Writing Style Handbook
April 2006
Writing Style Handbook
April 2006
Accreditation Statement
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©2006 University of Phoenix. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
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an information retrieval system, or otherwise, without prior permission of University of Phoenix.
Edited in accordance with The Apollo Group editorial standards and practices
Revised: April 2006
3
Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................... 7
Axia College Writing Competencies .......................................................................................... 7
CHAPTER 1: WRITING THE PAPER....................................................................................... 10
The Writing Assignment........................................................................................................... 10
The Purpose of Writing the Paper............................................................................................. 10
Common Types of Papers......................................................................................................... 11
Issue Analysis ....................................................................................................................... 12
Advocacy or Persuasion........................................................................................................ 12
Narrative Essay ..................................................................................................................... 12
Argumentative Essay ............................................................................................................ 12
Interpretive Essay.............................................................................................................. 12
Evaluative Essay ............................................................................................................... 13
Conducting Research ............................................................................................................ 13
Where to Go...................................................................................................................... 13
The Web............................................................................................................................ 13
Libraries ............................................................................................................................ 14
Evaluating Source Materials ................................................................................................. 14
Note-taking ........................................................................................................................... 14
Planning and Organizing .......................................................................................................... 15
Outlines ................................................................................................................................. 15
Unity and Coherence............................................................................................................. 15
Revising and Editing............................................................................................................. 16
CHAPTER 2: PREPARING A CASE STUDY ANALYSIS....................................................... 17
CHAPTER 3: FORM AND APPEARANCE ............................................................................... 18
Type of Paper............................................................................................................................ 18
Font Styles and Printing............................................................................................................ 18
Margins and Spacing. ............................................................................................................... 18
Pagination ................................................................................................................................. 19
Title Page .................................................................................................................................. 20
Table of Contents...................................................................................................................... 22
Headings ................................................................................................................................... 24
Numbers.................................................................................................................................... 26
Abbreviations............................................................................................................................ 26
Lists........................................................................................................................................... 27
Tables and Figures. ................................................................................................................... 27
Tables........................................................................................................................................ 28
Figures ...................................................................................................................................... 29
4
Appendix................................................................................................................................... 29
CHAPTER 4: GRAMMAR, PUNCTUATION, AND SPELLING ............................................. 31
CHAPTER 5: PARAPHRASING or PLAGIARIZING? ............................................................. 32
Types of Sources....................................................................................................................... 32
Using Resources ....................................................................................................................... 32
CHAPTER 6: DOCUMENTING THE PAPER ........................................................................... 34
Text Citations............................................................................................................................ 34
Paraphrase ............................................................................................................................. 34
Direct Quotation.................................................................................................................... 34
Paraphrasing.............................................................................................................................. 35
Author Named in Text .......................................................................................................... 35
Author Not Named in Text ................................................................................................... 35
Two Authors Named in Text ................................................................................................ 35
Three to Five Authors ........................................................................................................... 36
Six or More Authors ............................................................................................................. 36
Work with no Author, No Title, or Anonymous Work......................................................... 36
Using Direct Quotations ........................................................................................................... 37
Personal Interviews/Phone Conversations/Email/Electronic Discussion Groups ................ 38
Reference Entries Within The References Page ....................................................................... 39
Authors.................................................................................................................................. 40
Sequence ............................................................................................................................... 40
Capitalization ........................................................................................................................ 41
Edited Book .......................................................................................................................... 43
Article or Chapter in a Book ................................................................................................. 44
Report.................................................................................................................................... 45
Government Publication ....................................................................................................... 45
Evaluating Online Sources.................................................................................................... 48
Authorship......................................................................................................................... 48
Accuracy of Information................................................................................................... 48
Goals of the Site................................................................................................................ 48
Access ............................................................................................................................... 49
Electronic Sources ................................................................................................................ 49
Email Messages and Electronic Discussion Groups ............................................................. 49
Online Information – Web Page ........................................................................................... 49
Online Information – Journal or Magazine.......................................................................... 50
Computer Program, Software, or Programming Language .................................................. 50
CHAPTER 7: ADDITIONAL INTERNET WRITING RESOURCES FOR STUDENTS ......... 55
Online Sources for Help with Writing or Formatting............................................................... 55
References..................................................................................................................................... 56
5
Appendix A - Writing Sources ..................................................................................................... 57
Appendix B - Evaluation Sheet for Correct Use of APA ............................................................. 58
Appendix C- Essay Evaluation Form ........................................................................................... 59
6
List of Tables and Formatting Examples
Tables
Table 1
Writing Competencies - Graduate Programs .............................................................. 7
Table 2
Writing Competencies - Undergraduate Programs ..................................................... 9
Table 3
Purposes of Writing Assignments............................................................................. 11
Table 4
Heading Levels ......................................................................................................... 25
Examples
Example 1
Inappropriate Widows and Orphans ..................................................................... 19
Example 2
Page Header ......................................................................................................... 20
Example 3
Title Page With Page Header................................................................................ 21
Example 4
Table of Contents Page ......................................................................................... 23
Example 5
List of Tables ........................................................................................................ 24
Example 6
List of Figures ....................................................................................................... 24
Example 7
Table ..................................................................................................................... 28
Example 8
Figure .................................................................................................................... 29
Example 9
Indication of Appendixes...................................................................................... 30
Example 10
More Than One Appendix in the Table of Contents............................................. 30
Example 11
Paraphrased Material ............................................................................................ 34
Example 12
Direct Quotation.................................................................................................... 34
Example 13
Author Named in Text .......................................................................................... 35
Example 14
Author Not Named in Text ................................................................................... 35
Example 15
Two Authors Named in Text ................................................................................ 35
Example 16
Three to Five Authors ........................................................................................... 36
Example 17
Six or More Authors ............................................................................................. 36
Example 18
Work with No Author, No Title, or Anonymous Work........................................ 36
Example 19
Direct Quotations From Electronic Source........................................................... 37
Example 20
Block Quotation .................................................................................................... 38
Example 21
Citation for Personal Communication Where Title is Known.............................. 39
Example 22
Citation If Derived From Email or Electronic Discussion Group ........................ 39
Example 23
Referencing Anonymous Author .......................................................................... 40
Example 24
Referencing Multiple Authors .............................................................................. 40
Example 25
Where Author Has More Than One Publication During One Year...................... 41
Example 26
Samples of Capitalization ..................................................................................... 42
Example 27
Use of Italics ......................................................................................................... 42
Example 28
Article Citation...................................................................................................... 42
Example 29
Citation of Publisher ............................................................................................. 43
Example 30
Post Office Abbreviation Citation ........................................................................ 43
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Example 31
Citation for Edited Book....................................................................................... 43
Example 32
Book Article or Chapter Citation.......................................................................... 45
Example 33
Report Citation...................................................................................................... 45
Example 34
Citation for Government Publication.................................................................... 45
Example 35
References Page, Various Types of Sources......................................................... 46
Example 36
Web Page Citation ................................................................................................ 50
Example 37
Web Page Citation from Journal or Magazine...................................................... 50
Example 38
Computer Program, Software, or Programming Language Citation .................... 50
Example 39
Citation Where No Author and No Date Are Indicated........................................ 51
Example 40
References Page with Online Sources .................................................................. 52
INTRODUCTION
Welcome to Axia College’s Writing Style Handbook, which contains the guidelines for
the accepted format required in Axia College’s degree programs. It also contains additional
writing guidelines and tips. This handbook is intended to provide basic clarifications to the
APA Style and is modeled after the 5th edition of the Publication Manual of the American
Psychological Association (2001). It is NOT intended to provide detailed instructions about
every question that may arise. Additional resources that may be useful to you are cited
throughout this handbook.
Axia College Writing Competencies
Axia College requires that students, upon graduation, achieve competency in writing.
There are specific writing competencies for the graduate and undergraduate programs (see
Tables 1 and 2).
Table 1
Writing Competencies - Graduate Programs
1.
Critically select topics/issues in the major for all written papers.
2.
Synthesize selected information and findings in all written papers.
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3.
Write papers that have appropriate flow and effective organization.
4.
Use a consistent writing style that effectively communicates information and meaning
to a variety of audiences.
5.
Consistently apply the Axia College Writing Style guidelines in all written papers.
6.
Correctly use standard grammar, punctuation, and spelling.
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Table 2
Writing Competencies - Undergraduate Programs
1.
Appropriately identify topics/issues in the major for all written papers.
2.
Present evaluative information and findings in all written papers.
3. Logically
organize
all written papers.
4.
Write papers that target the intended audience and that effectively communicate
specific information.
5.
Consistently apply the Axia College Writing Style guidelines in all written papers.
6.
Correctly use standard grammar, punctuation, and spelling.
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CHAPTER 1: WRITING THE PAPER
This chapter contains important writing guidelines and tips that will help you complete
your written assignments. You will learn how to effectively organize, write, revise, and edit
required papers.
The Writing Assignment
Carefully read the specific requirements for all of your written papers as outlined by
your faculty member in his or her syllabus. Faculty members typically include the purpose of
the paper, grading criteria, page length, number of references, and any other requirements
important to a specific course. Each paper you write may have different requirements,
depending on the course competencies and the purpose of the paper. Use this Writing Style
Handbook, and apply its guidelines for the form and appearance of your paper and for
documenting your sources.
The Purpose of Writing the Paper
The purpose of your paper influences the nature of your writing. Some writing is
intended to entertain or to express feelings and/or ideas to the reader. However, most of your
courses will require you to provide factual information in support of well-documented
opinions.
Examine your writing assignment requirements. From the expectations given, you can
often tell the purpose(s) of the writing assignment. Table 3 (Aaron, 2001, pp. 9-10) provides
examples of the primary purposes of academic writing assignments.
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Table 3
Purposes of Writing Assignments
Writing Assignment
Requirement
Writing Purpose
Report
Survey, organize, and objectively present available evidence on the
subject.
Summarize
Concisely state the main points in a text, argument, theory, or other
work.
Discuss
Examine the main points, competing views, or implications of the
subject.
Compare and
Contrast
Explain the similarities and differences between two subjects.
Define
Specify the meaning of a term or concept—distinctive characteristics,
boundaries, and so on.
Analyze
Identify the elements of a subject, and discuss how they work
together.
Interpret
Infer the subject’s meaning or implications.
Evaluate
Judge the quality or significance of the subject, considering the pros
and cons.
Argue
Take a position on the subject, and support your position with
evidence.
Common Types of Papers
You may be required to write several different types of papers. These papers range
from course essays to thoroughly researched papers. All research papers emphasize critical
thinking, but they may be different in their approaches. Issue analysis, advocacy or persuasion,
or any of the various essay formats may be requested for research papers.
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Issue Analysis
This type of research paper asks that you highlight a particular issue or problem. The
focus is on analyzing the issue and its solution, often from both an historical and current
perspective. You are a neutral observer rather than an advocate for a particular position.
Advocacy or Persuasion
This type of research paper asks that you take a stand on an issue and defend it against
opposing points of view. Issues are researched, and the objective is to provide supporting
evidence in favor of the position selected as well as to anticipate counter arguments against
your position.
Narrative Essay
You may also be asked to write an essay. Essays can be expository or literary, narrative
or descriptive. In these kinds of papers, you are telling a story, based on your point of view or
based on factual information. You may also be asked to write essays that present a comparison
and/or a contrast between two issues or a cause-and-effect relationship between and among
several issues.
Argumentative Essay
One specific type of paper is the argumentative essay, which means that the paper
should have a clearly articulated thesis or idea defended within the paper body. Broadly
speaking, the idea of a philosophical essay is either interpretive or evaluative.
Interpretive Essay
An interpretive essay seeks to explain or defend a certain reading of some text. For
example, a student might argue that the author does not mean for the reader to accept the
argument offered in that text itself. In order to justify this position, the student would obviously
have to appeal to the text by quoting it to support claims about the objectives for which the text
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was written. The student would also need to provide justification for an esoteric, rather than
literal, interpretation.
Evaluative Essay
The evaluative/argumentative essay seeks to explain and evaluate one or more of the
arguments offered in a philosophical context. In this type of paper, one might seek to
explain/defend/or critique the argument offered to the reader. For example, if your paper
advances the idea that citizens must always obey the government, you should consider how a
critic of your view might respond. The objection you consider should present the strongest
possible objection you can develop.
Whatever approach you choose to take, you must offer reasons for the idea you wish to
establish. The mark of a well-defended idea is attention to and response to potential criticisms.
For this reason, a good argumentative essay should raise, consider, and respond to at least one
substantive objection to the idea in question.
Conducting Research
Where to Go
Unless you use interviews, surveys, or anecdotal information, you will use two primary
sources for conducting your research: hard copies in libraries and Web-based sources.
The Web
The Web provides multiple directories, databases, and technical information contained
in numerous libraries around the world, including the Library of Congress, allowing
unprecedented breadth and depth in accessing data through keyword searches. Information is
not always free, as many industry sites and print media charge subscriptions and/or per-article
rates to get more than a brief descriptive paragraph. You will also need to be careful about
copyright issues because plagiarism and other rules apply, as they do with traditional materials.
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Libraries
Libraries usually offer electronic access and extensive availability of original print
materials often not available elsewhere; archived and other special materials are also available.
In addition, some libraries will have extensive microfilm collections, diverse media and audio-
visual resources, and special libraries, along with easily found government books and reports.
Evaluating Source Materials
It is becoming increasingly important to make sure that the sources you use are
credible, accurate, and reliable—no easy task! Whether using print materials, media, or the
Internet, determine an authority’s credentials by perusing his or her specific academic training,
professional affiliations, and other published works as well as those of the experts he or she
quotes. Make sure the publication date is current; the article is published in a respected journal,
periodical, or media group; and the article offers sufficient information relevant to your focus.
On the Web, use recognized domains to help establish credibility: .gov for statistics and
factual reporting and .edu for educational (preschool through university sites). Professional,
political, and charitable organizations (.org) are excellent sources of information as long as you
are able to balance their particular agendas with other sources. Commercial sites (.com) include
useful industry analyses and contextual resources.
Note-Taking
When note-taking, whether you use notebooks, your computer, or easy-to-file-and-track
note cards, ALWAYS include the following:
1. Consistent format/pattern to avoid missing any needed information
2. Primary source—name, edition/volume, publication date
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3. Author’s name/title, relevant awards/positions (credibility)
4. Exact title of the document and inclusive page numbers
Quotation marks must delineate any exact quotations. Use a consistent shorthand
method to indicate a paraphrase (restating the ideas in your own words) and a
summary (condensing the substance using distinctly different wording).
Planning and Organizing
Outlines
An outline is helpful when planning your paper. An informal outline is for your own
use. It helps you focus on the topic and purpose of your paper and is invaluable for organizing
your notes in a logical sequence. As you review your notes, also review your main topic and
stated objectives to be sure they are clear and focused. As you proceed with writing, the
informal outline becomes the basis for a more formal outline and/or your Table of Contents.
Unity and Coherence
Unity and coherence in writing are critical elements. Unity means that each section and
example used in your paper is relevant to your main idea or theme. Coherency means that your
ideas follow a clear sequence and that each part of the paper is logically connected. Having
coherence also means that your conclusions are clear and flow smoothly (Aaron, 2001).
The following considerations will help you develop a coherent structure:
1. Keep the paper’s purpose and specific audience in mind.
2. Use only the information and ideas that pertain directly to your topic.
3. Allow plenty of time to reread as you write, think about, and rewrite troublesome
sections, leaving some time between drafts.
4. Use carefully constructed transitions from one section or paragraph to another.
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5. Use predominately your thoughts and ideas, supported by research documents and
citations.
6. Ask one of your colleagues to read and comment on your next-to-final draft or even
on particularly difficult sections as they arise.
Revising and Editing
It is during revision that you begin the process of critically reading your paper.
Revision occurs when you write the last drafts of your paper and focus on macro-level issues,
such as reading for meaning, organization, accuracy, and flow. In addition, you want to make
sure to include logical transitions between sentences and between paragraphs.
Editing focuses on micro-level issues, such as word choice, grammar, punctuation, and
spelling. Spell-checkers are effective only to a certain point, so hands-on proofreading is
required. Taking a break periodically will enhance your editing skills.
You may want to become familiar with the Online Writing Labs (OWLs) available on
the Internet. Use any search engine, and enter “Online Writing Labs” in the search field. These
labs are developed by universities all over the country, and most are free of charge. They can
provide you with tips on every aspect of writing, including ideas for paper themes, paper
organization, and grammar and punctuation.
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CHAPTER 2: PREPARING A CASE STUDY ANALYSIS
A case study is a process by which the student analyzes a specific situation in order to
apply decision-making skills and the theory learned in classes, demonstrating his or her
knowledge. There are five basic elements to the case study.
1.
Define the problem. In most case studies, there are many problems, so you, the
student, must isolate the specific problem(s) you will be analyzing in the case
study.
2.
Discuss the symptoms observed in the case study.
3.
Propose appropriate solution(s) to the problem. The solution should be logical
and reasonable for the situation in the case study.
4.
Recommend a solution(s). Here you would use material you have learned from
your course(s) to provide rationale for the solution.
5.
Suggest an action plan. Discuss how you would implement the selected
solution. The follow-up would include methods of monitoring and correcting
the situation. You might also suggest a contingency plan.
Write a well-formatted report that has been proofed and edited. Be sure to review for
grammar, spelling, and punctuation errors; provide cites where needed; and use Axia College
format.
The idea behind the case study is to demonstrate your ability to thoroughly analyze a
situation and focus on the relevant elements in the particular study. You should always end the
case study with recommendations for action.
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CHAPTER 3: FORM AND APPEARANCE
This chapter contains Axia College’s requirements for formatting written papers. You
will learn Axia College’s guidelines for the form and appearance of your written papers.
Type of Paper
Use 8 1/2 x11 white bond paper of at least 20-pound weight. Use the same type of
paper throughout your submission.
Font Styles and Printing
All text must be printed in the same font, and the font style selected must be easy to
read. A serif typeface, such as Courier or Times New Roman, should be used. The size of the
font of your text should be one of the standard typewriter sizes (pica or elite) or 12 points if
produced from a word-processing program.
A different font may be used for tables and figures only if it improves readability and
formatting. The font size for tables and figures can be smaller than the text, but no smaller than
8 points.
Print only one side of your paper. Be sure the print has a dark impression with legible
characters, especially if you are using a dot matrix printer. Color printing is not required for
any written paper, but you may choose to use color printing for figures and tables only. Obtain
approval from your instructor before you use color.
Margins and Spacing.
Use 1-inch margins on all sides of each page, except do not use a justified right margin.
Instead, use left justification only.
Indent the first line of each paragraph five to seven spaces. Double-space throughout
the text. Leave one space between words and one space after all punctuation with the exception
of the dash, hyphen, and apostrophe. Be sure that you do not have single lines or letters left at
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the bottom or top of your page (see Example 1). These lines are called widows and orphans.
Always have at least two lines at the top or the bottom of a page.
Example 1
Inappropriate Widows and Orphans
Do not do the following at the bottom or the top of your pages:
Bottom of a page:
. . The future of the automotive industry looks promising for the year 2001. Many new
model cars, such as SUVs, are being purchased by young families.
Further evidence of this can be seen by looking at the new cars on the roads
Top of a page:
5
and highways of both big and small cities and towns.
Why are these young families purchasing these vehicles? It appears that
the baby boomlet is supporting the need for larger and more serviceable cars.
Pagination
Page numbers are placed in the upper, right-hand corner inside the margin of your
paper as seen in this handbook. The numbers are in sequence, including the References page
and any appendix. The title page is always considered page one of your text.
The page header should be two or three words of the title and five spaces to the left of
the page number, which is in the upper, right-hand corner of the paper (see Example 2). Be
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sure to number every page, including your References page and any appendix. Do not use the
abbreviation P. or p. or the word page with the page number.
A running head is not equivalent to a page header. The running head is used on the title
page and only on published articles; therefore, it is not used for Axia College course work.
Example 2
1
Page Header
Factors Influencing 3
and then click on “Header and Footer.” In the dialogue box, type in the page header, five
spaces, and the pound sign (#). Be sure to use right justification on the page header and page
Title Page
Most faculty members require a title page (Example 3). If you need to have a title
page, center the following information:
1.
Title of the paper
2.
Your
name
3.
Axia College of University of Phoenix
4.
The course prefix and name
5.
Faculty member’s name
6.
Date (due date of assignment)
Numbers 1, 2, and 3 meet APA formatting guidelines; numbers 4, 5, and 6 are also
required for academic papers at Axia College.
1
In this Axia College Writing Style Handbook, examples are illustrated with borders to distinguish them from
the rest of the text. The borders are used solely for the purpose of clarity and should not be used in your
academic papers.
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Example 3
Title Page With Page Header
Factors Influencing 1
Factors Influencing the Economic Balance of Eastern European Countries
Sharon Smythe
Axia College of University of Phoenix
INB 354 Economic Issues in International Business
Dr. Jack Robinson
September 20, 2004
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Table of Contents
A Table of Contents is required for papers that are 20 pages or longer. Check with your
instructor regarding his/her requirements for other types of papers The Table of Contents
reflects only what is in the text of the paper, so do not list anything that appears before it (such
as acknowledgements, executive summary, etc.). Include only your major headings and
subheadings (see Example 4).
Your lists of tables and figures each appear on a separate page right after your Table of
Contents, even if you have only one table or figure. The title for each is List of Tables
(see Example 5) and List of Figures (see Example 6). If a table appears before a figure in your
text, then the List of Tables will be placed immediately after the Table of Contents, with the
List of Figures following (see Example 4). Examples of a Table of Contents, List of Tables,
and List of Figures follow on the next page.
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Example 4
Table of Contents Page
i
Table of Contents
Chapter 1: Introduction and Overview
Introduction
................................................................................................................... 3
Background
................................................................................................................... 5
Purpose of the Paper ................................................................................................... 10
Benefits
....................................................................................................................... 11
Chapter 2: Historical Information about Management
Pre-Industrial Revolution ............................................................................................ 14
Industrial Revolution .................................................................................................. 20
Communication Age ................................................................................................... 26
Information Age .......................................................................................................... 32
Chapter 3: Theories on Leadership Styles
Trait Theory ................................................................................................................ 40
Situational Leadership ................................................................................................ 43
Transformational Leadership ...................................................................................... 47
Values-Based Leadership ............................................................................................ 49
Leadership in the Future ............................................................................................. 53
References ............................................................................................................................ 55
Appendix ............................................................................................................................. 60
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Example 5
List of Tables
ii
List of Tables
Table 1
The Historical Time Periods of Popular Leadership Theories ......................... 14
Table 2
Leadership Theories and their Definitions ....................................................... 41
Table 3
Differences between Leadership and Management ......................................... 45
Table 4
Leadership Qualities Needed for the 21st Century ........................................... 54
Example 6
List of Figures
ii
List of Figures
Figure 1
Consumer Demographics.................................................................................. 45
Figure 2
Consumers Who Buy Favorite Actor Endorsed Products................................. 47
Figure 3
Consumers Drawn to Shop at a Store with Flashy Ads .................................... 48
Figure 4
Consumers Who Feel Advertisements Intentionally Deceive ........................ 51
Headings
Be sure your headings represent the major sections of your paper. Headings should be
short and reflect only what can be found in that section of your paper. Headings should never
be labeled with letters or numbers, such as 3.1 or 3A., 3B., etc.
Headings should be used in long papers to help the reader follow the thought process.
You should use double-spacing between headings. Never strand a heading at the bottom of a
page. Also, be consistent in your use of the selected levels of headings. Remember that each
level of heading must have at least one counterpart in that section of your paper. In other
words, every 1 needs a 2, every A needs a B.
25
Heading formats are determined by the number of heading levels you will need to
organize your paper effectively. You can determine this organization by looking at your
outline. If you have three sections in your paper, then you have one level of heading. If you
have three sections, and one section has subsections, then you have two levels of heading. If
one of your subsections has sub-subsections, then you have three levels of heading.
The five levels of heading are shown in Table 4, beginning with Level 5 for
demonstration purposes. For most of your academic papers, two or three levels will be
sufficient. When you need only two levels of heading, use Level 1 (centered uppercase and
lowercase heading) and Level 3 (flush left, italicized, uppercase and lowercase heading). If you
require three levels, use Level 1, Level 3 and Level 4 (indented, italicized, lowercase
paragraph heading that ends with a period). Most papers will require only three levels, but if
four levels are needed, then use Levels 1, 2, 3, and 4 in their numeric order. Level 2 (centered,
italicized, uppercase and lowercase heading) is used only when four levels of heading are
necessary.
Table 4
Heading Levels
Level 5
CENTERED UPPERCASE HEADING
Level 1
Centered Uppercase and Lowercase Heading
Level 2
Centered, Italicized, Uppercase and Lowercase Heading
Level 3
Flush Left, Italicized, Uppercase and Lowercase Side Heading
Level 4
Indented, italicized, lowercase paragraph heading that ends with a period.
When there are four or fewer heading levels in a document, Levels 1-4 are used. When
the document has a total of five heading levels, all five levels are used, beginning with
Level 5.
26
Numbers
The following are guidelines for the use of numbers:
1.
Use words to express all numbers below 10.
2.
Use figures to express all numbers 10 and above.
3
If a number between 1 and 10 appears in the same sentence with a number
greater than 9, the number less than 9 may be written in figures. For example,
“There were 65 adults and 4 children at the party.”
4.
Exceptions to these rules include fractions, such as “increased by one fourth.”
5.
Exceptions to these rules also include universally accepted usage, such as “the
Fourth of July.”
6.
Spell out numbers that begin sentences, such as “Five boys were included in the
play.” Never begin a sentence with figures.
7.
You can combine figures and words, such as “approximately 7 million people”
or “thirty 4-year-olds.”
8.
Use figures when they refer to exact measurements, such as mathematical
functions, time, dates, age, or numbers that precede a unit of measurement.
Abbreviations
The following are guidelines for the use of abbreviations:
1.
Use standard abbreviations for titles immediately before and after proper names,
such as Joe Smith, M.D. or Rev. May Lane. On the References page, do not use
abbreviations of titles with the authors’ names.
2.
When first using words that will have an acronym or initials, spell the word out,
and follow the word with the acronym in parentheses. Thereafter, you may use
only the acronym or initials. Abbreviations and acronyms that are familiar to the
27
reader are acceptable. For example, “ . . . the Department of Housing and Urban
Development (HUD). For HUD rules and regulations, contact . . . . ”
3.
When including time, use the abbreviations, such as a.m. and p.m.
4.
Reserve Latin abbreviations for source citations and comments in parentheses,
such as i.e. (that is) or e.g. (for example).
Lists
Use numbered lists only for information you want to highlight or for information you
believe will be better read as a list than as part of the text of your paper.
Tables and Figures
Whether your tables and/or figures appear in the text of the paper or in an appendix, the
highlights of the table must first be explained in the text of the paper. After the explanation, the
table and/or figure must be preceded with a reference that appears within parentheses, such as
“(see Table 1)” or “(see Appendix B).”
Both tables and figures are numbered consecutively with arabic numbers (1, 2, 3) and
may be formatted in either portrait or landscape. Tables are numbered separately from figures.
If a table or figure takes up a whole page, be sure to number the page in the upper, right-hand
corner within the margins of the paper, usually formatted by the “Header and Footer” function,
along with the rest of the paper (see Pagination section).
Tables and figures are to be inserted into the text of the paper as soon after the
reference as possible. Follow your text with the table or figure if there is room on the page for
the entire table or figure. If the table or figure does not fit on that particular page, then continue
with your text, and put the table or figure on the top of the next immediate page. Be sure that
the information is clear, readable, and complete.
28
Tables
Tables are typically lists or charts displaying information. Place the number of the table
above the table, flush left. The title of the table appears next, single- or double-spaced under
the table number, flush left, underlined. As noted in Example 7, the title uses initial capitals
and should reflect the content of the table. Information about copyright or sources of
information is labeled by using a note. The note is located immediately below the table, flush
left.
Example 7
Table
Table 15
A Ranked Comparison of the Marketing Practices of Three Automotive Companies in
Germany, Japan, and the United States
Germany Japan United
States
Television Newspapers
Television
Newspapers Magazines
Magazines
Magazines Television
Newspapers
Direct Mail
Direct Mail
Direct Mail
Note. From the 7
th
Annual Automotive Marketing Almanac, by J. J. Smith, p. 3, Copyright
1999 by General Motors Corporation.
29
Figures
A figure is usually an illustration, pie chart, bar graph, or line graph. Place the number
of the figure under the figure itself, position flush left, underline, and end with a period. The
title of the figure immediately follows the number, is not underlined, and is in sentence format.
The source for the figure follows in citation format (see Example 8).
Example 8
Figure
0
20
40
60
80
100
1st Qtr
2nd Qtr
3rd Qtr
4th Qtr
Select Produce Purchased in 2004
Grapes
Apples
Bananas
Figure 22. A Geographic Distribution of Unites States Revenue for XYZ Company.
Note. From XYZ Corporation Annual Report, 1999.
Appendix
An appendix allows you to provide detailed information that is supplemental to your
paper. Often the materials found in appendixes are too lengthy for the text of your paper and/or
may be distracting to your main ideas. After the title and/or subject of the appendix is
mentioned, follow it with a notation in parentheses that directs the reader to look for the
information in the appendix (see Example 9).
30
Example 9
Indication of Appendixes
…included in this information were background data on financials (see Appendix A and B
for financial trends).
The appendixes always follow the References page. Page numbering is consecutive. If
there is only one appendix, simply title it Appendix, and list it that way in the Table of Contents
(see this handbook’s Table of Contents). If there is more than one appendix, then letter each as
Appendix A, Appendix B, Appendix C, etc. in the order in which the appendix is mentioned in
the text of your paper (see Example 10). The title of the appendix must appear at the top of the
first page of each appendix. Do not separate the appendixes with blank dividing pages. If an
appendix has tables and figures, label each one A1, A2, etc. for Appendix A and B1, B2, etc.
for Appendix B and so on. If there is more than one appendix, then you must indicate each of
the appendixes in the Table of Contents.
Example 10
More Than One Appendix in the Table of Contents
References ..................................................................................................................
52
Appendix A
The Leadership Traits Survey ................................................................ 55
Appendix B
Supplemental References on Transformational Leadership .................. 56
Appendix C
Management Trends in Russia ............................................................... 62
31
CHAPTER 4: GRAMMAR, PUNCTUATION, AND SPELLING
You must use proper grammar, punctuation, and spelling for the formal papers you
write at Axia College. Be sure you check each paper prior to submission for these important
elements of writing. A paper having excellent content can be ineffective in transmitting its
message because of poor word choice, grammar, punctuation, and spelling.
When writing a formal research paper, always use third person. Never use first person
(I or we) or second person (you). If you must refer to yourself, use the author or the
researcher for research papers. In more informal papers, the use of first or second person may
be permitted if there is a specific reason.
If you have difficulties in grammar, punctuation, or spelling, be sure to use the
resources available to you:
1.
Use spelling and grammar check software after completing your paper. Be
careful. These checks do not distinguish the misuse of a correctly spelled word.
2.
Ask a colleague and/or a friend who has skill in these areas to review your
paper.
4.
Use one of the resources listed at the end of this Writing Style Guide.
5.
Take a course in English grammar.
32
CHAPTER 5: PARAPHRASING or PLAGIARIZING?
Types of Sources
There are many sources that can be used to collect information for a paper. These
sources include primary sources, such as interviews and speeches; secondary sources, such as
letters, observations, books, journals, and reports; and government documents and statistical
reports. Another source of information is common knowledge, or standard information that
most educated people would know. The information may be new to you, and you may even
have to look it up to be sure you are correct, but if it can be found in several places, then no
one owns the information, and it is common knowledge. An example of common knowledge is
a historical event or historical date, such as the duration of World War II. You do not cite this
information.
Current sources (within the last 2-3 years) should always be used unless the sources
provide background information and/or are historical in nature. Keep track of sources as you
come across them, and evaluate how each source supports the purpose of your paper. Be sure
you have the correct source and page number(s) or—for electronic sources—the paragraph
number(s).
Using Resources
When you take notes, determine at that time whether or not you are going to paraphrase
the information (put the information you have read in your own words) or if you are going to
use a direct quotation. If you do use a direct quotation, take the information down word-for-
word, and carefully proofread. Direct quotations should be used only when you believe that the
exact words are needed to emphasize or to support a point. Correct documentation includes
page numbers or paragraph numbers (for electronic sources), so be sure to note them at the
time.
33
Whether you paraphrase or use a direct quotation, you must always cite the source
used. It is considered plagiarism if you do not. If you have an open book or article in front of
you to which you are referring, for example, then cite it as an indirect source.
Plagiarism occurs when you present someone else’s ideas or words as your own.
Webster calls it “literary theft,” and it is an unethical and unacceptable practice in writing. For
the student who is learning a great deal of new information, the problem looms large: What do
I have to cite, and what do I not cite? When in doubt, always provide a citation (see Chapter 6).
One way to avoid plagiarizing is to ensure that you are giving all of your sources of
information an appropriate reference:
1.
Support any factual or informative material taken from another source with
supporting documentation. This information includes direct quotations AND
indirect quotations (paraphrasing).
2.
Each time you use someone else’s materials/information, identify the source
documentation.
3.
Include each source you use in your References page.
For more information on documentation of sources (citing), consult the Axia College
policy on academic dishonesty and plagiarism, as well as other writing guides or handbooks for
writing research papers. ESL students should note that American academic practice requires
that you cite your sources for all information from someone else, even if that person is a
scholar and/or expert.
34
CHAPTER 6: DOCUMENTING THE PAPER
Text Citations
This chapter contains detailed information about text citations and inserting entries into
your References page. You will learn the specific way to format text citations for indirect and
direct quotations. In the format selected by Axia College, you will not use footnotes but rather
author or title/year identification for paraphrases and/or author or title/year and page number(s)
for direct quotations (see Examples 11 and 12).
Paraphrase
Example 11
Paraphrased Material
. . . meanwhile, the expected rate of growth is 5.5% (Smith, 2001).
Direct Quotation
Example 12
Direct Quotation
“. . . in the meantime, the anticipated growth rate is 5.5%” (Smith, 2001, p. 231).
Please note that you are to use the guidelines provided in this chapter for any indirect or
direct quotations from electronic sources. In this chapter, you will also learn how to list a
variety of different types of entries in your References page.
The examples included are not exhaustive. You can also check the online writing
sources listed in this handbook.
35
Paraphrasing
When you paraphrase another person’s materials/information, you must always cite
your source. Using more than two words from the original without quotation marks is
plagiarism as is paraphrasing too closely to the original wording. You should digest the
information and say it in your own words. The following examples demonstrate how to
construct text citations for information you paraphrased in your text. If the information is from
an electronic source, use this same approach. Do not use the URL as a citation.
Author Named in Text
Example 13
Author Named in Text
Smith (1999) states that, in the 20
th
century, the use of technology increased so quickly that it
was difficult to keep pace.
Author Not Named in Text
Example 14
Author Not Named in Text
In the 20th century, the use of technology increased so quickly that it was difficult to keep
pace (Smith, 1999).
Two Authors Named in Text
Example 15
Two Authors Named in Text
Smith and Locke (1998) found that learning styles change as people get older.
OR
One study (Smith & Locke, 1998) found that learning styles change as people get older.
36
Three to Five Authors
With three to five authors, use all names in the in-text citation the first time. Then, you
can use the term et al. following the first author’s name. The et al. cannot be used in the
References page.
Example 16
Three to Five Authors
The research shows that learning styles change as people get older (Corrao, Guindon,
Sharma, & Shokoohi, 2000). . . . Ongoing research indicates that there is definite brain
activity. How this activity occurs, no one has determined (Corrao et al., 2000).
Six or More Authors
With six or more authors, use et al. any time you use the citation.
Example 17
Six or More Authors
Jones et al. (1997) stated that management styles have become more team-oriented.
Work with no Author, No Title, or Anonymous Work
When the work has no author or title or is anonymous or unsigned, use the first two or
three words of the title or the source from which the information came, and follow with the
year. Italicize all titles, and capitalize the significant words in all titles cited in the text.
Example 18
Work with No Author, No Title, or Anonymous Work
In Work in the Trenches (1998), it was found that…
[Remember that, on the References page, only the first word of the title, the first word
following a colon, and any proper words are capitalized.]
37
Using Direct Quotations
Direct quotations are materials taken directly from the source. When you use direct
quotations, use the same format as described above, but enclose the direct quotation with
quotation marks. Also, include the page number(s) in parentheses. End with a period.
If the information is from an electronic source, use the paragraph number. If the article
is lengthy, include the closest heading in the citation, and then count the paragraph from the
heading. For example, … (Smith, 1999, Leadership Qualities, ¶ 5). With this practice, the
reader is able to find your source more quickly.
Example 19
Direct Quotations From Electronic Source
Smith (1999) stated that “……………………” (Leadership Qualities, ¶ 5).
OR
Smith and Locke (1999) stated that “ …………………..” (Leadership Qualities, ¶ 5).
OR
“The values that parents hold are very different than those of their children. This is
particularly true as we enter the 21st century” (Smith, 1999, Leadership Qualities, ¶ 5).
When words are missing within a sentence or between sentences, use ellipses (. . .).
Ellipses should be used at the beginning or end of a sentence only to avoid misinterpretation or
the quotation. For a quotation within a quotation, use single quotations to enclose it (“When
Edgar Allen Poe wrote ‘The Tell-Tale Heart,’ he was determined to…”). If an original
quotation includes errors, maintain the errors in your direct quotation, but use brackets and the
term sic to indicate the original error: “This car runs fast and quick [sic]” Sic, in Latin, means
“thus it stands” or “this is the way I found it, errors and all.”
38
Quotations that are more than 40 words must appear in a freestanding block, indented
five spaces from the left margin and double-spaced. The right margin remains unjustified, and
quotation marks are not used. The citation appears after the period that ends the quotation. This
construction is an exception to the general rule of putting the period after the citation. The
author(s), year, and page number(s) are included in the citation as in any citation. An example
of a block quotation follows.
Example 20
Block Quotation
Partitions are similar to groups in computing totals, where you specify a column to
partition or group the data. The difference is that when you use GROUP BY you
retrieve only the summarized results for each group. When you use PARTITION, you
retrieve the individual rows organized by the select column. Figure 5.47 shows the
difference. (Post, 2002, p. 207)
Personal Interviews/Phone Conversations/Email/Electronic Discussion Groups
When writing papers, you may use information obtained from individuals or
unpublished sources. When using information you obtained from individuals, you should use
the person’s initials and last name and his or her professional title. Then, indicate that this
source was a personal communication. Provide the full date of the interview or conversation
that occurred. Because this information is not recoverable, it is not to be listed in the
References page. Personal communications include any sources that are not published and are
unrecoverable.
39
Example 21
Citation for Personal Communication Where Title is Known
The Director of Marketing for the Transaction Group shared that the trends for the future of
the hospitality industry will triple over the next five years (J. M. Morris, personal
communication, September 25, 2000).
OR
J. M. Morris, the Director of Marketing, shared that the trends for the future of the
hospitality industry will triple over the next five years (personal communication,
September 25, 2000).
If the communication was taken from an email or electronic discussion group, use the same
approach as above.
Example 22
Citation If Derived From Email or Electronic Discussion Group
It was gleaned from the e-commerce discussion group that there are many groups who are
against sales tax (personal communication, October 17, 2000).
Reference Entries Within The References Page
The sources you cite in the paper must appear at the end of your paper and are titled
References. References always begin on a new page. The title, References, is centered on the
top of the page in upper and lower case. References include only those sources used in the text.
Do not include any references that were not cited in your text.
All references are alphabetized by the last name of the first author or by the first main
word in the title of the work. Give the last name and the initials for all authors. Do not include
any titles except Jr. All entries are double-spaced, and use the hanging indent. That means the
first line is flush with the left margin; the next lines are indented five spaces.
40
The following is a step-by-step example, in sequence, of how to develop an entry to
insert into your References page.
Authors
1.
List all authors by their last names first, and use initials for first and middle
names. If the author is anonymous, list the work under its title, and alphabetize
it by the first main word.
Example 23
Referencing Anonymous Author
Work in the trenches in today’s industries. (1997).
2.
For multiple authors, use commas to separate the names and a comma and an
ampersand (&) before the last author. You cannot use et al. in the References
section. You must identify all authors.
Example 24
Referencing Multiple Authors
Johnson, G. G., & Smith, R. (1997).
OR, if there are more than two authors
Johnson, G. G., Smith, R., & Horne, B. (1997).
Sequence
When referencing books and articles, the year of publication follows the author’s name
and appears in parentheses. It is followed by a period and one space. If the article is in a
magazine, include the month and day if it is available. If the author(s) has multiple
publications, arrange them in order of their publication dates, the earliest first. If the author has
41
more than one publication in the same year, add a letter (a, b, c) within the parenthesis of the
year listed.
Example 25
Where Author Has More Than One Publication During One Year
Johnson, G. G., & Smith, R. (1999).
OR, if it is more than one publication in a year by the same authors
Johnson, G. G, & Smith, R. (1998a).
Johnson, G. G.,& Smith, R. (1998b).
OR, if it is a journal
Smith, R. (1996, June 16).
Capitalization
Within the References page, only the first word of the title is capitalized for titles of
books and articles. Capitalize only the first word of the title, the first word of subtitles, and
proper names. All other words begin with lower case. If there is a colon in the title, then
capitalize the first word in the subtitle after the colon. A period and one space follow the title.
If the work has an edition, it follows the title, appears in parentheses, and is followed by a
period.
42
Example 26
Samples of Capitalization
Johnson, G. G., & Smith, R. (1999). Organizational theory and behavior.
OR, if the title has a colon
Smith, R. (1998). Organizational theory and behavior: Ten case studies.
OR, if the work has an edition
Little, J. (1997). Management theories in the 20th century (2nd ed.).
For books, italicize the title and end with a period.
Example 27
Use of Italics
Johnson, G. G., & Smith, R. (1999). Organizational theory and behavior.
For articles, the title is not italicized and ends with a period. Follow the rules of
capitalization for titles of books and articles, and italicize the journal name. End the journal
name with a comma, and follow with the volume number, which is also italicized and followed
by a comma. The last element in the entry for a journal article is the page number(s) of the
article. End with a period. Do not use p. or pp. for journal articles. If the numbering is out of
sequence, separate the page numbers with a comma. Use p. or pp. only if the source is a
newspaper article.
Example 28
Article Reference Example
Lurane, K., & Waddel, T. M. (1998). Marketing strategies at Coca Cola. Marketing Times,
77, 36-45. [If out of sequence, 36-45, 74.]
OR, if it is a newspaper article
Big news at CBS. (2000, July 12). The Arizona Republic, p. A7.
43
In books, the place of publication (typically the city) follows the title and is followed by
a colon; the last item in the entry is the publisher’s name, followed by a period.
Example 29
Reference Example of Publisher
Johnson, G. G., & Smith, R. (1999). Organizational theory and behavior. Boston: William
Long Publishers.
Certain
well-known cities do not require a state: Baltimore, Boston, Chicago, New
York, San Francisco, London, Philadelphia, Los Angeles among them. In other instances, use
the post office abbreviation for the state. If many cities are listed, use only the first one for the
reference.
Example 30
Post Office Abbreviation Reference Example
Johnson, G. G., & Smith, R. (1999). Organizational theory and behavior. Portland, ME:
William Long Publishers.
Other types of entries follow. The examples illustrated below are completely cited
entries.
Edited Book
Use the author’s last name, first initials, year, and title of work (insert in parentheses
Ed. or Eds.), and follow with the remaining reference entry of City: Publisher name.
Example 31
Reference Example for Edited Book
Johnson, G. G., & Smith, R. (Eds.). (1999). Organizational systems. Boston: Newton.
44
Article or Chapter in a Book
Use the author’s last name, first initials, year, and title of work (italicized). Follow with
In and then the author’s first initials, last name (Ed. or Eds.), title of work (italicized). Then,
follow with the page numbers (pp.) in parentheses and City: Publisher name.
45
Example 32
Book Article or Chapter Reference Example
Langworth, D., & Speekle, J. (1997). Technology in the 21st Century: Is more better? In D.
B. Taft (Ed.), The future of technology (pp. 306 – 308). Philadelphia: Squire Press.
Report
Use the same entry format as you would for a book, but include the report number in
parentheses immediately following the title of the book.
Example 33
Report Reference Example
Johns, B., Linnard, S., & Felina, B. (1999). Ethical issues and the Internet (Feld Foundation
Rep. No. 99-5). Princeton, NJ: Feld Foundation, Inc.
Government Publication
Use the same entry format as you would for a book. If the author is the agency, use
Author as the publisher’s name. In addition, include the publication number in parentheses
between the publication title and city.
Example 34
Reference Example for Government Publication
National Institute of Mental Health. (1992). The effects of psychotropic drugs on the elderly.
(DHHS Publication No. ADM 92 – 779). Washington, D.C.: Author.
The following example presents a sample References page with a list of references from
various types of sources.
46
Example 35
References Page, Various Types of Sources [Bracketed material is for student
use.]
References
Anderson, O. (1998). Marketing services in the United States: A growth enterprise for a
hundred years. In S. Litner & L. Robbins (Eds.), Marketing growth and policy
(pp. 44-48). Albany, NY: Delacom Publishers. [Article or chapter in an edited book]
Brakton, E. (1996). Community action. New York: Smith and Sons. [Book]
Castex, G. M. (1994). Providing services to Hispanic/Latino populations: Profiles in
diversity. Social Work, 39(3), 288-295. [Journal article]
Cockerham, W. C. (1992). Medical sociology (5th ed.). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice
Hall. [Book]
Davis, A. J., Aroskar, M. A., Liaschenko, J., & Drought, T. S. (1997). Ethical dilemmas &
nursing practice (4th ed.). Stamford, CT: Appleton & Lange. [Book]
Famighetti, R. (Ed.). (1995). World almanac and book of facts 1996. Mahwah: Funk &
Wagnalls. [Reference book]
Fiscus, C. (1999, September 30). Phoenix has plans for its rural communities. The Arizona
Republic, pp. A13, A15. [Newspaper]
Galanti, G. (1991). Caring for patients from different cultures: Case studies from American
hospitals. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. [Book]
Hansell, S. (1999, November 22). A feeding frenzy made for consumers. e-commerce, 22,
10-13. [Journal article]
47
Herberg, P. (1989). Theoretical foundations of transcultural nursing. In J. S. Boyle &
M. M. Andrews (Eds.), Transcultural concepts in nursing care (pp. 3-92). Glenview,
IL: Scotts, Foresman/Little, Brown College Division. [Article or chapter in an edited
book]
Monrroy, L. (1983). Nursing care of Raza/Latino patients. In M. S. Orque, B. Bloch, & L.
Monrroy (Eds.), Ethnic nursing care: A multicultural approach (pp. 115-148). St.
Louis, MO: C. V. Mosby. [Article or chapter in an edited book]
Rubin, R., & Beddingfield, K. (1996). A look behind the listings. U.S. News and World
Report, 12, 56-58. [Periodical article]
U.S. General Accounting Office. (2000). Sales taxes: Electronic commerce growth
presents challenges; revenue losses are uncertain. (GAO Publication No.
GAO/GGD/OCE-00-165). Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.
[Government publication]
The National Coalition of Hispanic Health and Human Services Organizations. (1990).
Delivering preventive health care to Hispanics: A manual for providers.
Washington, D.C.: Author. [Work by group author]
Transportation Accident Research Institute. (1995, February). Causes of truck accidents on
U.S. highways. (Issue Brief No. 12). Philadelphia: Author. [Publication of limited
circulation.]
Note: Students often use personal communications in their papers (interviews, memos,
bulletins, phone calls). These sources are cited in the paper but are not cited in the
References page.
48
Evaluating Online Sources
When using online sources, it is important to evaluate them for use in your academic
papers. There are four things to consider when evaluating Internet resources:
Authorship
• Is the author or organization indicated?
• How reputable is the author?
• Are there other online or in-print works by this author?
• Can you contact this person or look up the address?
• Is there an organization sponsoring the page? What can you learn about the
organization and who the members are?
• Does the organization take responsibility for what is on the site?
Accuracy of Information
• Is there documentation to indicate the source of the information?
• Can you tell how well researched the information is?
• Are there criteria for including information?
• Is the information current?
• Is there any indication of bias on the site?
• Does the site have any credentials?
Goals of the Site
• What is the purpose of the site?
• Are the goals of the site clearly indicated?
49
• Who is the intended audience?
• Is there is a lot of flash and color and gimmicks to attract attention?
Access
Internet resources can be assessed through links from several sources, such as reputable
sites, ads, search engines, or browsers. Regardless of your need for information or the
convenience of using certain sites, you must be cautious and use the most reliable, authoritative
sources available to suit your purpose. Be sure your sources are appropriate for your paper. A
formal research paper requires more authoritative, scholarly sources. To this end, you must
keep one eye on the information and the other eye on the author.
A helpful source for evaluating online resources is found in
http://www.library.cornell.edu/okuref/research/webcrit.html
Electronic Sources
When citing references from electronic sources, the same elements for entry are used as
described previously. The difference is the specification of the path (full Web address) and date
of access (the date you visited the Web site).
Email Messages and Electronic Discussion Groups
Emails and electronic discussion groups are considered personal communication.
Therefore, no entry should appear on the References page.
Online Information – Web Page
Author, I. (Date of Publication or Revision). Title of full work. Retrieved date in normal
order from full Web address [The URL does not end with a period and is not underlined.]
50
Example 36
Web Page Reference Example
Jackson, F. (2000, March). Counseling techniques for blended families. Retrieved
September 25, 2000, from http://www.behupdate
Online Information – Journal or Magazine
Author, I., Author, I., & Author, I. (Date of Publication). Title of article. Name of Periodical,
volume number (if provided). Retrieved date in normal order from full Web address.
Example 37
Web Page Reference Example from Journal or Magazine
Smith, J. (1998, April). Electronic systems within manufacturing environments. Retrieved
June 7, 1999, from http://www/elec.com
Computer Program, Software, or Programming Language
Author, I. (year). Title of program [Computer software]. City, State: Manufacturer.
Example 38
Computer Program, Software, or Programming Language Reference Example
Stinson, J. (1998). Linkages [Computer Programming Language]. Trenton, NJ: Syntaxine
Corporation.
If there is no author, list that entry as you would treat a book without an author. Begin
the entry with a title of the source. If there is no title of the source, then identify and use the
source of the information (e.g., Software Institute) as the title.
For sources that do not include a date, put (n.d.) [no date] in parentheses after the
author's name. If there is no author cited, use the following example:
51
Example 39
Reference Example for Which No Author and No Date Are Indicated
Organizational dynamics in business. (n.d.). Business Issues Today, 19, 7-9. Retrieved
May 3, 1999, from http://www.org/od/html
Below is a sample References page with online sources (see Example 40).
52
Example 40
References Page with Online Sources [Bracketed material is for student use.]
References
Armstrong, D. (2000, May). The politics of Internet sales tax. Retrieved November 12,
2000, from http://foxmarketwire.com/050100/sportlight050100.sml [Web site]
Beyea, S., & Nicoll, L. (1999). Using ethical analysis when there is no research. AORN
Journal, 69(6), 1261-1263. Retrieved March 16, 2002, from Ovid database. [Journal
article from database]
Breeze, J. (1998). Can paternalism be justified in mental health care? Journal of Advanced
Nursing, 28(2), 260-265. Retrieved March 20, 2002, from EBSCOhost database.
[Journal article from database]
Brown, B. (n.d.) Model for ethical analysis of a case study. Retrieved March 31, 2002,
from http://www.chass.utoronto.ca/philosophy/phlwrite/brown2.html [Web site]
Chou, L., McClintock, R., Moretti, F., & Nix, D. H. (1993). Technology and education:
New wine in new bottles: Choosing pasts and imagining educational futures.
Retrieved August 24, 2000, from Columbia University, Institute for Learning
Technologies Web site:
http://www.ilt.columbia.edu/publications/papers/newwine1.html [Web site]
Coleman, M., & Ganong, L. H. (2000). Changing families, changing responsibilities?
Phi Kappa Phi Journal, 80(3), 34-37. Retrieved March 30, 2002, from EBSCOhost
database. [Journal article from database]
Dunn, M. C. (1998). Knowledge helps health care professionals deal with ethical
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53
Fredrick, R. L. (2000, March 7). Cultivating health. Prevention & Treatment, 3, Article
0001a. Retrieved November 20, 2000, from
http://journals.apa.org//volumn3/pre003000a.html [Web site]
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Pescosolido, B. A., Monahan, J., Link, B. G., Stueve, A., & Kikuzawa, S. (1999). The
public’s view of the competence, dangerousness, and need for legal coercion of
person with mental health problems. American Journal of Public Health, 89(9), 1339-
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Real World Publications. (2002). What’s the rule. Retrieved June 11, 2004, from the
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54
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55
CHAPTER 7: ADDITIONAL INTERNET WRITING RESOURCES FOR
STUDENTS
Online Sources for Help with Writing or Formatting
There are several Web sites dedicated to helping people with writing or formatting.
These sites are sometimes called OWLs—Online Writing Labs. You should review the Web
sites to find the ones that work for you.
•
http://lib.nmsu.edu/instruction/eval.html
•
http://www.vuw.ac.nz/~agsmith/evaln/index.htm
•
http://www.library.cornell.edu/okuref/research/webeval.html
•
http://mentalhelp.net/guide/pro25.html
•
www.apa.org
•
http://owl.english.purdue.edu/files/34.html
•
http://library.lib.binghamton.edu/webdocs/citing.html
•
http://www.bedfordstmartins.com/online/cite6.html#1
•
http://ccc.commnet.edu/grammar
For additional writing sources, consult Appendix A for a partial list of sources available
in any bookstore. An Evaluation Sheet for the Correct Use of APA can be found in
Appendix B. In Appendix C, you will find an Essay Evaluation Form that many instructors use
in grading papers. This form may help ensure you are doing the correct things when writing
your papers.
56
References
Aaron, J. E. (2001). The Little, Brown compact handbook. (Revised Custom 4th ed.).
Boston: Pearson Custom Publishing.
American Psychological Association. (2001). Publication manual of the American
Psychological Association (5th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
University of Phoenix. (2002-2003). University of Phoenix catalog. Phoenix, AZ: Author.
57
Appendix A - Writing Sources
Garbl’s writing resources online. (1999, October). Retrieved October 12, 2002, from
www.garbl.com
Harnak, A., & Kleppinger, E. (2000). Online! New York: Bedford/St. Martin’s Press.
Kolin, P. C. (1998). Successful writing at work. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
Li, X., & Crane, N. B. (1996). Electronic styles: A handbook for citing electronic information
(Rev. ed.). Medford, NJ: Information Today.
Strunk, W., & White, E. B. (1979). The elements of style. New York: MacMillan.
58
Appendix B - Evaluation Sheet for Correct Use of APA
___
Does the title page show the title, the author’s name, and the University centered both
horizontally and vertically?
___
Is the title page counted as page one?
___
Are the finished margins set at 1 inch all around?
___
Does the paper have page headers, five spaces, and then the page numbers?
___
Are the page numbers in the upper, right-hand corner?
___
Is the paper double-spaced throughout with no single-spacing?
___
Is the title repeated at the top margin of the first page of text?
___
Are there in-text citations for all direct and indirect quotations?
___
Do the in-text citations include the author’s name, year, and page number if it is a direct
quotation?
___
Do headings follow the rule for levels of headings?
___
Is the heading for the References page centered?
___
Are the references formatted in a hanging indent?
___
Are the references double-spaced throughout?
___
Does each reference begin with an author or, if there is no author, with the title of the article?
___
Are references complete?
59
Appendix C- Essay Evaluation Form
Course: ____________ Session: ____________ Instructor: ___________________________
Student: _________________________
Essay Title:
_________________________________
Criteria:
1 is never; 5 is always:
Subject
matter
1 2 3 4 5
Key elements of assignment are covered
Content is comprehensive/accurate/persuasive
Paper displays an understanding of relevant theory
Student provides support with details and examples
Writer has gone beyond textbook for resources and/or fulfilled specified
source requirements
Research is adequate, timely, and appropriate for academic paper
Text citations are present
Vocabulary is used appropriately
Higher order thinking skills
Writer compares/contrasts/integrates theory/subject matter with
experiences
Writer analyzes and synthesizes theory/practices to develop new ideas
and ways of conceptualizing
Organization
The introduction provides sufficient background on the topic and
previews major points.
Central theme/purpose is immediately clear
Subsequent sections develop/support central theme
Sentence structure clearly conveys meaning
Conclusion reviews major points
Style/mechanics
The page format follows APA guidelines
Citations/references follow APA guidelines
Sentences are varied in structure and readable
Transitions between sentences/paragraphs/sections help maintain the
flow the thought
Grammar and spelling are standard, and usage is correct
Total
points
possible
100
Points
earned
___
Letter
grade
___
60
Additional comments: