen. It will also use two solid-fuel boosters

the solid fuel is finished on a

to say is that the laws of physics haven’t changed,” says Todd May,

in deep space, you’ve got to think of non-chemical means

such as nuclear or ion propulsion,” says May. He admits that although some engineers prefer nuclear

off in 2017, with the target

lieve it will not land on Mars until 2030 at the

TASK TWO

Read the text and choose the best answer A, B or C.

The End of Shark-Watching?

The shark-watching industry is South Africa's fastest growing wildlife adventure experience.

Last year, about 100,000 people dived with sharks in the western Cape alone. It is not the biggest
number in the world but definitely the Cape is fast becoming the shark-watching capital of the country.
It is a lucrative business for the 12 operators who run "shark safaris" for tourists every day. However,
the activity causes controversy, particularly among local residents, surfers, divers and fishermen. They
say that baiting the sharks to approach humans and boats is responsible for a worrying rise in shark
attacks.

To investigate further I decide to try it for myself. I pick out Dyer Island Cruises because it was

recommended as the most ethical shark dive operator. It runs shark-watching boats out of Gansbaai,
under the watchful eye of Dr Michael Scholl. A world-known marine biologist and conservationist from
Switzerland has been studying great whites for almost 10 years. Scholl is famous for discovering their
migratory path from South Africa to Australia.

After arrival in Gansbaai we hear a fascinating presentation from Dr Scholl on the behaviour of

the great whites. Then, he shows us a photo of an open-jawed shark shutting the cage when a diver
waited too long to jump in. It causes shock waves around the room. But when we hear that the cage is
100 per cent safe, if we follow instructions, we become more confident about our coming adventure.
There are two other important warnings from Dr Scholl: if you get seasick, take a tablet well before
you set out on the sea, and don't believe that a shark sighting is guaranteed.

Almost immediately after setting out, several gallons of "chum" – a badly smelling liquid with

fish heads and blood – are thrown overboard to draw the sharks closer. Anyone who wants to go in the
cage has to put on a wetsuit and get ready. The cage holds four adults and is chained to the side of the
boat.  When  I  jump  in  I  feel  the  strong  current.  Almost  all  my  attention  goes  to  keeping  my  mouth
above  the  water  to  breathe  and  holding  on  to  the  bars  of  the  cage.  Maybe  that’s  why,  I'm  not
particularly nervous or scared. Suddenly, we hear the cry, "look out on the bait!" We go under water
and  try  to  see  the  3.5m  long  shark  swimming  in  front  of  us  through  the  dark  water.  To  my
disappointment I can only see the dark outline of its body several metres away. It is good I got into the
cage, but the shark-viewing is definitely better from the boat.

I decide to ask Dr Scholl if this type of activity teaches sharks to ‘see’ humans as food. The

scientist  forcefully  says  “no”.  Firstly,  he  says,  the  sharks  are  not  resident  here;  every  day  different
individuals  come,  so  they  cannot  get  used  to  anything.  Secondly,  his  boat  staff  do  their  best  not  to
"feed"  the  sharks;  they  try  to  pull  the  bait  out  of  the  water  before  the  shark  gets  to  it.  Thirdly,  the
sharks are unable to smell humans in wetsuits over the nasty odour of the chum. Breathing deeply I
can easily believe Dr Scholl’s last argument.

However, there are many responsible tourism issues in this industry. I discover that Dyer

Island  Cruises'  slogan  is  a  "discover  and  protect".  They  raise  money  from  their  customers  to  build
homes  for  threatened  penguins  on  nearby  Dyer  Island.  Yet  Scholl  confesses,  "I  am  not  liked  in  the
industry  for  a  very  simple  reason.  I  too  often  say  that  all  the  shark  companies  claim  to  be  in  eco-
tourism but they don't provide information and respect the animals."

And the industry is not liked at all by many ocean users such as divers, surfers and fishermen.

One opponent is Paul Botha, a water sports promoter who organised a major debate last month on
shark attacks in the Cape peninsula. The campaigner believes that shark industry is not the only one to
blame for the recent rise in violent shark behaviour. He says that the destruction of seal habitat on the
west coast caused by commercial fishing also plays a part. Botha thinks that industry practices such as
baiting should be forbidden as they teach the sharks to lower their fear of humans.

However, reducing the guarantee of shark sightings would make the industry less attractive to

tourists and may mean experiencing shark-watching only in the Cape Town city aquarium.

The Cape is becoming the biggest shark-watching centre ...

in the country

in Africa

in the world

The author chose the Dyer Island Cruises because it ...

owns the biggest fleet of boats

has the biggest experience

is the most ethical operator

Dr Scholl guarantees ...

sighting of sharks

medical care

safety of equipment

When the author saw the shark she was ...

panicky

frightened

dissatisfied

The author believes Dr Scholl that during cage diving ...

sharks cannot smell humans

it is best not to bait sharks

sharks cannot be taught anything

The Dyer Island Cruises’ owner is not popular because ...

he ignores the company’s slogan

he criticises other shark operators

his activity endangers other species

The shark-watching industry is blamed for ...

a lower income of fishermen

the increase in shark attacks

the drop in the number of seals

TASK

THREE

In this task six phrases have been removed from the text and placed at the bottom. An extra phrase has
been included. You must decide which phrase goes into which gap and write the letter in the box below
the sentences.

Taliban Rocked by Allied Ops

British soldiers from 19 Light Brigade have been fighting hard against the Taliban despite

being on the final stages of their Op Herrick tour. During two separate actions, ... (1) … while the Rifles,

their colleagues from 2

Battalion, carried out an assault on a drug network in Sangin. The operations,

... (2) ..., limited their attack abilities considerably and damaged their important sources of funding.

The British actions also helped the civilian population, who have been facing increasing intimidation

from the Taliban. Thanks to them, safety has improved in those regions.

In the first attack, the 3

Battalion soldiers, supported by Canadian and Afghan personnel,

arrived by Chinook into a Zhari district of Kandahar ... (3) ... . They immediately came under fire as

they began an attack on one of the most fortified Taliban strongholds in the area. The buildings had

sniper positions and hiding places where the weapons were kept. Other traps ... (4) ... consisted of

bunkers, trenches and tunnel systems with IEDs placed in front of them.

Advancing on their target the British soldiers managed to overcome all the enemy booby traps

and defences. Later they ... (5) ..., including two motorbikes rigged with IEDs, grenade launchers and

recoilless rifles. Cpl Jim Copeland (3 Scots) commented that the enemy had been so well prepared that

the attack had been a great challenge for the British troops.

During the second operation in the Sangin area, around 100 soldiers from the Rifles uncovered

a number of drug factories after carrying out an airborne attack. Although ... (6) ..., the British troops

were able to stop it and finally they seized 331 kg of opium with a UK street value of £ 3.3 million. They

also liberated a group of Afghan children forced to work for the drug lords.

According to Maj Karl Hickman, who commanded the Rifles soldiers during the action, the

operations have again proved the combat skills of the British soldiers and have clearly demonstrated

that there is nowhere for the Taliban to hide.

... A ... the Taliban counterattack was fierce

... B ... soldiers from 3

Battalion seized enemy weapons in Kandahar

... C ... which hit the Taliban hard

... D ... that the Taliban had arranged there

... E ... easily defeated by the armed rebels

... F ... under cover of darkness

... G ... found a huge cache of weapons