The Book of the Damned

Battalions of the accursed, captained by pallid data that I have exhumed, will march. You'll read them −− or
they'll march. Some of them livid and some of them fiery and some of them rotten.

Some of them are corpses, skeletons, mummies, twitching, tottering, animated by companions that have been
damned alive. There are giants that will walk by, though sound asleep. There are things that are theorems and
things that are rags: they'll go by like Euclid arm in arm with the spirit of anarchy. Here and there will flit
little harlots. Many are clowns. But many are of the highest respectability. Some are assassins. There are pale
stenches and gaunt superstitions and mere shadows and lively malices: whims and amiabilities. The naïve and
the pedantic and the bizarre and the grotesque and the sincere and the insincere, the profound and the puerile.

A stab and a laugh and the patiently folded hands of hopeless propriety.

The ultra−respectable, but the condemned, anyway.

The aggregate appearance is of dignity and dissoluteness: the aggregate voice is a defiant prayer: but the
spirit of the whole is processional.

The power that has said to all these things that they are damned, is Dogmatic Science.

But they'll march.

The little harlots will caper, and freaks will distract attention, and the clowns will break the rhythm of the
whole with their buffooneries −− but the solidity of the procession as a whole: the impressiveness of things
that pass and pass and pass, and keep on and keep on and keep on coming.

The irresistibleness of things that neither threaten nor jeer nor defy, but arrange themselves in
mass−formations that pass and pass and keep on passing.

* * *

So, by the damned, I mean the excluded.

But by the excluded I mean that which will some day be the excluding.

Or everything that is, won't be.

And everything that isn't, will be −−

But, of course, will be that which won't be −−

It is our expression that the flux between that which isn't and that which won't be, or the state that is
commonly and absurdly called "existence," is a rhythm of heavens and hells: that the damned won't stay
damned; that salvation only precedes perdition. The inference is that some day our accursed tatterdemalions
will be sleek angels. Then the sub−inference is that some later day, back they'll go whence they came.

* * *

It is our expression that nothing can attempt to be, except by attempting to exclude something else: that that
which is commonly called "being" is a state that is wrought more or less definitely proportionately to the
appearance of positive difference between that which is included and that which is excluded.

But it is our expression that there are no positive differences: that all things are like a mouse and a bug in the
heart of a cheese. Mouse and a bug: no two things could seem more unlike. They're there a week, or they stay
there a month: both are then only transmutations of cheese. I think we're all bugs and mice, and are only

The Book of the Damned

different expressions of an all−inclusive cheese.

Or that red is not positively different from yellow: is only another degree of whatever vibrancy yellow is a
degree of: that red and yellow are continuous, or that they merge in orange.

So then that, if, upon the basis of yellowness and redness, Science should attempt to classify all phenomena,
including all red things as veritable, and excluding all yellow things as false or illusory, the demarcation
would have to be false and arbitrary, because things colored orange, constituting continuity, would belong on
both sides of the attempted border−line.

As we go along, we shall be impressed with this:

That no basis for classification, or inclusion and exclusion, more reasonable than that of redness and
yellowness has ever been conceived of.

Science has, by appeal to various bases, included a multitude of data. Had it not done so, there would be
nothing with which to seem to be. Science has, by appeal to various bases, excluded a multitude of data.
Then, if redness is continuous with yellowness: if every basis of admission is continuous with every basis of
exclusion, Science must have excluded some things that are continuous with the accepted. In redness and
yellowness, which merge in orangeness, we typify all tests, all standards, all means of forming an opinion −−

Or that any positive opinion upon any subject is illusion built upon the fallacy that there are positive
differences to judge by −−

That the quest of all intellection has been for something −− a fact, a basis, a generalization, law, formula, a
major premise that is positive: that the best that has ever been done has been to say that some things are
self−evident −− whereas, by evidence we mean the support of something else −−

That this is the quest; but that it has never been attained; but that Science has acted, ruled, pronounced, and
condemned as if it had been attained.

What is a house?

It is not possible to say what anything is, as positively distinguished from anything else, if there are no
positive differences.

A barn is a house, if one lives in it. If residence constitutes houseness, because style of architecture does not,
then a bird's nest is a house: and human occupancy is not the standard to judge by, because we speak of dogs'
houses; nor material, because we speak of snow houses of Eskimos −− or a shell is a house to a hermit crab
−− or was to the mollusk that made it −− or things seemingly so positively different as the White House at
Washington and a shell on the sea−shore are seen to be continuous.

So no one has ever been able to say what electricity is, for instance. It isn't anything, as positively
distinguished from heat or magnetism or life. Metaphysicians and theologians and biologists have tried to
define life. They have failed, because, in a positive sense, there is nothing to define: there is no phenomenon
of life that is not, to some degree, manifest in chemism, magnetism, astronomic motions.

White coral islands in a dark blue sea.

Their seeming of distinctness: the seeming of individuality, or of positive difference one from another −− but
all are only projections from the same sea bottom. The difference between sea and land is not positive. In all

The Book of the Damned

water there is some earth: in all earth there is some water.

So then that all seeming things are not things at all, if all are inter−continuous, any more than is the leg of a
table a thing in itself, if it is only a projection from something else: that not one of us is a real person, if,
physically, we're continuous with environment; if, psychically, there is nothing to us but expression of
relation to environment.

Our general expression has two aspects:

Conventional monism, or that all "things" that seem to have identity of their own are only islands that are
projections from something underlying, and have no real outlines of their own.

But that all "things," though only projections, are projections that are striving to break away from the
underlying that denies them identity of their own.

I conceive of one inter−continuous nexus, in which and of which, all seeming things are only different
expressions, but in which all things are localizations of one attempt to break away and become real things, or
to establish entity or positive difference or final demarcation or unmodified independence −− or personality
or soul, as it is called in human phenomena −−

That anything that tries to establish itself as a real, or positive, or absolute system, government, organization,
self, soul, entity, individuality, can so attempt only by drawing a line about itself, or about the inclusions that
constitute itself, and damning or excluding, or breaking away from, all other "things":

That, if it does not so act, it can not seem to be;

That, if it does so act, it falsely and arbitrarily and futilely and disastrously acts, just as would one who draws
a circle in the sea, including a few waves, saying that the other waves, with which the included are
continuous, are positively different, and stakes his life upon maintaining that the admitted and the damned are
positively different.

Our expression is that our whole existence is animation of the local by an ideal that is realizable only in the
universal:

That, if all exclusions are false, because always are included and excluded continuous: that if all seeming of
existence perceptible to us is the product of exclusion, there is nothing that is perceptible to us that really is:
that only the universal can really be.

Our especial interest is in modern science as a manifestation of this one ideal or purpose or process:

That it has falsely excluded, because there are no positive standards to judge by: that it has excluded things
that, by its own pseudostandards, have as much right to come in as have the chosen.

* * *

Our general expression:

That the state that is commonly and absurdly called "existence," is a flow, or a current, or an attempt, from
negativeness to positiveness, and is intermediate to both.

By positiveness we mean:

The Book of the Damned

Harmony, equilibrium, order, regularity, stability, consistency, unity, realness, system, government,
organization, liberty, independence, soul, self, personality, entity, individuality, truth, beauty, justice,
perfection, definiteness −−

That all that is called development, progress, or evolution is movement toward, or attempt toward, this state
for which, or for aspects of which, there are so many names, all of which are summed up in the one word
"positiveness."

At first this summing up may not be very readily acceptable. At first it may seem that all these words are not
synonyms: that "harmony" may mean "order," but that by "independence," for instance, we do not mean
"truth," or that by "stability" we do not mean "beauty," or "system," or "justice."

I conceive of one inter−continuous nexus, which expresses itself in astronomic phenomena, and chemic,
biologic, psychic, sociologic: that it is everywhere striving to localize positiveness: that to this attempt in
various fields of phenomena −− which are only quasi−different −− we give different names. We speak of the
"system" of the planets, and not of their "government": but in considering a store, for instance, and its
management, we see that the words are interchangeable. It used to be customary to speak of chemic
equilibrium, but not of social equilibrium: that false demarcation has been broken down. We shall see that by
all these words we mean the same state. As every−day conveniences, or in terms of common illusions, of
course, they are not synonyms. To a child an earth worm is not an animal. It is to a biologist.

By "beauty," I mean that which seems complete.

Obversely, that the incomplete, or the mutilated, is the ugly.

Venus de Milo.

To a child she is ugly.

When a mind adjusts to thinking of her as a completeness, even though, by physiologic standards,
incomplete, she is beautiful.

A hand thought of only as a hand, may seem beautiful.

Found on a battlefield −− obviously a part −− not beautiful.

But everything in our experience is only a part of something else that in turn is only a part of still something
else −− or that there is nothing beautiful in our experience: only appearances that are intermediate to beauty
and ugliness −− that only universality is complete: that only the complete is the beautiful: that every attempt
to achieve beauty is an attempt to give the local the attribute of the universal.

By stability, we mean the immovable and the unaffected. But all seeming things are only reactions to
something else. Stability, too, then, can be only the universal, or that besides which there is nothing else.
Though some things seem to have −− or have −− higher approximations to stability than have others, there
are, in our experience, only various degrees of intermediateness to stability and instability. Every man, then,
who works for stability under its various names of "permanency," "survival," "duration," is striving to
localize in something the state that is realizable only in the universal.

By independence, entity, and individuality, I can mean only that besides which there is nothing else, if given
only two things, they must be continuous and mutually affective, if everything is only a reaction to something
else, and any two things would be destructive of each other's independence, entity, or individuality.

The Book of the Damned

All attempted organizations and systems and consistencies, some approximating far higher than others, but all
only intermediate to Order and Disorder, fail eventually because of their relations with outside forces. All are
attempted completenesses. If to all local phenomena there are always outside forces, these attempts, too, are
realizable only in the state of completeness, or that to which there are no outside forces.

Or that all these words are synonyms, all meaning the state that we call the positive state −−

That our whole "existence" is a striving for the positive state.

The amazing paradox of it all:

That all things are trying to become the universal by excluding other things.

That there is only this one process, and that it does animate all expressions, in all fields of phenomena, of that
which we think of as one inter−continuous nexus:

The religious and their idea or ideal of the soul. They mean distinct, stable entity, or a state that is
independent, and not mere flux of vibrations or complex of reactions to environment, continuous with
environment, merging away with an infinitude of other interdependent complexes.

But the only thing that would not merge away into something else would be that besides which there is
nothing else.

That Truth is only another name for the positive state, or that the quest for Truth, is the attempt to achieve
positiveness:

Scientists who have thought that they were seeking Truth, but who were trying to find out astronomic, or
chemic, or biologic truths. But Truth is that besides which there is nothing: nothing to modify it, nothing to
question it, nothing to form an exception: the all−inclusive, the complete −−

By Truth I mean the Universal.

So chemists have sought the true, or the real, and have always failed in their endeavors, because of the
outside relations of chemical phenomena: have failed in the sense that never has a chemical law, without
exceptions, been discovered: because chemistry is continuous with astronomy, physics, biology −− For
instance, if the sun should greatly change its distance from this earth, and if human life could survive, the
familiar chemic formulas would no longer work out: a new science of chemistry would have to be learned −−

Or that all attempts to find Truth in the special are attempts to find the universal in the local.

And artists and their striving for positiveness, under the name of "harmony" −− but their pigments that are
oxydizing, or are responding to a deranging environment −− or the strings of musical instruments that are
differently and disturbingly adjusting to outside chemic and thermal and gravitational forces −− again and
again this oneness of all ideals, and that it is the attempt to be, or to achieve, locally, that which is realizable
only universally. In our experience there is only intermediateness to harmony and discord. Harmony is that
besides which there are no outside forces.

And nations that have fought with only one motive: for individuality, or entity, or to be real, final nations, not
subordinate to, or parts of, other nations. And that nothing but intermediateness has ever been attained, and
that history is record of failures of this one attempt, because there always have been outside forces, or other
nations contending for the same goal.

The Book of the Damned

As to physical things, chemic, mineralogic, astronomic, it is not customary to say that they act to achieve
Truth or Entity, but it is understood that all motions are toward Equilibrium: that there is no motion except
toward Equilibrium, of course always away from some other approximation to Equilibrium.

All biologic phenomena act to adjust: there are no biologic actions other than adjustments.

Adjustment is another name for Equilibrium. Equilibrium is the Universal, or that which has nothing external
to derange it.

But that all that we call "being" is motion: and that all motion is the expression, not of equilibrium, but of
equilibrating, or of equilibrium unattained: that life−motions are expressions of equilibrium unattained: that
all thought relates to the unattained: that to have what is called being in our quasi−state, is not to be in the
positive sense, or is to be intermediate to Equilibrium and Inequilibrium.

So then:

That all phenomena in our intermediate state, or quasi−state, represent this one attempt to organize, stabilize,
harmonize, individualize −− or to positivize, or to become real:

That only to have seeming is to express failure or intermediateness to final failure and final success;

That every attempt −− that is observable −− is defeated by Continuity, or by outside forces −− or by the
excluded that are continuous with the included:

That our whole "existence" is an attempt by the relative to be the absolute, or by the local to be the universal.

In this book, my interest is in this attempt as manifested in modern science:

That it has attempted to be real, true, final, complete, absolute:

That, if the seeming of being, here, in our quasi−state, is the product of exclusion that is always false and
arbitrary, if always are included and excluded continuous, the whole seeming system, or entity, of modern
science is only quasi−system, or quasi−entity, wrought by the same false and arbitrary process as that by
which the still less positive system that preceded it, or the theological system, wrought the illusion of its
being.

In this book, I assemble some of the data that I think are of the falsely and arbitrarily excluded.

The data of the damned.

I have gone into the outer darkness of scientific and philosophical transactions and proceedings,
ultra−respectable, but covered with the dust of disregard. I have descended into journalism. I have come back
with the quasi−souls of lost data.

They will march.

* * *

As to the logic of our expressions to come −−

That there is only quasi−logic in our mode of seeming:

The Book of the Damned

That nothing ever has been proved −−

Because there is nothing to prove.

When I say that there is nothing to prove, I mean that to those who accept Continuity, or the merging away of
all phenomena into other phenomena, without positive demarcations one from another, there is, in a positive
sense, no one thing. There is nothing to prove.

For instance nothing can be proved to be an animal −− because animalness and vegetableness are not
positively different. There are some expressions of life that are as much vegetable as animal, or that represent
the merging of animalness and vegetableness. There is then no positive test, standard, criterion, means of
forming an opinion. As distinct from vegetables, animals do not exist. There is nothing to prove. Nothing
could be proved to be good, for instance. There is nothing in our "existence" that is good, in a positive sense,
or as really outlined from evil. If to forgive be good in times of peace, it is evil in wartime. There is nothing
to prove: good in our experience is continuous with, or is only another aspect of evil.

As to what I am trying to do now −− I accept only. If I can't see universally, I only localize.

So, of course then, that nothing ever has been proved:

That theological pronouncements are as much open to doubt as ever they were, but that, by a hypnotizing
process, they became dominant over the majority of minds in their era;

That, in a succeeding era, the laws, dogmas, formulas, principles, of materialistic science never were proved,
because they are only localizations simulating the universal; but that the leading minds of their era of
dominance were hypnotized into more or less firmly believing them.

Newton's three laws, and that they are attempts to achieve positiveness, or to defy and break Continuity, and
are as unreal as are all other attempts to localize the universal:

That, if every observable body is continuous, mediately or immediately, with all other bodies, it can not be
influenced only by its own inertia, so that there is no way of knowing what the phenomena of inertia may be;
that, if all things are reacting to an infinitude of forces, there is no way of knowing what the effects of only
one impressed force would be; that if every reaction is continuous with its action, it can not be conceived of
as a whole, and that there is no way of conceiving what it might be equal and opposite to −−

Or that Newton's three laws are three articles of faith;

Or that demons and angels and inertias and reactions are all mythological characters;

But that, in their eras of dominance, they were almost as firmly believed in as if they had been proved.

Enormities and preposterousnesses will march.

They will be "proved" as well as Moses or Darwin or Lyell ever "proved" anything.

* * *

We substitute acceptance for belief.

Cells of an embryo take on different appearances in different eras.

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The more firmly established, the more difficult to change.

That social organism is embryonic.

That firmly to believe is to impede development.

That only temporarily to accept is to facilitate.

* * *

But:

Except that we substitute acceptance for belief, our methods will be the conventional methods; the means by
which every belief has been formulated and supported: or our methods will be the methods of theologians and
savages and scientists and children. Because, if all phenomena are continuous, there can be no positively
different methods. By the inconclusive means and methods of cardinals and fortune tellers and evolutionists
and peasants, methods which must be inconclusive, if they relate always to the local, and if there is nothing
local to conclude, we shall write this book.

If it function as an expression of its era, it will prevail.

* * *

All sciences begin with attempts to define.

Nothing ever has been defined.

Because there is nothing to define.

Darwin wrote "The Origin of Species."(1)

He was never able to tell what he meant by a "species."

It is not possible to define.(2)

Nothing has ever been finally found out.

Because there is nothing final to find out.

It's like looking for a needle that no one ever lost in a haystack that never was −−

But that all scientific attempts really to find out something, whereas really there is nothing to find out, are
attempts, themselves, really to be something.

A seeker of Truth. He will never find it. But the dimmest of possibilities −− he may himself become Truth.

Or that science is more than an inquiry:

That it is a pseudo−construction, or a quasi−organization: that it is an attempt to break away and locally
establish harmony, stability, equilibrium, consistency, entity −−

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Dimmest of possibilities −− that it may succeed.

* * *

That ours is a pseudo−existence, and that all appearances in it partake of its essential fictitiousness −−

But that some appearances approximate far more highly to the positive state than do others.

We conceive of all "things" as occupying gradations, or steps in series between positiveness and
negativeness, or realness and unrealness: that some seeming things are more nearly consistent, just, beautiful,
unified, individual, harmonious, stable −− than others.

We are not realists. We are not idealists. We are intermediatists −− that nothing is real, but that nothing is
unreal: that all phenomena are approximations one way or the other between realness and unrealness.

So then:

That our whole quasi−existence is an intermediate stage between positiveness and negativeness or realness
and unrealness.

Like purgatory, I think.

But in our summing up, which was very sketchily done, we omitted to make clear that Realness is an aspect
of the positive state.

By Realness, I mean that which does not merge away into something else, and that which is not partly
something else: that which is not a reaction to, or an imitation of, something else. By a real hero, we mean
one who is not partly a coward, or whose actions and motives do not merge away into cowardice. But, if in
Continuity, all things do merge, by Realness, I mean the Universal, besides which there is nothing with which
to merge.

That, though the local might be universalized, it is not conceivable that the universal can be localized: but
that high approximations there may be, and that these approximate successes may be translated out of
Intermediateness into Realness −− quite as, in a relative sense, the industrial world recruits itself by
translating out of unrealness, or out of the seemingly less real imaginings of inventors, machines which seem,
when set up in

factories, to have more of Realness than they had when only imagined.

That all progress, if all progress is toward stability, organization, harmony, consistency, or positiveness, is the
attempt to become real.

So, then, in general metaphysical terms, our expression is that, like a purgatory, all that is commonly called
"existence," which we call Intermediateness, is quasi−existence, neither real nor unreal, but expression of
attempt to become real, or to generate for or recruit a real existence.

Our acceptance is that Science, though usually thought of so specifically, or in its own local terms, usually
supposed to be a prying into old bones, bugs, unsavory messes, is an expression of this one spirit animating
all Intermediateness: that, if Science could absolutely exclude all data but its own present data, or that which
is assimilable with the present quasi−organization, it would be a real system, with positively definite outlines
−− it would be real.

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Its seeming approximation to consistency, stability, system −− positiveness or realness −− is sustained by
damning the irreconcilable or the unassimilable −−

All would be well.

All would be heavenly −−

If the damned would only stay damned.

1. Charles Darwin. On the Origin of Species by Natural Selection. London, 1859.

2. Darwin did not provide a definition of species in his famous book, as he realized each naturalist was prone
to use species and variety according to their own prejudices. In a letter to Leonard Jenyns, on October 17,
1846, Darwin wrote: "Andrew Smith once declared he would get some hundreds of specimens of larks
sparrows from all parts of Great Britain see whether with finest measurements he cd detect any proportional
variations in beaks or limbs This point interests me from having lately been skimming over the absurdly
opposite conclusions of Glöger Brehm; the one making half−a−dozen species out of every common bird the
other turning so many reputed species into one." As another example of such prejudices, the dog and wolf can
produce fertile offspring, yet they are still identified as different species; thus, if the production of fertile
offspring were used as a test to indicate membership within a species, would it not then be indicated that dogs
(Canis familiaris), wolves (Canis lupus, Canis rufus), jackals (Canis aureus), foxes (Vulpes fulva), coyotes
(Canis latrans), and dingoes (Canis dingo) are but different varieties, races, or sub−species, of one very
diverse species? John Hunter suggested this long ago for dogs, wolves, foxes, and jackals. In one of his
notebooks, Darwin wrote: "Definition of Species: one that remains uot; that this stone had not fallen: that it
had been struck by lightning.

So, authoritatively, falling stones were damned. The stock means of exclusion remained the explanation of
lightning that was seen to strike something −− that had been upon the ground in the first place.

But positiveness and the fate of every positive statement. It is not customary to think of damned stones
raising an outcry against a sentence of exclusion, but, subjectively, aerolites did −− or data of them
bombarded the walls raised against them −−

Monthly Review, 1796−426:(16)

"The phenomenon which is the subject of the remarks before us will seem to most persons as little worthy of
credit as any that could be offered. The falling of large stones from the sky, without any assignable cause of
their previous ascent, seems to partake so much of the marvellous as almost entirely to exclude the operation
of known and natural agents. Yet a body of evidence is here brought to prove that such events have actually
taken place, and we ought not to withhold from it a proper degree of attention."

The writer abandons the first, or absolute, exclusion, and modifies it with the explanation that the day before
a reported fall of stones in Tuscany, June 16, 1794, there had been an eruption of Vesuvius −−

Or that stones do fall from the sky, but that they are stones that have been raised to the sky from some other
part of the earth's surface by whirlwinds or by volcanic action.

It's more than one hundred and twenty years later. I know of no aerolite that has ever been acceptably traced
to terrestial origin.(17)

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Falling stones had to be undamned −− though still with a reservation that held out for exclusion of outside
forces.

One may have the knowledge of a Lavoisier, and still not be able to analyze, not be able even to see, except
conformably with the hypnoses, or the conventional reactions against hypnoses, of one's era.

We believe no more.

We accept.

Little by little the whirlwind and volcano explanations had to be abandoned, but so powerful was this
exclusion−hypnosis, sentence of damnation, or this attempt at positiveness, that far into our own times some
scientists, notably Prof. Lawrence Smith and Sir Robert Ball, continued to hold out against all external
origins, asserting that nothing could fall to this earth, unless it had been cast up or whirled up from some
other part of the earth's surface.(18)

It's as commendable as anything ever has been −− by which I mean it's intermediate to the commendable and
the censurable.

It's virginal.

Meteorites, data of which were once damned, have been admitted, but the common impression of them is
only a retreat of attempted exclusion: that only two kinds of substance fall from the sky: metallic and stony:
that the metallic objects are of iron and nickel −−

Butter and paper and wool and silk and resin.

We see, to start with, that the virgins of science have fought and wept and screamed against external relations
−− upon two grounds:

There in the first place;

Or up from one part of this earth's surface and down to another.

As late as November, 1902, in Nature Notes, 13−231, a member of the Selborne Society still argued that
meteorites do not fall from the sky; that they are masses of iron upon the ground "in the first place," that
attract lightning; that the lightning is seen, and is mistaken for a falling, luminous object −−(19)

By progress we mean rape.

Butter and beef and blood and a stone with strange inscriptions upon it.

1. "The green Sun in India," and, "Great sunspots and Sun blue." Knowledge, 4 (October 19, 1883): 247−8.
"The green sun in India." Knowledge, 4 (November 9, 1883): 293. "Strange phenomenon." Knowledge, 4
(November 23, 1883): 322. R. Wade Jenkins. "Green Sun and sound waves from Krakatoa." Knowledge, 4
(November 23, 1883): 323. William Noble. "A strange phenomenon −− Jupiter's satellites." Knowledge, 4
(November 30, 1883): 337−8. M. Carey−Hobson. "Strange phenomenon." Knowledge, 4 (November 30,
1883): 338. "The extraordinary sunsets." Knowledge, 4 (December 14, 1883): 364−5. Arthur Severn. "Lunar
shadows −− Strange sunrise and sunset effects in Lancashire." Knowledge, 4 (December 14, 1883): 365. H.L.
"The eruption in the Sunda Straits." Knowledge, 4 (December 14, 1883): 365. "Great sea wave." Knowledge,
4 (December 14, 1883): 365. H.L. "The eruption in the Sunda Straits." Knowledge, (December 14, 1883):

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365. W. Jerome Harrison. "A blue Moon." Knowledge, 4 (December 21, 1883): 380. Edward A. Martin.
"Strange sunsets and blue Moon." Knowledge, 4 (December 21, 1883): 380. James B. Findlay. "Strange
sunset." Knowledge, 4 (December 21, 1883): 380. Thos. Radmore. "Strange sunsets." Knowledge, 4
(December 28, 1883): 395−6. John A. Stewart. "Shower of perch −− Sunsets." Knowledge, 4 (December 28,
1883): 396. Isaac W. Ward. "Variable and red stars in Cygnus −− Double stars in Taurus and Orion −−
Saturn −− Pons−Brooks' Comet −− The remarkable sunsets." Knowledge, 5 (January 4, 1884): 14. William
Noble. "The afterglow." Knowledge, 5 (January 4, 1884): 14. W.H. Numsen. "Red skies in America."
Knowledge, 5 (January 4, 1884): 15. "Colour of the Sun." Knowledge, 5 (January 11, 1884): 29. T.H. Davis.
"Examination of the afterglow." Knowledge, 5 (January 11, 1884): 29. W.H. Numsen. "Sunset glow. −−
Science of the `Day.'" Knowledge, 5 (January 11, 1884): 29. E.C.R. "The green Sun." Knowledge, 5 (January
11, 1884): 29−30. W. Mattieu Williams. "The afterglow." Knowledge, 5 (January 18, 1884): 47. F. Adeline
Harker. "The afterglow in Cheshire." Knowledge, 5 (January 18, 1884): 47. Allan Ekershaw. "Sky−glow."
Knowledge, 5 (January 18, 1884): 47. Chas. E. Bell. "Silent lightning. −− Strange sunsets in Australia."
Knowledge, 5 (January 18, 1884): 47. William Noble. "The afterglow." Knowledge, 5 (January 25, 1884): 60.
E. Howarth. "Red sky−glow." Knowledge, 5 (February 1, 1884): 76−7. "Blue Moon." Knowledge, 5
(February 1, 1884): 77. Chas. A. Akers. "After−glow in America." Knowledge, 5 (February 8, 1884): 90. E.
Howarth. "Red glare." Knowledge, 5 (February 15, 1884): 104. William Noble. "The after−glow."
Knowledge, 5 (February 22, 1884): 117. "Sky−glow," (extract from a letter). Knowledge, 5 (February 22,
1884): 117. [The following need to be confirmed]: "A green sun in India." Nature, 28 (October 11, 1883):
575−577. Henry Bedford. "A green sun." Nature, 28 (October 18, 1883): 588. "The green sun." Nature, 28
(October 25, 1883): 611−612. "The green sun." Nature, 29 (November 1, 1883): 7. "The green sun." Nature,
29 (November 8, 1883): 28. C. Michie Smith. "Electricity in India.−−The green sun." Nature, 29 (November
15, 1883): 54−55. F.A.R. Russell. "Unusual cloud−glow after sunset." Nature, 29 (November 15, 1883): 55.
"Green sunlight." Nature, 29 (November 22, 1883): 76. J.J. Walker. "The cloud−glow of November 9."
Nature, 29 (November 22, 1883): 77. "Notes." Nature, 29 (November 22, 1883): 87−88, at 87. "Optical
phenomena." Nature, 29 (November 29, 1883): 102−104. Nature, 29 (December 6, 1883): 130−133. "The
remarkable sunsets." Nature, 29 (December 20, 1883): 174−181. "The remarkable sunsets." Nature, 29
(December 27, 1883): 195. "The remarkable sunsets." Nature, 29 (December 27, 1883): 199−200. "The
remarkable sunsets." Nature, 29 (January 3, 1884): 222−225. "The remarkable sunsets." Nature, 29 (January
10, 1884): 250−252. "Remarkable sunsets." Nature, 29 (January 17, 1884): 259−260. "The remarkable
sunsets." Nature, 29 (January 24, 1884): 283−286. "Notes." Nature, 29 (January 24, 1884): 294−296, at 295.
"The remarkable sunsets." Nature, 29 (January 24, 1884): 308−310. O.N. Stoddard. "The remarkable
sunsets." Nature, 29 (January 31, 1884): 355−356. "Notes." Nature, 29 (February 14, 1884): 364−367, at 366
and 367. "The remarkable sunsets." Nature, 29 (February 21, 1884): 381−382. Sophus Trombolt. "Sun−glows
and volcanic eruptions in Iceland." Nature, 29 (February 28, 1884): 420. "Notes." Nature, 29 (March 6,
1884): 435−437, at 436. "Societies and academies," (under "Royal Society," Dublin.) Nature, 29 (March 13,
1884): 467−472, at 470−471. Robt. J. Ellery. "The remarkable sunsets." Nature, 29 (April 10, 1884):
548−549. S.E. Bishop. "The remarkable sunsets." Nature, 29 (April 17, 1884): 573. "Notes." Nature, 29
(April 24, 1884): 603−606, at 603 and 604.

2. The principal eruptions occurred between August 26 and 28, with the most powerful explosions being
measured upon the 27th; and, by the morning of the 28th, the steamship Batavia reported that the northern
part of Krakatau had disappeared. Tom Simkin and Richard S. Fiske. Krakatau 1883: The Volcanic Eruption
and Its Effects. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1983; 44, 215.

3. Sounds attributed to the eruptions of Krakatau were noticed at Rodriguez Island (4653 km. away), at Daly
Waters, South Australia (3252 km. away), and at Diego Garcia (3374 km. away); all being more than 2,000
miles away. The number of fatalities would exceed the "36,380" deaths of non−Europeans reported from five
residencies of the Dutch East Indies; there were another 37 Europeans reported as fatalities; thus, there were
at least 36,417 deaths reported by the Dutch government. Ibid, 146, 218−9, 370, 374.

The Book of the Damned

4. It is now, as it was in 1888, considered that the atmospheric effects produced by Krakatau's eruptions
persisted until 1886, when "things had returned to their normal condition." Ibid, 397−418. Although Krakatau
may have been responsible for some of the most spectacular of the atmospheric effects, its predominant
contribution may not have been exclusive, before its May and August eruptions in 1883 and after 1886. The
eruption of Etna in May of 1886 produced afterglows through that summer. And, the eruptions of Bandaisan
in Japan, and of Ritter Island in the Bismarck Archipelago, in 1888, and the eruption of Bogoslov in the
Aleutians, in 1890, may have been responsible for atmospheric effects following the lapse identified by Fort.
H.H. Lamb. "Volcanic dust in the atmosphere; with a chronology and assessment of its meteorological
significance." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, s.A, 266 (1970): 425−533, at 475,
520.

5. Nordenskiöld provides information upon six instances of dust that he collected from snow and ice, which
he attributed to extra−terrestrial origin: (1) in December of 1871, snow from a heavy snowfall at Stocklholm
yielded a black powder with grains of magnetic iron; (2) in March of 1872, snow melted by his brother, Karl
Nordenskiöld, at Evois, Finland, yielded a residue of black powder with metallic iron; (3) on August 8, and
September 2, of 1872, a layer of snow at Spitzbergen yielded a black residue with black grains, magnetic
particles, iron, cobalt, and nickel; (4) hail melted after a storm in Stockholm in the autumn of 1873 yielded
black metallic particles and cobalt, which Nordenskiöld did not believe resulted from hail striking
neighbouring roofs; (5) in July of 1870, inland ice from Greenland yielded a dust containing grains of
metallic iron, with cobalt, and a "main mass" which was "drenched through with an ill−smelling organic
substance"; although Nordenskiöld identified this Greenland dust as "Kryokonite," a crystalline,
double−refracting silicate, this claim was later disputed by Alfred Lacroix, who claimed the material was
terrestrial dust of granitic origin; and, (6) on August 13, 1878, the Vega collected snow containing yellow
crystals on some ice−floes in the Kara Sea, on the northern coast of Russia, which later was analyzed as
containing carbonate of lime, though the yellow crystals did not dissolve in water until it was heated. Nils
Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld. The Voyage of the Vega Round Asia and Europe. London: MacMillan and Co.,
1883; 97, 99−103. "M. Daubrée informe l'Académie qu'il a reçu de M. Nordenskiöld...." Comptes Rendus, 77
(August 18, 1873): 463−5. "M. Daubrée fait part à l'Académie d'observations faites par M. le professeur
Nordenskiöld...." Comptes Rendus, 78 (January 26, 1874): 236−9. Daubrée. "Chute de poussière observée sur
une partie de la Suède et de la Norvége, dans la nuit du 29 au 30 mars 1875, d'après des communications de
MM. Nordenskiöld et Kjerulf." Comptes Rendus, 80 (April 19, 1875): 994−5. Nil Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld.
"Analyse d'une poussière cosmique sur les Crodillères, près San Fernando (Chili)." Comptes Rendus, 103
(1886): 682−6. A. Dauvillier. Cosmic Dust. London: George Newnes Ltd., 1963, 125.

6. "Remarkable hail." Monthly Weather Review, 22 (May 1894): 215. Monthly Weather Review, May 1878,
9, c.v. "Tornadoes." These are reviewed in chapter seven.

7. George James Symons, ed. The Eruption of Krakatoa, and Subsequent Phenomena. London: Trübner Co.,
1888. There are actually 494 pages and 43 plates in this "Report."

8. "Remarkable sunsets." Annual register, 1883, pt.2, 105−6.

9. William Noble. "The recent extraordinary sunrises and sunsets." Knowledge, 5 (June 6, 1884): 418.

10. "Scientific serials." Nature, 51 (November 1, 1894): 24.

11. Chambers' Encyclopedia. 1890 ed. (New Edition), v. 5, 503 s.v. "Hail, hailstorm."

12. George M. Bache. "Account of a hail−storm in Texas." Annual Report of the Smithsonian Institute, 1870,
477−9, at 478.

The Book of the Damned

13. George Buist. "Hailstorms in India, from June 1850 to May 1851." Annual Report of the British
Association for the Advancement of Science, 1851, Trans., 31−3, at 32. "That mentioned by Dr. Hyne in his
tracts published in 1814 as having fallen near Seringapatam in the time of Tippoo Sultan; it was the size of an
elephant, and took two days to melt."

14. C.A. Jr. "Gigantic snowflakes." Monthly Weather Review, 43 (February 1915): 73. Correct quote: "In the
winter of 1887 very large snowflakes were reported as having fallen on January 28, near Matt. Coleman's
ranch at Fort Keogh, Mont. In this case, which is not recorded in the Monthly Weather Review for that year,
the great flakes were described as being `larger than milk pans' and measuring 38 centimeters (15 inches)
across by 20 centimeters (8 inches) thick."

15. Lazarus Fletcher. An Introduction to the Study of Meteorites. 11th ed. London: British Museum Trustees,
1914, 19−20. Antoine Lavoisier. "Rapport sur une pierre qu'on prétend ètre tombée du cil pendant un orage."
6 vols. Oeuvres de Lavoisier. Paris: Imprimerie Impériale, 1868, v. 4, 40−5.

16. "Remarks concerning stones said to have fallen from the clouds...." Monthly Review, 21 (December
1796): 425−7. Correct quote: "...will probably seem, to most persons, to be as little worthy...."

17. Sic, terrestrial. Some tektites are now believed to be terrestrial material, which was ejected into outer
space from the earth as a result of a major meteorite impact and which later re−entered the earth's atmosphere
as tektites.

18. Ball believed that meteorites were the product of volcanoes discharged into outer space, and in seeking to
identify their origins, he eliminated by deduction the sun, moon, and other (major and minor planets), except
for earth's distant past. "This theory, that the meteorites have originated in the earth, was so far as I know first
put forward by Dr. Phipson. Mr. J. Lawrence Smith in a letter I received from him some months ago inclines
to the same view as at all events one of the probable sources." Robert S. Ball. "Speculations on the source of
meteorites." Nature, 19 (March 27, 1879): 493−5. Robert Ball. The Story of the Heavens. Rev. ed. London:
Cassell and Co., 1905, 400−8. Lazarus Fletcher. An Introduction to the Study of Meteorites. 11th ed. London:
British Museum Trustees, 1914, 50−1.

19. Peter Hastie. "Meteoric stones." Nature Notes, 13 (December 1902): 231.

Chapter III

SO then, it is our expression that Science relates to real knowledge no more than does the growth of a plant,
or the organization of a department store, or the development of a nation: that all are assimilative, or
organizing, or systematizing processes that represent different attempts to attain the positive state −− the state
commonly called heaven, I suppose I mean.

There can be no real science where there are indeterminate variables, but every variable is, in finer terms,
indeterminate, or irregular, if only to have the appearance of being in Intermediateness is to express regularity
unattained. The invariable, or the real and stable, would be nothing at all in Intermediateness −− rather as, but
in relative terms, an undistorted interpretation of external sounds in the mind of a dreamer could not continue
to exist in a dreaming mind, because that touch of relative realness would be of awakening and not of
dreaming. Science is the attempt to awaken to realness, wherein it is attempt to find regularity and
uniformity. Or the regular and uniform would be that which has nothing external to disturb it. By the
universal we mean the real. Or the notion is that the underlying super−attempt, as expressed in Science, is
indifferent to the subject−matter of Science: that the attempt to regularize is the vital spirit. Bugs and stars
and chemical messes: that they are only quasi−real, and that of them there is nothing real to know; but that

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Chapter III

systemization of pseudo−data is approximation to realness or final awakening −−

Or a dreaming mind −− and its centaurs and canary birds that turn into giraffes −− there could be no real
biology upon such subjects, but attempt, in a dreaming mind, to systematize such appearances would be
movement toward awakening −− if better mental co−ordination is all that we mean by the state of being
awake −− relatively awake.

So it is, that having attempted to systematize, by ignoring externality to the greatest possible degree, the
notion of things dropping in upon this earth, from externality, is as unsettling and as unwelcome to Science as
−− tin horns blowing in upon a musician's relatively symmetric composition −− flies alighting upon a
painter's attempted harmony, and tracking colors one into another −− suffragist getting up and making a
political speech at a prayer meeting.

If all things are of a oneness, which is a state intermediate to unrealness and realness, and if nothing has
succeeded in breaking away and establishing entity for itself, and could not continue to "exist" in
intermediateness, if it should succeed, any more than could the born still at the same time be the uterine, I of
course know of no positive difference between Science and Christian Science −− and the attitude of both
toward the unwelcome is the same −− "it does not exist."

A Lord Kelvin and a Mrs. Eddy, and something not to their liking −− it does not exist.

Of course not, we Intermediates say: but, also, that, in Intermediateness, neither is there absolute
non−existence.

Or a Christian Scientist and a toothache −− neither exists in the final sense: also neither is absolutely
non−existent, and, according to our therapeutics, the one that more highly approximates to realness will win.

A secret of power −−

I think it's another profundity.

Do you want power over something?

Be more nearly real than it.

We'll begin with yellow substances that have fallen upon this earth: we'll see whether our data of them have a
higher approximation to realness than have the dogmas of those who deny their existence −− that is, as
products from somewhere external to this earth.

In mere impressionism we take our stand. We have no positive tests nor standards. Realism in art: realism in
science −− they pass away. In 1859, the thing to do was to accept Darwinism; now many biologists are
revolting and trying to conceive of something else. The thing to do was to accept it in its day, but Darwinism
of course was never proved:

The fittest survive.

What is meant by the fittest?

Not the strongest; not the cleverest −−

Weakness and stupidity everywhere survive.

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Chapter III

There is no way of determining fitness except in that a thing does survive.

"Fitness," then, is only another name for "survival."

Darwinism:

That survivors survive.

Although Darwinism, then, seems positively baseless, or absolutely irrational, its massing of supposed data,
and its attempted coherence approximate more highly to Organization and Consistency than did the inchoate
speculations that preceded it.

Or that Columbus never proved that the earth is round.

Shadow of the earth on the moon?

No one has ever seen it in its entirety. The earth's shadow is much larger than the moon. If the periphery of
the shadow is curved −− but the convex moon −− a straight−edged object will cast a curved shadow upon a
surface that is convex.

All the other so−called proofs may be taken up in the same way. It was impossible for Columbus to prove
that the earth is round. It was not required: only that with a higher seeming of positiveness than that of his
opponents, he should attempt. The thing to do, in 1492, was nevertheless to accept that beyond Europe, to the
west, were other lands.

I offer for acceptance, as something concordant with the spirit of this first quarter of the 20th century, the
expression that beyond this earth are −− other lands −− from which come things as, from America, float
things to Europe.

As to yellow substances that have fallen upon this earth, the endeavor to exclude extra−mundane origins is
the dogma that all yellow rains and yellow snows are colored with pollen from this earth's pine trees. Symons'
Meteorological Magazine is especially prudish in this respect and regards as highly improper all advances
made by other explainers.(1)

Nevertheless, the Monthly Weather Review, May, 1877, reports a golden−yellow fall, of Feb. 27, 1877, at
Peckloh, Germany, in which four kinds of organisms, not pollen, were the coloring matter. There were
minute things shaped like arrows, coffee beans, horns, and disks.(2)

They may have been symbols. They may have been objective hieroglyphics −−

Mere passing fancy −− let it go −−

In the Annales de Chimie, 85−288, there is a list of rains said to have contained sulphur.(3) I have thirty or
forty other notes. I'll not use one of them. I'll admit that every one of them is upon a fall of pollen. I said, to
begin with, that our methods would be the methods of theologians and scientists, and they always begin with
an appearance of liberality. I grant thirty or forty points to start with. I'm as liberal as any of them −− or that
my liberality won't cost me anything −− the enormousness of the data that we shall have.

Or just to look over a typical instance of this dogma, and the way it works out:

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Chapter III

In the American Journal of Science, 1−42−196, we are told of a yellow substance that fell by the bucketful
upon a vessel, one "windless" night in June, in Pictou Harbour, Nova Scotia. The writer analyzed the
substance, and it was found to "give off nitrogen and ammonia and an animal odor."(4)

Now, one of our Intermediatist principles, to start with, is that so far from positive, in the aspect of
Homogeneousness, are all substances, that, at least in what is called an elementary sense, anything can be
found anywhere. Mahogany logs on the coast of Greenland; bugs of a valley on top of Mt. Blanc; atheists at a
prayer meeting; ice in India.(5) For instance, chemical analysis can reveal that almost any dead man was
poisoned with arsenic, we'll say, because there is no stomach without some iron, lead, tin, gold, arsenic in it
and of it −− which, of course, in a broader sense, doesn't matter much, because a certain number of persons
must, as a restraining influence, be executed for murder every year; and, if detectives aren't able really to
detect anything, illusion of their success is all that is necessary, and it is very honorable to give up one's life
for society as a whole.

The chemist who analyzed the substance of Pictou sent a sample to the Editor of the Journal. The Editor of
course found pollen in it.

My own acceptance is that there'd have to be some pollen in it: that nothing could very well fall through the
air, in June, near the pine forests of Nova Scotia, and escape all floating spores of pollen. But the Editor does
not say that this substance "contained" pollen. He disregards "nitrogen and ammonia, and an animal odor,"
and says that the substance was pollen. For the sake of our thirty or forty tokens of liberality, or
pseudo−liberality, if we can't be really liberal, we grant that the chemist of the first examination probably
wouldn't know an animal odor if he were janitor of a menagerie. As we go along, however, there can be no
such sweeping ignoring of this phenomenon:

The fall of animal−matter from the sky.

I'd suggest, to start with, that we'd put ourselves in the place of deep−sea fishes:

How would they account for the fall of animal−matter from above?

They wouldn't try −−

Or it's easy enough to think of most of us as deep−sea fishes of a kind.

Jour. Franklin Inst., 90−11:(6)

That, upon the 14th of February, 1870, there fell, at Genoa, Italy, according to Director Boccardo, of the
Technical Institute of Genoa, and Prof. Castellani, a yellow substance. But the microscope revealed numerous
globules of cobalt blue, also corpuscles of a pearly color that resembled starch. See Nature, 2−166.(7)

Comptes Rendus, 56−972:(8)

M. Bouis says of a substance, reddish varying to yellowish, that fell enormously and successively, or upon
April 30, May 1 and May 2, in France and Spain, that it carbonized and spread the odor of charred animal
matter −− that it was not pollen −− that in alcohol it left a residue of resinous matter.

Hundreds of thousands of tons of this matter must have fallen.

"Odor of charred animal matter."

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Chapter III

Or an aerial battle that occurred in inter−planetary space several hundred years ago −− effect of time in
making diverse remains uniform in appearance −−

It's all very absurd because, even though we are told of a prodigious quantity of animal matter that fell from
the sky −− three days −− France and Spain −− we're not ready yet: that's all. M. Bouis says that this substance
was not pollen; the vastness of the fall makes acceptable that it was not pollen; still, the resinous residue does
suggest pollen of pine trees. We shall hear a great deal of a substance with a resinous residue that has fallen
from the sky: finally we shall divorce it from all suggestion of pollen.

Blackwood's Magazine, 3−338:(9)

A yellow powder that fell at Gerace, Calabria, March 14, 1813. Some of this substance was collected by Sig.
Simennini, Professor of Chemistry, at Naples. It had an earthy, insipid taste, and is described as "unctuous."
When heated this matter turned brown, then black, then red. According to the Annals of Philosophy, 11−466,
one of the components was a greenish−yellow substance, which, when dried, was found to be resinous.(10)

But concomitants of this fall:

Loud noises were heard in the sky.

Stones fell from the sky.

According to Chladni, these concomitants occurred, and to me they seem −− rather brutal? −− or not
associable with something so soft and gentle as a fall of pollen?(11)

* * *

Black rains and black snows −− rains as black as a deluge of ink −− jet−black snowflakes.

Such a rain as that which fell in Ireland, May 14, 1849, described in the Annals of Scientific Discovery, 1850,
and the Annual Register, 1849.(12) It fell upon a district of 400 square miles, and was the color of ink, and of
a fetid odor and very disagreeable taste.

The rain at Castlecommon, Ireland, April 30, 1887 −− "thick black rain." (Amer. Met. Jour., 4−193.)(13)

A black rain fell in Ireland, Oct. 8 and 9, 1907. (Symons' Met. Mag., 43−2).(14) It left a "most peculiar and
disagreeable smell in the air."

The orthodox explanation of this rain occurs in Nature, March 2, 1908 −− cloud of soot that had come from
South Wales, crossing the Irish Channel and all of Ireland.(15)

So the black rain of Ireland, of March, 1898: ascribed in Symons' Met. Mag., 33−40, to clouds of soot from
the manufacturing towns of North England and South Scotland.(16)

Our Intermediatist principle of pseudo−logic, or our principle of Continuity is, of course, that nothing is
unique, or individual: that all phenomena merge away into all other phenomena: that, for instance −− suppose
there should be vast super−oceanic, or inter−planetary vessels that come near this earth and discharge
volumes of smoke at times. We're only supposing such a thing as that now, because, conventionally, we are
beginning modestly and tentatively. But if it were so, there would necessarily be some phenomenon upon this
earth, with which that phenomenon would merge. Extra−mundane smoke and smoke from cities merge, or
both would manifest in black precipitations in rain.

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Chapter III

In Continuity, it is impossible to distinguish phenomena at their merging−points, so we look for them at their
extremes. Impossible to distinguish between animal and vegetable in some infusoria −− but hippopotamus
and violet. For all practical purposes they're distinguishable enough. No one but a Barnum or a Bailey would
send one a bunch of hippopotami as a token of regard.

So away from the great manufacturing centers:

Black rain in Switzerland, Jan. 20, 1911. Switzerland is so remote, and so ill at ease is the conventional
explanation here, that Nature, 85−451, says of this rain that in certain conditions of weather, snow may take
on an appearance of blackness that is quite deceptive.(17)

May be so. Or at night, if dark enough, snow may look black. This is simply denying that a black rain fell in
Switzerland, Jan. 20, 1911.

Extreme remoteness from the great manufacturing centers:

La Nature, 1888, 2−406:(18)

That Aug. 14, 1888, there fell at the Cape of Good Hope, a rain so black as to be described as a "shower of
ink."

Continuity dogs us. Continuity rules us and pulls us back. We seemed to have a little hope that by the method
of extremes we could get away from things that merge indistinguishably into other things. We find that every
departure from one merger is entrance upon another. At the Cape of Good Hope, vast volumes of smoke from
great manufacturing centers, as an explanation, can not very acceptably merge with the explanation of
extra−mundane origin −− but smoke from a terrestial volcano can, and that is the suggestion that is made in
La Nature.(19)

There is, in human intellection, no real standard to judge by, but our acceptance, for the present, is that the
more nearly positive will prevail. By the more nearly positive we mean the more nearly Organized.
Everything merges away into everything else, but proportionately to its complexity, if unified, a thing seems
strong, real, and distinct: so, in aesthetics, it is recognized that diversity in unity is higher beauty, or
approximation to Beauty, than is simpler unity; so the logicians feel that agreement of diverse data constitute
greater convincingness, or strength, than that of mere parallel instances: so to Herbert Spencer the more
highly differentiated and integrated is the more fully evolved. Our opponents hold out for mundane origin of
all black rains. Our method will be the presenting of diverse phenomena in agreement with the notion of
some other origin. We take up not only black rains but black rains and their accompanying phenomena.

A correspondent to Knowledge, 5−190, writes of a black rain that fell in the Clyde Valley, March 1, 1884: of
another black rain that fell two days later.(20) According to the correspondent, a black rain had fallen in the
Clyde Valley, March 20, 1828: then again March 22, 1828. According to Nature, 9−43, a black rain fell at
Marls− ford, England, Sept. 4, 1873; more than twenty−four hours later another black rain fell in the same
small town.(21)

The black rains of Slains:

According to Rev. James Rust (Scottish Showers):(22)

A black rain at Slains, Jan. 14, 1862 −− another at Carluke, 140 miles from Slains, May 1, 1862 −− at Slains,
May 20, 1862 −− Slains, Oct. 28, 1863.

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Chapter III

But after two of these showers, vast quantities of a substance described sometimes as "pumice stone," but
sometimes as "slag," were washed upon the sea coast near Slains. A chemist's opinion is given that this
substance was slag: that it was not a volcanic product: slag from smelting works. We now have, for black
rains, a concomitant that is irreconcilable with origin from factory chimneys. Whatever it may have been the
quantity of this substance was so enormous that, in Mr. Rust's opinion, to have produced so much of it would
have required the united output of all the smelting works in the world. If slag it were, we accept that an
artificial product has, in enormous quantities, fallen from the sky. If you don't think that such occurrences are
damned by Science, read Scottish Showers and see how impossible it was for the author to have this matter
taken up by the scientific world.

The first and second rains corresponded, in time, with ordinary ebullitions of Vesuvius.

The third and fourth, according to Mr. Rust, corresponded with no known volcanic activities upon this
earth.(23)

La Science Pour Tous, 11−26:(24)

That between October, 1863, and January, 1866, four more black rains fell at Slains, Scotland.

The writer of this supplementary account tells us, with a better, or more unscrupulous, orthodoxy than Mr.
Rust's, that of the eight black rains, five coincided with eruptions of Vesuvius and three with eruptions of
Etna.

The fate of all explanation is to close one door only to have another fly wide open. I should say that my own
notions upon this subject will be considered irrational, but at least my gregariousness is satisfied in
associating here with the preposterous −− or this writer, and those who think in his rut, have to say that they
can think of four discharges from one far−distant volcano, passing over a great part of Europe, precipitating
nowhere else, discharging precisely over one small northern parish −−

But also of three other discharges, from another far−distant vol− cano, showing the same precise preference,
if not marksmanship, for one small parish in Scotland.

Nor would orthodoxy be any better off in thinking of exploding meteorites and their debris: preciseness and
recurrence would be just as difficult to explain.

My own notion is of an island near an oceanic trade−route: it might receive debris from passing vessels seven
times in four years.

Other concomitants of black rains:

In Timb's Year Book, 1851−270, there is an account of "a sort of rumbling, as of wagons, was heard for
upward of an hour without ceasing," July 16, 1850, Bulwick Rectory, Northampton, England. On the 19th, a
black rain fell.(25)

In Nature, 30−6, a correspondent writes of an intense darkness at Preston, England, April 26, 1884: page 32,
another correspondent writes of a black rain at Crowle, near Worcester, April 26: that a week later, or May 3,
it had fallen again: another account of black rain, upon the 28th of April, near Church Stretton, so intense that
the following day brooks were still dyed with it.(26) According to four accounts by correspondents to Nature
there were earthquakes in England at this time.(27)

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Chapter III

Or the black rain of Canada, Nov. 9, 1819. This time it is orthodoxy to attribute the black precipitate to
smoke of forest fires south of the Ohio River −−

Zurcher, Meteors, p.238:(28)

That this black rain was accompanied by "shocks like those of an earthquake."

Edinburgh Philosophical Journal, 2−381:(29)

That the earthquake had occurred at the climax of intense darkness and the fall of black rain.

* * *

Red rains.

Orthodoxy:

Sand blown by the sirocco, from the Sahara to Europe.

Especially in the earthquake regions of Europe, there have been many falls of red substance, usually, but not
always, precipitated in rain. Upon many occasions, these substances have been "absolutely identified" as sand
from the Sahara. When I first took this matter up, I came across assurance after assurance, so positive to this
effect, that, had I not been an Intermediatist, I'd have looked no further. Samples collected from a rain at
Genoa −− samples of sand forwarded from the Sahara −− "absolute agreement" some writers said: same
color, same particles of quartz, even the same shells of diatoms mixed in. Then the chemical analyses: not a
disagreement worth mentioning.

Our intermediatist means of expression will be that, with proper exclusions, after the scientific or theological
method, anything can be identified with anything else, if all things are only different expressions of an
underlying oneness.

To many minds there's a rest and there's satisfaction in that expression "absolutely identified." Absoluteness,
or the illusion of it −− the universal quest. If chemists have identified substances that have fallen in Europe as
sand from African deserts, swept up in African whirlwinds, that's assuasive to all the irritations that occur to
those cloistered minds that must repose in the concept of a snug, isolated, little world, free from contact with
cosmic wickednesses, safe from stellar guile, undisturbed by inter−planetary prowlings and invasions. The
only trouble is that a chemist's analysis, which seems so final and authoritative to some minds, is no more
nearly absolute than is identification by a child or description by an imbecile −−

I take some of that back: I accept that the approximation is higher −−

But that it's based upon delusion, because there is no definiteness, no homogeneity, no stability, only different
stages somewhere between them and indefiniteness, heterogeneity, and instability. There are no chemical
elements. It seems acceptable that Ramsay and others have settled that. The chemical elements are only
another disappointment in the quest of the positive, as the definite, the homogeneous, and the stable. If there
were real elements, there could be a real science of chemistry.(30)

Upon Nov. 12 and 13, 1902, occurred the greatest fall of matter in the history of Australia.(31) Upon the 14th
of November, it "rained mud," in Tasmania. It was of course attributed to Australian whirlwinds, but,
according to the Monthly Weather Review, 32−365, there was a haze all the way to the Philippines, also as
far as Hong Kong.(32) It may be that this phenomenon had no especial relation with the even more

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tremendous fall of matter that occurred in Europe, February, 1903.

For several days, the south of England was a dumping ground −− from somewhere.

If you'd like to have a chemist's opinion, even though it's only a chemist's opinion, see the report of the
meeting of the Chemical Society of London, April 2, 1903.(33) Mr. E.G. Clayton read a paper upon some of
the substance that had fallen from the sky, collected by him. The Sahara explanation applies mostly to falls
that occur in southern Europe. Farther away, the conventionalists are a little uneasy: for instance, the editor of
the Monthly Weather Review, 29−121, says of a red rain that fell near the coast of Newfoundland, early in
1890: "It would be very remarkable if this was Sahara dust."(34) Mr. Clayton said that the matter examined
by him was "merely wind−borne dust from the roads and lanes of Wessex." This opinion is typical of all
scientific opinion −− or theological opinion −− or feminine opinion −− all very well except for what it
disregards. The most charitable thing I can think of −− because I think it gives us a broader tone to relieve our
malices with occasional charities −− is that Mr. Clayton had not heard of the astonishing extent of this fall −−
had covered the Canary Islands, on the 19th, for instance. I think, myself, that in 1903, we passed through the
remains of a powdered world −− left over from an ancient inter−planetary dispute, brooding in space like a
red resentment ever since. Or, like every other opinion, the notion of dust from Wessex turns into a provincial
thing when we look it over.

To think is to conceive incompletely, because all thought relates only to the local. We metaphysicians, of
course, like to have the notion that we think of the unthinkable.

As to opinions, or pronouncements, I should say, because they always have such an authoritative air, of other
chemists, there is an analysis in Nature, 68−54, giving water and organic matter at 9.08 per cent.(35) It's that
carrying out of fractions that's so convincing. The substance is identified as sand from the Sahara.

The vastness of this fall. In Nature, 68−65, we are told that it had occurred in Ireland, too.(36) The Sahara, of
course −− because, prior to Feb. 19, there had been dust storms in the Sahara −− disregarding that in that
great region there's always, in some part of it, a dust storm. However, just at present, it does look reasonable
that dust had come from Africa, via the Canaries.

The great difficulty that authoritativeness has to contend with is some other authoritativeness. When an
infallibility clashes with a pontification −−

They explain.

Nature, March 5, 1903:(37)

Another analysis −− 36 per cent organic matter.

Such disagreements don't look very well, so, in Nature, 68−109, one of the differing chemists explains.(38)
He says that his analysis was of muddy rain, and the other was of sediment of rain −−

We're quite ready to accept excuses from the most high, though I do wonder whether we're quite so damned
as we were, if we find ourselves in a gracious and tolerant mood toward the powers that condemn −− but the
tax that now comes upon our good manners and unwillingness to be too severe −−

Nature, 68−223:(39)

Another chemist. He says it was 23.49 per cent water and organic matter.

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Chapter III

He "identifies" this matter as sand from an African desert −− but after deducting organic matter −−

But you and I could be "identified" as sand from an African desert, after deducting all there is to us except
sand −−

Why we can not accept that this fall was of sand from the Sahara, omitting the obvious objection that in most
parts the Sahara is not red at all, but is usually described as "dazzling white" −−

The enormousness of it: that a whirlwind might have carried it, but that, in that case it would be no
supposititious, or doubtfully identified whirlwind, but the greatest atmospheric cataclysm in the history of
this earth:

Jour. Roy. Met. Soc., 30−56:(40)

That, up to the 27th of February, this fall had continued in Belgium, Holland, Germany and Austria; that in
some instances it was not sand, or that almost all the matter was organic: that a vessel had reported the fall as
occurring in the Atlantic Ocean, midway between Southampton and the Barbados. The calculation is given
that, in England alone, 10,000,000 tons of matter had fallen. It had fallen in Switzerland, (Symons' Met.
Mag., March, 1903).(41) It had fallen in Russia (Bull. Com. Geolog., 22−48).(42) Not only had a vast
quantity of matter fallen several months before, in Australia, but it was at this time falling in Australia
(Victorian Naturalist, June, 1903) −− enormously −− red mud −− fifty tons per square mile.(43)

The Wessex explanation −−

Or that every explanation is a Wessex explanation: by that I mean an attempt to interpret the enormous in
terms of the minute −− but that nothing can be finally explained, because by Truth we mean the Universal;
and that even if we could think as wide as Universality, that would not be requital to the cosmic quest −−
which is not for Truth, but for the local that is true −− not to universalize the local, but to localize the
universal −− or to give to a cosmic cloud absolute interpretation in terms of the little dusty roads and lanes of
Wessex. I can not conceive that this can be done: I think of high approximation.

Our Intermediatist concept is that, because of the continuity of all "things," which are not separate, positive,
or real things, all pseudo−things partake of the underlying, or are only different expressions, degrees, or
aspects of the underlying: so then that a sample from somewhere in anything must correspond with a sample
from somewhere in anything else.

That, by due care in selection, and disregard for everything else, or the scientific and theological method, the
substance that fell, February, 1903, could be identified with anything, or with some part or aspect of anything
that could be conceived of −−

With sand from the Sahara, sand from a barrel of sugar, or dust of your great, great grandfather.

Different samples are described and listed in the Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 30−57 −− or
we'll see whether my notion that a chemist could have identified some one of these samples as from
anywhere conceivable, is extreme or not:(44)

"Similar to brick dust," in one place; "buff or light brown," in another place; "chocolate−colored and silky to
the touch and slightly iridescent"; "gray"; "red−rust color"; "reddish raindrops and gray sand"; "dirty gray";
"quite red"; "yellow−brown, with a tinge of pink"; "deep yellow−clay color."

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Chapter III

In Nature, it is described as of a peculiar yellowish cast in one place, reddish somewhere else, and
salmon−colored in another place.(45)

Or there could be real science if there were really anything to be scientific about.

Or the science of chemistry is like a science of sociology, prejudiced in advance, because only to see is to see
with a prejudice, setting out to "prove" that all inhabitants of New York came from Africa.

Very easy matter. Samples from one part of town. Disregard for all the rest.

There is no science but Wessex−science.

According to our acceptance, there should be no other, but that approximation should be higher: that
metaphysics is super−evil: that the scientific spirit is of the cosmic quest.

Our notion is that, in a real existence, such a quasi−system of fables as the science of chemistry could not
deceive for a moment: but that in an "existence" endeavoring to become real, it represents that endeavor, and
will continue to impose its pseudo−positiveness until it be driven out by a higher approximation to realness;

That the science of chemistry is as impositive as fortune−telling −−

Or no −−

That, though it represents a higher approximation to realness than does alchemy, for instance, and so drove
out alchemy, it is still somewhere between myth and positiveness.

The attempt at realness, or to state a real and unmodified fact here, is the statement:

All red rains are colored sands from the Sahara desert.

My own impositivist acceptances are:

That some red rains are colored by sands from the Sahara desert;

Some by sands from other terrestrial sources;

Some by sands from other worlds, or from their deserts −− also from aerial regions too indefinite or
amorphous to be thought of as "worlds" or planets −−

That no supposititious whirlwind can account for the hundreds of millions of tons of matter that fell upon
Australia, Pacific Ocean and Atlantic Ocean and Europe in 1902 and 1903 −− that a whirlwind that could do
that would not be supposititious.

But now we shall cast off some of our wessicality by accepting that there have been falls of red substance
other than sand.

We regard every science as an expression of the attempt to be real. But to be real is to localize the universal
−− or to make some one thing as wide as all things −− successful accomplishment of which I cannot conceive
of. The prime resistance to this endeavor is the refusal of the rest of the universe to be damned, excluded,
disregarded, to receive Christian Science treatment, by something else so attempting. Although all
phenomena are striving for the Absolute −− or have surrendered to and have incorporated themselves in

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Chapter III

higher attempts, simply to be phenomenal, or to have seeming in Intermediateness is to express relations.

A river.

It is water expressing the gravitational relation of different levels.

The water of the river.

Expression of chemic relations of hydrogen and oxygen −− which are not final.

A city.

Manifestation of commercial and social relations.

How could a mountain be without base in a greater body?

Storekeeper live without customers?

The prime resistance to the positivist attempt by Science is its relations with other phenomena, or that it only
expresses those relations in the first place. Or that a Science can have seeming, or survive in
Intermediateness, as something pure, isolated, positively different, no more than could a river or a city or a
mountain or a store.

This Intermediateness−wide attempt by parts to be wholes −− which cannot be realized in our quasi−state, if
we accept that in it the co−existence of two or more wholes or universals is impossible −− high
approximation to which, however, may be thinkable −−

Scientists and their dream of "pure science."

Artists and their dream of "art for art's sake."

It is our notion that if they could almost realize, that would be almost realness: that they would instantly be
translated into real existence. Such thinkers are good positivists, but they are evil in an economic and
sociologic sense, if, in that sense, nothing has justification for being, unless it serve, or function for, or
express the relations of, some higher aggregate. So Science functions for and serves society at large, and
would, from society at large, receive no support, unless it did so divert itself or dissipate and prostitute itself.
It seems that by prostitution I mean usefulness.

There have been red rains that, in the middle ages, were called "rains of blood." Such rains terrified many
persons, and were so unsettling to large populations, that Science, in its sociologic relations, has sought, by
Mrs. Eddy's method, to remove an evil −−

That "rains of blood" do not exist;

That rains so called are only of water colored by sand from the Sahara desert.

My own acceptance is that such assurances, whether fictitious or not, whether the Sahara is a "dazzling
white" desert or not, have wrought such good effects, in a sociologic sense, even though prostitutional in the
positivist sense, they were well justified;

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Chapter III

But that we've gone on: that this is the twentieth century; that most of us have grown up so that such
soporifics of the past are no longer necessary:

That if gushes of blood should fall from the sky upon New York City, business would go on as usual.

We began with rains that we accepted ourselves were, most likely, only of sand. In my own still immature
hereticalness −− and by heresy, or progress, I mean, very largely, a return, though with many modifications,
to the superstitions of the past, I think I feel considerable aloofness to the idea of rains of blood. Just at
present, it is my conservative, or timid purpose, to express only that there have been red rains that very
strongly suggest blood or finely divided animal matter −−

Debris from inter−planetary disasters.

Aerial battles.

Food−supplies from cargoes of super−vessels, wrecked in inter−planetary traffic.

There was a red rain in the Mediterranean region, March 6, 1888. Twelve days later, it fell again. Whatever
this substance may have been, when burned, the odor of animal matter from it was strong and persistent.
(L'Astronomie, 1888−205).(46)

But −− infinite heterogeneity −− or debris from many different kinds of aerial cargoes −− there have been red
rains that have been colored by neither sand nor animal matter.

Annals of Philosophy, 16−226:(47)

That, Nov. 2, 1819 −− week before the black rain and earthquake of Canada −− there fell, at Blankenberge,
Holland, a red rain. As to sand, two chemists of Bruges concentrated 144 ounces of the rain to 4 ounces −−
"no precipitate fell." But the color was so marked that had there been sand, it would have been deposited, if
the substance had been diluted instead of concentrated. Experiments were made, and various reagents did cast
precipitates, but other than sand. The chemists concluded that the rain−water contained muriate of cobalt −−
which is not very enlightening: that could be said of many substances carried in vessels upon the Atlantic
Ocean. Whatever it may have been, in the Annales de Chimie, 2−12−432, its color is said to have been
red−violet.(48) For various chemic reactions, see Quar. Jour. Roy. Inst., 9−202, and Edin. Phil. Jour.,
2−381.(49)

Something that fell with dust said to have been meteoric, March 9, 10, 11, 1872: described in the Chemical
News, 25−300, as a "peculiar substance," consisted of red iron ochre, carbonate of lime, and organic
matter.(50)

Orange−red hail, March 14, 1873, in Tuscany. (Notes and Queries, 9−5−16.)(51)

Rain of lavender−colored substance, at Oudon, France, Dec. 19, 1903. (Bull. Soc. Met. de France,
1904−124.)(52)

La Nature, 1885−2−351:(53)

That, according to Prof. Schwedoff, there fell, in Russia, June 14, 1880, red hailstones, also blue hailstones,
also gray hailstones.

Nature, 34−123:(54)

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Chapter III

A correspondent writes that he had been told by a resident of a small town in Venezuela, that there, April 17,
1886, had fallen hailstones, some red, some blue, some whitish: informant said to have been one unlikely to
have heard of the Russian phenomenon; described as an "honest, plain countryman."

Nature, July 5, 1877, quotes a Roman correspondent to the London Times who sent a translation from an
Italian newspaper: that a red rain had fallen in Italy, June 23, 1877, containing "microscopically small
particles of sand."(55)

Or, according to our acceptance, any other story would have been an evil thing, in the sociologic sense, in
Italy, in 1877. But the English correspondent, from a land where terrifying red rains are uncommon, does not
feel this necessity. He writes: "I am by no means satisfied that the rain was of sand and water." His
observations are that drops of this rain left stains "such as sandy water could not leave." He notes that when
the water evaporated, no sand was left behind.

L'Année Scientifique, 1888−75:(56)

That, Dec. 13, 1887, there fell, in Cochin China, a substance like blood, somewhat coagulated.

Annales de Chimie, 85−266:(57)

That a thick, viscous, red matter fell at Ulm, in 1812.

We now have a datum with a factor that has been foreshadowed; which will recur and recur and recur
throughout this book. It is a factor that makes for speculation so revolutionary that it will have to be
re−enforced many times before we can take it into full acceptance.

Year Book of Facts, 1861−273:(58)

Quotation from a letter from Prof. Campini to Prof. Matteucci:

That, upon Dec. 28, 1860, at about 7 a.m., in the northwestern part of Siena, a reddish rain feel copiously for
two hours.

A second red shower fell at 11 o'clock.(59)

Three days later, the red rain fell again.

The next day another red rain fell.

Still more extraordinarily:

Each fall occurred in "exactly the same quarter of the town."

1. For example, see: J.W. Moore. "Pollen showers." Meteorological magazine, 14 (July 1879): 96.

2. "The somewhat rare phenomenon...." Monthly weather review, May 1877, 11.

3. Marcel de Serres. "Sur la chute des pierres, or sur les aérolithes." Annales de chimie, s.1, 85( 1813):
262−308 at 288. For an English translation of this article: Marcel de Serres. "Observations on the fall of
stones from the clouds, or aerolites." Philosophical magazine, s.1, 44 (1814): 217−224, 253−260.

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Chapter III

4. "Yellow showers of pollen." American journal of science, s.1, 42 (1842): 195−197. For the article referred
to in this citation: "Lycopodium." American journal of science, s.1, 39 (1840): 399.

5. The bug on Mont Blanc was a Plusia gamma. Albert Müller. "On the dispersal of non−migrating insects by
atmospheric agencies." Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London, 1871, 175−186, at 184.
For the mahogany logs in Greenland: William Scoresby, Jr. An Account of the Arctic Regions. Edinburgh: A.
Constable Co., 1820. 2 vols., v. 1, 6−8. And: John Barrow. A Chronological History of Voyages into the
Arctic Regions. London: John Murray, 1818, 334.

6. "A rain of solid matter." Journal of the Franklin Institute, s.3, 60: 11−12.

7. "A fall of yellow rain." Nature, 2 (June 30, 1870): 166.

8. J. Bouis. "Relation d'une pluie de terre tombée dans le midi de la France et en Espagne." Comptes Rendus,
56 (1863): 972−4. The fall occurred in 1863.

9. "Shower of red earth in Italy." Blackwood's Magazine, 3 (June 1818): 338−9. Correct name: Sementini.

10. "Shower of red earth in Italy." Annals of Philosophy, 11, 466−7.

11. E.F.F. Chladni. "Nouveau catalogue des chutes de pierres ou de fer; de poussières ou de substances
molles, sèches ou humides, suivant l'ordre chronologique." Annales de Chimie et de Physique, s. 2, 31
(1826): 253−70, at 260. E.F.F. Chladni. "A new catalogue of the fall of stones, iron, dust, and soft substances,
dry or moist, in chronological order." Annals of Philosophy, n.s., 12, 83−96, at 89: "1813, 14th March. −−
Stones at Cutro, in Calabria, during the fall of a great quantity of red dust."

12. "Black rain in Ireland." Annual of Scientific Discovery, 1850, 348. "April 14. Curious phenomenon."
Annual Register, 1849, pt.2: 39−40. For a local account of this rain: "Royal Dublin Society." Dublin
Freeman's Journal, May 1, 1849, p.3 c.2−3.

13. "Shower of black rain." American Meteorological Journal, 4 (September 1887): 193.

14. "Black rain in Ireland, October 8th−9th, 1907." Symons' Meteorological Magazine, 43, 2−4.

15. "Notes." Nature, 77 (March 12, 1908): 442−6, at 445.

16. John Ringwood. "Black rain." Symons' Meteorological magazine, 33, 40−41. The date of this rain was
March 30, 1898.

17. "Notes." Nature, 85 (February 2, 1911): 448−453, at 451. Fort marked "X" next to the first line, which
probably was due to the date of January 20 being identified as the date of the snow fall rather than the date
when the London Morning Post reported its occurrence of a recent black rain in the Lower Emmen Valley.

18. "Une pluie d'encre." Nature (Paris), 1888 v.2 (November 24): 406.

19. Sic, terrestrial volcano.

20. Lewis P. Muirhead. "Meteoric dust." Knowledge, 5 (March 21, 1884): 190.

21. E. Highton. "Black rains and dew ponds." Nature, 9 (November 20, 1873): 43.

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Chapter III

22. James Rust. The Scottish Black Rain Showers and Pumicestone Shoals of the Year 1862 and 1863.
Edinburgh: William Blackwood and Sons, 1864. "The Scottish showers and shoals" appears on the page
ahead of the title page.

23. Rust writes: "I have heard nothing respecting that state of Vesuvius corresponding to the most recent of
the Showers of Black Rain, −− namely, that one which fell on 28th October, 1863." Although Vesuvius had
been active until December 31, 1861, it was apparently not in eruption again until February of 1864; and,
Etna, which was not active since May of 1853, became active from July 7 to 25, 1863, and again in August of
1864. The attempt to correlate the black rains with the eruptions of these volcanoes would appear spurious.
However, Fort does not mention Rust's speculation upon a relation with the brilliant meteors seen in January
of 1862, including: "a large fiery ball" over Slains on January 14, at 9 p.m., (the date of the first black rain,
which occurred from about 9:30 a.m. to 10 a.m.). Ibid, 43, 47. Tom Simkin et al. Volcanoes of the World.
Stroudsburg, PA: Hutchinson Ross Publishing Co., 1981; 33, 36, 131−2.

24. "Pluie noire." Science Pour Tous, 11, 263−264. For an English report, claiming a relation between the
rains and volcanic activity: Thos. Ratcliffe. "Black rain." Notes and Queries, s.4, 9 (March 30, 1872): 267.
The copy of Rust's book, which belonged to the U.S. Weather Bureau had the following inscription on its
back page: "Forty `showers' at least have been observed and published in various periodicals, as they fell.
J.R." A similar inscription was written upon the copy in the New York Public Library: "Since these showers
there have been more than 40 additional showers of Black Rain attested and publicly notified in various
Periodicals. JR."

25. "A black shower." Timb's Year−Book of Facts in Science and Art, 1851, 270−271. Correct quote: "...as of
waggons, was heard for upwards of an hour."

26. S.J. Perry. "Extraordinary darkness at midday." Nature, 30 (May 1, 1884): 6. "The remarkable sunsets."
Nature, 30 (May 8, 1884): 32. And, for another article on the black rain: S.J. Perry. "Black rain." Nature, 30
(May 8, 1884): 32.

27. "The earthquake." Nature, 30 (May 1, 1884): 17−19. "The recent earthquake." Nature, 30 (May 8, 1884):
31−32. W. Topley. "The earthquake." Nature, 30 (May 15, 1884): 60−62.

28. Frédéric Zurcher, and, Elie Margollé. Meteors, Aërolites, Storms, and Atmospheric Phenomena. New
York: C. Scribner Co., 1871, 238. Correct quote: "...shocks similar to those felt during an earthquake...."

29. "Black rain." Edinburgh philosophical journal, 2, 381−382.

30. Fort's rejection of any "real science of chemistry" based upon the work of "Ramsay and others" is not
far−fetched, considering the knowledge of its basis in Fort's time. In one aspect, Rayleigh and Ramsay's
discovery of the element argon and the "noble gases," which are chemically inert, led Mendeleyev to state: "If
we admit that the molecule of argon contains but one atom, there is no room for it in the periodic system;
because, even if we suppose that its density is much below 20 (although this is very unlikely to be the case,
and the contrary could rather be surmised), and that the atomic weight of argon should fall between the
atomic weights of chlorine and potassium, the new body ought to be placed in the eighth group of the third
series; but the existence of an eighth group in this series could hardly be admitted." When Bertholet claimed
to have succeeded in producing a chemical reaction between argon and benzene, Mendeleyev claimed it as
support for his "supposition that argon is a polymerised variety of nitrogen whose molecule contains N3,
while ordinary nitrogen contain N2. ("Professor Mendeléeff on argon." Nature, 51 (April 4, 1895): 543.
Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleyev. The Principles of Chemistry. New York: P.F. Collier and Son, 1901,
"Appendix III. Argon, a new constituent of the atmosphere," 491−9, at 498.) In another aspect, Ramsay posed
the question of whether "elements" were final products. "The substances are classified as elements solely

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Chapter III

because no attempts to convert one into another have up till now been successful... and it has been often held
that it is not impossible that all elements may consist of a primal substance −− `protyle,' as it has been called
−− in different states of condensation." ("What is an element?" William Ramsay. Essays Biographical and
Chemical. London: Archibald Constable Co., 1909, 147−160, at 149.) In 1907 and 1908, Ramsay and
Cameron attempted the atomic disintegration, or transmutation, of various elements with the radiation from
radioactive substances. Ramsay believed that he had converted neon and argon from water and lithium from
copper; but, with methods less likely to involve contamination, "it is generally accepted to−day that the
evidence is against the transformations announced by Ramsay." E.N. Da C. Andrade. The Structure of the
Atom. London: G. Bell and Sons, 1924, 57. Ramsay viewed chemistry as evolving: "This new chemistry is
just at its commencement. It dates from 1896, when Becquerel showed that compounds or uranium evolved
some sort of radiation which would impress a photographic plate. It is still too early to formulate any definite
statement relating to its connection with the irregularity in the numerical sequence of the atomic weights; yet
it may be permissable to speculate, aided by recent discoveries." "Periodic arrangement of elements."
William Ramsay. Op.Cit., 161−178, at 175. Bohr's model of the hydrogen atom, which consisted of a single
electron in orbit around a nucleus composed of a single proton, was valid for hydrogen but not for any other
element nor any isotopes of hydrogen. Though Ramsay's experiments are now viewed as erroneous in their
outcome, Rutherford won a Nobel prize for transmuting nitrogen into oxygen; and, not until Chadwick
discovered the "neutron," for which he won a Nobel prize, did physicists and chemists emerge from decades
of delusion and reconcile the disparity between the atomic numbers and the atomic weights in the elements.
Even in giving his Nobel lecture, in 1935, Chadwick cautioned: "It seems at present useless to discuss
whether the neutron and proton are elementary particles or not; it may be that they are two different states of
the fundamental heavy particle." Niels H. de V. Heathcote. Nobel Prize Winners in Physics: 1901 −− 1950.
New York: Henry Schuman, 1953, 335.

31. F. Chapman and H.J. Grayson. "On red rain with special reference to its occurrence in Victoria. With a
note on Melbourne dust." Victorian Naturalist, 20 (June 1903): 17−32. Also, the fall began on November 11.

32. Andrew Noble. "Dust in the atmosphere during 1902−3." Monthly Weather Review, 32 (August 1904):
364−365.

33. Edwy Godwin Clayton. "Discoloured rain." Proceedings of the (Royal) Chemical Society of London, 19,
(no. 264): 101−103.

34. "Dust storms and red rain." Monthly Weather Review, 29 (March 1901): 120−121.

35. T.E. Thorpe. "Red rain and the dust storm of February 22." Nature, 68 (May 21, 1903): 53−4.

36. "Notes." Nature, 68 (May 21, 1903): 64−8, at 65.

37. Rowland A. Earp. "Analysis of the red rain of February 22." Nature, 67 (March 5, 1903): 414−5.

38. "Notes." Nature, 68 (June 4, 1903): 106−11, at 109.

39. T.E. Thorpe. "Red rain and the dust storm of February 22." Nature, 68 (July 9, 1903): 222−3.

40. Hugh Robert Mill and R.G.K. Lempfert. "The great dust−fall of February 1903, and its origin." Quarterly
Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society of London, 30 (January 1904): 57−91, at 57, 61, 73, 87−8. The
fall of dust was most prominent on February 22, 1903, though it was noted in England and Europe from
February 21 to 24; but, the fall may have been a repeated fall, in parts of England, for: "...there appears to be
reason for supposing that a distinct renewal of the fall, though on a much smaller scale, occurred between the
25th and 27th," in England. One curious area where dust was reported to fall came from the S.S. Nubia,

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Chapter III

between Spain and Africa in the Mediterranean, on February 21; yet, Spain, Italy, and the south of France
were scarcely affected by the fall of dust. The vessel was the R.M.S. Tagus.

41. "The great dustfall of February, 1903." Symons' Meteorological Magazine, 38 (March 1903): 21−5.

42. Fort's reference to Bull. Com. Geolog. could not be traced in the Bulletin de la Commission Geologique
de Finlande nor in the Bulletin de la Comité Geologique de Russie (St. Petersburg), also later known as
Izvetsiia Geologicheskago Komiteta. However, the fall of dust in Russia is reported elsewhere: W.J.S.
Lockyer. "Dust−falls and their origins." Nature, 66 (May 8, 1902): 41. "Der grosse staubfall vom 9 bis 12
März 1901 in Nordafrika, Süd und Mittelerupoa," (book review).

Symons' Meteorological Magazine, 37 (1902): 24−6. (Johann Georg) Gustav Hellman and Wilhelm
Meinardus. Der gross staubfall vow 9. bis 12. Marz 1901 in Nordafrika, Süd− und Mittel−europa. Berlin: A.
Asher Co., 1901; 28−29, and 76.

43. F. Chapman and H.J. Grayson. "On red rain with special reference to its occurrence in Victoria. With a
note on Melbourne dust." Victorian Naturalist, 20 (June 1903): 17−32. In November of 1902, 50 tons per
square mile was estimated; and, in March of 1903, 35.5 tons per square mile was estimated.

44. Hugh Robert Mill and R.G.K. Lempfert. "The great dust−fall of February 1903, and its origin." Quarterly
Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society of London, 30 (January 1904): 56−91, at 61−2, 64−5.

45. Wm. Marriott. "Fall of coloured dust on February 22−23." Nature, 67 (February 26, 1903): 391. "Notes."
Nature, 67 (February 26, 1903): 396−400, at 396.

46. Nicholas Camille Flammarion. "Pluie de sable des 6 et 18 Mars a Alexandrie." Astronomie, 8 (June
1889): 201−5, at 205. The rains of sand were described as varying from yellow to cinnamon in the colour of
the samples collected by A. Pirona, director of the observatory at Alexandria, Egypt.

47. "Singular rain." Annals of Philosophy, 16, 226.

48. "Pluie rouge tombée à Blankenberge, le 2 novembre 1819." Annales de Chimie, s.2, 12 (1819): 431−3, at
432.

49. "Coloured rain." Quarterly Journal of the Royal Institute of Great Britain, 9, 201−202. "Red rain."
Edinburgh Philosophical Journal, 2, 381−382.

50. "Chemico−microscopic research of a peculiar substance which accompanied the meteoric dust which fell
in Sicily on 9th, 10th, and 11th March last." Chemical News, 25 (June 21, 1872): 300. For the original report
and analysis, reviewed above: O. Silvestri. "Studio chimico microscopico di una particolare pioggia
accompagnnia da polvere meteorica, caduta in Sicilia nei giorni 9, 10 e 11 marzo 1872." Gazetta Chimica
Italiana, 2 (1872): 83−8. For a English translation and review of this article: "Analysis of meteoric sand."
Annual of Science and Industry, 1872, 119−20.

51. Fort notes: "BD/Ref showers No 9/6/516 should be 9/5/516" (Note SF−V−326). The correct reference is:
R. Hedger Wallace. "Showers of snakes, fish, spiders, Notes and Queries, s.9, 5 (June 30, 1900): 516.

52. "Sur une `pluie de sang' tombée à Oudon, près Ancenis (Loire−Inférierure)." Annuaire de la Société
Météorologique de France, 1904 (May): 124−5.

53. "Grèle rouge." Nature (Paris), 1885 v.2 (October 31): 351.

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Chapter III

54. A. Ernst. "A remarkable hailstorm." Nature, 34 (June 10, 1886): 122. The fall was at El Totumo, near
Tinaco. Correct quote: "...honest and plain countryman of no literary education whatever...."

55. "Notes." Nature, 16 (July 5, 1877): 196−8, at 197−8. "Italy." London Times, June 26, 1877, p.5 c.5. No
such quotes are found here; however, in Nature: "The sand fell in small perfectly spherical masses of about
1−25,000th of an inch in diameter, at a maximum." Also: "...I have washed the sky over with them, and have
afterwards sluiced the paper with water from a sponge; yet there they remain. If sand they be, that material
appears to have a most unusually tenacious affinity for the paper."

56. "Prétendue pluie de sang." Année Scientifique et Industrielle (Paris), 32 (1888): 75. Cochin China is now
identified as Vietnam.

57. Marcel de Serres. "Sur la chute des pierres, or sur les aérolithes." Annales de Chimie et de Physique, s. 1,
85 (1813): 262−308, at 266. Marcel de Serres. "Observations on the fall of stones from the clouds, or
aerolites." Philosophical Magazine, s. 1, 44 (1814): 217−24, 253−60, at 254. Fort notes: "BD. Ulm. 1802, not
1812," (Note SF−V−329). This fall occurred in 1802, (not 1812), according to Serres.

58. "Coloured rain." Timb's Year−Book of Facts in Science and Art, 1861, 273. Prof. Campani; not
"Campini."

59. A third such shower fell at 2 p.m. on December 28.

Chapter IV

IT is in the records of the French Academy that, upon March 17, 1669, in the town of Chatillon−sur−Seine,
fell a reddish substance that was "thick, viscous, and putrid."(1)

American Journal of Science, 1−41−404:(2)

Story of a highly unpleasant substance that had fallen from the sky, in Wilson County, Tennessee. We read
that Dr. Troost visited the place and investigated. Later we're going to investigate some investigations −− but
never mind that now. Dr. Troost reported that the substance was clear blood and portions of flesh scattered
upon tobacco fields. He argued that a whirlwind might have taken an animal up from one place, mauled it
around, and have precipitated its remains somewhere else.

But, in volume 44, page 216, of the Journal, there is an apology.(3) The whole matter is, upon newspaper
authority, said to have been a hoax by negroes, who had pretended to have seen the shower, for the sake of
practicing upon the credulity of their masters: that they had scattered the decaying flesh of a dead hog over
the tobacco fields.

If we don't accept this datum, at least we see the sociologically necessary determination to have all falls
accredited to earthly origins −− even when they're falls that don't fall.

Annual Register, 1821−687:(4)

That, upon the 13th of August, 1819, something had fallen from the sky at Amherst, Mass. It had been
examined and described by Prof. Graves, formerly lecturer at Dartmouth College. It was an object that had
upon it a nap, similar to that of milled cloth. Upon removing this nap, a buff−colored, pulpy substance was
found. It had an offensive odor, and, upon exposure to air, turned to a vivid red. This thing was said to have
fallen with a brilliant light.

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Chapter IV

Also see the Edinburgh Philosophical Journal, 5−295.(5) In the Annales de Chimie, 1821−67, M. Arago
accepts the datum, and gives four instances of similar objects or substances said to have fallen out of the sky,
two of which we shall have with our data of gelatinous, or viscous matter, and two of which I omit, because it
seems to me that the dates given are too far back.(6)

In the American Journal of Science, 1−2−335, is Prof. Graves' account, communicated by Professor
Dewey.(7)

That, upon the evening of August 13, 1819, a light was seen in Amherst −− a falling object −− sound as if of
an explosion.

In the home of Prof. Dewey, this light was reflected upon a wall of a room in which were several members of
Prof. Dewey's family.

The next morning, in Prof. Dewey's front yard, in what is said to have been the only position from which the
light that had been seen in the room, the night before, could have been reflected, was found a substance
"unlike anything before observed by anyone who saw it." It was a bowl−shaped object, about 8 inches in
diameter, and one inch thick. Bright buff−colored, and having upon it a "fine nap." Upon removing this
covering, a buff−colored, pulpy substance of the consistency of soft−soap, was found −− "of an offensive,
suffocating smell."

A few minutes of exposure to the air changed the buff color to "a livid color resembling venous blood." It
absorbed moisture quickly from the air and liquified. For some of the chemic reactions, see the Journal.

There's another lost quasi−soul of a datum that seems to me to belong here:

London Times, April 19, 1836:(8)

Fall of fish that had occurred in the neighborhood of Allahabad, India. It is said that the fish were of the
chalwa species, about a span in length and a seer in weight −− you know.(9) They were dead and dry.

Or they had been such a long time out of water that we can't accept that they had been scooped out of a pond,
by a whirlwind −− even though they were so definitely identified as of a known local species −−(10)

Or they were not fish at all.

I incline, myself, to the acceptance that they were not fish, but slender, fish−shaped objects of the same
substance as that which fell at Amherst −− it is said that, whatever they were, they could not be eaten: that "in
the pan, they turned into blood."

For details of this story see the Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, 1834−307.(11) May 16 or 17, 1834,
is the date given in the Journal.

In the American Journal of Science, 1−25−362, occurs the inevitable damnation of the Amherst object.(12)

Prof. Edward Hitchcock went to live in Amherst. He says that years later, another object, like the one said to
have fallen in 1819, had been found at "nearly the same place." Prof. Hitchcock was invited by Prof. Graves
to examine it. Exactly like the first one. Corresponded in size and color and consistency. The chemic
reactions were the same.

Prof. Hitchcock recognized it in a moment.

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Chapter IV

It was a gelatinous fungus.

He did not satisfy himself as to just the exact species it belonged to, but he predicted that similar fungi might
spring up within twenty−four hours −−

But, before evening, two others sprang up.

Or we've arrived at one of the oldest of the exclusionists' conventions −− or nostoc. We shall have many data
of gelatinous substance said to have fallen from the sky: almost always the exclusionists argue that it was
only nostoc, an Alga, or, in some respects, a fungous growth. The rival convention is "spawn of frogs or of
fishes." These two conventions have made a strong combination. In instances where testimony was not
convincing that gelatinous matter had been seen to fall, it was said that the gelatinous substance was nostoc,
and had been on the ground in the first place: when the testimony was too good that it had fallen, it was said
to be spawn that had been carried from one place to another in a whirlwind.

Now, I can't say that nostock is always greenish, any more than I can say that blackbirds are always black,
having seen a white one: we shall quote a scientist who knew of flesh−colored nostoc, when so to know was
convenient. When we come to reported falls of gelatinous substances, I'd like it to be noticed how often they
are described as whitish or grayish. In looking up the subject, myself, I have read only of greenish nostoc.
Said to be greenish, in Webster's Dictionary −− said to be "blue−green" in the New International
Encyclopedia −− "from bright green to olive−green" (Science Gossip, 10−114); "green" (Science Gossip,
7−260); "greenish" (Notes and Queries, 1−11−219).(13) It would seem acceptable that, if many reports of
white birds should occur, the birds are not blackbirds, even though there have been white blackbirds. Or that,
if often reported, grayish or whitish gelatinous substance is not nostoc, and is not spawn if occurring in times
unseasonable for spawn.

"The Kentucky Phenomenon."

So it was called, in its day, and now we have an occurrence that attracted a great deal of attention in its own
time. Usually these things of the accursed have been hushed up or disregarded −− sup− pressed like the seven
black rains of Slains −− but, upon March 3, 1876, something occurred, in Bath County, Kentucky, that
brought many newspaper correspondents to the scene.

The substance that looked like beef that fell from the sky.

Upon March 3, 1876, at Olympian Springs, Bath County, Kentucky, flakes of a substance that looked like
beef fell from the sky −− "from a clear sky." We'd like to emphasize that it was said that nothing but this
falling substance was visible in the sky. It fell in flakes of various sizes; some two inches square, one, three,
or four inches square. The flake−formation is interesting: later we shall think of it as signifying pressure −−
somewhere. It was a thick shower, on the ground, on trees, on fences, but it was narrowly localized: or upon a
strip of land about 100 yards long and about 50 yards wide. For the first account, see the Scientific American,
34−197, and the New York Times, March 10, 1876.(14)

Then the exclusionists.

Something that looked like beef: one flake of it the size of a square envelope.

If we think of how hard the exclusionists have fought to reject the coming of ordinary−looking dust from this
earth's externality, we can sympathize with them in this sensational instance, perhaps. Newspaper
correspondents wrote broadcast and witnesses were quoted, and this time there is no mention of a hoax, and,
except by one scientist, there is no denial that the fall did take place.

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Chapter IV

It seems to me that the exclusionists are still more emphatically conservators. It is not so much that they are
inimical to all data of externally derived substances that fall upon this earth, as that they are inimical to all
data discordant with a system that does not include such phenomena −−

Or the spirit or hope or ambition of the cosmos, which we call attempted positivism: not to find out the new;
not to add to what is called knowledge, but to systematize.

Scientific American Supplement, 2−426:(15)

That the substance reported from Kentucky had been examined by Leopold Brandeis.

"At last we have a proper explanation of this much talked of phenomenon."

"It has been comparatively easy to identify the substance and to fix its status. The Kentucky `wonder' is no
more or less than nostoc."

Or that it had not fallen; that it had been upon the ground in the first place, and had swollen in rain, and,
attracting attention by greatly increased volume, had been supposed by unscientific observers to have fallen
in rain −−

What rain, I don't know.

Also it is spoken of as "dried" several times. That's one of the most important of the details.

But the relief of outraged propriety, expressed in the Supplement, is amusing to some of us, who, I fear, may
be a little improper at times. Very spirit of the Salvation Army, when some third−rate scientist comes out
with an explanation of the vermiform appendix or the os cocyx that would have been acceptable to Moses. To
give completeness to "the proper explanation," it is said that Mr. Brandeis had identified the substance as
"flesh−colored" nostoc.

Prof. Lawrence Smith, of Kentucky, one of the most resolute of the exclusionists:(16)

New York Times, March 12, 1876:(17)

That the substance had been examined and analyzed by Prof. Smith, according to whom, it gave every
indication of being the "dried" spawn of some reptile, "doubtless of the frog" −− or up from one place and
down in another. As to "dried," that may refer to the condition when Prof. Smith received it.

In the Scientific American Supplement, 2−473, Dr. A. Mead Edwards, President of the Newark Scientific
Association, writes that, when he saw Mr. Brandeis' communication, his feeling was of conviction that
propriety had been re−established, or that the problem had been solved, as he expresses it: knowing Mr.
Brandeis well, he had called upon that upholder of respectability, to see the substance that had been identified
as nostoc.(18) But he had also called upon Dr. Hamilton, who had a specimen, and Dr. Hamilton had declared
it to be lung−tissue. Dr. Edwards writes of the substance that had so completely, or beautifully −− if beauty is
completeness −− been identified as nostoc −− "It turned out to be lung tissue also," He wrote to other persons
who had specimens, and identified other specimens as masses of cartilage or muscular fibres. "As to whence
it came, I have no theory." Nevertheless he endorses the local explanation −− and a bizarre thing it is:

A flock of gorged, heavy−weighted buzzards, but far up and invisible in the clear sky −−

They had disgorged.

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Chapter IV

Prof. Fassig lists the substance, in his "Bibliography," as fish spawn.(19) McAtee (Monthly Weather Review,
May, 1918), lists it as a jelly−like material, supposed to have been the "dried" spawn either of fishes or of
some batrachian.(20)

Or this is why, against the seemingly insuperable odds against all things new, there can be what is called
progress −−

That nothing is positive, in the aspects of homogeneity and unity:

If the whole world should seem to combine against you, it is only unreal combination, or intermediateness to
unity and disunity. Every resistance is itself divided into parts resisting one another. The simplest strategy
seems to be −− never bother to fight a thing: set its own parts fighting one another.

We are merging away from carnal to gelatinous substance, and here there is an abundance of instances or
reports of instances. These data are so improper they're obscene to the science of to−day, but we shall see that
science, before it became so rigorous, was not so prudish. Chladni was not, and Greg was not.

I shall have to accept, myself, that gelatinous substance has often fallen from the sky −−

Or that, far up, or far away, the whole sky is gelatinous?

That meteors tear through and detach fragments?

That fragments are brought down by storms?

That the twinkling of stars is penetration of light through something that quivers?

I think, myself, that it would be absurd to say that the whole sky is gelatinous: it seems more acceptable that
only certain areas are.

Humboldt, (Cosmos, 1−119), says that all our data in this respect must be "classed amongst the mythical
fables of mythology." He is very sure, but just a little redundant.(21)

We shall be opposed by the standard resistances:

There in the first place;

Up from one place, in a whirlwind, and down in another.

We shall not bother to be very convincing one way or another, because of the over−shadowing of the datum
with which we shall end up. It will mean that something had been in a stationary position for several days
over a small part of a small town in England: this is the revolutionary thing that we have alluded to before;
whether the substance were nostoc, or spawn, or some kind of a larval nexus, doesn't matter so much. If it
stood in the sky for several days, we rank with Moses as a chronicler of improprieties −− or was that story, or
datum, we mean, told by Moses? Then we shall have so many records of gelatinous substance said to have
fallen with meteorites, that, between the two phenomena, some of us will have to accept connection −− or
that there are at least vast gelatinous areas aloft, and that meteorites tear through, carrying down some of the
substance.

Comptes Rendus, 3−554:(22)

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Chapter IV

That, in 1836, M. Vallot, member of the French Academy, placed before the Academy some fragments of a
gelatinous substance, said to have fallen from the sky, and asked that they be analyzed. There is no further
allusion to this subject.

Comptes Rendus, 23−542:(23)

That, in Wilna, Lithuania, April 4, 1846, in a rainstorm, fell nut−sized masses of a substance that is described
as both resinous and gelatinous. It was odorless until burned: then it spread a very pronounced sweetish odor.
It is described as like gelatine, but much firmer: but, having been in water 24 hours, it swelled out, and
looked altogether gelatinous −−

It was grayish.

We are told that, in 1841 and 1846, a similar substance had fallen in Asia Minor.

In Notes and Queries, 8−6−190, it is said that, early in August, 1894, thousands of jelly fish, about the size of
a shilling, had fallen at Bath, England.(24) I think it is not acceptable that they were jelly fish: but it does
look as if this time frog spawn did fall from the sky, and may have been translated by a whirlwind −−
because, about the same time, small frogs fell at Wigan, England.(25)

Nature, 87−10:(26)

That, June 24, 1911, at Eton, Bucks, England, the ground was found covered with masses of jelly, the size of
peas, after a heavy rainfall. We are not told of nostoc, this time: it is said that the object contained numerous
eggs of "some species of Chironomus, from which larvae soon emerged."

I incline, then, to think that the objects that fell at Bath were neither jelly fish nor masses of frog spawn, but
something of a larval kind −−

This is what had occurred at Bath, England, 23 years before.

London Times, April 24, 1871:(27)

That, upon the 22nd of April, 1871, a storm of glutinous drops neither jelly fish nor masses of frog spawn,
but something of a railroad station at Bath.(28) "Many of them soon developed into a worm−like chrysalis,
about an inch in length." The account of this occurrence in the Zoologist, 2−6−2686, is more like the
Eton−datum: of minute forms, said to have been infusoria; not forms about an inch in length.(29)

Trans. Ent. Soc. of London, 1871−proc. xxii:(30)

That the phenomenon has been investigated by the Rev. L. Jenyns, of Bath. His description is of minute
worms in filmy envelopes. He tries to account for their segregation. The mystery of it is: What could have
brought so many of them together? Many other falls we shall record of, and in most of them segregation is
the great mystery. A whirlwind seems anything but a segregative force. Segregation of things that have fallen
from the sky has been avoided as most deep−dyed of the damned. Mr. Jenyns conceives of a large pool, in
which were many of these spherical masses: of the pool drying up and concentrating all in a small area; of a
whirlwind then scooping all up together −−

But several days before, more of these objects fell in the place.

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Chapter IV

That such marksmanship is not attributable to whirlwinds seems to me to be what we think we mean by
common sense:

It may not look like common sense to say that these things had been stationary over the town of Bath, several
days −−

The seven black rains of Slains;

The four red rains of Siena.

An interesting sidelight on the mechanics of orthodoxy is that Mr. Jenyns dutifully records the second fall,
but ignores it in his explanation.

R.P. Greg, one of the most notable cataloguers of meteoritic phenomena, records (Phil. Mag.: 4−8−463) falls
of viscid substance in the years 1652, 1686, 1718, 1796, 1811, 1819, 1844.(31) He gives earlier dates, but I
practice exclusions, myself.(32) In the Report of the British Association, 1860−63, Greg records a meteor
that seemed to pass near the ground, between Barsdorf and Freiburg, Germany: the next day a jelly−like mass
was found in the snow −−(33)

Unseasonableness for either spawn or nostoc.

Greg's comment in this instance is: "curious, if true." But he records without modification the fall of a
meteorite at Gotha, Germany, Sept. 6, 1835, "leaving a jelly−like mass on the ground."(34) We are told that
this substance fell only three feet away from an observer. In the Report of the British Association, 1855−94,
according to a letter from Greg to Prof. Baden−Powell, at night, Oct. 8, 1844, near Coblentz, a German, who
was known to Greg, and another person, saw a luminous body fall close to them.(35) They returned next
morning and found a gelatinous mass of grayish color.

According to Chladni's account (Annals of Philosophy, n.s., 12−94) a viscous mass fell with a luminous
meteorite between Siena and Rome, May, 1652; viscous matter found after the fall of a fire ball, in Lusatia,
March, 1796; fall of a gelatinous substance, after the explosion of a meteorite, near Heidelberg, July,
1811.(36) In the Edinburgh Philosophical Journal, 1−234, the substance that fell at Lusatia is said to have
been the "color and odor of dried, brown varnish."(37) In the Amer. Jour. Sci., 1−26−133, it is said that
gelatinous matter fell with a globe of fire, upon the island of Lethy, India, 1718.(38)

In the Amer. Jour. Sci., 1−25−396, in many observations upon the meteors of November, 1833, are reports of
falls of gelatinous substance:(39)

That, according to newspaper reports, "lumps of jelly" were found on the ground at Rahway, N. J. The
substance was whitish, or resembled the coagulated white of an egg;

That Mr. H. H. Garland, of Nelson County, Virginia, had found a jelly−like substance of about the
circumference of a twenty−five−cent piece;

That, according to a communication from A.C. Twining to Prof. Olmstead, a woman at West Point, N. Y.,
had seen a mass the size of a tea cup. It looked like boiled starch;

That, according to a newspaper, of Newark, N. J., a mass of gelatinous substance, like soft soap, had been
found. "It possessed little elasticity, and, on the application of heat, evaporated as readily as water."

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Chapter IV

It seems incredible that a scientist would have such hardihood, or infidelity, as to accept that these things had
fallen from the sky: nevertheless, Prof. Olmstead, who collected these lost souls, says:

"The fact that the supposed deposits were so uniformly described as gelatinous substance forms a
presumption in favor of the supposition that they had the origin ascribed to them."

In contemporaneous scientific publications considerable attention was given to Prof. Olmstead's series of
papers upon this subject of the November meteors. You will not find one mention of the part that treats of
gelatinous matter.

1. Marcel de Serres. "Observations on the fall of stones from the clouds, or aerolites." Philosophical
Magazine, s.1, 44 (1814): 217−24, 253−60, at 254. The substance was described as "very fetid, thick, and
viscous residue," which resembled sulphur, (no mention of a red colour, herein).

2. "Shower of red matter like blood and muscle." American Journal of Science, s.1, 41 (1841): 403−4.

3. "Correction of the statement concerning an alleged shower of red matter like blood and muscle." American
Journal of Science, s.1, 44 (1843): 216.

4. "Gelatinous meteor at Amherst in Massachusetts." Annual Register, 1821, pt.2, 687.

5. "Gelatinous meteor at Amherst in Massachusetts." Edinburgh Philosophical Journal, 5, 395−6.

6. Annales de Chimie et de Physique, s. 2, 16 (1821): 68−72.

7. Rufus Graves. "Account of a gelatinous meteor." American Journal of Science, s.1, 2 (1820): 335−7. The
light was seen by two members of Dewey's household, but they are not said to be family members.

8. Fort marked "Ap 9 35?" in the margin next to this line, which notes the error in the date. "Fall of fish."
London Times, April 9, 1835, p. 3 c. 2.

9. A span is 9 English inches, and a seer is 2.057 pounds.

10. Fort marked "See 85" in the margin next to this line, which refers to page 85 of the original edition for
further accounts of mutilated and putrefying fish said to have fallen fom the sky.

11. "Fall of fish." Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Bengal, 3 (1834): 367.

12. Edward Hitchcock. "On the meteors of Nov. 13, 1833." American Journal of Science, s.1, 25 (1834):
354−63, at 362−3 (postscript).

13. Webster's American Dictionary of the English Language. 1884, 892, s.v. "nostoc." New International
Encyclopedia. 2d ed., (1925), v. 17, 260, s.v. "Nostoc." W.H. Grattann. "Nostoc commune." Hardwicke's
Science Gossip, 10, 114. "Nostoc." Science Gossip, 7, 260. Hugh Macmillan. "Superstition respecting the
tremella nostoc." Notes and Queries, s. 1, 11 (March 24, 1855): 219−20.

14. "A shower of meat." Scientific American, n.s., 34 (March 25, 1876): 197. "Flesh descending in a shower."
New York Times, March 10, 1876, p. 1 c. 6. Correct quote: "The sky was perfectly clear at the time...." The
flakes were said to be two inches square; and, "One piece fell near her which was three or four inches
square."

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Chapter IV

15. "The Kentucky shower of flesh." Scientific American Supplement, 2 (July 1, 1876): 426. Correct quote:
"...it has been comparatively easy to identify the substance and to fix its status. The `Kentucky wonder' is
nothing more or less than the `Nostoc' of the old alchemist."

16. His full name was John Lawrence Smith.

17. "Shower of flesh." New York Times, March 12, 1876, p. 1 c. 6. Though Smith claimed the material was
"dried," the New York Times article, of March 10, states: "The meat when it first fell appeared to be perfectly
fresh." Two men, who tasted it, gave their opinion that it was either "mutton or venison." Correct quote:
"...doubtless that of the frog."

18. A. Mead Edwards. "The Kentucky meat−shower." Scientific American Supplement, 2 (July 22, 1876):
473. Correct quote: "...Mr. Brandeis' specimen, when examined by means of the microscope, turned out to be
lung tissue also...."

19. Oliver Lanard Fassig. Bibliography of Meteorology. U.S. Signal Service, 1889, pt.2, "Showers of
miscellaneous matter," 367−91, at 388.

20. Waldo L. McAtee. "Showers of organic matter." Monthly Weather Review, 45 (May 1917): 217−24, at
220.

21. Alexander von Humboldt. Cosmos. New York: Harper, 1855, v.1, 119. Fort misquotes Humboldt, who
wrote: "classed amongst the mythical fables of meteorology;" thus, the minor redundancy was actually Fort's
error.

22. "Corps tombés de l'atmosphère." Comptes Rendus, 3 (1836): 554−5.

23. Fort crossed out the page number here and wrote "452" next to it, thus indicating the correct page
number. Tizenhauz. "Note sur une substance tombée de l'atmosphere." Comptes Rendus, 23 (1846): 452−4.
The fall took place at Smorgon, Belorussia; and, the substance was discovered on the ground following a
thunderstorm with heavy rain, starting April 3 and lasting all night.

24. C.W. Penny. "A shower of frogs." Notes and Queries, s.8, 6 (September 8, 1894): 190.

25. F.C. Birkbeck Terry. "A shower of frogs." Notes and Queries, s.8, 6 (September 8, 1894): 191.

26. M.D. Hill. "Jelly rain." Nature, 87 (July 6, 1911): 10. Correct quote: "Yesterday and the day before many
larvæ emerged, and were obviously those of some species of Chironomus...." The letter is dated June 30.
Chironomidae are non−biting midges.

27. "Storm of insects." London Times, April 24, 1871, p.7 c.6.

28. Fort marked a line in the margin next to this paragraph to indicate an error, which was a missing line of
text between: "something of a" and "railroad station." From the source references, it appears possible that the
missing line would read: "...something of a larval nature fell in the neighborhood of the Midland railroad
station, at Bath."

29. "Proceedings of the Entomological Society," (c.v. "Exhibitions, Zoologist, s.2, 6 (July 1871): 2685−92, at
2686−87.

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Chapter IV

30. "Exhibitions, (for June 5, 1871). Proceedings of the Royal Entomological Society of London, 1871,
xxii−xxix, at xxii−xxiii.

31. R.P. Greg. "Observations on meteorolites or aërolites, considered geographically, statistically, and
cosmologically, accompanied by a complete catalogue." Philosophical Magazine, s. 4, 8 (1854): 329−42,
449−63, at 463.

32. The other falls of viscid substances were: 850, 1110, 1548, 1557, and 1686.

33. R.P. Greg. "A catalogue of meteorites and fireballs." Annual Report of the British Association for the
Advancement of Science, 1860, 48−120, at 62−3. The meteor was observed on January 21, 1803.

34. R.P. Greg. "A catalogue of meteorites and fireballs." Annual Report of the British Association for the
Advancement of Science, 1860, 48−120, at 75.

35. Baden Powell. "Report on observations of luminous meteors, 1854−55." Annual Report of the British
Association for the Advancement of Science, 1855, 79−100, at 94.

36. E.F.F. Chladni. "Nouveau catalogue des chutes de pierres ou de fer; de poussières ou de substances
molles, sèches ou humides, suivant l'ordre chronologique." Annales de Chimie et de Physique, s. 2, 31
(1826): 253−70, at 265, 267. E.F.F. Chladni. "A new catalogue of the fall of stones, iron, dust, and soft
substances, dry or moist, in chronological order." Annals of Philosophy, n.s., 12, 83−96, at 93−4.

37. "Account of meteoric stones, masses of iron, and showers of dust, red snow, and other substances, which
have fallen from the heavens, from the earliest period down to 1819." Edinburgh Philosophical Journal, 1
(October 1819): 221−35, at 234.

38. Denison Olmsted. "Observation on the meteors of November 13th, 1833." American Journal of Science,
s.1, 26 (1834): 132−74, at 133.

39. Denison Olmsted. "Observations on the meteors of November 13th, 1833." American Journal of Science,
s.1, 25 (1834): 363−411, at 396, 408. The description of "whitish" color refers to the substance found by H.H.
Garland.

Chapter V

I SHALL attempt not much of correlation of dates. A mathematic−minded positivist, with his delusion that in
an intermediate state twice two are four, whereas, if we accept Continuity, we can not accept that these are
anywhere two things to start with, would search our data for periodicities. It is so obvious to me that the
mathematic, or the regular, is the attribute of the Universal, that I have not much inclination to look for it in
the local. Still, in this solar system, "as a whole," there is considerable approximation to regularity; or the
mathematic is so nearly localized that eclipses, for instance, can, with rather high approximation, be foretold,
though I have notes that would deflate a little the astronomers' vainglory in this respect −− or would if that
were possible. An astronomer is poorly paid, uncheered by crowds, considerably isolated: he lives upon his
own inflations: deflate a bear and it couldn't hibernate. This solar system is like every other phenomenon that
can be regarded "as a whole" −− or the affairs of a ward are interfered with by the affairs of the city of which
it is a part; city by county; county by state; state by nation; nation by other nations; all nations by climatic
conditions; climatic conditions by solar circumstances; sun by general planetary circumstances; solar system
"as a whole" by other solar systems −− so the hopelessness of finding the phenomena of entirety in the ward
of a city. But positivists are those who try to find the unrelated in the ward of a city. In our acceptance this is

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Chapter V

the spirit of cosmic religion. Objectively the state is not realizable in the ward of a city. But, if a positivist
could bring himself to absolute belief that he had found it, that would be a subjective realization of that which
is unrealizable objectively. Of course we do not draw a positive line between the objective and subjective −−
or that all phenomena called things or persons are subjective within one all−inclusive nexus, and that
thoughts within those that are commonly called "persons" are sub−subjective. It is rather as if
Intermediateness strove for Regularity in this solar system and failed: then generated the mentality of
astronomers, and, in that secondary expression, strove for conviction that failure had been success.

I have tabulated all the data of this book, and a great deal besides −− card system −− and several proximities,
thus emphasized, have been revelations to me: nevertheless, it is only the method of theologians and
scientists −− worst of all, of statisticians.

For instance, by the statistic method, I could "prove" that a black rain had fallen "regularly" every seven
months, somewhere upon this earth. To do this, I'd have to include red rains and yellow rains, but,
conventionally, I'd pick out the black particles in red substances and in yellow substances, and disregard the
rest. Then, too, if here and there, a black rain should be a week early or a month late −− that would be
"acceleration" or "retardation." This is supposed to be legitimate in working out the periodicities of comets. If
black rains, or red or yellow rains with black particles in them, should not appear at all near some dates −−
we have not read Darwin in vain −− "the records are not complete."(1) As to other, interfering black rains,
they'd be either gray or brown, or for them we'd find other periodicities.

Still, I have had to notice the year 1819, for instance. I shall not note them all in this book, but I have records
of 31 extraordinary events in 1883. Someone should write a book upon the phenomena of this one year −−
that is, if books should be written. 1849 is notable for extraordinary falls, so far apart that a local explanation
seems inadequate −− not only the black rain of Ireland, May, 1849,; but a red rain in Sicily and a red rain in
Wales.(2) Also, it is said (Timb's Year Book, 1850−241) that, upon April 18 or 20, 1849, shepherds near Mt.
Ararat, found a substance that was not indigenous, upon areas measuring 5 to 10 miles in circumference.(3)
Presumably it had fallen there.

We have already gone into the subject of Science and its attempted positiveness, and its resistances in that it
must have relations of service. It is very easy to see that most of the theoretic science of the 19th century was
only a relation of reaction against theologic dogma, and has no more to do with Truth than has a wave that
bounds back from a shore. Or, if a shop girl, or you or I, should pull out a piece of chewing gum about a yard
long, that would be quite as scientific a performance as was the stretching of this earth's age several hundred
million of years.

All "things" are not things, but only relations, or expressions of relations: but all relations are striving to be
unrelated, or have surrendered to, and subordinated to, higher attempts. So there is a positivist aspect to this
reaction that is itself only a relation, and that is the attempt to assimilate all phenomena under the materialist
explanation, or to formulate a final, all−inclusive system, upon the materialist basis. If this attempt could be
realized, that would be the attaining of realness; but this attempt can be made only by disregarding psychic
phenomena, for instance −− or, if science shall eventually give in to the psychic, it would be no more
legitimate to explain the immaterial in terms of the material, than to explain the material in terms of the
immaterial. Our own acceptance is that material and immaterial are of a oneness, merging, for instance, in a
thought that is continuous with a physical action: that oneness cannot be explained, because the process of
explaining is the interpreting of something in terms of something else. All explanation is assimilation of
something in terms of something else that has been taken as a basis: but, in Continuity, there is nothing that is
any more basic than anything else −− unless we think that delusion built upon delusion is less real than its
pseudo−foundation.

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Chapter V

In 1829 (Timb's Year Book, 1848−235) in Persia, fell a substance that the people said they had never seen
before.(4) As to what it was, they had not a notion, but they saw that the sheep ate it. They ground it into
flour and made bread, said to have been passable enough, though insipid.(5)

That was a chance that science did not neglect. Manna was placed upon a reasonable basis, or was
assimilated and reconciled with the system that had ousted the older −− and less nearly real −− system. It was
said that, likely enough, manna had fallen in ancient times −− because it was still falling −− but that there
was no tutelary influence behind it −− that it was a lichen from the steppes of Asia Minor −− "up from one
place in a whirlwind and down in another place." In the American Almanac, 1833−71, it is said that this
substance −− "unknown to the inhabitants of the region" −− was "immediately recognized" by scientists who
examined it: and that "the chemical analysis also identified it as a lichen."(6)

This was back in the days when Chemical Analysis was a god. Since then his devotees have been shocked
and disillusioned. Just how a chemical analysis could so botanize, I don't know −− but it was Chemical
Analysis who spoke, and spoke dogmatically. It seems to me that the ignorance of inhabitants, contrasting
with the local knowledge of foreign scientists, is overdone: if there's anything good to eat, within any
distance conveniently covered by a whirlwind −− inhabitants know it. I have data of other falls, in Persia and
Asiatic Turkey, of edible substances. They are all dogmatically said to be "manna"; and "manna" is
dogmatically said to be a species of lichens from the steppes of Asia Minor. The position I take is that this
explanation was evolved in ignorance of the fall of vegetable substances, or edible substances, in other parts
of the world: that it is the familiar attempt to explain the general in terms of the local; that, if we shall have
data of falls of vegetable substance, in, say, Canada, or India, they were not of lichens from the steppes of
Asia Minor; that, though all falls in Asiatic Turkey and Persia are sweepingly and conveniently called
showers of "manna," they have not been even all of the same substance. In one instance the particles are said
to have been "seeds." Though, in Comptes Rendus, the substance in 1841 and 1846, is said to have been
gelatinous, in the Bull. Sci. Nat. de Neuchatel, it is said to have been of something, in lumps the size of a
filbert, that had been ground into flour; that of this flour had been made bread, very attractive−looking, but
flavorless.(7)

The great difficulty is to explain segregation in these showers −−

But deep−sea fishes and occasional falls down to them, of edible substances; bags of grain, barrels of sugar;
things that had not been whirled up from one part of the ocean−bottom, in storms or submarine disturbances,
and dropped somewhere else −−

I suppose one thinks −− but grain in bags never has fallen −−

Object of Amherst −− its covering like "milled cloth" −−

Or barrels of corn lost from a vessel would not sink −− but a host of them clashing together, after a wreck −−
they burst open; the corn sinks, or does when saturated; the barrel staves float longer −−

If there be not an overhead traffic in commodities similar to our own commodities carried over this earth's
oceans −− I'm not the deep−sea fish I think I am.

I have no data other than the mere suggestion of the Amherst object of bags or barrels, but my notion is that
bags and barrels from a wreck on one of this earth's oceans, would, by the time they reached the bottom, no
longer be recognizable as bags or barrels; that, if we can have data of the fall of fibrous material that may
have been cloth or paper or wood, we shall be satisfactory and grotesque enough.

Proc. Roy. Irish Acad., 1−379:(8)

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Chapter V

"In the year 1686, some workmen, who had been fetching water from a pond, seven German miles from
Memel, on returning to their work, after dinner (during which there had been a snow storm) found the flat
ground around the pond covered with a coal−black, leafy mass; and a person who lived near said he had seen
it fall like flakes with the snow."

Some of these flake−like formations were as large as a table−top.

"The mass was damp and smelt disagreeably, like rotten seaweed, but, when dried, the smell went off.

"It tore fibrously like paper."

Classic explanation:

"Up from one place, and down in another."

But what went up, from one place, in a whirlwind? Of course, our Intermediatist acceptance is that had this
been the strangest substance conceivable, from the strangest other world that could be thought of; somewhere
upon this earth there must be a substance similar to it, or from which it would, at least subjectively, or
according to description, not be easily distinguishable. Or that everything in New York City is only another
degree or aspect of something, or combination of things, in a village of Central Africa. The novel is a
challenge to vulgarization: write something that looks new to you; some one will point out that the
thrice−accursed Greeks said it long ago. Existence is Appetite: the gnaw of being; the one attempt of all
things to assimilate all other things, if they have not surrendered and submitted to some higher attempt. It was
cosmic that these scientists, who had surrendered to and submitted to the Scientific System, should,
consistently with the principles of the system, attempt to assimilate the substance that fell at Memel with
some known terrestrial product. At the meeting of the Royal Irish Academy it was brought out that there is a
substance, of rather rare occurrence, that has been known to form in thin sheets upon marsh land.

It looks like greenish felt.

The substance of Memel:

Damp, coal−black, leafy mass.

But, if broken up, the marsh−substance is flake−like, and it tears fibrously.

An elephant can be identified as a sunflower −− both have long stems. A camel is indistinguishable from a
peanut −− if only their humps be considered.

Trouble with this book is that we'll end up a lot of intellectual roués: we'll be incapable of being astonished
with anything. We knew, to start with, that science and imbecility are continuous; nevertheless so many
expressions of the merging−point are at first startling. We did think that Prof. Hitchcock's performance in
identifying the Amherst phenomenon as a fungus was rather notable as scientific vaudeville, if we acquit him
of the charge of seriousness −− or that, in a place where fungi are so common that, before a given evening
two of them sprang up, only he, a stranger in this very fungiferous place, knew a fungus when he saw
something like a fungus −− if we disregard its quick liquefaction, for instance. It was only a monologue,
however: now we have an all−star cast: and they're not only Irish; they're royal Irish.

The royal Irishmen excluded "coal−blackness" and included fibrousness: so then that this substance was
"marsh−paper," which "had been raised into the air by storms of wind, and had again fallen."

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Chapter V

Second act:

It was said that, according to M. Ehrenburg, "the meteor−paper was found to consist partly of vegetable
matter, chiefly of conifervæ."

Third act:

Meeting of the royal Irishmen: chairs, tables, Irishmen:

Some flakes of marsh−paper were exhibited.

Their composition was chiefly of conifervæ.

This was a double inclusion: or it's the method of agreement that logicians make so much of. So no logician
would be satisfied with identifying a peanut as a camel, because both have humps: he demands accessory
agreement −− that both can live a long time without water, for instance.

Now, it's not so very unreasonable, at least to the free and easy vaudeville standards that, throughout this
book, we are considering, to think that a green substance could be snatched up from one place in a whirlwind,
and fall as a black substance somewhere else: but the royal Irishmen excluded something else, and it is a
datum that was accessible to them as it is to me:

That, according to Chladni, this was no little, local deposition that was seen to occur by some indefinite
person living near a pond somewhere.(9)

It was a tremendous fall from a vast sky−area.

Likely enough all the marsh paper in the world could not have supplied it.

At the same time, this substance was falling "in great quantities," in Norway and Pomerania. Or see
Kirkwood, Meteoric Astronomy, p. 66:(10)

"Substance like charred paper fell in Norway and other parts of northern Europe, Jan. 31, 1686."

Or a whirlwind, with a distribution as wide as that, would not acceptably, I should say, have so specialized in
the rare substance called "marsh paper." There'd have been falls of fence rails, roofs of houses, parts of trees.
Nothing is said of the occurrence of a tornado in northern Europe, in January, 1686. There is record only of
this one substance having fallen in various places.

Time went on, but the conventional determination to exclude data of all falls to this earth, except of
substances of this earth, and of ordinary meteoric matter, strengthened.

Annals of Philosophy, 16−68:(11)

The substance that fell in January, 1686, is described as "a mass of black leaves, having the appearance of
burnt paper, but harder, and cohering, and brittle."

"Marsh paper" is not mentioned, and there is nothing said of the "conifervæ," which seemed so convincing to
the royal Irishmen. Vegetable composition is disregarded, quite as it might be by some one who might find it
convenient to identify a crook−necked squash as a big fish hook.

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Chapter V

Meteorites are usually covered with a black crust, more or less scale−like. The substance of 1686 is black and
scale−like. If so be convenience, leaf−likeness is scale−likeness. In this attempt to assimilate with the
conventional, we are told that the substance is a mineral mass: that it is like the black scales that cover
meteorites.

The scientist who made this "identification" was von Grotthus. He had appealed to the god Chemical
Analysis. Or the power and glory of mankind −− with which we're not always so impressed −− but the gods
must tell us what we want them to tell us. We see again that, though nothing has identity of its own, anything
can be "identified" as anything. Or there's nothing that's not reasonable, if one snoopeth not into its
exclusions. But here the conflict did not end. Berzelius examined the substance. He could not find nickel in it.
At that time, the presence of nickel was the "positive" test of meteoritic matter. Whereupon, with a
suppositious "positive" standard of judgment against him, von Grotthus revoked his "identification." (Annals
and Mag. of Nat. Hist., 1−3−185).(12)

This equalization of eminences permits us to project with our own expression, which, otherwise, would be
subdued into invisibility:

That it's too bad that no one ever looked to see −− hieroglyphics? −− something written upon these sheets of
paper?

If we have no very great variety of substances that have fallen to this earth; if, upon this earth's surface there
is infinite variety of substances detachable by whirlwinds, two falls of such a rare substance as marsh paper
would be remarkable.

A writer in the Edinburgh Review, 87−194, says that at the time of writing, he had before him a portion of a
sheet of 200 square feet, of a substance that had fallen at Carolath, Silesia, in 1839 −− exactly similar to
cotton−felt, of which clothing might have been made.(13) The god Microscopic Examination had spoken.
The substance consisted chiefly of conifervæ.

Jour. Asiatic Soc. of Bengal, 1847−pt. 1−193:(14)

That March 16, 1846 −− about the time of a fall of edible substance in Asia Minor −− an olive−gray powder
fell at Shanghai. Under the microscope, it was seen to be an aggregation of hairs of two kinds, black ones and
rather thick white ones. They were supposed to be mineral fibres, but, when burned, they gave out "the
common ammonical smell and smoke of burnt hair or feathers." The writer described the phenomenon as "a
cloud of 3800 square miles of fibers, alkali, and sand." In a postscript, he says that other investigators, with
more powerful microscopes, gave opinion that the fibres were not hairs; that the substance consisted chiefly
of conifervæ.

Or the pathos of it, perhaps; or the dull and uninspired, but courageous persistence of the scientific:
everything seemingly found out is doomed to be subverted −− by more powerful microscopes and telescopes;
by more refined, precise, searching means and methods −− the new pronouncements irrepressibly bobbing
up; their reception always as Truth at last; always the illusion of the final; very little of the Intermediatist
spirit −−

That the new that has displaced the old will itself some day be displaced; that it, too, will be recognized as
myth−stuff −−

But that if phantoms climb, spooks of ladders are good enough for them.

Annual Register, 1821−681:(15)

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Chapter V

That, according to a report by M. Lainé, French Consul at Pernambuco, early in October, 1821, there was a
shower of a substance resembling silk. The quantity was tremendous as might be a whole cargo, lost
somewhere between Jupiter and Mars, having drifted around perhaps for centuries, the original fabrics slowly
disintegrating. In Annales de Chimie, 2−15−427, it is said that samples of this substance were sent to France
by M. Lainé, and that they proved to have some resemblances to silky filaments which, at certain times of the
year, are carried by the wind near Paris.(16)

In the Annals of Philosophy, n.s., 12−93, there is mention of a fibrous substance like blue silk that fell near
Naumberg, March 23, 1665.(17) According to Chladni (Annales de Chimie, 2−31−264), the quantity was
great.(18) He places a question mark before the date.

One of the advantages of Intermediatism is that, in the oneness of quasiness, there can be no mixed
metaphors. Whatever is acceptable of anything, is, in some degree or aspect, acceptable of everything. So it is
quite proper to speak, for instance, of something that is as firm as a rock and that sails in a majestic march.
The Irish are good monists: they have of course been laughed at for their keener perceptions. So it's a book
we're writing, or it's a procession, or it's a museum, with a Chamber of Horrors rather over−emphasized. A
rather horrible correlation occurs in the Scientific American, 1859−178.(19) What interests us is that a
correspondent saw a silky substance fall from the sky −− there was an aurora borealis at the time −− he
attributes the substance to the aurora.

Since the time of Darwin, the classic explanation has been that all silky substances that fall from the sky are
spider webs. In 1832, aboard the Beagle, at the mouth of La Plata River, 60 miles from land, Darwin saw an
enormous number of spiders, of the kind usually known as "gossamer" spiders, little aeronauts that cast out
filaments by which the wind carries them.(20)

It's difficult to express that silky substances that have fallen to this earth were not spider webs. My own
acceptance is that spider webs are the merger; that there have been falls of an externally derived silky
substance, and also of the webs, or strands, rather, of aeronautic spiders indigenous to this earth; that in some
instances it is impossible to distinguish one from the other. Of course, our expression upon silky substances
will merge away into expressions upon other seeming textile substances, and I don't know how much better
off we'll be −−

Except that, if fabricable materials have fallen from the sky −−

Simply to establish acceptance of that may be doing well enough in this book of first and tentative
explorations.

In All the Year Round, 8−254, is described a fall that took place in England, Sept. 21, 1741, in the towns of
Bradly, Selbourne, and Alresford, and in a triangular space included by these three towns.(21) The substance
is described as "cobwebs" −− but it fell in flake−formation, or in "flakes or rags about one inch broad and
five or six long." Also these flakes were of a relatively heavy substance −− "they fell with some velocity."
The quantity was great −− the shortest side of the triangular space is eight miles long. In the Wernerian Nat.
Hist. Soc. Trans., 5−386, it is said that there were two falls −− that they were some hours apart−−a datum that
is becoming familiar to us −− a datum that can not be taken into the fold, unless we find it repeated over and
over and over again.(22) It is said that the second fall lasted from nine o'clock in the morning until night.

Now the hypnosis of the classic −− that what we call intelligence is only an expression of inequilibrium; that
when mental adjustments are made, intelligence ceases −− or, of course, that intelligence is the confession of
ignorance. If you have intelligence upon any subject, that is something you're still learning −− if we agree
that that which is learned is always mechanically done −− in quasi−terms, of course, because nothing is ever
finally learned.

The Book of the Damned

Chapter V

It was decided that this substance was spiders' web. That was adjustment. But it's not adjustment to me; so
I'm afraid I shall have some intelligence in this matter. If I ever arrive at adjustment upon this subject, then,
upon this subject, I shall be able to have no thoughts, except routine−thoughts. I haven't yet quite decided
absolutely everything, so I am able to point out:

That this substance was of quantity so enormous that it attracted wide attention when it came down −−

That it would have been equally noteworthy when it went up −−

That there is no record of anyone, in England or elsewhere, having seen tons of "spider webs" going up,
September, 1741.

Further confession of intelligence upon my part:

That, if it be contested, then, that the place of origin may have been far away, but still terrestrial −−

Then it's that other familiar matter of incredible "marksmanship" again −− hitting a small, triangular space for
hours −− interval of hours −− then from nine in the morning until

night: same triangular space.

These are the disregards of the classic explanation. There is no mention of spiders having been seen to fall,
but a good inclusion is that, though this substance fell in good−sized flakes of considerable weight, it was
viscous. In this respect it was like cobwebs: dogs nosing it in the grass, were blindfolded with it. This
circumstance does strongly suggest cobwebs −−

Unless we can accept that, in regions aloft, there are vast viscous or gelatinous areas, and that things passing
through become daubed. Or perhaps we clear up the confusion in the descriptions of the substance that fell in
1841 and 1846, in Asia Minor, described in one publication as gelatinous, and in another as a cereal −− that it
was a cereal that had passed through a gelatinous region. That the paper−like substance at Memel may have
had such an experience may be indicated in that Ehrenberg found in it gelatinous matter, which he called
"nostoc." (Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist., 1−3−185.)(23)

Scientific American, 45−337:(24)

Fall of a substance described as "cobwebs," latter part of October, 1881, in Milwaukee, Wis., and other
towns: other towns mentioned are Green Bay, Vesburge, Fort Howard, Sheboygan, and Ozaukee. The
aeronautic spiders are known as "gossamer" spiders, because of the extreme lightness of the filaments that
they cast out to the wind. Of the substance that fell in Wisconsin, it is said:

"In all instances the webs were strong in texture and very white."

The Editor says:

"Curiously enough, there is no mention, in any of the reports that we have seen, of the presence of spiders."

So our attempt to divorce a possible external product from its terrestrial merger: then our joy of the
prospector who thinks he's found something.

The Monthly Weather Review, 26−566, quotes the Montgomery (Ala.) Advertiser:(25)

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Chapter V

That, upon Nov. 21, 1898, numerous batches of spider−web−like substance fell in Montgomery, in strands
and in occasional masses several inches long and several inches broad. According to the writer, it was not
spiders' web, but something like asbestos; also that it was phosphorescent.

The Editor of the Review says that he see no reason for doubting that these masses were cobwebs.

La Nature, 1883−342:(26)

A correspondent writes that he sends a sample of a substance said to have fallen at Montussan (Gironde), Oct.
16, 1883. According to a witness, quoted by the correspondent, a thick cloud, accompanied by rain and a
violent wind, had appeared. This cloud was composed of a woolly substance in lumps the size of a fist, which
fell to the ground. The Editor (Tissandier) says of this substance that it was white, but was something that had
been burned. It was fibrous. M. Tissandier astonishes us by saying that he can not identify this substance. We
thought that anything could be "identified" as anything. He can only say that the cloud in question must have
been an extraordinary conglomeration.

Annual Register, 1832−447:(27)

That, March, 1832, there fell, in the fields of Kourianof, Russia, a combustible yellowish substance, covering,
at least two inches thick, an area of 600 or 700 square feet. It was resinous and yellowish: so one inclines to
the conventional explanation that it was pollen from pine trees −− but, when torn, it had the tenacity of
cotton. When placed in water, it had the consistency of resin. "This resin had the color of amber, was elastic,
like India rubber, and smelled like prepared oil mixed with wax."

So in general our notion of cargoes −− and our notion of cargoes of food supplies:

In Philosophical Transactions, 19−224, is an extract from a letter by Mr. Robert Vans, of Kilkenny, Ireland,
dated Nov. 15, 1695: that there had been "of late," in the counties of Limerick and Tipperary, showers of a
sort of matter like butter or grease...having "a very stinking smell."(28)

There follows an extract from a letter by the Bishop of Cloyne, upon "a very odd phenomenon," which was
observed in Munster and Leinster: that for a good part of the spring of 1695 there fell a substance which the
country people called "butter" −− "soft, clammy, and of a dark yellow"−−that cattle fed "indifferently" in
fields where this substance lay.

"It fell in lumps as big as the end of one's finger." It had a "strong ill scent." His Grace calls it a "stinking
dew."

In Mr. Vans' letter, it is said that the "butter" was supposed to have medicinal properties, and "was gathered
in pots and other vessels by some of the inhabitants of this place."

And:

In all the following volumes of Philosophical Transactions there is no speculation upon this extraordinary
subject. Ostracism. The fate of this datum is a good instance of damnation, not by denial, and not by
explaining away, but by simple disregard. The fall is listed by Chladni, and is mentioned in other catalogs,
but, from the absence of all inquiry, and of all but formal mention, we see that it has been under
excommunication as much as was ever anything by the preceding system.(29) The datum has been buried
alive. It is as irreconcilable with the modern system of dogmas as ever were geologic strata and vermiform
appendix with the preceding system −−

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Chapter V

If, intermittently, or "for a good part of the spring," this substance fell in two Irish provinces, and nowhere
else, we have, stronger than before, a sense of a stationary region overhead, or a region that receives products
like this earth's products, but from external sources, a region in which this earth's gravitational and
meteorological forces are relatively inert −− if for many weeks a good part of this substance did hover before
finally falling. We suppose that, in 1685, Mr. Vans and the Bishop of Cloyne could describe what they saw as
well as could witnesses in 1885: nevertheless, it is going far back; we shall have to have many modern
instances before we can accept.(30)

As to other falls, or another fall, it is said in the American Journal of Science, 1−28−361, that, April 11, 1832
−− about a month after the fall of the substance of Kourianof −− fell a substance that was wine−yellow,
transparent, soft, and smelling like rancid oil. M. Herman, a chemist who examined it, named it "sky oil." For
analysis and chemic reactions, see the Journal.(31) The Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal, 13−368,
mentions an "unctuous" substance that fell near Rotterdam, in 1832.(32) In Comptes Rendus, 13−215, there is
an account of an oily, reddish matter that fell at Genoa, February, 1841.(33)

Whatever it may have been −−

Altogether, most of our difficulties are problems that we should leave to later developers of
super−geography, I think. A discoverer of America should leave Long Island to someone else. If there be,
plying back and forth from Jupiter and Mars and Venus, super−constructions that are sometimes wrecked, we
think of fuel as well as cargoes. Of course the most convincing data would be of coal falling from the sky:
nevertheless, one does suspect that oil−burning engines were discovered ages ago in more advanced worlds
−− but, as I say, we should leave something to our disciples −− so we'll not especially wonder whether these
butter−like, or oily substances were food or fuel. So we merely note that in the Scientific American, 24−323,
is an account of hail that fell, in the middle of April, 1871, in Mississippi, in which was a substance described
as turpentine.(34)

Something that tasted like orange water, in hailstones, about the first of June, 1842, near Nimes, France;
identified as nitric acid (Jour. de Pharmacie, 1845−273).(35)

Hail and ashes, in Ireland, 1755 (Sci. Amer., 5−168).(36)

That, at Elizabeth, N.J., June 9, 1874, fell hail in which was a substance, said, by Prof. Leeds, of Stevens
Institute, to be carbonate of soda (Sci. Amer., 30−262).(37)

We are getting a little away from the lines of our composition, but it will be an important point later that so
many extraordinary falls have occurred with hail. Or −− if they were of substances that had had origin upon
some other part of this earth's surface −− had the hail, too, that origin? Our acceptance here will depend upon
the number of instances. Reasonably enough, some of the things that fall to this earth should coincide with
falls of hail.

As to vegetable substances in quantities so great as to suggest lost cargoes, we have a note in the Intellectual
Observer, 3−468: that upon the first of May, 1863, a rain fell at Perpignan, "bringing down with it a red
substance, which proved, on examination, to be a red meal mixed with fine sand."(38) At various points
along the Mediterranean, this substance fell.

There is, in Philosophical Transactions, 16−281, an account of a seeming cereal, said to have fallen in
Wiltshire, in 1686 −− said that some of the "wheat" fell enclosed in hailstones −− but the writer in
Transactions, says that he had examined the grains, and that they were nothing but seeds of ivy berries
dislodged from holes and chinks where birds had hidden them.(39) If birds still hide ivy seeds, and if winds
still blow, I don't see why the phenomenon has not repeated in more than two hundred years since.

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Chapter V

Or the red matter in rain, at Siena, Italy, May, 1830; said, by Arago, to have been vegetable matter, (Arago,
Oeuvres, 12−468).(40)

Somebody should collect data of falls at Siena alone.

In the Monthly Weather Review, 29−465, a correspondent writes that, upon Feb. 16, 1901, at Pawpaw,
Michigan, upon a day that was so calm that his windmill did not run, fell a brown dust that looked like
vegetable matter.(41) The Editor of the Review concludes that this was no widespread fall from a tornado,
because it had been reported from nowhere else.

Rancidness −− putridity −− decomposition −− a note that has been struck many times. In a positive sense, of
course, nothing means anything, or every meaning is continuous with all other meanings: of that all evidences
of guilt, for instance, are just as good evidences of innocence −− but this condition seems to mean −− things
lying around among the stars a long time. Horrible disaster in the time of Julius Caesar; remains from it not
reaching this earth till the time of the Bishop of Cloyne: we leave to later research the discussion of bacterial
action and decomposition, and whether bacteria could survive in what we call space, of which we know
nothing −−

Chemical News, 35−182:(42)

Dr. A.T. Machattie, F.C.S., writes that, at London, Ontario, Feb. 24, 1868, in a violent storm, fell, with snow,
a dark−colored substance, estimated at 500 tons, over a belt 50 miles by 10 miles. It was examined under a
microscope, by Dr. Machattie, who found it to consist mainly of vegetable matter "far advanced in
decomposition." The substance was examined by Dr. James Adams, of Glascow, who gave his opinion that it
was the remains of cereals. Dr. Machattie points out that for months before this fall the ground of Canada had
been frozen, so that in this case a more than ordinary remote origin has to be thought of. Dr. Machattie thinks
of origin to the south. "However, this," he says, "is mere conjecture."

Amer. Jour. Sci., 1841−40:(43)

That, March 24, 1840 −− during a thunderstorm −− at Rajkit, India, occurred a fall of grain. It was reported
by Col. Sykes, of the British Association.

The natives were greatly excited −− because it was grain of a kind unknown to them.

Usually comes forward a scientist who knows more of the things that natives know best than the natives
know −− but it so happens that the usual thing was not done definitely in this instance:

"The grain was shown to some botanists, who did not immediately recognize it, but thought to be either a
spartium or a vicia."

1. This quote is apparently Fort's paraphrase of Darwin's lament: "The noble science of Geology loses glory
from the extreme imperfection of the record." Darwin devoted the ninth chapter, "On the Imperfection of the
Geological Record," in his On the Origin of Species By Means of Natural Selection to the reasons why there
was little fossil evidence of creatures showing intermediate variations between early species and subsequent
different species descended from them. Darwin actually sought to claim this negative evidence to the
advantage of his theory of evolution: "If we admit that the geological record is imperfect in an extreme
degree, then such facts as the record gives, support the theory of descent with modification." Charles Darwin.
On the Origin of Species By Means of Natural Selection. 1st ed. London: John Murray, 1859; 279−311, 475,
487. Reprint. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1966.

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Chapter V

2. The date of the black rain in Ireland was April 14, 1849. "Black rain in Ireland." Timb's Year−Book of
Facts in Science and Art, 1850, 277−278. "Black rain in Ireland." Athenæum, 1849 (no.1124; May 12): 500.
The date of the red rain in Wales was June 30, 1849. "Fall of red rain." Timb's Year−Book of Facts in
Science and Art, 1850, 278. "Fall of red rain." Athenæum, 1849 (no.1136; August 4): 796. "Red rain."
Cambrian (Swansea), July 13, 1849, p. 3 c. 4.

3. Fort marked "X" next to this line in the margin, probably to indicate an error. "Manna." Timbs' Year−Book
of Facts in Science and Art, 1850, 241−242. Oliver P. Hubbard. "Notices of Koordistan." American Journal
of Science, s.2, 3 (May 1847): 347−54. Nothing is said that the three different vegetable species, identified as
the manna, were not indigenous; it is only said that they suddenly appeared in large quantities.

4. "Fall of manna." Timb's Year−Book of Facts in Science and Art, 1848, 235−6.

5. Fort's description of the bread made from the manna, which had an insipid taste, actually refers to the 1846
event and is repeated below. The bread made in 1829 was "found to be good and nourishing."

6. "Showers of dust, and of soft substances, both dry and liquid." American Almanac, 1833, 67−71, at 71.
The date of this fall was in April of 1827, (not in 1829); and, nothing is said of its being unknown to the local
inhabitants.

7. Tizenhauz. "Note sur une substance tombée de l'atmosphere." Comptes Rendus, 23 (1846): 452−4. Bulletin
des Sciences Naturelles de Neuchatel, 1 (1844−46): 416−7, c.v. "Séance du 6 mai 1846."

8. "Mr. Lloyd exhibited to the meeting a specimen of a remarkable substance...." Proceedings of the Royal
Irish Academy, 1, 379−381. Correct quotes: "...a coal−black, leafy, or paper−like mass; and, a person, who
lived near, said...." And, "Specimens were preserved in several collections, where it was known by the name
of Meteor−paper, and by many was actually supposed to be a meteoric body. It was recently examined by M.
Ehrenberg, and found to consist partly of vegetable matter, chiefly conferva crispata, (common in Germany),
and partly of infusoria, of which M. Ehrenberg was able to recognise twenty−nine species."

9. E.F.F. Chladni. "Nouveau catalogue des chutes de pierres ou de fer; de poussières ou de substances molles,
sèches ou humides, suivant l'ordre chronologique." Annales de Chimie, s. 2, 31 (1826): 253−70, at 266. For
the English translation: E.F.F. Chladni. "A new catalogue of the fall of stones, iron, dust, and soft substances,
dry or moist, in chronological order." Annals of Philosophy, n.s., 12, 83−96, at 93.

10. Daniel Kirkwood. Meteoric Astronomy. Philadelphia: J.P. Lippincott Co., 1867, 66. Correct quote:
"About a century later, viz., on the 31st of January, 1686, a very extensive deposit of blackish matter, in
appearance somewhat resembling charred paper, took place in Norway and other countries in the north of
Europe."

11. "Meteoric stones." Annals of Philosophy, 16, 67−8. Correct quote: "...burnt paper; but it is harder,
coheres together, is somewhat brittle." Von Grotthus identified this material in a "museum of natural
curiosities" from Chladni's account of meteorites; but, he was unable to find the "black substances, like
beans," which fell with this substance in 1686.

12. Ehrenberg. "On a meteoric paper which fell from the sky in the year 1686 in Courland, composed of
Confervae and Infusoria." Annals and Magazine of Natural History, s.1, 3, 185−6. The analysis by Berzelius
found no nickel in it; thus, von Grotthus revoked his "opinion," not his identification.

13. "Humboldt's Kosmos." Edinburgh Review, 87 (January 1848): 170−229, at 193.

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Chapter V

14. D.J. McGowan, and Henry Piddington. "Examination of some atmospheric dust from Shanghae,
forwarded to the Asiatic Society of Bengal." Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Bengal, 1847, pt.1,
193−9. The date of the fall was March 15, 1846.

15. "Rain of silk." Annual Register, 1821, pt.2, 681. The fall was in 1820, not 1821.

16. "Extrait d'une lettre de M. Lainé, consul de France à Fernambouc, datée du 1er novembre 1820." Annales
de Chimie, s.2, 15 (1820): 427. There is no mention of samples being sent to France for analysis in this
article.

17. E.F.F. Chladni. "A new catalogue of the fall of stones, iron, dust, and soft substances, dry or moist, in
chronological order." Annals of Philosophy, n.s., 12, 83−96, at 93.

18. E.F.F. Chladni. "Nouveau catalogue des chutes de pierres ou de fer; de poussières ou de substances
molles, sèches ou humides, suivant l'ordre chronologique." Annales de Chimie, s.2, 31 (1826): 253−70, at
265.

19. "Brilliant atmospheric phenomena." Scientific American, n.s., 1 (September 10, 1859): 178.

20. Charles Darwin. Journal of Researches into the Natural History and Geology of the Countries Visited
During the Voyage Round the World of H.M.S. Beagle. New ed. London: John Murray, 1882, 159−60.
London: John Murray, 1890, 169−70. The date of Darwin's observation was November 1, 1832.

21. "Fallen from the clouds." All the Year Round, 8 (November 22, 1862): 250−6. Correct quotes: "...flakes
or rags..." and "...about an inch broad by five or six long." Bradley, England, was misspelt.

22. John Murray. "On the power possessed by the spider of propelling its threads, and on the ascent of that
insect into the atmosphere." Memoirs of the Wernerian Natural History Society, 5 (1823−24): 384−96, at
386. The first fall was indicated as "early in the morning" wherein the webs were "wet with dew," the second
fall began at 9 a.m., and "such flakes continued to fall during the entire day."

23. Ehrenberg. "On a meteoric paper which fell from the sky in the year 1686 in Courland, composed of
Confervae and Infusoria." Annals and Magazine of Natural History, s.1, 3, 185−6.

24. "A rain of spider webs." Scientific American, n.s., 45 (November 26, 1881): 337. Correct quote:
"Curiously there is no mention...." Vesburg, Wisconsin, is misspelt.

25. "Floating spider webs." Monthly Weather Review, 26 (December 1898): 566−7. It was said:
"...occasionally masses a few inches in length and an inch or more broad were observed."

26. Francis Dussaut. "Nuage formé d'une matière solide floconneuse." Nature (Paris), 1883 v.2, 342.

27. "Meteoric phenomenon." Annual Register, 1832, pt.2, 447−8. Correct quote: "...the rosin had the colour
of amber, was elastic like Indian rubber, and smelt like prepared oil, mixed with wax."

28. "An extract of a letter from Robert Vans of Kilkenny in Ireland," and, "Extract from the Bishop of
Cloyne's letter, near Youghall, April 2d. 1696." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London,
19 (1696): 224−5. Correct quotes: "...lumps, often as big as the end of one's finger...is gathered into pots and
other vessels, by some...," and "...for a good part of last Winter and Spring...." Vans does not mention ay
medical properties, but the Bishop does say that the superstitious claimed it healed their "sore heads." As the
showers occurred "last Winter and Spring," (according to the bishop), the dates of these showers were

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Chapter V

probably in the winter of 1695 and the spring of 1696, rather than the spring of 1695.

29. Marcel de Serres. "Sur la chute des pierres, or sur les aérolithes." Annales de Chimie et de Physique, s. 1,
85 (1813): 262−308, at 279. Marcel de Serres. "Observations on the fall of stones from the clouds, or
aerolites." Philosophical Magazine, s. 1, 44 (1814): 217−24, 253−60, at 254.

30. The first date should be 1695, (not 1685).

31. "On a substance called inflammable snow." American Journal of Science, s.1, 28, 361. The name of the
chemist was Hermann, (not Herman).

32. "Unctuous dew." Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal, 13 (1832): 368. No fall of any substance is
suggested, only the "morning dews, instead of being pure and limpid, are of an unctuous consistency."

33. Canobbio. "Description et analyse d'une eau de pluie rouge tombée à Gênes en fèvrier 1841." Comptes
Rendus, 13 (1841): 215−219. The red matter fell with rain on the night of February 17, at intervals on the
18th, and on the morning of the 19th; and, Canobbio also records slight earthquakes at 5 p.m. and 11 p.m., on
the 18th. Fort notes: "BD. Butterlike substance, ac. to Dr. William Gregory, from Vesuvius of eruption of.
Academy Science 1833−119. 1830, deposited on stones around crater `a mass of the consistency of butter and
of a bright orange color.' This from the Phil. Mag." (Note SF−V−322).

34. "Remarkable hailstorm." Scientific American, n.s., 24 (May 20, 1871): 322. This hail fell at Forest,
Missisippi. On June 9, 1856, at Guilford Co., North Carolina, hail was said to have "a strong flavor of
turpentine." "Hailstorm in Guilford County, N.C." American Journal of Science, s.2, 22 (1856): 298.

35. Ducros. "Observation d'une pluie acide." Journal de Pharmacie et de Chimie, s.3, 7 (April 1845): 273−7.
The date is said to be in May or the beginning of June.

36. "Hail." Scientific American, o.s., 5 (February 9, 1850): 168. The location was Iceland, not Ireland.

37. "Soda hailstones." Scientific American, n.s., 31 (October 24, 1874): 262.

38. "An earthy rain." Intellectual Observer, 3 (1863): 468.

39. "Part of a letter from William Cole of Bristol to the publisher, about the grains resembling wheat which
fell lately in Wilt−shire." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, 16, 281. The date of
1686 is not given within the article, which appears in the issue for January to March of 1687.

40. Dominique FranÇois Jean Arago. Oeuvres Complètes de FranÇois Arago. Paris, 1857, v.12, 468. The
date of the fall was May 16, 1830.

41. H.H.K. "Colored snow." Monthly Weather Review, 29 (October 1901): 465−6. No mention is made of a
tornado with regards to this fall in the article.

42. A.T. Machattie. "On a fall of coloured hail and snow in Western Canada." Chemical News, 35 (May 4,
1877): 182. Correct quote: "...this, however, is mere conjecture."

43. "Abstract of the Proceedings of the Tenth Meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of
Science." American Journal of Science, s.1, 41 (1841): 40−68, at 40. Correct quote: "The genus and species
was not immediately recognized by some botantists to whom it was shown, but it was thought to be either a
Spartium, or a Vicia." The fall occurred at Rajket, India, not Rajkit.

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Chapter V

Chapter VI

LEAD, silver, diamonds, glass.

They sound like the accursed, but they're not: they're now of the chosen −− that is, when they occur in
metallic or stony masses that Science has recognized as meteorites. We find that resistance is to substances
not so mixed in or incorporated.

Of accursed data, it seems to me that punk is pretty damnable. In the Report of the British Association,
1878−376, there is mention of a light chocolate−brown substance that has fallen with meteorites.(1) No
particulars given; not another mention anywhere else that I can find. In this English publication, the word
"punk" is not used; the substance is called "amadou." I suppose, if the datum has anywhere been admitted to
French publications, the word "amadou" has been avoided, and "punk" used.

Or oneness of allness: scientific works and social registers: a Goldstein who can't get in as Goldstein, gets in
as Jackson.

The fall of sulphur from the sky has been especially repulsive to the modern orthodoxy −− largely because of
its associations with the superstitions or principles of the preceding orthodoxy −− stories of devils:
sulphurous exhalations. Several writers have said that they have had this feeling. So the scientific reactionists,
who have rabidly fought the preceding, because it was the preceding: and the scientific prudes, who, in sheer
exclusionism, have held lean hands over pale eyes, denying falls of sulphur. I have many notes upon the
sulphurous odor of meteorites, and many notes upon phosphorescence of things that come from externality.
Some day I shall look over old stories of demons that have appeared sulphurously upon this earth, with the
idea of expressing that we have often had undesirable visitors from other worlds; or that an indication of
external derivation is sulphurousness. I expect some day to rationalize demonology, but just at present we are
scarcely far enough advanced to go so far back.

For a circumstantial account of a mass of burning sulphur, about the size of a man's fist, that fell at Pultusk,
Poland, Jan. 30, 1868, upon a road, where it was stamped out by a crowd of villagers, see Rept. Brit. Assoc.,
1874−272.(2)

The power of the exclusionists lies in that in their stand are combined both modern and archaic
systematists.(3) Falls of sandstone and limestone are repulsive to both theologians and scientists. Sandstone
and limestone suggest other worlds upon which occur processes like geological processes; but limestone, as a
fossiliferous substance, is of course especially of the unchosen.

In Science, March 9, 1888, we read of a block of limestone, said to have fallen near Middleburgh, Florida.(4)
It was exhibited at the Sub−tropical Exposition, at Jacksonville. The writer, in Science, denies that it fell from
the sky. His reasoning is:

There is no limestone in the sky;

Therefore this limestone did not fall from the sky.

Better reasoning I cannot conceive of −− because we see that a final major premise −− universal −− true −−
would include all things: that, then, would leave nothing to reason about −− so then that all reasoning must be
based upon "something" not universal, or only a phantom intermediate to the two finalities of nothingness
and allness, or negativeness and positiveness.

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Chapter VI

La Nature 1890−2−127:(5)

Fall, at Pel−et−Der (L'Aube) France, June 6, 1890, of limestone pebbles. Identified with limestone at Chateau
Landon −− or up and down in a whirlwind. But they fell with hail −− which, in June, could not very well be
identified with ice from Chateau−Landon. Coincidence, perhaps.

Upon page 70, Science Gossip, 1887, the Editor says, of a stone that was reported to have fallen at Little
Lever, England, that a sample had been sent to him.(6) It was sandstone. Therefore it had not fallen, but had
been on the ground in the first place. But, upon page 140, Science Gossip, 1887, is an account of "a large,
smooth, waterworn, gritty sandstone pebble" that had been found in the wood of a full−grown beech tree.(7)
Looks to me as if it had fallen red−hot, and had penetrated the tree with high velocity. But I have never heard
of anything falling red−hot from a whirlwind −−

The wood around this sandstone pebble was black, as if charred.

Dr. Farrington, for instance, in his books, does not even mention sandstone. However, the British
Association, though reluctant, is less exclusive: Report of 1860, p. 107: substance about the size of a duck's
egg, that fell at Raphoe, Ireland, June 9, 1860 −− date questioned.(8) It is not definitely said that this
substance was sandstone, but that it "resembled" friable sandstone.

Falls of salt have occurred often. They have been avoided by scientific writers, because of the dictum that
only water and not substances held in solution, can be raised by evaporation. However, falls of salty water
have received attention from Dalton and others, and have been attributed to whirlwinds from the sea.(9) This
is reasonably contested −− quasi−reasonably −− as to places not far from the sea −−

But the fall of salt that occurred high in the mountains of Switzerland −−

We could have predicted that that datum could be found somewhere. Let anything be explained in local terms
of the coast of England −− but also has it occurred high in the mountains of Switzerland.

Large crystals of salt fell −− in a hailstorm −− Aug. 20, 1870, in Switzerland. The orthodox explanation is a
crime: whoever made it should have had his finger−prints taken. We are told (An. Rec. Sci., 1872) that these
objects of salt "came over the Mediterranean from some part of Africa."(10)

Or the hypnosis of the conventional −− provided it be glib. One reads such an assertion, and provided it be
suave and brief and conventional, one seldom questions −− or thinks "very strange" and then forgets. One has
an impression from geography lessons: Mediterranean not more than three inches wide, on the map;
Switzerland only a few more inches away. These sizable masses of salt are described in the Amer. Jour. Sci.,
3−3−239, as "essentially imperfect cubic crystals of common salt."(11) As to occurrence with hail −− that can
in one, or ten, or twenty instances be called a coincidence.

Another datum: extraordinary year 1883:

London Times, Dec. 25, 1883:(12)

Translation from a Turkish newspaper; a substance that fell at Scutari, Dec. 2, 1883; described as an
unknown substance, in particles −− or flakes? −− like snow. "It was found to be saltish to the taste, and to
dissolve readily in water."

Miscellaneous:

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Chapter VI

"Black capillary matter" that fell, Nov. 16, 1857, at Charleston, S. C., (Amer. Jour. Sci., 2−31−459).(13)

Fall of small, friable, vesicular masses, from the size of a pea to size of a walnut, at Lobau, Jan. 18, 1835
(Rept. Brit. Assoc., 1860−85).(14)

Objects that fell at Peshawur, India, June, 1893, during a storm: substance that looked like crystallized nitre,
and that tasted like sugar (Nature, July 13, 1893).(15)

I suppose sometimes deep−sea fishes have their noses bumped by cinders. If their regions be subjacent to
Cunard or White Star routes, they're especially likely to be bumped. I conceive of no inquiry: they're
deep−sea fishes.

Or the slag of Slains. That it was a furnace−product. The Rev. James Rust seemed to feel bumped. He tried in
vain to arouse inquiry.

As to a report, from Chicago, April 9, 1879, that slag had fallen from the sky, Prof. E.S. Bastian (Amer. Jour.
Sci., 3−18−78) says that the slag had been on the ground in the first place.(16) It was furnace−slag. "A
chemical examination of the specimens has shown they possess none of the characteristics of true
meteorites."

Over and over and over again, the universal delusion; hope and despair of attempted positivism; that there
can be real criteria, or distinct characteristics of anything. If anybody can define −− not merely suppose, like
Prof. Bastian, that he can define −− the true characteristics of anything, or so localize trueness anywhere, he
makes the discovery for which the cosmos is laboring. He will be instantly translated, like Elijah into the
Positive Absolute. My own notion is that, in a moment of super−concentration, Elijah became so nearly a real
prophet that he was translated to heaven, or to the Positive Absolute, with such velocity that he left an
incandescent train behind him. As we go along, we shall find the "true test of meteoric material," which in the
past has been taken as an absolute, dissolving into almost utmost nebulosity. Prof. Bastian explains
mechanically, or in terms of the usual reflexes to all reports of unwelcome substances: that near where the
slag had been found, telegraph wires had been struck by lightning; that particles of melted wire had been seen
to fall near the slag −− which had been on the ground in the first place. But, according to the N. Y. Times,
April 14, 1879, about two bushels of this substance had fallen.(17)

Something that was said to have fallen at Darmstadt, June 7, 1846; listed by Greg (Rept. Brit. Assoc.,
1867−416) as "only a slag."(18)

Philosophical Magazine, 4−10−381:(19)

That, in 1855, a large stone was found far in the interior of a tree, in Battersea Fields.

Sometimes cannon balls are found embedded in trees. Doesn't seem to be anything to discuss; doesn't seem
discussable that any one would cut a hole in a tree and hide a cannon ball, which one could take to bed, and
hide under one's pillow, just as easily. So with the stone of Battersea Fields. What is there to say, except that
it fell with high velocity and embedded in the tree? Nevertheless, there was a great deal of discussion −−

Because, at the foot of the tree, as if broken off the stone, fragments of slag were found.

I have nine other instances.

Slag and cinders and ashes, and you won't believe, and neither will I, that they came from the furnaces of vast
aerial super−constructions. We'll see what looks acceptable.

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Chapter VI

As to ashes, the difficulties are great, because we'd expect many falls of terrestrially derived ashes −−
volcanoes and forest fires.

In some of our acceptances, I have felt a little radical −−

I suppose that one of our main motives is to show that there is, in quasi−existence, nothing but the
preposterous −− or something intermediate to absolute preposterousness and final reasonableness −− that the
new is the obviously preposterous; that it becomes the established and disguisedly preposterous; that it is
displaced, after a while, and is again seen to be the preposterous. Or that all progress is from the outrageous
to the academic or sanctified, and back to the outrageous −− modified, however, by a trend of higher and
higher approximation to the impreposterous. Sometimes I feel a little more uninspired than at other times, but
I think we're pretty well accustomed now to the oneness of allness; or that the methods of science in
maintaining its system are as outrageous as the attempts of the damned to break in. In the Annual Record of
Science, 1875−241, Prof. Daubrée is quoted: that ashes that had fallen in the Azores had come from the
Chicago fire −−(20)

Or the damned and the saved, and there's little to choose between them; and angels are beings that have not
obviously barbed tails to them −− or never have such bad manners as to stroke an angel below the waist−line.

However this especial outrage was challenged: the Editor of the Record returns to it, in the issue of 1876:
considers it "in the highest degree improper to say that the ashes of Chicago were landed in the Azores."

Bull. Soc. Astro. de France, 22−245:(21)

Account of a white substance, like ashes, that fell at Annoy, France, March 27, 1908: simply called a curious
phenomenon; no attempt to trace to a terrestrial source.

Flake formations, which may signify passage through a region of pressure, are common; but spherical
formations −− as if of things that have rolled and rolled along planar regions somewhere −− are commoner:

Nature, Jan. 10, 1884, quotes a Kimberly newspaper:(22)

That, toward the close of November, 1883, a thick shower of ashy matter fell at Queenstown, South Africa.
The matter was in marble−sized balls, which were soft and pulpy, but which, upon drying, crumbled at touch.
The shower was confined to one narrow streak of land. It would be only ordinarily preposterous to attribute
this substance to Krakatoa −−

But, with the fall, loud noises were heard −−

But I'll omit many notes upon ashes: if ashes should sift down upon deep−sea fishes, that is not to say that
they came from steamships.

Data of falls of cinders have been especially damned by Mr. Symons, the meteorologist, some of whose
investigations we'll investigate later −− nevertheless −−

Notice of a fall, in Victoria, Australia, April 14, 1875 (Rept. Brit. Assoc., 1875−242) −− at least we are told,
in the reluctant way, that someone "thought" he saw matter fall near him at night, and the next day found
something that looked like cinders.(23)

In the Proc. of the London Roy. Soc., 19−122, there is an account of cinders that fell on the deck of a
lightship, Jan. 9, 1873.(24) In the Amer. Jour. Sci., 2−24−449, there is a notice that the Editor had received a

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Chapter VI

specimen of cinders said to have fallen −− in showery weather −− upon a farm, near Ottowa, Illinois, Jan. 17,
1857.(25)

But after all, ambiguous things they are, cinders or ashes or slag or clinkers, the high priest of the accursed
that must speak aloud for us is −− coal that has fallen from the sky.

Or coke:

The person who thought he saw something like cinders, also thought he saw something like coke, we are told.

Nature, 36−119:(26)

Something that "looked exactly like coke" that fell −− during a thunder storm −− in the Orne, France, April
24, 1887.

Or charcoal:

Dr. Angus Smith, in the Lit. and Phil. Soc. of Manchester Memoirs, 2−9−146, says that, about 1827 −− like a
great deal in Lyell's Principles and Darwin's Origin, this account is from hearsay −− something fell from the
sky, near Allport, England.(27) It fell luminously, with a loud report, and scattered in a field. A fragment that
was seen by Dr. Smith, is described by him as having "the appearance of a piece of common wood charcoal."
Nevertheless, the reassured feeling of the faithful, upon reading this, is burdened with data of differences: the
substance was so uncommonly heavy that it seemed as if it had iron in it; also there was "a sprinkling of
sulphur." This material is said, by Prof. Baden−Powell, to be "totally unlike that of any other meteorite."
Greg, in his catalogue (Rept. Brit. Assoc., 1860−73) calls it "a more than doubtful substance" −− but again,
against reassurance, this is not doubt of authenticity. Greg says that it is like compact charcoal, with particles
of sulphur and iron pyrites embedded.(28)

Reassurance rises again:

Prof. Baden−Powell says: "It contains also charcoal, which might perhaps be acquired from matter among
which it fell."

This is a common reflex with the exclusionists: that substances not "truly meteoritic" did not fall from the
sky, but were picked up by "truly meteoritic" things, of course only on their surfaces, by impact with this
earth.

Rhythm of reassurances and their declines:

According to Dr. Smith, this substance was not merely coated with charcoal; his analysis gives 43.59 per cent
carbon.

Our acceptance that coal has fallen from the sky will be via data of resinous substances and bituminous
substances, which merge so that they can not be told apart.

Resinous substance said to have fallen at Kaba, Hungary, April 15, 1887 (Rept. Brit. Assoc., 1860−94).(29)

A resinous substance that fell after a fireball? at Neuhaus, Bohemia, Dec. 17, 1824 (Rept. Brit. Assoc.,
1860−70).(30)

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Chapter VI

Fall, July 28, 1885, at Luchon, during a storm, of a brownish substance; very friable, carbonaceous matter;
when burned it gave out a resinous odor (Comptes Rendus, 103−837).(31)

Substance that fell Feb. 17, 18, 19, 1841, at Genoa, Italy, said to have been resinous; said by Arago (Oeuvres,
12−469) to have been bituminous matter and sand.(32)

Fall −− during a thunderstorm −− July, 1681, near Cape Cod, upon the deck of an English vessel, the
Albemarle, of "burning, bituminous matter" (Edin. New Phil. Jour., 26−86); a fall at Christiana, Norway,
June 13, 1822, of bituminous matter, listed by Greg as doubtful; fall of bituminous matter, in Germany,
March 8, 1798, listed by Greg. Lockyer, (The Meteoric Hypothesis, p. 24) says that the substance that fell at
the Cape of Good Hope, Oct. 13, 1838 −− about five cubic feet of it: substance so soft that it was cuttable
with a knife −− "after being experimented upon, it left a residue, which gave out a very bituminous
smell."(33)

And this inclusion of Lockyer's −− so far as findable in all books that I have read −− is, in books, about as
close as we can get to our desideratum −− that coal has fallen from the sky. Dr. Farrington, except with a
brief mention, ignores the whole subject of the fall of carbonaceous matter from the sky.(34) Proctor, in all of
his books that I have read −− is, in books, about as close as we can get to duction to the Study of Meteorites,"
p. 53) excommunicates with the admission that carbonaceous has been found in meteorites "in very minute
quantities" −− or my own suspicion is that it is possible to damn something else only by losing one's own
soul −− quasi−soul, of course.(35)

Sci. Amer., 35−120:(36)

That the substance that fell at the Cape of Good Hope "resembled a piece of anthracite coal more than
anything else."

It's a mistake, I think: the resemblance is to bituminous coal −− but it is from the periodicals that we must get
our data. To the writers of books upon meteorites, it would be as wicked −− by which we mean departure
from the characters of an established species −− quasi−established, of course −− to say that coal has fallen
from the sky, as would be, to something in a barnyard, a temptation that it climb a tree and catch a bird.
Domestic things in a barnyard: and how wild things from forests outside seem to them. Or the homeopathist
−− but we shall shovel data of coal.

And, if over and over, we shall learn of masses of soft coal that have fallen upon this earth, if in no instance
has it been asserted that the masses did not fall, but were upon the ground in the first place; if we have many
instances, this time we turn down good and hard the mechanical reflex that these masses were carried from
one place to another in whirlwinds, because we find it too difficult to accept that whirlwinds could so select,
or so specialize in a peculiar substance. Among writers of books, the only one I know of who makes more
than brief mention is Sir Robert Ball.(37) He represents a still more antique orthodoxy, or is an exclusionist
of the old type, still holding out against even meteorites. He cites several falls of carbonaceous matter, but
with disregards that make for reasonable− ness that earthy matter may have been caught up by whirlwinds
and flung down somewhere else. If he had given a full list, he would be called upon to explain the special
affinity of whirlwinds for a special kind of coal. He does not give a full list. We shall have all that's findable,
and we shall see that against this disease we're writing, the homeopathist's prescription availeth not. Another
exclusionist was Prof. Lawrence Smith. His psycho−tropism was to respond to all reports of carbonaceous
matter falling from the sky, by saying that this damned matter had been deposited upon things of the chosen
by impact with this earth. Most of our data antedate him, or were contemporaneous with him, or were as
accessible to him as to us. In his attempted positivism it is simply −− and beautifully −− disregarded that,
according to Bethelot, Berzelius, Cloez, Wohler and others these masses are not merely coated with
carbonaceous matter, but are carbonaceous throughout, or are permeated throughout. How any one could so

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Chapter VI

resolutely and dogmatically and beautifully and blindly hold out, would puzzle us were it not for our
acceptance that only to think is to exclude and include; and to exclude some things that have as much right to
come in as have the included −− that to have an opinion upon any subject is to be a Lawrence Smith −−
because there is no definite subject.(38)

Dr. Walter Flight (Eclectic Magazine, 89−71) says, of the substance that fell near Alais, France, March 15,
1806, that it "emits a faint bituminous substance" when heated, according to the observations of Berzelius
and a commission appointed by the French Academy.(39) This time we have not the reluctances expressed in
such words as "like" and "resembling." We are told that this substance is "an earthy kind of coal."

As to "minute quantities" we are told that the substance that fell at the Cape of Good Hope has in it a little
more than a quarter of organic matter, which, in alcohol, gives the familiar reaction of yellow, resinous
matter. Other instances given by Dr. Flight are:

Carbonaceous matter that fell in 1840, in Tennessee; Cranbourne, Australia, 1861; Montauban, France, May
14, 1864 (twenty masses, some of them as large as a human head; of a substance that "resembled a
dull−colored earthy lignite"); Goalpara, India, about 1867 (about 8 per cent of a hydrocarbon); at Ornans,
France, July 11, 1868; substance with "an organic, combustible ingredient," at Hessle, Sweden, Jan. 1, 1860.

Knowledge, 4−134:(40)

That, according to M. Daubrée, the substance that had fallen in the Argentine Republic, "resembled certain
kinds of lignite and boghead coal." In Comptes Rendus, 96−1764, it is said that this mass fell, June 30, 1880,
in the province Entre Rios, Argentina: that it is "like" brown coal; that it resembles all the other carbonaceous
masses that have fallen from the sky.(41)

Something that fell at Grazac, France, Aug. 10, 1885: when burned, it gave out a bituminous odor (Comptes
Rendus, 104−1771).(42)

Carbonaceous substance that fell at Rajpunta, India, Jan. 22, 1911: very friable: 50 per cent of it soluble in
water (Records Geol. Survey of India, 44−pt. 1−41).(43)

A combustible carbonaceous substance that fell with sand at Naples, March 14, 1818 (American Journal of
Science, 1−1−309).(44)

Sci. Amer. Supp., 29−11798:(45)

That, June 9, 1889, a very friable substance, of a deep, greenish black color, fell at Mighei, Russia. It
contained 5 per cent organic matter, which, when powdered and digested in alcohol, yielded, after
evaporation, a bright yellow resin. In this mass was 2 per cent of an unknown mineral.

Cinders and ashes and slag and coke and charcoal and coal.

And the things that sometimes deep−sea fishes are bumped by.

Reluctances and the disguises or covered retreats of such words as "like" and "resemble" −− or that
conditions of Intermediateness forbid abrupt transitions −− but that the spirit animating all Intermediateness
is to achieve abrupt transitions −− because, if anything could finally break away from its origin and
environment, that would be a real thing −− something not merging away indistinguishably with the
surrounding. So all attempt to be original; all attempt to invent something that is more than mere extension or
modification of the preceding, is positivism −− or that if one could conceive of a device to catch flies,

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Chapter VI

positively different from, or unrelated to, all other devices −− up he'd shoot to heaven, or the Positive
Absolute −− leaving behind such an incandescent train that in one age it would be said that he had gone aloft
in a fiery chariot, and in another age that he had been struck by lightning −−

I'm collecting notes upon persons supposed to have been struck by lightning. I think that high approximation
to positivism has often been achieved −− instantaneous translation −− residue of negativeness left behind,
looking much like effects of a stroke of lightning. Some day I shall tell the story of the Marie Celeste −−
"properly," as the Scientific American Supplement would say −− mysterious disappearance of a sea captain,
his family, and the crew −−(46)

Of positivists, by the route of Abrupt Transition, I think that Manet was notable −− but that his approximation
was held down by his intense relativity to the public −− or that it is quite as impositive to flout and insult and
defy as it is to crawl and placate. Of course, Manet began with continuity with Courbet and others, and then,
between him and Monet there were mutual influences −− but the spirit of abrupt difference is the spirit of
positivism, and Manet's stand was against the dictum that all lights and shades must merge away suavely into
one another and prepare for one another.(47) So a biologist like De Vries represents positivism, or the
breaking of Continuity, by trying to conceive of evolution by mutation −− against the dogma of
indistinguishable gradations by "minute variations."(48) A Copernicus conceives of helio−centricity.
Continuity is against him. He is not permitted to break abruptly with the past. He is permitted to publish his
work, but only as "an interesting hypothesis."(49)

Continuity −− and that all that we call evolution or progress is attempt to break away from it −−

That our whole solar system was at one time attempt by planets to break away from a parental nexus and set
up individualities, and, failing, move in quasi−regular orbits that are expressions of relations with the sun and
with one another, all having surrendered, being now quasi−incorporated in a higher approximation to system;

Intermediateness in its mineralogic aspect of positivism −− or Iron that strove to break away from Sulphur
and Oxygen, and be real, homogeneous Iron −− failing, inasmuch as elemental iron exists only in text−book
chemistry;

Intermediateness in its biologic aspect of positivism −− or the wild, fantastic, grotesque, monstrous things it
conceived of, sometimes in a frenzy of effort to break away abruptly from all preceding types −− but failing,
in the giraffe−effort, for instance, or only caricaturing an antelope −−

All things break one relation only by the establishing of some other relation −−

All things cut an umbilical cord only to clutch a breast.

So the fight of the exclusionists to maintain the traditional −− or to prevent abrupt transition from the
quasi−established −− fighting so that here, more than a century after meteorites were included, no other
notable inclusion has been made, except that of cosmic dust, data of which Nordenskiold made more nearly
real than data in opposition.

So Proctor, for instance, fought and expressed his feeling of the preposterous, against Sir William H.
Thomson's notions of arrival upon this earth of organisms on meteorites −−

"I can only regard it as a jest" (Knowledge, 1−302).(50)

Or that there is nothing but jest −− or something intermediate to jest and tragedy;

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Chapter VI

That ours is not an existence but an utterance;

That Momus is imagining us for the amusement of the gods, often with such success that some of us seem
almost alive −− like characters in something a novelist is writing; which often to considerable degree take
their affairs away from the novelist −−

That Momus is imagining us and our arts and sciences and religions, and is narrating or picturing us as a
satire upon the gods' real existence.

Because −− with many of our data of coal that has fallen from the sky as accessible then as they are now, and
with the scientific pronouncement that coal is fossil, how, in a real existence, by which we mean a consistent
existence, or a state in which there is real intelligence, or a form of thinking that does not indistinguishably
merge away with imbecility, could there have been such a row as that which was raised about forty years ago
over Dr. Hahn's announcement that he had found fossils in meteorites?

Accessible to anybody at that time:

Philosophical Magazine, 4−17−425:(51)

That the substance that fell at Kaba, Hungary, April 15, 1857, contained organic matter "analogous to fossil
waxes."

Or limestone:

Of the block of limestone which was reported to have fallen at Middleburgh, Florida, it is said (Science,
11−118) that, though something had been seen to fall in "an old cultivated field," the witnesses who ran to it
picked up something that "had been upon the ground in the first place."(52) The writer who tells us this, with
the usual exclusion−imagination, known as stupidity, but unjustly, because there is no real stupidity, thinks
he can think of a good−sized stone that had for many years been in a cultivated field, but that had never been
seen before −− had never interfered with plowing, for instance. He is earnest and unjarred when he writes that
this stone weighs 200 pounds. My own notion, founded upon my own experience in seeing, is that a block of
stone weighing 500 pounds might be in one's parlor twenty years, virtually unseen −− but not in an old
cultivated field, where it interfered with plowing −− not anywhere −− if it interfered.

Dr. Hahn said that he had found fossils in meteorites. There is a description of the corals, sponges, shells, and
crinoids, all of them microscopic, which he photographed, in Popular Science, 20−83.(53)

Dr. Hahn was a well−known scientist. He was better known after that.

Anybody may theorize upon other worlds and conditions upon them that are similar to our own conditions: if
his notions be presented undisguisedly as fiction, or only as an "interesting hypothesis," he'll stir up no prude
rages.

But Dr. Hahn said definitely that he had found fossils in specified meteorites: also he published photographs
of them. His book is in the New York Public Library. In the reproductions every feature of some of the little
shells is plainly marked. If they're not shells, neither are things under an oyster−counter. The striations are
very plain: one sees even the hinges where bivalves are joined.(54)

Prof. Lawrence Smith (Knowledge, 1−258):(55)

"Dr. Hahn is a kind of half−insane man, whose imagination has run away with him."

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Chapter VI

Conservation of Continuity.

Then Dr. Weinland examined Dr. Hahn's specimens. He gave his opinion that they are fossils and that they
are not crystals of enstatite, as asserted by Prof. Smith, who had never seen them.(56)

The damnation of denial and the damnation of disregard:

After the publication of Dr. Weinland's findings −− silence.(57)

1. Glaisher et al. "Report on observations of luminous meteors during the year 1877−78." Annual Report of
the British Association for the Advancement of Science, 1878, 258−377, at 377.

2. Glaisher et al. "Report on observations of luminous meteors during the year 1873−1874." Annual Report of
the British Association for the Advancement of Science, 1874, 272. The fall of this substance took place at
Proschwitz, not at Pultusk; and, "on examination at Breslau some remains of the substance proved to be pure
sulphur."

3. Sic, is combined.

4. George F. Kunz. "A pseudo−meteorite." Science, n.s., 11 (March 9, 1888): 119.

5. "La pluie de pierres de Pel−et−Der." Nature (Paris), 1891 v. 2 (July 25): 127. The fall occurred on June 6,
1891, (not in 1890).

6. "The meteorite at Little Lever," and, "The `meteorite' at Little Lever." Hardwicke's Science Gossip, 23
(1887): 70.

7. Fort marked a line under "140" and wrote "70" in the margin, to indicate an error. Samuel Stowarth.
"Stones in wood." Hardwicke's Science Gossip, 23 (1887): 142. Correct quote: "...waterworn, fine gritty...."

8. R.P. Greg. "A catalogue of meteorites and fireballs." Annual Report of the British Association for the
Advancement of Science, 1860, 48−120, at 107.

9. John Dalton. "On the saline impregnation of the rain which fell during the late storm, December 5th,
1822." Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society Memoirs, s. 2, 4 (1824): 324−31, 363−72. For
attribution to a whirlwind as the source: J. Webb. "Salt hailstones." Symons' Meteorological Magazine, 24,
105.

10. "Salt and pyrites in hail−stones." Annual Record of Science and Industry, 1871, 36−7. Correct quote:
"...brought over the Mediterranean Sea from some part of Africa...."

11. "Hailstones of salt and sulphide of iron." American Journal of Science, s.3, 3 (1872): 239. Correct quote:
"...essentially of common salt, mainly in imperfect crystals."

12. Henry O. Dwight. (Letter). London Times, December 25, 1883, p.9 c.6.

13. "Catalogue of the Meteoric Collection of Charles Upham Shepard...." American Journal of Science, s.2,
31 (1861): 456−9.

14. R.P. Greg. "A catalogue of meteorites and fireballs." Annual Report of the British Association for the
Advancement of Science, 1860, 48−120, at 75. The fall occurred at Löbau.

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Chapter VI

15. Kanhaiyalal. "Peculiar hailstones." Nature, 48 (July 13, 1893): 248. The fall occurred at Peshawar, India,
not at Peshawur.

16. E.S. Bastian. "The supposed meteorite of Chicago." American Journal of Science, s.3, 18 (1879): 78.
Correct quote: "...has shown that they possess none of the characters of true meteorites."

17. "Chicago's celestial visitor." New York Times, April 14, 1879, p. 3 c. 4.

18. Glaisher et al. "Report on observations of luminous meteors, 1866−67." Annual Report of the British
Association for the Advancement of Science, 1867, 288−430, at 416.

19. Roderick Impey Murchison. "On a supposed aërolite or meteorite found in the trunk of an old willow tree
in the Battersea Fields." Philosophical Magazine, s. 4, 10 (1855): 381−387, at 384−5.

20. "Falling of atmospheric dust in Norway, March 29 and 30, 1875." Annual Record of Science and
Industry, 1875, 241−2. For the original article, which mentions this as an example: Daubrée. "Chute de
poussière observée sur une partie de la Suède et de la Norvége, dans la nuit du 29 au 30 mars 1875." Comptes
Rendus, 80 (1875): 994−5.

21. "Pluie de cendres." Bulletin de la Société Astronomique de France, 22 (1908): 244−5. The fall occurred at
Annonay, France, not at Annoy.

22. "The remarkable sunsets." Nature, 29 (January 10, 1884): 250−2, at 252. The shower occurred at Glen
Grey, about twelve miles from Queenstown; and, "while it lasted, we are told, the surrounding atmosphere
remained unchanged and clear, as it had been before."

23. Glaisher et al. "Report on observations of luminous meteors during the year 1874−75." Annual Report of
the British Association for the Advancement of Science, 1875, 199−257, at 243−4.

24. Robin Allen. "Account of a meteor that fell on the `Seven Stones' lightship, in a letter from the Secretary
to the Corporation of the Trinity House, addressed to the President." Proceedings of the Royal Society of
London, 21 (1873): 122. The fall occurred on November 13, 1872, and not on January 9, 1873. After a shock,
balls of fire were observed falling into the water, and the deck of the ship was covered with cinders.

25. "Supposed meteorite." American Journal of Science, s.2, 24 (1857): 449. The fall occurred on June 17,
1857, at Ottawa, Illinois, not in January, nor at Ottowa.

26. "Societies and academies." Nature, 36, 117−20, at 119, under "Academy of Sciences," (Paris). "Note sur
un coup de foudre." Comptes Rendus, 104 (May 23, 1877): 1473−8.

27. Robert Angus Smith. "Description of a meteorite which fell at Allport in Derbyshire." Manchester
Literary and Philosophical Society Memoirs, s.2, 9 (1851): 146−8. Correct quote: "The appearance is that of a
piece of common wood charcoal...."

28. R.P. Greg. "A catalogue of meteorites and fireballs." Annual Report of the British Association for the
Advancement of Science, 1860, 48−120, at 72−3.

29. Fort marked "57" in the margin next to line with the date of "1887" to indicate the Kaba meteorite fell in
1857. R.P. Greg. "A catalogue of meteorites and fireballs." Annual Report of the British Association for the
Advancement of Science, 1860, 48−120, at 94.

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Chapter VI

30. R.P. Greg. "A catalogue of meteorites and fireballs." Annual Report of the British Association for the
Advancement of Science, 1860, 48−120, at 70.

31. Stanislas Meunier. "Substance singulière recueillie à la suite d'un météore rapporté à la foudre." Comptes
Rendus, 103 (1886): 837−40.

32. Dominique FranÇois Jean Arago. Oeuvres complètes de FranÇois Arago. Paris, 1857, v.12, 469−70.
Arago does not indicate this material as being resinous nor as being of sand; however, he does give an
analysis of it as a mixture of talc, quartz, carbonate of lime, serpentine, bituminous matter, and organic matter
containing seeds from different plants.

33. Dominique FranÇois Jean Arago. "On thunder and lightning," Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal, 26
(1839): 81−144, 275−91, at 86. Arago relates part of the story from Robert Boyle, who provides details from
the account by Increase Mather. The Albemarl, on July 24, about 100 leagues off Cape Cod, suffered
considerably from the thunderstorm: "The lightning burnt the main−top−sail, split the main−cap in pieces,
rent the mast all along. There was in special one dreadful clap of thunder, the report bigger than of a great
gun, at which all the ship's company were amazed; then did there fall something from the clouds upon the
stern of the boat, which broke into many small parts, split one of the pumps, the other pump much hurt also.
It was a bituminous matter, smelling much like fired gunpowder. It continued burning in the stern of the boat;
they did with sticks dissipate it, and poured much water on it, and yet they were not able by all they could do
to extinguish it, until such time as all the matter was consumed." It was discovered in the night, when stars
were again visible, that the ship's compasses had changed their polarity. Three of the magnetic needles had
reversed their direction pointing south instead of north, while a fourth pointed west instead of north. Increase
Mather. Remarkable Providences. London: Reeves and Turner, 1890, 64−5. Robert Boyle. Thomas Birch, ed.
The Works of the Honourable Robert Boyle in Six Volumes. London: W. Johnston et al, 1772, v. 5, 636−7.
R.P. Greg. "A catalogue of meteorites and fireballs." Annual Report of the British Association for the
Advancement of Science, 1860, 48−120, at 61, 68. For the Norwegian fall, Greg merely notes: "...a
bituminous substance fell?" Joseph Norman Lockyer. The Meteoritic Hypothesis. London: Macmillan and
Co., 1890, 24. Lockyer refers to the Cold Bokkeveld meteorite. Correct quote: "...after being experimented
upon, left a residue which gave...." Thomas Maclear. "An account of the fall of a meteoric stone in the Cold
Bokkeveld, Cape of Good Hope." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, 129 (1839)
83−4.

34. Oliver Cummings Farrington. "Catalogue of the meteorites of North America, to January 1, 1909."
Memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences, 13, (1915).

35. Fort marked "X" in the margin next to this paragraph to indicate a typographical error, being the rogue
line: duction to the Study of Meteorites," p. 53) excommunicates with. This line refers to Fletcher's book, not
Proctor's; thus, the line is out of place, and probably one or two lines of text have been lost. Fletcher briefly
mentions "A carbonaceous group," thus: "A few meteorites to this division are remarkable as containing
carbon in combination with hydrogen and oxygen. Of these the Alais and Cold Bokkeveld meteorites are
good examples: the former has a bituminous smell; it yields sulphates of magnesium, calcium, sodium and
potassium, if steeped in water." Lazarus Fletcher. An Introduction to the Study of Meteorites. London: British
Museum Trustees, 11th ed., 1914, 46 (no.47).

36. Charles Augustus Young. "Meteorites." Scientific American, n.s., 35 (August 19, 1876): 119−20. This
refers to the Cold Bokkeveld meteorite.

37. For Ball's description of the carbonaceous Orgueil meteorite: Robert Ball. The Story of the Heavens. Rev.
ed. New York: Cassell and Co., 1905, 398−9.

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Chapter VI

38. "On the carbonaceous matter in meteorites." American Journal of Science, s.2, 47 (1869): 130. Daubrée.
"Note sur les météorites tombées le 14 mai aux environs d'Orgueil (Tarn−et−Garonne)." Comptes Rendus, 58
(1864): 984−90. Bertholet. "Sur la matière charbonneuse des météorites." Comptes Rendus, 67 (1868): 849.
Those, who have reported carbonaceous matter in meteorites, include Stanislas Cloëz, Friedrich Wöhler,
Joens Jakob Friherre Berzelius, Michael Faraday, and Wilhelm Karl von Haidinger.

39. Walter Flight. "Meteorites and the origin of life," Eclectic Magazine, 89, 711−8, at 715. Correct quote:
"...emits a faint bituminous odor," and, "The stones have the appearance of an earthy variety of coal." The fall
at Alais was investigated by Thénard and the commission in 1806, and it was again analyzed by Berzelius in
1834. The Cold Bokkeveld meteorite, which fell at the Cape of Good Hope, on October 13, 1838, was
analyzed by Harris in 1859, who reported "more than 0.25 per cent. of an organic substance soluble in
alcohol," not 25 per cent. Cranbourne, (County Mornington, Victoria), is near Melbourne, Australia; and, the
meteorite was found in 1854. The analysis by Tschermak of the Goalpara meteorite found "0.85 per cent of a
hydrocarbon," not 8 per cent. No quote of "organic" appears regarding the Hessle meteorite which fell on
January 1, 1869, not in 1860; however, the "combustible ingredient" appeared to be composed of the
hydrocarbon C9H4O2.

40. "A carbonaceous meteorite." Knowledge, 4 (August 31, 1883): 134. "A carbonaceous meteorite."
Engineering (London), 36 (July 13, 1883): 44. Correct quote: "The meteorite recalls certain kinds of lignite
and clay coals, such as the boghead coal."

41. Daubrée. "Météorite charbonneuse tombée le 30 juin 1880, dans la républic Argentine, non loin de
Nogoga (province d'Entre−rios)." Comptes Rendus, 96 (1883): 1764−76. Two types of carbonaceous
meteorites are suggested in the article: the first type being similar to the Orgueil and Alais meteorites, and the
second type being similar to the Cold−Bokkeveld and Kaba meteorites, which this Argentine meteorite was
supposed to resemble.

42. Daubrée, and, Stanislas Meunier. "Observations sur la météorite de Grazac; type charbonneux nouveau
qu'elle représente." Comptes Rendus, 104 (June 20, 1887): 1771−2. Alfred Caraven−Cachin. "Sur un essaim
météorique tombé, le 10 âout 1885, aux environs de Grazac et de Montpelegry (Tarn)." Comptes Rendus, 104
(1887): 1813−4.

43. W.A.K. Christie. "A carbonaceous aërolite from Rajputana." Records of the Geological Survey of India,
(Calcutta), 44, pt.1, 41−51, at 41, 50. In the analysis of the Rajputana meteorite, not Rajpunta, "0.5 per cent
of the stone consists of matter soluble both in chloroform and water...," not 50 per cent.

44. "Red rain." American Journal of Science, s.1, 1 (1820): 309−10. There is no mention of sand falling with
the substance in this article.

45. "A singular meteorite." Scientific American Supplement, 29 (February 22, 1890): 11798.

46. "The Kentucky shower of flesh." Scientific American Supplement, 2 (July 1, 1876): 426. The quoted
word was "proper."

47. In French painting, Édouard Manet was considered a precurser to the Impressionists, Claude Monet was
the leader of the Impressionists, and Gustave Courbet was the leader of the Realists.

48. Hugo De Vries developed the "mutation theory" of evolution and was responsible for resurrecting the
genetic researches of G. Mendel.

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Chapter VI

49. The emphasis of the hypothetical nature of De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium was made
anonymously in its preface by Andreas Osiander. Copernicus retained the ancient system of planetary spheres
and the circular orbits of the planets. Also, there was little more than a reduction in the number of
calculations to be performed for a lesser number of epicycles and deferents, an improved lunar theory, and
more accurate astronomical constants to recommend the Copernican system; or, as stated by Koyré: "...it is a
fact, that Ptolemy's astronomy is relatively satisfactory, whilst that of Copernicus is hardly much better in
practice for calculating the positions of planets, when one takes into account the very large margin of error
inherent in the star catalogues then available." Alexandre Koyré. R.E.W. Maddison, trans. The Astronomical
Revolution. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press, 1973; 23, 34−8, 81.

50. "Fossils in meteorites." Knowledge, 1 (February 3, 1882): 302. Lord Kelvin, (though, at the time, still Sir
William H. Thomson), stated in an Inaugural Address: "The hypothesis that life originated on this earth
through moss−grown fragments from the ruins of another world may seem wild and visionary; all I maintain
is that it is not unscientific." "The British Association meeting at Edinburgh." Nature, 4 (August 3, 1871):
261−78, at 269−70. "Address of Sir William Thomson, Knt., LL.D., F.R.S., President." Annual Report of the
British Association for the Advancement of Science, 1871, lxxxiv−cv, at civ−cv.

51. E. Atkinson. "Chemical notices from foreign journals." Philosophical Magazine, s.4, 17 (June 1859):
422−30, at 425. Correct quote: "The substance had most analogy with the fossil waxes, as ozokerite...."

52. George F. Kunz. "A pseudo−meteorite." Science, n.s., 11 (March 9, 1888): 119. The second quotation is
Fort's usual paraphrase and not from this article.

53. Francis Bingham. "The discovery of organic remains in meteoric stones." Popular Science, 20 (November
1881): 83−7.

54. Otto Hahn. Die Meteorite (Chondrite) und Ihre Organismen. Tubingen: H. Laupp, 1880. The book was
accessible in the Science Reading Room, Room 121, of the New York Public Library, under the catalog
marking OSX+. The meteorites specified by Hahn include the Knyahinya, Siena, Parnallée, Moung County,
Cabarras, Tabor, and Borkut.

55. "No organic matter in meteors." Knowledge, 1 (January 20, 1882): 257−8. The quote attributed to John
Lawrence Smith was part of a reply by Prof. Hawes of the Smithsonian Institution, after inquiries about
Hahn, and reads: "He is a kind of half−insane man, whose imagination has run wild with him."

56. David Friedrich Weinland. "Korallen in Meteorsteinen." Das Ausland, 54 (April 17, 1881): 301−3. David
Friedrich Weinland. "Weiteres über die Tierreste in Meteoriten." Das Ausland, 54 (June 27, 1881): 501−8.
David Friedrich Weinland. Ueber die in Meteoriten entdeckten Thierreste. Essingen, 1882.

57. Many years later, fossils of bacteria, algae, and other material, (including sponge and cellulose fibre),
would again be suggested to explain microscopic structures and elements in the Orgueil, Ivuna, Holbrook,
and Bruderheim meteorites. George Claus, and, Bartholomew Nagy. "A microbiological examination of some
carbonaceous chondrites." Nature, 192 (November 18, 1961): 594−6.

Chapter VII

THE living things that have come down to this earth:

Attempts to preserve the system:

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Chapter VII

That small frogs and toads, for instance, never have fallen from the sky, but were−−"on the ground, in the
first place;" or that there have been such falls−−"up from one place in a whirlwind, and down in another."

Were there some especially froggy place near Europe, as there is an especially sandy place, the scientific
explanation would of course be that all small frogs falling from the sky in Europe, come from that center of
frogeity.

To start with, I'd like to emphasize something that I am permitted to see because I am still primitive or
intelligent or in a state of maladjustment:

That there is not one report findable of a fall of tadpoles from the sky.

As to "there in the first place":

See Leisure Hours, 3−779, for accounts of small frogs, or toads, said to have been seen to fall from the
sky.(1) The writer says that all observers were mistaken: that the frogs or toads must have fallen from trees or
other places overhead.

Tremendous number of little toads, one or two months old, that were seen to fall from a great thick cloud that
appeared suddenly in a sky that had been cloudless, August, 1804, near Toulouse, France, according to a
letter from Prof. Pontus to M. Arrago. (Comptes Rendus, 3−54.)(2)

Many instances of frogs that were seen to fall from the sky. ("Notes and Queries," 8−6−104); accounts of
such falls, signed by witnesses. ("Notes and Queries," 8−6−190.)(3)

Scientific American, July 12, 1873:(4)

"A shower of frogs which darkened the air and covered the ground for a long distance is the reported result of
a recent rainstorm at Kansas City, Mo."

As to having been there "in the first place":

Little frogs found in London, after a heavy storm, July 30, 1838. (Notes and Queries, 8−7−437);(5)

Little toads found in a desert, after a rainfall, (Notes and Queries, 8−8−493).(6)

To start with I do not deny−−positively−−the conventional explanation of "up and down." I think that there
may have been such occurrences. I omit many notes that I have upon indistinguishables. In the London
Times, July 4, 1883, there is an account of a shower of twigs and leaves and tiny toads in a storm upon the
slopes of the Apennines.(7) These may have been the ejectamenta of a whirlwind. I add, however, that I have
notes upon two other falls of tiny toads, in 1883, one in France and one in Tahiti; also of fish in Scotland.(8)
But in the phenomenon of the Apennines, the mixture seems to me to be typical of the products of a
whirlwind. The other instances seem to me to be typical of−−something like migration? Their great numbers
and their homogeneity. Over and over in these annals of the damned occurs the datum of segregation. But a
whirlwind is thought of as a condition of chaos−−quasi−chaos: not final negativeness, of course−−

Monthly Weather Review, July, 1881:(9)

"A small pond in the track of the cloud was sucked dry, the water being carried over the adjoining fields
together with a large quantity of soft mud, which was scattered over the ground for half a mile around."

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Chapter VII

It is so easy to say that small frogs that have fallen from the sky had been scooped up by a whirlwind; but
here are the circumstances of a scoop; in the exclusionist−imagination there is no regard for mud, débris from
the bottom of a pond, floating vegetation, loose things from the shores−−but a precise picking out of frogs
only. Of all instances I have that attribute the fall of small frogs or toads to whirlwinds, only one definitely
identifies or places the whirlwind. Also, as has been said before, a pond going up would be quite as
interesting as frogs coming down. Whirlwinds we read over and over−−but where and what whirlwind? It
seems to me that anybody who had lost a pond would be heard from. In Symons' Meteorological Magazine,
32−106, a fall of small frogs, near Birmingham, June 30, 1892, is attributed to a specific whirlwind−−but not
a word as to any special pond that had contributed.(10) And something that strikes my attention here is that
these frogs are described as almost white.

I'm afraid there is no escape for us: we shall have to give to civilization upon this earth−−some new worlds.

Places with white frogs in them.

Upon several occasions we have had data of unknown things that have fallen from−−somewhere. But
something not to be overlooked is that if living things have landed alive upon this earth−−in spite of all we
think we know of the accelerative velocity of falling bodies−−and have propagated−−why the exotic becomes
the indigenous, or from the strangest of places we'd expect the familiar. Or if hosts of living frogs have come
here−−from somewhere else−−every living thing upon this earth may, ancestrally, have come
from−−somewhere else.

I find that I have another note upon a specific hurricane:

Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist., 1−3−185:(11)

After one of the greatest hurricanes in the history of Ireland, some fish were found "as far as 15 yards from
the edge of the lake."

Have another: this is a good one for the exclusionists:

Fall of fish in Paris: said that a neighboring pond had been blown dry. (Living Age, 52−186.)(12) Date not
given, but I have seen it recorded somewhere else.(13)

The best−known fall of fishes from the sky is that which occurred at Mountain Ash, in the Valley of Abedare,
Glamorganshire, Feb. 11, 1859.

The Editor of the Zoologist, 2−677, having published a report of a fall of fishes, writes: "I am continually
receiving similar accounts of frogs and fishes."(14) But, in all the volumes of the Zoologist, I can find only
two reports of such falls. There is nothing to conclude other than that hosts of data have been lost because
orthodoxy does not look favorably upon such reports. The Monthly Weather Review records several falls of
fishes in the United States; but accounts of these reported occurrences are not findable in other American
publications. Nevertheless, the treatment by the Zoologist of the fall reported from Mountain Ash is fair. First
appears, in the issue of 1859−6493, a letter from the Rev. John Griffith, Vicar of Abedare, asserting that the
fall had occurred, chiefly upon the property of Mr. Nixon, of Mountain Ash.(15) Upon page 6540, Dr. Gray,
of the British Museum, bristling with exclusionism, writes that some of these fishes, which had been sent to
him alive, were "very young minnows."(16) He says: "On reading the evidence, it seems to me most probably
only a practical joke: that one of Mr. Nixon's employees had thrown a pailful of water upon another, who had
thought fish in it had fallen from the sky"−−had dipped up a pailful from a brook.

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Chapter VII

Those fishes−−still alive−−were exhibited at the Zoological Gardens, Regent's Park. The Editor says that one
was a minnow and that the rest were sticklebacks.

He says that Dr. Gray's explanation is no doubt right.

But, upon page 6564, he publishes a letter from another correspondent, who apologizes for opposing so "high
an authority as Dr. Gray," but says that he had obtained some of these fishes from persons who lived a
considerable distance apart, or considerably out of range of the playful pail of water.(17)

According to the Annual Register, 1859−14, the fishes themselves had fallen by pailfuls.(18)

If these fishes were not upon the ground in the first place, we base our objections to the whirlwind
explanation, upon two data:

That they fell in no such distribution as one could attribute to the discharge of a whirlwind, but upon a narrow
strip of land: about 80 yards long and 12 yards wide−−

The other datum is again the suggestion that at first seemed so incredible, but for which support is piling up, a
suggestion of a stationary source overhead−−

That ten minutes later another fall of fishes occurred upon this same narrow strip of land.

Even arguing that a whirlwind may stand still axially, it discharges tangentially. Wherever the fishes came
from it does not seem thinkable that some could have fallen and that others could have whirled even a tenth
of a minute, then falling directly after the first to fall. Because of these evil circumstances the best adaptation
was to laugh the whole thing off and say that some one had soused some one else with a pailful of water, in
which a few "very young minnows" had been caught up.

In the London Times, March 2, 1859, is a letter from Mr. Aaron Roberts, curate of St. Peter's,
Carmathon.(19) In this letter the fishes are said to have been about four inches long, but there is some
question of species. I think, myself, that they were minnows and sticklebacks. Some persons, thinking them
to be sea fishes, placed them in salt water, according to Mr. Roberts. "The effect is stated to have been almost
instantaneous death." "Some were placed in fresh water. These seem to thrive well." As to narrow
distribution, we are told that the fishes fell "in and about the premises of Mr. Nixon." "It was not observed at
the time that any fish fell in any other part of the neighborhood, save in the particular spot mentioned."

In the London Times, March 10, 1859, Vicar Griffith writes an account:(20)

"The roofs of some houses were covered with them."

In this letter it is said that the largest fishes were five inches long, and that these did not survive the fall.

Report of the British Association, 1859−158:(21)

"The evidence of the fall of fish on this occasion was very conclusive. A specimen of the fish was exhibited
and was found to be the Gasterosteus leuris.

Gasterosteus is the stickleback.

Altogether I think we have not a sense of total perdition, when we're damned with the explanation that some
one soused some one else with a pailful of water, in which were thousands of fishes four or five inches long,

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Chapter VII

some of which covered roofs of houses, and some of which remained ten minutes in the air. By way of
contrast we offer our own acceptance.

That the bottom of a super−geographical pond had dropped out.

I have a great many notes upon the fall of fishes, despite the difficulty these records have in getting
themselves published, but I pick out instances that especially relate to our super−geographical acceptances, or
to the Principles of Super−Geography: or data of things that have been in the air longer than acceptably could
a whirlwind carry them; that have fallen with a distribution narrower than is attributable to a whirlwind; that
have fallen for a considerable length of time upon the same narrow area of land.

These three factors indicate, somewhere not far aloft, a region of inertness to this earth's gravitation, of
course, however, a region that, by the flux and variation of all things, must at times be susceptible−−but,
afterward, our heresy will bifurcate−−

In amiable accommodation to the crucifixion it'll get, I think−−

But so impressed are we with the datum that, though there have been many reports of small frogs that have
fallen from the sky, not one report upon a fall of tadpoles is findable, that to these circumstances another
adjustment must be made.

Apart from our three factors of indication, an extraordinary observation is the fall of living things without
injury to them. The devotees of St. Isaac explain that they fall upon thick grass and so survive: but Sir James
Emerson Tennent, in his "History of Ceylon," tells of a fall of fishes upon gravel, by which they were
seemingly uninjured.(22) Something else apart from our three main interests is a phenomenon that looks like
what one might call an alternating series of falls of fishes, whatever the significance may be:

Meerut, India, July, 1824 (Living Age, 52−186); Fifeshire, Scotland, summer of 1824 (Wernerian Nat. Hist.
Soc. Trans., 5−575); Moradabad, India, July, 1826 (Living Age, 52−186); Ross−shire, Scotland, 1828 (Living
Age, 52−186); Moradabad, India, July 20, 1829 (Lin. Soc. Trans., 16−764); Perthshire, Scotland (Living Age,
52−186); Argyleshire, Scotland, 1830, March 9, 1830 (Recreative Science, 3−329); Feridpoor, India, Feb. 19,
1830 (Jour. Asiatic Soc. of Bengal, 2−650).(23)

A psycho−tropism that arises here−−disregarding serial significance−−or mechanical, unintelligent, repulsive
reflex−−is that the fishes of India did not fall from the sky; that they were found upon the ground after
torrential rains, because streams had overflowed and had then receded.

In the region of Inertness that we think we can conceive of, or a zone that is to this earth's gravitation very
much like the neutral zone of a magnet's attraction, we accept that there are bodies of water and also clear
spaces−−bottoms of ponds dropping out−−very interesting ponds, having no earth at bottom−−vast drops of
water afloat in what is called space−−fishes and deluges of water falling−−

But also other areas, in which fishes−−however they got there: a matter that we'll consider−−remain and dry,
or even putrefy, then sometimes falling by atmospheric dislodgment.

After a "tremendous deluge of rain, one of the heaviest falls on record" (All the Year Round, 8−255) at
Rajkote, India, July 25, 1850, "the ground was literally covered with fishes."(24)

The word "found" is agreeable to the repulsions of the conventionalists and their concept of an overflowing
stream−−but, according to Dr. Buist, some of these fishes were "found" on the tops of haystacks.(25)

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Chapter VII

Ferrel (A Popular Treatise, p. 414) tells of a fall of living fishes some of them having been placed in a tank,
where they survived−−that occurred in India, about 20 miles south of Calcutta, Sept. 20, 1839.(26) A witness
of this fall says:

"The most strange thing which ever struck me was that the fish did not fall helter−skelter, or here and there,
but they fell in a straight line, not more than a cubit in breadth." See Living Age, 52−186.(27)

Amer. Jour. Sci., 1−32−199:(28)

That, according to testimony taken before a magistrate, a fall occurred, Feb. 19, 1830, near Feridpoor, India,
of many fishes, of various sizes−−some whole and fresh and others "mutilated and putrefying." Our reflex to
those who would say that, in the climate of India, it would not take long for fishes to putrefy, is−−that high in
the air, the climate of India is not torrid. Another peculiarity of this fall is that some of the fishes were much
larger than others. Or to those who hold out for segregation in a whirlwind, or that objects, say, twice as
heavy as others would be separated from the lighter, we point out that some of these fishes were twice as
heavy as others.

In the Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, 2−650, depositions of witnesses are given:(29)

"Some of these fish were fresh, but others rotten and without heads."

"Among the number which I had got, five were fresh and the rest stinking and headless."

They remind us of His Grace's observation of some pages back.

According to Dr. Buist, some of these fishes weighed one and a half pounds each and others three pounds.

A fall of fishes at Futtepoor, India, May 16, 1833:

"They were all dead and dry." (Dr. Buist, Living Age, 52−186.)(30)

India is far away: about 1830 was long ago:

Nature, Sept. 19. 1918−46:(31)

A correspondent writes, from the Dove Marine Laboratory, Cuttercoats, England, that, at Hindon, a suburb of
Sunderland, Aug. 24, 1918, hundreds of small fishes, identified as sand eels, had fallen−−

Again the small area: about 60 by 30 yards.

The fall occurred during a heavy rain that was accompanied by thunder−−or indications of disturbance
aloft−−but by no visible lightning. The sea is close to Hindon, but if you try to think of these fishes having
described a trajectory in a whirlwind from the ocean, consider this remarkable datum:

That, according to witnesses, the fall upon this small area, occupied ten minutes.

I cannot think of a clearer indication of a direct fall from a stationary source.

And:

"The fish were all dead, and indeed stiff and hard, when picked up, immediately after the occurrence."

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Chapter VII

By all of which I mean that we have only begun to pile up our data of things that fall from a stationary source
overhead: we'll have to take up the subject from many approaches before our acceptance, which seems quite
as rigorously arrived at as ever has been a belief, can emerge from the accursed.

I don't know how much the horse and barn will help us to emerge: but, if ever anything did go up from this
earth's surface and stay up−−those damned things−−may have:

Monthly Weather Review, May, 1878:(32)

In a tornado, in Wisconsin, May 23, 1878, "a barn and horse were carried completely away, and neither horse
nor barn, nor any portion of either have since been found."

After that, which would be a little strong were it not for a steady improvement in our digestions that I note as
we go along, there is little of the bizarre or the unassimilable, in the turtle that hovered six months or so over
a small town in Mississippi:

Monthly Weather Review, May, 1894:(33)

That, May 11, 1894, at Vicksburg, Miss., fell a small piece of alabaster; that, at Bovina, eight miles from
Vicksburg, fell a gopher turtle.

They fell in a hailstorm.

This item was widely copied at the time: for instance, Nature, one of the volumes of 1894, page 430, and
Jour. Roy. Met. Soc., 20−273.(34) As to discussion−−not a word. Or Science and its continuity with
Presbyterianism−−data like this are damned at birth. The Weather Review does sprinkle, or baptize, or
attempt to save, this infant−−but in all the meteorological literature that I have gone through, after that
date−−not a word, except mention once or twice. The Editor of the Review says:

"An examination of the weather map show that these hailstorms occur on the south side of a region of cold
northerly winds, and were but a small part of a series of similar storms: apparently some special local whirls
or gusts carried heavy objects from this earth's surface up to the cloud regions."

Of all the incredibilities that we have to choose from, I give first place to a notion of a whirlwind pouncing
upon a region and scrupulously selecting a turtle and a piece of alabaster. This time, the other mechanical
thing `there in the first place' can not rise in response to its stimulus: it is resisted in that these objects were
coated with ice−−month of May in a southern state. If a whirlwind at all, there must have been very limited
selection: there is no record of the fall of other objects. But there is no attempt in the Review to specify a
whirlwind.

These strangely associated things were remarkably separated.

They fell eight miles apart.

Then−−as if there were real reasoning−−they must have been high to fall with such divergence, or one of
them must have been carried partly horizontally eight miles farther than the other. But either supposition
argues for power more than that of a local whirl or gust, or argues for a great, specific disturbance, of which
there is no record−−for the month of May, 1894.

Nevertheless−−as if I really were reasonable−−I do feel that I have to accept that this turtle had been raised
from this earth's surface, somewhere near Vicksburg−−because the gopher turtle is common in the southern

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Chapter VII

states.

Then I think of a hurricane that occurred in the state of Mississippi weeks or months before May 11, 1894.

No−−I don't look for it−−and inevitably find it.

Or that things can go up so high in hurricanes that they stay up indefinitely−−but may, after a while, be
shaken down by storms. Over and over have we noted the occurrence of strange falls in storms. So then that
the turtle and the piece of alabaster may have had far different origins−−from different worlds,
perhaps−−have entered a region of suspension over this earth−−wafting near each other−−long
duration−−final precipitation by atmospheric disturbance−−with hail−−or that hailstones, too, when large, are
phenomena of suspension of long duration: that it is highly unacceptable that the very large ones could
become so great only in falling from the clouds.

Over and over has the note of disagreeableness, or of putrefaction, been struck−−long duration. Other
indications of long duration.

I think of a region somewhere above this earth's surface, in which gravitation is inoperative, and is not
governed by the square of the distance−−quite as magnetism is negligible at a very short distance from a
magnet. Theoretically the attraction of a magnet should decrease with the square of the distance, but the
falling−off is found to be almost abrupt at a short distance.

I think that things raised from this earth's surface to that region have been held there until shaken down by
storms−−

The Super−Sargasso Sea.

Derelicts, rubbish, old cargoes from inter−planetary wrecks; things cast out into what is called space by
convulsions of other planets, things from the times of the Alexanders, Caesars and Napoleons of Mars and
Jupiter and Neptune; things raised by this earth's cyclones: horses and barns and elephants and flies and
dodoes, moas, and pterodactyls; leaves from modern trees and leaves of the Carboniferous era−−all, however,
tending to disintegrate into homogeneous−looking muds or dusts, red or black or yellow−−treasure−troves
for the paleontologists and for the archaeologists−−accumulations of centuries−−cyclones of Egypt, Greece,
and Assyria−−fishes dried and hard, there a short time: others there long enough to putrefy−−

But the omnipresence of Heterogeneity−−or living fishes, also−−ponds of fresh water: oceans of salt water.

As to the Law of Gravitation, I prefer to take one simple stand:

Orthodoxy accepts the correlation and equivalence of forces:

Gravitation is one of these forces.

All other forces have phenomena of repulsion and of inertness irrespective of distance, as well as of
attraction.

But Newtonian Gravitation admits attraction only:

Then Newtonian Gravitation can be only one−third acceptable even to the orthodox, or there is denial of the
correlation and equivalence of forces.

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Chapter VII

Or still simpler:

Here are the data.

Make what you will, yourself, of them.

In our Intermediatist revolt against homogeneous, or positive, explanations, or our acceptance that the
all−sufficing cannot be less than universality, besides which, however, there would be nothing to suffice, our
expression upon the Super−Sargasso Sea, though it harmonizes with data of fishes that fall as if from a
stationary source−−and, of course, with other data, too−−is inadequate to account for two peculiarities of the
falls of frogs:

That never has a fall of tadpoles been reported;

That never has a fall of full−grown frogs been reported−−

Always frogs a few months old.

It sounds positive, but if there be such reports they are somewhere out of my range of reading.

But tadpoles would be more likely to fall from the sky, than would frogs, little or big, if such falls be
attributed to whirlwinds; and more likely to fall from the Super−Sargasso Sea, if, though very tentatively and
provisionally, we accept the Super−Sargasso Sea.

Before we taken up an especial expression upon the fall of immature and larval forms of life to this earth, and
the necessity then of conceiving of some factor besides mere stationariness or suspension or stagnation, there
are other data that are similar to data of falls of fishes.

Science Gossip, 1886−238:(35)

That small snails, of a land species, had fallen near Redruth, Cornwall, July 8, 1886, during "a heavy
thunderstorm:" roads and fields strewn with them, so that they were gathered up by the hatful: none seen to
fall by the writer of this account: snails said to be "quite different to any previously observed in this district."

But, upon page 282, we have better orthodoxy.(36) Another correspondent writes that he had heard of the
supposed fall of snails: that he had supposed that all such stories had gone the way of witch stories; that, to
his astonishment, he had read an account of this absurd story in a local newspaper of "great and deserved
repute."

"I thought I should for once like to trace the origin of one of these fabulous tales."

Our own acceptance is that justice can not be in an intermediate existence, in which there can be
approximation only to justice or to injustice; that to be fair is to have no opinion at all; that to be honest is to
be uninterested; that to investigate is to admit prejudice; that nobody has ever really investigated anything,
but has always sought positively to prove or disprove something that was conceived of, or suspected, in
advance.

"As I suspected," says the correspondent, "I found that the snails were of a familiar land−species"−−that they
had been upon the ground "in the first place."

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Chapter VII

He found that the snails had appeared after the rain: that "astonished rustics had jumped to the conclusion that
they had fallen."

He met one person who said that he had seen the snails fall.

"This was his error," says the investigator.(37)

In the Philosophical Magazine, 58−310, there is an account of snails said to have fallen at Bristol, in a field of
three acres, in such quantities that they were shovelled up.(38) It is said that the snails "may be considered as
a local species." Upon page 457, another correspondent says that the numbers had been exaggerated, and that
in his opinion they had not been upon the ground in the first place.(39) But that there had been some unusual
condition aloft comes out in his observation upon "the curious azure−blue appearance of the sun, at the time."

Nature, 47−278:(40)

That, according to Das Wetter, (Dec., 1892), upon August 9, 1892, a yellow cloud appeared over Paderborn,
Germany. From this cloud, fell a torrential rain, in which were hundreds of mussels. There is no mention of
whatever may have been upon the ground in the first place, nor of a whirlwind.

Lizards−−said to have fallen on the sidewalks of Montreal, Canada, Dec. 28, 1857. (Notes and Queries,
8−6−104.)(41)

In the Scientific American, 3−112, a correspondent writes, from South Granville, N. Y., that, during a heavy
shower, July 3, 1860, he heard a peculiar sound at his feet, and looking down, saw a snake lying as if stunned
by a fall. It then came to life. Gray snake, about a foot long.(42)

These data have any meaning or lack of meaning or degree of damnation you please: but, in the matter of the
fall that occurred at Memphis, Tennessee, occur some strong significances. Our quasi−reasoning upon this
subject applies to all segregations so far considered.

Monthly Weather Review, Jan. 15, 1877:(43)

That, in Memphis, Tenn., Jan. 15, 1877, rather strictly localized, or "in a space of two blocks," and after a
violent storm in which rain "fell in torrents," snakes were found. They were crawling on sidewalks, in yards,
and in streets, and in masses−−but "none were found on roofs or any elevation above ground" and "none were
seen to fall."

If you prefer to believe that the snakes had always been there, or had been upon the ground in the first place,
and that it was only that something occurred to call special attention to them, in the streets of Memphis, Jan.
15, 1877−−why, that's sensible: that's the common sense that has been against us from the first.

It is not said whether the snakes were of a known species or not, but that "when first seen, they were of a dark
brown, almost black." Blacksnakes, I suppose.

If we accept that these snakes did fall, even though not seen to fall by all the persons who were out
sight−seeing in a violent storm, and had not been in the streets crawling loose or in thick tangled masses, in
the first place;

If we try to accept that these snakes had been raised from some other part of this earth's surface in a
whirlwind;

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Chapter VII

If we try to accept that a whirlwind could segregate them−−

We accept the segregation of other objects raised in that whirlwind.

Then, near the point of origin, there would have been a fall of heavier objects that had been snatched up with
the snakes−−stones, fence rails, limbs of trees. Say that the snakes occupied the next gradation, and would be
next to fall. Still farther would there have been separate falls of lightest objects: leaves twigs, tufts of grass.

In the Monthly Weather Review there is no mention of other falls said to have occurred anywhere in January,
1877.

Again ours is the objection against such selectiveness by a whirlwind. Conceivably a whirlwind could scoop
out a den of hibernating snakes, with stones and earth and an infinitude of other débris, snatching up dozens
of snakes−−I don't know how many to a den−−hundreds may be−−but, according to the account of this
occurrence in the New York Times, there were thousands of them; alive; from one foot to eighteen inches in
length.(44) The Scientific American, 36−86, records the fall, and says that there were thousands of them.(45)
The usual whirlwind−explanation is given−−"but in what locality snakes exist in such abundance is yet a
mystery."

This matter of enormousness of numbers suggests to me something of a migratory nature−−but that snakes in
the United States do not migrate in the month of January, if ever.

As to falls or flutterings of winged insects from the sky, prevailing notions of swarming would seem
explanatory enough: nevertheless, in instances of ants, there are some peculiar circumstances.

L'Astronomie, 1889−353:(46)

Falls of fishes, June 13, 1889, in Holland; ants, Aug. 1, 1889, Strasbourg; little toads, Aug. 2, 1889, Savoy.

Fall of ants, Cambridge, England, summer of 1874−−"some were wingless." (Scientific American,
31−193.)(47) Enormous fall of ants, Nancy, France, July 21, 1887−−"most of them were wingless" (Nature,
36−349.)(48) Fall of enormous, unknown ants−−size of wasps−−Manitoba, June, 1895. (Sci. Amer.,
72−385.)(49)

However, our expression will be:

That wingless, larval forms of life, in numbers so enormous that migration from some place external to this
earth is suggested, have fallen from the sky.

That these "migrations"−−if such can be our acceptance−−have occurred at a time of hibernation and burial
far in the ground of larvae in the northern latitudes of this earth; that there is significance in recurrence of
these falls in the last of January−−or that we have the square of an incredibility in such a notion as that of
selection of larvae by whirlwinds, compounded with selection of the last of January.

I accept that there are "snow worms" upon this earth−−whatever their origin may have been. In the Proc.
Acad. Nat. Sci. of Philadelphia, 1899−125, there is a description of yellow worms and black worms that have
been found together on glaciers in Alaska.(50) Almost positively were there no other forms of insect−life
upon these glaciers, and there was no vegetation to support insect−life, except microscopic organisms.
Nevertheless the description of this probably polymorphic species fits a description of larvae said to have
fallen in Switzerland, and less definitely fits another description. There is no opposition here, if our data of
falls are clear. Frogs of every−day ponds look like frogs said to have fallen from the sky−−except the whitish

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Chapter VII

frogs of Birmingham. However, all falls of larvae have not positively occurred in the last of January.

London Times, April 24, 1837:(51)

That, in the parish of Bramford Speke, Devonshire, a large number of black worms, about three−quarters of
an inch in length, had fallen in a snow storm.

In Timb's Year Book, 1877−26, it is said that, in the winter of 1876, at Christiana, Norway, worms were
found crawling upon the ground.(52) The occurrence is considered a great mystery, because the worms could
not have come up from the ground, inasmuch as the ground was frozen at the time, and because they were
reported from other places, also, in Norway.

Immense numbers of black insects in a snowstorm, in 1827, at Pakroff, Russia (Scientific American,
30−193).(53)

Fall, with snow, at Orenburg, Russia, Dec. 14, 1830, of a multitude of small, black insects, said to have been
gnats, but also said to have had flea−like motions. (Amer. Jour. Sci., 1−22−375.)(54)

Large number of worms found in a snowstorm, upon the surface of snow about four inches thick, near
Sangerfield, N. Y., Nov. 18, 1850 (Scientific American, 6−96).(55) The writer thinks that the worms had
been brought to the surface of the ground by rain, which had fallen previously.

Scientific American, Feb. 21, 1891:(56)

"A puzzling phenomenon has been noticed frequently in some parts of Valley Bend District, Randolph
County, Va., this winter. The crust of the snow has been covered two or three times with worms resembling
the ordinary cut worms. Where they come from, unless they fall with the snow is inexplicable." In the
Scientific American, Mar. 7, 1891, the Editor says that similar worms had been seen upon the snow near
Utica, N. Y., and in Oneida and Herkimer Counties; that some of the worms had been sent to the Department
of Agriculture at Washington. Again two species, or polymorphism. According to Prof. Riley, it was not
polymorphism, "but two distinct species"−−which, because of our data, we doubt. One kind was larger than
the other: color−differences not distinctly stated. One is called the larvae of the common soldier beetle and
the other "seems to be a variety of the bronze cut worm." No attempt to explain the occurrence in snow.(57)

Fall of great numbers of larvae of beetles, near Mortagne, France, May, 1858. The larvae were inanimate as if
with cold. (Annales Society Entomologique de France, 1858.)(58)

Trans. Ent. Soc. of London, 1871−183, records "snowing of larvae," in Silesia, 1806; "appearance of many
larvae on the snow," in Saxony, 1811; "larvae found alive on the snow," 1828; larvae and snow which "fell
together," in the Eifel, Jan. 30, 1847; "fall of insects," Jan. 24, 1849, in Lithuania; occurrence of larvae
estimated at 300,000 on the snow in Switzerland, in 1856.(59) The compiler says that most of these larvae
live underground, or at the roots of trees; that whirlwinds uproot trees, and carry away the
larvae−−conceiving of them as not held in masses of frozen earth−−all as neatly detachable as currants in
something. In the Revue et Magasin de Zoologie, 1849−72, there is an account of the fall in Lithuania, Jan.
24, 1849−−that black larvae had fallen in enormous numbers.(60)

Larvae thought to have been of beetles, but described as "caterpillars," not seen to fall, but found crawling on
the snow, after a snowstorm, at Warsaw, Jan. 20, 1850. (All the Year Round, 8−253.)(61)

Flammarion (The Atmosphere, p. 414) tells of a fall of larvae that occurred Jan. 30, 1869, in a snowstorm, in
Upper Savoy: "They could not have been hatched in the neighborhood, for, during the days preceding, the

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Chapter VII

temperature had been very low"; said to have been a species common in the south of France.(62) In La
Science Pour Tous, 14−183, it is said that with these larvae there were developed insects.(63)

L'Astronomie, 1890−313:(64)

That, upon the last of January, 1890, there fell, in a great tempest, in Switzerland, incalculable numbers of
larvae: some black and some yellow; numbers so great that hosts of birds were attracted.

Altogether we regard this as one of our neatest expressions for external origins and against the
whirlwind−explanation. If an exclusionist says that, in January, larvae were precisely and painstakingly
picked out of frozen ground, in incalculable numbers, he thinks of a tremendous force−−disregarding its
refinements: then if origin and precipitation be not far apart, what becomes of an infinitude of other débris,
conceiving of no time for segregation?

If he thinks of a long translation−−all the way from the south of France to Upper Savoy, he may think then of
a very fine sorting over by differences of specific gravity−−but in such a fine selection, larvae would be
separated from developed insects.

As to differences in specific gravity−−the yellow larvae that fell in Switzerland, Jan., 1890, were three times
the size of the black larvae that fell with them. In accounts of this occurrence, there is no denial of the fall.

Or that a whirlwind never brought them together and held them together and precipitated them and only them
together−−

That they came from Genesistrine.

There's no escape from it. We'll be persecuted for it. Take it or leave it−−

Genesistrine.

The notion is that there is somewhere aloft a place of origin of life relatively to this earth. Whether it's the
planet Genesistrine, or the moon, or a vast amorphous region super−jacent to this earth, or an island in the
Super−Sargasso Sea, should perhaps be left to the researches of other super−−or extra−−geographers. That
the first unicellular organisms may have come here from Genesistrine−−or that men or anthropomorphic
beings may have come here before amoebae: that, upon Genesistrine, there may have been an evolution
expressible in conventional biologic terms, but that evolution upon this earth has been−−like evolution in
modern Japan−−induced by external influences; that evolution, as a whole, upon this earth, has been a
process of population by immigration or by bombardment. Some notes I have upon remains of men and
animals encysted, or covered with clay or stone, as if fired here as projectiles, I omit now, because it seems
best to regard the whole phenomenon as a tropism−−as a geotropism−−probably atavistic, or vestigial, as it
were, or something still continuing long after expiration of necessity; that, once upon a time, all kinds of
things came here from Genesistrine, but that now only a few kinds of bugs and things, at long intervals, feel
the inspiration.

Not one instance have we of tadpoles that have fallen to this earth. It seems reasonable that a whirlwind could
scoop up a pond, frogs and all and cast down the frogs somewhere else: but, then, more reasonable that a
whirlwind could scoop up a pond, tadpoles and all−−because tadpoles are more numerous in their season than
are frogs in theirs: but the tadpole−season is earlier in the spring, or in a time that is more tempestuous.
Thinking in terms of causation−−as if there were real causes−−our notion is that, if X is likely to cause Y, but
is more likely to cause Z, but does not cause Z, X is not the cause of Y. Upon this quasi−sorites, we base our
acceptance that the little frogs that have fallen to this earth are not products of whirlwinds: that they come

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Chapter VII

from externality, or from Genesistrine.

I think of Genesistrine in terms of biologic mechanics: not that somewhere there are persons who collect bugs
in or about the last of January and frogs in July and August, and bombard this earth, any more than do
persons go through northern regions, catching and collecting birds, every autumn, then casting them
southward.

But atavistic, or vestigial, geotropism in Genesistrine−−or a million larvae start crawling, and a million little
frogs start hopping−−knowing no more what it's all about than we do when we crawl to work in the morning
and hop away at night.

I should say, myself, that Genesistrine is a region in the Super−Sargasso Sea, and that parts of the
Super−Sargasso Sea have rhythms of susceptibility to the earth's attraction.

1. "Showers of frogs and toads." Leisure Hour, 3, 779−781.

2. Pontus. "Pluie de crapauds." Comptes Rendus, 3 (1836): 54−55. The name should be Arago, (not Arrago).

3. R. Hedger Wallace. "A shower of frogs." Notes and Queries, s.8, 6 (August 11, 1894): 104−105. C. Leeson
Prince. "A shower of frogs." Notes and Queries, s.8, 6 (September 8, 1894): 190−191.

4. "A shower of frogs...." Scientific American, n.s., 29 (July 12, 1873): 17.

5. C.P. Hale. "A shower of frogs." Notes and Queries, s.8, 7 (June 1, 1895): 437.

6. William George Black. "A shower of frogs." Notes and Queries, s. 8, 8 (December 21, 1895): 495. Andrew
Haggard. Under Crescent and Star. 1895, 279.

7. "Singular phenomenon." London Times, July 4, 1883, p.4 c.2.

8. "Pluie de crapauds à Taïti." Nature (Paris), 1884 v.1, 207. John A. Stewart. "Shower of perch − Sunsets."
Knowledge, 4 (December 28, 1883): 396. "Extraordinary phenomenon at Airdrie." Scotsman (Edinburgh),
December 17, 1883, p.4 c.7.

9. Monthly Weather Review, 9 (July 1881): 17−19, at 18, c.v. "Winds." The event occurred at Bays Lake,
Redwood Co., Minnesota, on July 16, 1881.

10. "A shower of frogs." Symons' Meteorological magazine, 32, 107.

11. "William Thomson. "Note on the effects of the hurricane of January 7, 1839, in Ireland, on some birds,
fishes, Annals and magazine of natural history, s.1, 3, 182−185. Correct quote: "fifteen yards," (not "15").
The hurricane was reported to Robert Ball by Dean Vignolles.

12. George Buist. "Showers of fish." Living Age, 52 (1857): 186.

13. W.C.L. Martin. "On the fall of frogs, toads, and fishes from the sky." Recreative Science, 3, 328−334, at
329. "Preternatural rains." Penny Magazine, April 1, 1843, 127−128, at 128. Rees' Cyclopedia, 29, c.v. "Rain,
Preternatural" The incident was said to have occurred in "a towne at some distance from Paris."

14. "Anecdote of a shower of frogs at Selby." Zoologist, s.1, 2 (1844): 677−678. Correct quote: "I am
continually receiving similar accounts, not only of frogs, but toads, white fish and eels."

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Chapter VII

15. John Griffith. "The shower of fish in the Valley of Abedare." Zoologist, s.1, 17 (1859): 6493.

16. J.E. Gray. "The shower of fishes." Zoologist, s.1, 17 (1859): 6540−6541. Correct quote: "On reading the
evidence it appears to me most probably to be only a practical joke of the mates of John Lewis, who seem to
have thrown a pailful of water with the fish in it over him, and he appears to have returned them to the pool
from which they were originally taken."

17. Robert Drane. "The shower of fishes." Zoologist, s.1, 17 (1859): 6564. Correct quote: "...opposing such
high authority by a contrary opinion." No mention is made of Dr. Gray's name.

18. "Shower of fish." Annual Register, 1859, pt.2, 14−15.

19. "Wonderful phenomenon." London Times, March 2, 1859, p.12 c.5. Correct quote: "Several of the fish
are preserved in fresh water, five of which I have this day seen. They seem to thrive well."

20. "Shower of fish in the Valley of Abedare." London Times, March 10, 1859, p.7 c.5. Correct quote: "That
shed (pointing to a very large workshop) was covered with them, and the shoots were quite full of them."

21. W.S. Symonds. "An account of the fish−rain at Abedare in Glamorganshire." Annual Report of the
British Association for the Advancement of Science, 1859, trans., 158. Correct quote: "...exhibited, was
found to be the Gasterosteus leiurus, Cuv."

22. James Tennent. Ceylon. London: Longman, Green, Longman, and Roberts, 1860, v.1, 211−212, fn.2.

23. George Buist. "Showers of fish." Living Age, 52 (1857): 186. The fall at Dunkeld, Perthshire, occurred
about 1830. Memoirs of the Wernerian Natural History Society, 5, 575, c.v. "1825. Mar. 19." The fall of
herrings at Bernardy, Scotland, took place in June of 1824, (probably June 30); and, it was further reported
in: "Supposed effects of a water−spout." Philosophical Magazine, August 1824, 152−154. "Extracts from the
Minute−Book of the Linnean Society of London." Transactions of the Linnean Society of London, 16 (1833):
764. July 20, 1829, is the date of the letter reporting the fall of fish at Moradabad. W.C.L. Martin. "On the
falls of frogs, toads, and fishes from the sky." Recreative Science, 3, 328−334, at 329. Fort noted: "BD/Rec
Sci ref. Change to 3−328" (Note SF−V−326). J. P. "Fall of fish from the sky." Journal of the Royal Asiatic
Society of Bengal, 2 (1833): 650−652.

24. "Fallen from the clouds." All the Year Round, 8 (November 22, 1862): 250−256, at 255. Correct quotes:
"...rain − one of the heaviest," and, "The ground around Rajkote was found literally covered with fish, and
some were found even upon the tops of haystacks."

25. George Buist. "Showers of fish." Living Age, 52 (1857): 186.

26. William Ferrel. A Popular Treatise on the Winds. New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1911, 2nd ed., 414.
Charles Tomlinson. The Rain−cloud and the Snow−storm. London: Society for the Promoting of Christian
Knowledge, 1864, 191. Correct quote: "...struck me in connection with this event, that the fish did not fall
helter−skelter, everywhere. Or here and there...."

27. George Buist. "Showers of fish." Living Age, 52 (1857): 186.

28. Prinsep. "Fall of fishes from the atmosphere in India." American Journal of Science, s.1, 32 (1837):
199−200. Correct quote: "...some were found destitute of a head, and had commenced to putrefy; others were
entire and fresh...."

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Chapter VII

29. "Fall of fish from the sky" Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Bengal, 2 (1833): 650−652. Buist
refers to the weights of the fish that fell on May 16 and 17, 1833, (not those of the fall on February 19, 1830).

30. George Buist. "Showers of fish." Living Age, 52 (1857): 186. The fall at Futtehpoor, (not Futtepoor),
occurred on May 16 and 17, 1833.

31. A. Meek. "A shower of sand−eels." Nature, 102 (September 19, 1918): 46. The locations given are
Cullercoats, (not Cuttercoats), and Hendon, (not Hindon).

32. Monthly Weather Review, May 1878, 9, c.v. "Tornadoes." The tornado was reported at Mineral Point,
Iowa Co., Wisconsin.

33. "Remarkable hail." Monthly Weather Review, 22 (May 1894): 215. Correct quote: "An examination of
the weather map shows that these hail storms occured on the south side of a region of cold northerly winds,
and were but a small portion of a series of similar storms; apparently some special local whirls or gusts
carried heavy objects from this earth's surface up to the cloud region...."

34. "Notes." Nature, 50 (August 30, 1894): 428−433, at 430. "Remarkable hail." Quarterly Journal of the
Royal Meteorological Society, 20 (1894): 273.

35. R.J. Connock. "Shower of shells." Hardwicke's Science Gossip, 22 (1886): 238. There is no mention of
"land species," herein. Correct quotes: "hatful," (not "handful"), and, "...in the district."

36. J.T. Marshall. "Shower of shells." Hardwicke's Science Gossip, 22 (1886): 282−283. Correct quotes: "...as
I suspected, the shells turned out to be Helix virgata and Bulimus acutus, species which have done duty
before for similar phenomena. These two species live in myriads at the roots of grass and herbage, and at
certain periods, after showers of rain, appear on the leaves and stalks to the astonishment of rustics, who see
these snails appearing in multitudes during rain without apparently coming from anywhere, and jump to the
conclusion that they must have fallen with the rain." And: "The only error in the above account is in the
miner saying he saw them falling − a very simple error; but to what an extraordinary conclusion it leads!"

37. For the initial report and discussion of this event: "A shower of shells." Redruth Independent, August 13,
1886, p.3 c.3. Observer. "Shower of shells." Redruth Independent, August 20, 1886, p.4 c.5. Nat. "Shower of
shells." Redruth Independent, August 27, 1886, p.4 c.3. Helix. "Shower of shells." Redruth Independent,
September 10, 1886, p.4 c.2. Nat. "Shower of shells." Redruth Independent, September 17, 1886, p.4 c.1.
Helix. "Shower of shells." Redruth Independent, September 24, 1886, p.4 c.2.

38. "Shower of snails." Philosophical Magazine, s.1, 58 (October 1821): 310−311.

39. William Herapath."Shower of snails." Philosophical Magazine, s.1, 58 (December 1821): 457−458.
Correct quote: "Having heard such a report at the time, I was anxious to examine into the truth of it,
particularly as it was represented to have had some sort of connexion with the curious azure−blue appearance
of the sun...." For the original reports: "The inhabitants of this city have this week been amused...." Felix
Farley's Bristol Journal, August 25, 1821, p.3 c.4.

40. "Notes." Nature, 47 (January 19, 1893): 277−281, at 278. "A yellowish cloud attracted the attention of
several people, both from its colour and the rapidity of its motion, when suddenly it burst, a torrential rain fell
with a rattling sound, and immediately afterwards the pavement was found to be covered with hundreds of
mussels. Further details will be published in the reports of the Berlin Office, but the only possible explanation
seems to be that the water of a river in the neighbourhood was drawn up by a passing tornado, and afterwards
deposited its living burden at the place in question." R. Ukmann. "Ein seltsamer regenfall." Wetter, 9

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Chapter VII

(December 1892): 7.

41. R. Hedger Wallace. "A shower of frogs." Notes and Queries, s.8, 6 (August 11, 1894): 104−105. The fall
of lizards often reported as having taken place in Montreal, on this date, is a report in the Montreal Weekly
Gazette of this date, wherein the fall was said to have occurred at Le Roy, New York, (with no date given).

42. Wm. Rugge. "Raining snakes." Scientific American, n.s., 3 (August 11, 1860): 112.

43. Monthly Weather Review, January 1877, 8, c.v. "Zoological." Correct quote: "Morning opened with light
rain; 10:20 a.m. began to pour down in torrents, lasting fifteen minutes, wind S.W.; immediately after the
reptiles were discovered crawling on the sidewalks, in the road, gutters and yards of Vance Street, between
Lauderdale and Goslee streets, two blocks; careful inquiry was made to ascertain if anyone had seen them
descend, but without success; neither were they to be found in the cisterns, on roofs, or any elevations above
the ground; Vance street is comparatively new, has no pavements, gutters purely trenches; I heard of none
being found elsewhere; when first seen they were a very dark brown, almost black; were very thick in some
places, being tangled together like a mass of thread or yarn."

44. "Thousands of snakes in Memphis." New York Times, January 18, 1877, p.5 c.3.

45. "A snake rain." Scientific American, n.s., 36 (February 10, 1877): 86.

46. "Pluie de fourmis." "Pluie de crapauds." And: "Pluie de poissons." Astronomie, 8 (1889): 353−354.

47. "Queer rains." Scientific American, n.s., 31 (September 26, 1874): 193. F.A.P. "The ant cloud of August
18." Cambridge Chronicle and University Journal (England), August 22, 1874, p.8 c.4−5. "The ant shower of
August 18." Cambridge Chronicle and University Journal, August 29, 1874, p.8 c.5. Correct quote: "The
insects were the small winged male ant (formica fusca), together with two other varieties, one large without
wings, and another of intermediate size with wings." Swarms of ants were reportedly seen rising up into the
air at Bridgwater and at Sawston; but, clouds and swarms of ants were reported from many locations, besides
Cambridge, including Putney, Lewisham, Eltham, Ealing, Bexley Heath, and other locations about London.

48. "Notes." Nature, 36 (August 11, 1887): 347−350, at 349. Correct quote: "Most of the insects were
wingless." "Une pluie de fourmis." Nature (Paris), 1887 (August 11): 159.

49. "A shower of black ants." Scientific American, n.s., 72 (June 22, 1895): 385. The shower, in May of
1895, was reported in the Manitoba Free Press.

50. J. Percy Moore. "A snow−inhabiting enchytraeid (Mensenchytaeus solifugus Emery) collected by Mr.
Henry G. Bryant on the Malaspina Glacier, Alaska." Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of
Philadelphia, 51 (1899): 125−144, plates III IV.

51. "An extraordinary phenomenon occurred last week...." London Times, April 24, 1837, p.6 c.3.

52. "Shower of worms." Timb's Year Book of Facts in Science and Art, 1876, 26. As the volume was for
1876, the event would have been in 1875.

53. "Queer rains." Scientific American, n.s., 31 (September 26, 1874): 193.

54. "Showers of flies. Singular appearance of the Moon." American Journal of Science, s.1, 22 (1832):
375−376.

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Chapter VII

55. P.B.W. "Worms on snow." Scientific American, o.s., 6 (December 7, 1850): 96.

56. "Snow worms." Scientific American, n.s., 64 (February 21, 1891): 116.

57. "Snow worms." Scientific American, n.s., 64 (March 7, 1891): 147. Correct quotes: "You send two
distinct larvæ," and, "bronzy cut worm."

58. "M.H. Lucas communique la note suivante relative à une espèce d'Orthoptères." Annales de la Société
Entomologique de France, s.3, 6 ("Bulletin Trimestriel," n.2; April, May June, 1858): xcvi. The insects were
identified as Gryllus domesticus, or crickets, which are not beetles.

59. Albert Müller. "On the dispersal of non−migrating insects by atmospheric agencies." Transactions of the
Royal Entomological Society of London, 1871, 175−186, at 184. Correct quote: "Snow, together with larvæ,
fell in the Eifel," and, "Count C. Tyzenhaus records a fall of Telephorus fuscus in Lithuania."

60. C. Tyzenhauz. "Notice sur une pluie d'insectes observeé en Lithuanie le 24 janvier 1849." Revue et
Magasin de Zoologie, s.2, 1 (February 1849): 72−76.

61. "Fallen from the clouds." All the Year Round, 8 (November 22, 1862): 250−256, at 253. The insects were
found after a rain storm, (not a snow storm), in 1858, (not 1850).

62. Nicholas Camille Flammarion. Atmosphere. New York, 1873, 414.

63. "Pluie d'insectes à Araches (Haute−Savoie) et à Turin." Science Pour Tous, 14, 183. Fort refers to the fall
of larvae at Araches in 1869, but the fall of adult insects refers to the event at Turin in November of 1854.

64. "Pluie de chenilles." Astronomie, 9 (1890): 313.

Chapter VIII

I ACCEPT that, when there are storms, the dam−dest of excluded, excommunicated things −− things that are
leprous to the faithful −− are brought down −− from the Super−Sargasso Sea −− or from what for
convenience we call the Super−Sargasso Sea −− which by no means has been taken into full acceptance yet.

That things are brought down by storms, just as, from the depths of the sea things are brought up by storms.
To be sure it is orthodoxy that storms have little, if any, effect below waves of the ocean −− but −− of course
−− only to have an opinion is to be ignorant of, or to disregard a contradiction, or something else that
modifies an opinion out of distinguishability.

Symons' Meteorological Magazine, 47−180:(1)

That, along the coast of New Zealand, in regions not subject to submarine volcanic action, deep−sea fishes
are often brought up by storms.

Iron and stones that fall from the sky; and atmospheric disturbances:

"There is absolutely no connection between the two phenomena." (Symons.)(2)

The orthodox belief is that objects moving at planetary velocity would, upon entering this earth's atmosphere,
be virtually unaffected by hurricanes; might as well think of a bullet swerved by someone fanning himself.

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Chapter VIII

The only trouble with the orthodox reasoning is the usual trouble −− its phantom−dominant −− its basing
upon a myth −− data we've had, and more we'll have, of things in the sky having no independent velocity.

There are so many storms and so many meteors and meteorites that it would be extraordinary if there were no
concurrences. Nevertheless so many of these concurrences are listed by Prof. Baden−Powell (Rept. Brit.
Assoc., 1850−54) that one −− notices.(3)

See Rept. Brit. Assoc., 1860 −− other instances.(4)

The famous fall of stones at Siena, Italy, 1794 −− "in a violent storm."(5)

See Greg's Catalogues −− many instances. One that stands out is −− "bright ball of fire and light in a
hurricane in England, Sept. 2, 1786."(6) The remarkable datum here is that this phenomenon was visible forty
minutes. That's about 800 times the duration that the orthodox give to meteors and meteorites.

See the Annual Register −− many instances.

In Nature, Oct. 25, 1877, and the London Times, Oct. 15, 1877, something that fell in a gale on Oct. 14,
1877, is described as a "huge ball of green fire."(7) This phenomenon is described by another correspondent,
in Nature, 17−10, and an account of it by another correspondent was forwarded to Nature by W.F.
Denning.(8)

There are so many instances that some of us will revolt against the insistence of the faithful that it is only
coincidence, and accept that there is connection of the kind called causal. If it is too difficult to think of
stones and metallic masses swerved from their courses by storms, if they move at high velocity, we think of
low velocity, or of things having no velocity at all, hovering a few miles above this earth, dislodged by
storms, and falling luminously.

But the resistance is so great here, and "coincidence" so insisted upon that we'd better have some more
instances:

Aerolite in a storm at St. Leonards−on−sea, England, Sept. 17, 1885 −− no trace of it found (Annual Register,
1885); meteorite in a gale, March 1, 1886, described in the Monthly Weather Review, March 1886; meteorite
in a thunderstorm, off coast of Greece, Nov. 19, 1899, (Nature, 61−111); fall of a meteorite in a storm, July 7,
1883, near Lachine, Quebec (Monthly Weather Review, July 1883); same phenomenon noted in Nature,
28−319; meteorite in a whirlwind, Sweden, Sept. 24, 1883, (Nature, 29−15).(9)

London Roy. Soc. Proc., 6−276:(10)

A triangular cloud that appeared in a storm, Dec. 17, 1852; a red nucleus, about half the apparent diameter of
the moon, and a long tail; visible thirteen minutes; explosion of the nucleus.

Nevertheless, in Science Gossip, 6−65, it is said that, though meteorites have fallen in storms, no connection
is supposed to exist between the two phenomena, except by the

ignorant peasantry.(11)

But some of us peasants have gone through the Report of the British Association, 1852. Upon page 239, Dr.
Buist, who had never heard of the Super−Sargasso Sea, says that, though it is difficult to trace connection
between the phenomena, three aerolites had fallen in five months, in India, during thunderstorms, in 1851
(may have been 1852). For accounts by witnesses, see page 229 of the Report.(12)

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Chapter VIII

Or −− we are on our way to account for "thunderstones."

It seems to me that, very striking here, is borne out the general acceptance that ours is only an intermediate
existence, in which there is nothing fundamental, or nothing final to take as a positive standard to judge by.

Peasants believed in meteorites.

Scientists excluded meteorites.

Peasants believe in "thunderstones."

Scientists exclude "thunderstones."

It is useless to argue that peasants are out in the fields, and that scientists are shut up in laboratories and
lecture rooms. We can not take for a real base that, as to phenomena with which they are more familiar,
peasants are more likely to be right than are scientists: a host of biologic and meteorologic fallacies of
peasants rises against us.

I should say that our "existence" is like a bridge −− except that that comparison is in static terms −− but like
the Brooklyn Bridge, upon which multitudes of bugs are seeking a fundamental −− coming to a girder that
seems firm and final −− but the girder is built upon supports. A support then seems final. But it is built upon
underlying structures. Nothing final can be found in all the bridge, because the bridge itself is not a final thing
in itself, but is a relationship between Manhattan and Brooklyn. If our "existence" is a relationship between
the Positive Absolute and the Negative Absolute, the quest for finality in it is hopeless: everything in it must
be relative, if the "whole" is not a whole, but is, itself, a relation.

In the attitude of Acceptance, our pseudo−base is:

Cells of an embryo are in the reptilian era of the embryo;

Some cells feel stimuli to take on new appearances.

If it be of the design of the whole that the next era be mammalian, those cells that turn mammalian will be
sustained against resistance, by inertia, of all the rest, and will be relatively right, though not finally right,
because they, too, in time will have to give way to characters of other eras of higher development.

If we are upon the verge of a new era, in which Exclusionism must be overthrown, it will avail thee not to
call us base−born and frowsy peasants.

In our crude, bucolic way, we now offer an outrage upon common sense that we think will some day be an
unquestioned commonplace:

That manufactured objects of stone and iron have fallen from the sky:

That they have been brought down from a state of suspension, in a region of inertness to this earth's
attraction, by atmospheric disturbances.

The "thunderstone" is usually "a beautifully polished, wedge−shaped piece of solid greenstone," says a writer
in the Cornhill Magazine, 50−517.(13) It isn't: it's likely to be of almost any kind of stone, but we call
attention to the skill with which some of them have been made. Of course this writer says it's all superstition.
Otherwise he'd be one of us crude and simple sons of the soil.

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Chapter VIII

Conventional damnation is that stone implements, already on the ground −− "on the ground in the first place"
−− are found near where lightning was seen to strike: that are supposed by astonished rustics, or by
intelligence of a low order, to have fallen in or with lightning.

Throughout this book, we class a great deal of science with bad fiction. When is fiction bad, cheap, low? If
coincidence is overworked. That's one way of deciding. But with single writers coincidence seldom is
overworked: we find the excess in the subject at large. Such a writer as the one of the Cornhill Magazine tells
us vaguely of beliefs of peasants: there is no massing of instance after instance after instance. Here ours will
be the method of mass−formation.

Conceivably lightning may strike the ground near where there was a wedge−shaped object in the first place:
again and again and again: lightning striking ground near wedge−shaped object in China; lightning striking
ground near wedge−shaped object in Scotland; lightning striking ground near wedge−shaped object in
Central Africa: coincidence in France; coincidence in Java; coincidence in South America −−

We grant a great deal but note a tendency to restlessness. Nevertheless this is the psycho−tropism of science
to all "thunderstones" said to have fallen luminously.

As to greenstone, it is in the island of Jamaica, where the notion is general that axes of a hard greenstone fall
from the sky −− "during the rains." (Jour. Inst. Jamaica, 2−4.)(14) Some other time we shall inquire into this
localization of objects of a specific material. "They are of a stone nowhere else to be found in Jamaica."
(Notes and Queries, 2−8−24.)(15)

In my own tendency to exclude, or in the attitude of one peasant or savage who thinks he is not to be classed
with other peasants or savages, I am not very much impressed with what natives think. It would be hard to
tell why. If the word of a Lord Kelvin carries no more weight, upon scientific subjects, than the word of a
Sitting Bull, unless it be in agreement with conventional opinion −− I think it must be because savages have
bad table manners. However, my snobbishness, in this respect, loosens up somewhat before very widespread
belief by savages and peasants. And the notion of "thunderstones" is as wide as geography itself.

The natives of Burmah, China, Japan, according to Blinkenberg (Thunder Weapons, p. 100) −− not, of
course, that Blinkenberg accepts one word of it −− think that carved stone objects have fallen from the sky,
because they think they have seen such objects fall from the sky. Such objects are called "thunderbolts" in
these countries. They are called "thunderstones" in Moravia, Holland, Belgium, France, Cambodia, Sumatra,
and Siberia. They're called "storm stones" in Lausitz; "sky arrows" in Slavonia; "thunder axes" in England
and Scotland; "lightning stones" in Spain and Portugal; "sky axes" in Greece; "lightning flashes" in Brazil;
"thunder teeth" in Amboina.(16)

The belief is as widespread as is belief in ghosts and witches, which only the superstitious deny to−day.

As to beliefs by North American Indians, Tyler gives a list of references (Primitive Culture, 2−237).(17) As
to South American Indians −− "Certain stone hatchets are said to have fallen from the heavens." (Jour. Amer.
Folk Lore, 17−203.)(18)

If you, too, revolt against coincidence after coincidence after coincidence, but find our interpretation of
"thunderstones" just a little too strong or rich for digestion, we recommend the explanation of one, Tallius,
written in 1649:

"The naturalists say they are generated in the sky by fulgureous exhalation conglobed in a cloud by the
circumfixed humor."(19)

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Chapter VIII

Of course the paper in the Cornhill Magazine was written with no intention of trying really to investigate this
subject, but to deride the notion that worked−stone objects have ever fallen from the sky. A writer in the
Amer. Jour. Sci., 1−21−325, read this paper and thinks it remarkable "that any man of ordinary reasoning
powers should write a paper to prove that thunderbolts do not exist."

I confess that we're a little flattered by that.

Over and over:

"It is scarcely necessary to suggest to the intelligent reader that thunderstones are a myth."

We contend that there is a misuse of a word here: we admit that only we are intelligent upon this subject, if
by intelligence is meant the inquiry of inequilibrium, and that all other intellection is only mechanical reflex
−− of course that intelligence, too, is mechanical, but less orderly and confined: less obviously mechanical −−
that as an acceptance of ours becomes firmer and firmer−established, we pass from the state of intelligence to
reflexes in ruts. An odd thing is that intelligence is usually supposed to be creditable. It may be in the sense
that it is mental activity trying to find out, but it is confession of ignorance. The bees, the theologians, the
dogmatic scientists are the intellectual aristocrats. The rest of us are plebians, not yet graduated to Nirvana, or
to the instinctive and suave as differentiated from the intelligent and crude.

Blinkenberg gives many instances of the superstition of "thunderstones" which flourishes only where
mentality is in a lamentable state −− or universally. In Malacca, Sumatra, and Java, natives say that stone
axes have often been found under trees that have been struck by lightning. Blinkenberg does not dispute this,
but says it is coincidence: that the axes were of course upon the ground in the first place: that the natives
jumped to the conclusion that these carved stones had fallen in or with lightning.(20) In Central Africa, it is
said that often have wedge−shaped, highly polished objects of stone, described as "axes," been found sticking
in trees that have been struck by lightning −− or by what seemed to be lightning. The natives, rather like the
unscientific persons of Memphis, Tenn., when they saw snakes after a storm, jumped to the conclusion that
the "axes" had not always been sticking in the trees.(21) Livingstone (Last Journals, pages 83, 89, 442, 448)
says that he has never heard of stone implements used by natives of Africa.(22) A writer in the Report of the
Smithsonian Institution, 1877−308, says that there are a few.(23)

That they are said, by the natives, to have fallen in thunderstorms.

As to luminosity, it is my lamentable acceptance that bodies falling through this earth's atmosphere, if not
warmed even, often fall with a brilliant light, looking like flashes of lightning. This matter seems important:
we'll take it up later, with data.

In Prussia, two stone axes were found in the trunks of trees, one under the bark. (Blinkenberg, Thunder
Weapons, p. 100).(24)

The finders jumped to the conclusion that the axes had fallen there.

Another stone ax −− or wedge−shaped object of worked stone −− said to have been found in a tree that had
been struck by something that looked like lightning. (Thunder Weapons, p. 71.)(25)

The finder jumped to the conclusion.

Story told by Blinkenberg of a woman, who lived near Kulsbjaergene, Sweden, who found a flint near an old
willow −− "near her house." I emphasize "near her house" because that means familiar ground. The willow
had been split by something.(26)

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Chapter VIII

She jumped.

Cow killed by lightning, or by what looked like lightning, (Isle of Sark, near Guernsey). The peasant who
owned the cow dug up the ground at the spot and found a small greenstone "ax." Blinkenberg says that he
jumped to the conclusion that it was this object that had fallen luminously, killing the cow.(27)

Reliquary, 1867−207:(28)

A flint ax found by a farmer, after a severe storm −− described as a "fearful storm" −− by a signal staff,
which had been split by something. I should say that nearness to a signal staff may be considered familiar
ground.

Whether he jumped, or arrived at the conclusion by a more leisurely process, the farmer thought that the flint
object had fallen in the storm.

In this instance we have a lamentable scientist with us. It's impossible to have positive difference between
orthodoxy and heresy: somewhere there must be a merging into each other, or an overlapping. Nevertheless,
upon such a subject as this, it does seem a little shocking. In most important works upon meteorites, the
peculiar, sulphurous odor of things that fall from the sky is mentioned. Sir John Evans ("Stone Implements,"
p. 57) says −− with extraordinary reasoning powers, if he could never have thought such a thing with
ordinary reasoning powers −− that this flint object "proved to have been the bolt, by its peculiar smell when
broken."(29)

If it did so prove to be, that settles the whole subject. If we prove that only one object of worked stone has
fallen from the sky, all piling up of further reports is unnecessary. However, we have already taken the stand
that nothing settles anything; that the disputes of ancient Greece are no nearer solution now than they were
several thousand years ago −− all because, in a positive sense, there is nothing to prove or solve or settle. Our
object is to be more nearly real than our opponents. Wideness is an aspect of the Universal. We go on widely.
According to us the fat man is nearer godliness than is the thin man. Eat, drink, and approximate to the
Positive Absolute. Beware of negativeness, by which we mean indigestion.

The vast majority of "thunderstones" are described as "axes," but Meunier (La Nature, 1892−2−381) tells of
one that was in his possession; said to have fallen at Ghardia, Algeria, contrasting "profoundment"
(pear−shaped) with the angular outlines of ordinary meteorites.(30) The conventional explanation that it had
been formed as a drop of molten matter from a larger body seems reasonable to me; but with less
agreeableness I note its fall in a thunderstorm, the datum that turns the orthodox meteorologist pale with rage,
or induces a slight elevation of his eyebrows, if you mention it to him.

Meunier tells of another "thunderstone" said to have fallen in North Africa. Meunier, too, is a little
lamentable here: he quotes a soldier of experience that such objects fall most frequently in the deserts of
Africa.

Rather miscellaneous now:

"Thunderstone" said to have fallen in London, April, 1876: weight about 8 pounds: no particulars as to shape
(Timb's Year Book, 1877−246).(31)

"Thunderbolt" said to have fallen at Cardiff, Sept. 26, 1916, (London Times, Sept. 28, 1916).(32) According
to Nature, 98−95, it was coincidence; only a lightning flash had been seen.(33)

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Chapter VIII

Stone that fell in a storm, near St. Albans, England: accepted at the Museum of St. Albans; said, at the British
Museum, not to be of "true meteoritic material." (Nature, 80−34.)(34)

London Times, April 26, 1876:(35)

That, April 20, 1876, near Wolverhampton, fell a mass of meteoritic iron during a heavy fall of rain. An
account of this phenomenon in Nature, 14−272, by H.S. Maskelyne, who accepts it as authentic.(36) Also,
see Nature, 13−531.(37)

For three other instances, see the Scientific American, 47−194; 52−83; 68−325.(38)

As to wedge−shaped larger than could very well be called an "ax":

Nature, 30−300:(39)

That, May 27, 1884, at Tysnas, Norway, a meteorite had fallen: that the turf was torn up at the spot where the
object had been supposed to have fallen; that two days later "a very peculiar stone" was found near by. The
description is −− "in shape and size very like the fourth part of a large Stilton cheese."

Description of the thunderstones of Burmah (Proc. Asiatic Soc. of Bengal, 1869−183): said to be a kind of
stone unlike any other found in Burmah; called "thunderbolts" by the natives.(40) I think there's a good deal
of meaning in such expressions as "unlike any other found in Burmah" −− but that if they said anything more
definite, there would have been unpleasant consequences to writers in the 19th century.

More about the thunderstones of Burmah, in the Proc. Soc. Antiq. of London, 2−3−97.(41) One of them,
described as an "adze," was exhibited by Captain Duff, who wrote that there was no stone like it in the
neighborhood.

Of course it may not be very convincing to say that because a stone is unlike neighboring stones it had
foreign origin −− also we fear it is a kind of plagiarism: we got it from the geologists, who demonstrate by
this reasoning the foreign origin of erratics. We fear we're a little gross and scientific at times.

But it's my acceptance that a great deal of scientific literature must be read between the lines. It's not
everyone who has the lamentableness of a Sir John Evans. Just as a great deal of Voltaire's meaning was
inter−linear, we suspect that a Captain Duff merely hints rather than to risk having a Prof. Lawrence Smith
fly at him and call him "a half−insane man."(42) Whatever Captain Duff's meaning may have been, and
whether he smiled like a Voltaire when he wrote it, Captain Duff writes of "the extremely soft nature of the
stone, rendering it equally useless as an offensive or defensive weapon."

Story, by a correspondent, in Nature, 34−53, of a Malay, of "considerable social standing" −− and one thing
about our data is that, damned though they be, they do so often bring us into awful good company −− who
knew of a tree that had been struck, about a month before, by something in a thunderstorm.(43) He searched
among the roots of this tree and found a "thunderstone." Not said whether he jumped or leaped to the
conclusion that it had fallen: process likely to be more leisurely in tropical countries. Also I'm afraid his way
of reasoning was not very original: just so were fragments of the Bath−furnace meteorite, accepted by
orthodoxy, discovered.

We shall now have an unusual experience. We shall read of some reports of extraordinary circumstances that
were investigated by a man of science −− not, of course that they were really investigated by him, but that his
phenomena occupied a position approximating higher to real investigation than to utter neglect. Over and
over we read of extraordinary occurrences −− no discussion; not even a comment afterward findable; mere

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Chapter VIII

mention occasionally −− burial and damnation.

The extraordinary and how quickly it is hidden away.

Burial and damnation, or the obscurity of the conspicuous.

We did read of a man who, in the matter of snails, did travel some distance to assure himself of something
that he had suspected in advance; and we remember Prof. Hitchcock, who had only to smite Amherst with the
wand of his botanical knowledge, and lo! two fungi sprang up before night; and we did read of Dr. Gray and
his thousands of fishes from one pailful of water −− but these instances stand out; more frequently there was
no "investigation." We now have a good many reported occurrences that were "investigated." Of things said
to have fallen from the sky, we make, in the usual scientific way, two divisions: miscellaneous objects and
substances, and symmetric objects attributable to beings like human beings, sub−dividing into −− wedges,
spheres, and disks.

Jour. Royal Met. Soc., 14−207:(44)

That, July 2, 1866, a correspondent to a London newspaper, wrote that something had fallen from the sky,
during a thunderstorm of June 30, 1866, at Notting Hill. Mr. G.T. Symons, of Symons' Meteorological
Magazine, investigated, about as fairly, and with about as unprejudiced a mind, as anything ever has been
investigated.

He says that the object was nothing but a lump of coal: that, next door to the home of the correspondent coal
had been unloaded the day before. With the uncanny wisdom of the stranger upon unfamiliar ground that we
have noted before, Mr. Symons saw that the coal reported to have fallen from the sky, and the coal unloaded
more prosaically the day before, were identical. Persons in the neighborhood, unable to make this simple
identification, had bought from the correspondent pieces of the object reported to have fallen from the sky.
As to credulity, I know of no limits for it −− but when it comes to paying our money for credulity −− oh, no
standards to judge by, of course −− just the same −−

The trouble with efficiency is that it will merge away into excess. With what seems to me to be
super−abundance of convincingness, Mr. Symons then lugs another character into his little comedy:

That it was all a hoax by a chemist's pupil, who had filled a capsule with an explosive, and "during the height
of the storm had thrown the burning mass into the gutter, so making an artificial thunderbolt."

Or even Shakespeare, with all his inartistry, did not lug in King Lear to make Hamlet complete.

Whether I'm lugging in something that has no special meaning, myself, or not, I find that this storm of June
30, 1866, was peculiar. It is described in the London Times, July 2, 1866: that "during the storm, the sky, in
many places remained partially clear while hail and rain were falling."(45) That may have more meaning
when we take up the possible extra−mundane origin of some hailstones, especially if they fall from a
cloudless sky. Mere suggestion, not worth much, that there have been falls of extra−mundane substances, in
London, June 30, 1866.

Clinkers, said to have fallen, during a storm, at Kilburn, July 5, 1877:

According to the Kilburn Times, July 7, 1877, quoted by Mr. Symons, a street had been "literally strewn,"
during the storm, with a mass of clinkers, estimated at about two bushels: sizes from that of a walnut to that
of a man's hand −− "Pieces of the clinker can be seen at the Kilburn Times office."(46)

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Chapter VIII

If these clinkers, or cinders, were refuse from one of the super−mercantile constructions from which coke and
coal and ashes occasionally fall to this earth, or, rather, to the Super−Sargasso Sea, from which dislodgment
by tempests occurs, it is intermediatistic to accept that they must merge away somewhere with local
phenomena of the scene of precipitation. If a red−hot stove should drop from a cloud into Broadway, some
one would find that at about the time of the occurrence, a moving van had passed, and that the moving men
had tired of the stove, or something −− that it had not been really red−hot, but had been rouged instead of
blacked, by some absent−minded housekeeper. Compared with some of the scientific explanations that we
have encountered, there's considerable restraint, I think, in that one.

Mr. Symons learned that in the same street −− he emphasizes that it was a short street −− there was a
fire−engine station. I had such an impression of him hustling and bustling around at Notting Hill, searching
cellars until he found one with newly arrived coal in it; ringing door bells, exciting a whole neighborhood,
calling up to second−story windows, stopping people in the streets, hotter and hotter on the trail of a wretched
imposter of a chemist's pupil. After his efficiency at Notting Hill, we'd expect to hear that he went to the
station, and −− something like this:

"It is said that clinkers fell, in your street, at about ten minutes past four o'clock, afternoon of July fifth. Will
you look over your records and tell me where your engine was at about ten minutes past four, July fifth?"

Mr. Symons says:

"I think that most probably they had been raked out of the steam fire−engine."(47)

June 20, 1880, it was reported that a "thunderbolt" had struck the house at 180 Oakley Street, Chelsea, falling
down the chimney, into the kitchen grate.(48)

Mr. Symons investigated.

He describes the "thunderbolt" as an "agglomeration of brick, soot, unburnt coal and cinder."

He says that, in his opinion, lightning had flashed down the chimney, and had fused some of the brick of it.

He does not think it remarkable that the lightning did not then scatter the contents of the grate, which were
disturbed only as if a heavy body had fallen. If we admit that climbing up the chimney to find out, is too
rigorous a requirement for a man who may have been large, dignified and subject to expansions, the only
unreasonableness we find in what he says −− as judged by our more modern outlook, is:

"I suppose that no one would suggest that bricks are manufactured in the atmosphere."

Sounds a little unreasonable to us, because it is so of the positivistic spirit of former times, when it was not so
obvious that the highest incredibility and laughability must merge away with the "proper" −− as the Sci. Am.
Sup. would say. The preposterous is always interpretable in terms of the "proper," with which it must be
continuous −− or −− clay−like masses such as have fallen from the sky −− tremendous heat generated by
their velocity −− they bake −− bricks.

We begin to suspect that Mr. Symons exhausted himself at Notting Hill. It's a warning to efficiency−fanatics.

Then the instance of three lumps of earthy matter, found upon a well−frequented path, after a thunderstorm,
at Reading, July 3, 1883. There are so many records of the fall of earthy matter from the sky that it would
seem almost uncanny to find resistance here, were we not so accustomed to the uncompromising stands of
orthodoxy −− which, in our metaphysics, represent good, as attempts, but evil in their insufficiency. If I

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thought it necessary, I'd list one hundred and fifty instances of earthy matter said to have fallen from the sky.
It is his antagonism to atmospheric disturbance associated with the fall of things from the sky that blinds and
hypnotizes a Mr. Symons here. This especial Mr. Symons rejects the Reading substance because it was not
"of true meteoritic material."(49) It's uncanny −− or it's not uncanny at all, but universal −− if you don't take
something for a standard of opinion, you can't have any opinion at all: but, if you do take a standard, in some
of its applications it must be preposterous. The carbonaceous meteorites, which are unquestioned −− though
avoided, as we have seen −− by orthodoxy, are more glaringly of untrue meteoritic material than was this
substance of Reading. Mr. Symons says that these three lumps were upon the ground "in the first place."

Whether these data are worth preserving or not, I think that the appeal that this especial Mr. Symons makes is
worthy of a place in the museum we're writing. He argues against belief in all external origins "for our credit
as Englishmen." He is a patriot, but I think that these foreigners had a small chance "in the first place" for
hospitality from him.

Then comes a "small lump of iron (two inches in diameter)" said to have fallen, during a thunderstorm, at
Brixton, Aug. 17, 1887. Mr. Symons says: "At present I can not trace it."(50)

He was at his best at Notting Hill: there's been a marked falling off in his later manner:

In the London Times, Feb. 1, 1888, it is said that a roundish object of iron had been found, "after the violent
thunderstorm," in a garden at Brixton, Aug. 17, 1887.(51) It was analyzed by a chemist, who could not
identify it as true meteoritic material. Whether a product of workmanship like human workmanship or not,
this object is described as an oblate spheroid, about two inches across its major diameter. The chemist's name
and address are given: Mr. J. James Morgan: Ebbw Vale.

Garden −− familiar ground −− I suppose that in Mr. Symons' opinion this symmetric object had been upon
the ground "in the first place," though he neglects to say this. But we do note that he described this object as a
"lump," which does not suggest the spheroidal or symmetric. It is our notion that the word "lump" was,
because of its meaning of amorphousness, used purposely to have the next datum stand alone, remote,
without similars. If Mr. Symons had said that there had been a report of another round object that had fallen
from the sky, his readers would be attracted by an agreement. He distracts his readers by describing in terms
of the unprecedented −−

"Iron cannon ball."(52)

It was found in a manure heap, in Sussex, after a thunderstorm.(53)

However, Mr. Symons argues pretty reasonably, it seems to me, that, given a cannon ball in a manure heap,
in the first place, lightning might be attracted by it, and, if seen to strike there, the untutored mind, or
mentality below the average, would leap or jump, or proceed with less celerity, to the conclusion that the iron
object had fallen.

Except that −− if every farmer isn't upon very familiar ground −− or if every farmer doesn't know his own
manure heap as well as Mr. Symons knew his writing desk −−

Then comes the instance of a man, his wife, and his three daughters, at Casterton, Westmoreland, who were
looking out at their lawn, during a thunderstorm, when they "considered," as Mr. Symons expresses it, that
they saw a stone fall from the sky, kill a sheep, and bury itself in the ground.

They dug.

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Chapter VIII

They found a stone ball.

Symons:

Coincidence. It had been there in the first place.

This object was exhibited at a meeting of the Royal Meteorological Society by Mr. C. Carus−Wilson. It is
described in the Journal's list of exhibits as a "sandstone" ball.(54) It is described as "sandstone" by Mr.
Symons.(55)

Now a round piece of sandstone may be almost anywhere in the ground −− in the first place −− but, by our
more or less discreditable habit of prying and snooping, we find that this object was rather more complex and
of material less commonplace. In snooping through Knowledge, October 9, 1885, we read that this "thunder−
stone" was in the possession of Mr. C. Carus−Wilson, who tells the story of the witness and his family −− the
sheep killed, the burial of something in the earth, the digging, and the finding.(56) Mr. C. Carus−Wilson
describes the object as a ball of hard, ferruginous quartzite, about the size of a cocoanut, weight about twelve
pounds. Whether we're feeling around for significance or not, there is a suggestion not only of symmetry but
of structure in this object: it had an external shell, separated from a loose nucleus. Mr. Carus−Wilson
attributes this cleavage to unequal cooling of the mass.

My own notion is that there is very little deliberate misrepresentation in the writings of scientific men: that
they are quite as guiltless in intent as are other hypnotic subjects. Such a victim of induced belief reads of a
stone ball said to have fallen from the sky. Mechanically in his mind arise impressions of globular lumps, or
nodules, of sandstone, which are common almost everywhere. He assimilates the reported fall with his
impressions of objects in the ground, in the first place. To an intermediatist, the phenomena of intellection are
only phenomena of universal process localized in human minds. The process called "explanation" is only a
local aspect of universal assimilation. It looks like materialism: but the intermediatist holds that interpretation
of the immaterial, as it is called, in terms of the material, as it is called, is no more rational than interpretation
of the "material" in terms of the "immaterial": that there is a quasi−existence neither the material nor the
immaterial, but approximations one way or the other. But so hypnotic quasi−reasons: that globular lumps of
sandstone are common. Whether he jumps or leaps, or whether only the frowsy and baseborn are so athletic,
his is the impression, by assimilation, that this especial object is a ball of sandstone. Or human mentality: its
inhabitants are conveniences. It may be that Mr. Symons' paper was written before this object was exhibited
to the members of the Society, and with the charity with which, for the sake of diversity, we intersperse our
malices, we are willing to accept that he "investigated" something that he has never seen. But whoever listed
this object was uncareful: it is listed as "sandstone."

We're making excuses for them.

Really −− as it were −− you know, we're not quite so damned as we were.

One does not apologize for the gods and at the same time feel quite utterly prostrate before them.

If this were a real existence, and all of us real persons, with real standards to judge by, I'm afraid we'd have to
be a little severe with some of these Mr. Symonses. As it is, of course, seriousness seems out of place.

We note an amusing little touch in the indefinite allusion to "a man," who with his un−named family, had
"considered" that he had seen a stone fall.(57) The "man" was the Rev. W. Carus−Wilson, who was
well−known in his day.

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The next instance was reported by W.B. Tripp, F.R.M.S. −− that, during a thunderstorm, a farmer had seen
the ground in front of him plowed up by something that was luminous.

Dug.

Bronze ax.

My own notion is that an expedition to the north pole could not be so urgent as that representative scientists
should have gone to that farmer and there spent a summer studying this one reported occurrence. As it is −−
un−named farmer −− somewhere −− no date. The thing must stay damned.

Another specimen for our museum is a comment in Nature, upon these objects: that they are "of an amusing
character, thus clearly showing that they were of terrestrial, and not a celestial, character."(58) Just why
celestiality, or that of it which, too, is only of Intermediateness should not be quite as amusing as terrestriality
is beyond our reasoning powers, which we have agreed are not ordinary. Of course there is nothing amusing
about wedges and spheres at all −− or Archimedes and Euclid are humorists. It is that they were described
derisively. If you'd like a little specimen of the standardization of orthodox opinion −−

Amer. Met. Jour., 4−589:(59)

"They are of an amusing character, thus clearly showing that they were of a terrestrial and not a celestial
character."

I'm sure −− not positively, of course −− that we've tried to be as easy−going and lenient with Mr. Symons as
his obviously scientific performance would permit. Of course it may be that sub−consciously we were
prejudiced against him, instinctively classing him with St. Augustine, Darwin, St. Jerome, and Lyell. As to
the "thunderstones," I think that he investigated them mostly "for the credit of Englishmen," or in the spirit of
the Royal Krakatoa Committee, or about as the commission from the French Academy investigated
meteorites. According to a writer in Knowledge, 5−418, the Krakatoa Committee attempted not in the least to
prove what had caused the atmospheric effects of 1883, but to prove −− that Krakatoa did it.(60)

Altogether I should think that the following quotation should be enlightening to any one who still thinks that
these occurrences were investigated not to support an opinion formed in advance:

In opening his paper, Mr. Symons says that he undertook his investigation as to the existence of
"thunderstones," or "thunderbolts" as he calls them −− "feeling certain that there was a weak point
somewhere, inasmuch as `thunderbolts' have no existence."

We have another instance of the reported fall of a "cannon ball." It occurred prior to Mr. Symons'
investigations, but it not mentioned by him. It was investigated, however. In the Proc. Roy. Soc. Edin.,
3−147, is the report of a "thunderstone," "supposed to have fallen in Hampshire, Sept., 1852."(61) It was an
iron cannon ball, or it was a "large nodule of iron pyrites or bisulphuret of iron." No one had seen it fall. It
had been noticed, upon a garden path, for the first time, after a thunderstorm. It was only a "supposed" thing,
because −− "The mineral had not the characters of any known meteorite."

In the London Times, Sept. 16, 1852, appears a letter from Mr. George E. Bailey, a chemist of Andover,
Hants.(62) He says that, in a very heavy thunderstorm, of the first week of September, 1852, this iron object
had fallen in the garden of Mr. Robert Dowling, of Andover; that it had fallen upon a path "within six yards
of the house." It had been picked up "immediately" after the storm by Mrs. Dowling. It was about the size of
a cricket ball: weight four pounds. No one had seen it fall. In the Times, Sept. 15, there is an account of this
thunderstorm, which was of unusual violence.(63)

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Chapter VIII

There are some other data relative to the ball of quartz of Westmoreland. They're poor things. There's so little
to them that they look like ghosts of the damned. However, ghosts, when multiplied, take on what is called
substantiality −− if the solidest thing conceivable, in quasi−existence, is only concentrated phantomosity. It is
not only that there have been other reports of quartz that has fallen from the sky; there is another agreement.
The round quartz object of Westmoreland, if broken open and separated from its loose nucleus, would be a
round, hollow, quartz object. My pseudo−position is that two reports of similar extraordinary occurrences,
one from England and one from Canada −− are interesting.

Proc. Canadian Institute, 3−7−8:(64)

That, at the meeting of the Institute, of Dec. 1, 1888, one of the members, Mr. J.A. Livingston, exhibited a
globular quartz body which he asserted had fallen from the sky. It had been split open. It was hollow.

But the other members of the Institute decided that the object was spurious, because it was not of "true
meteoritic material."

No date; no place mentioned; we note the suggestion that it was only a geode, which had been upon the
ground in the first place. Its crystalline lining was geode−like.

Quartz is upon the "index prohibitory" of Science. A monk who would read Darwin would sin no more than
would a scientist who would admit that, except by "up and down" process, quartz has ever fallen from the sky
−− but Continuity: it is not excommunicated if part of or incorporated in a baptized meteorite −− St.
Catherine's of Mexico, I think. It's as epicurean a distinction as any ever made by theologians. Fassig lists a
quartz pebble, found in a hailstone (Bibliography, part 2−355).(65) "Up and down," of course. Another object
of quartzite was reported to have fallen, in the autumn of 1880, at Schroon Lake, N. Y. −− said in the
Scientific American, 43−272, to be a fraud −− it was not −− the usual.(66) About the first of May, 1899, the
newspapers published a story of a "snow−white" meteorite that had fallen, at Vincennes, Indiana. The Editor
of the Monthly Weather Review ("M. W. R." April, 1899) requested a local observer, at Vincennes, to
investigate.(67) The Editor says that the thing was only a fragment of a quartz bowlder.(68) He says that any
one with at least a public school education should know better than to write that quartz has ever fallen from
the sky.

Note and Queries, 2−8−92:(69)

That, in the Leyden Museum of Antiquities, there is a disk of quartz: 6 centimeters by 5 millimeters by about
5 centimeters; said to have fallen upon a plantation in the Dutch West Indies, after a meteoric explosion.

Bricks.

I think this is a vice we're writing. I recommend it to those who have hankered for a new sin. At first some of
our data were of so frightful or ridiculous mien, as to be hated, or eyebrowed, was only to be seen. Then some
pity crept in? I think that we can now embrace bricks.

The baked−clay−idea was all right in its place, but it rather lacks distinction, I think. With our minds upon the
concrete boats that have been building terrestrially lately, and thinking of wrecks that may occur to some of
them, and of a new material for the deep−sea fishes to disregard −−

Object fell at Richland, South Carolina −− yellow to gray −− said to look like a piece of brick (Amer. Jour.
Sci., 2−34−298).(70)

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Pieces of "furnace−made" brick" said to have fallen −− in a hailstorm −− at Padua, Aug. 26, 1834 (Edin. New
Phil. Jour., 19−87).(71) The writer offered an explanation that started another convention: that the fragments
of brick had been knocked from buildings by the hailstones. But there is here a concomitant that will be
disagreeable to anyone who may have been inclined to smile at the now digestible−enough notion that
furnace−made bricks have fallen from the sky. It is that in some of the hailstones −− two per cent of them −−
that were found with the pieces of brick, was a light grayish powder.

Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 337−365:(72)

Padre Sechi explains that a stone said to have fallen, in a thunderstorm, at Supino, Italy, Sept. 4, 1875, had
been knocked from a roof.

Nature, 33−153:(73)

That it had been reported that a good−sized stone, of form clearly artificial, had fallen at Naples, Nov., 1885.
The stone was described by one of two professors at Naples, who had accepted it as inexplicable but
veritable. They were visited by Dr. H. Johnstone−Lavis, the correspondent to Nature, whose investigations
had convinced him that the object was a "shoemaker's lapstone."

Now to us of the initiated, or to us of the wider outlook, there is nothing incredible in the thought of
shoemakers in other worlds −− but I suspect that this characterization is tactical.

This object of worked stone, or this shoemaker's lapstone, was made of Vesuvian lava, Dr. Johnstone−Lavis
thinks: most probably of lava of the flow of 1631, from the La Scala quarries. We condemn "most probably"
as bad positivism. As to the "men of position," who had accepted that this thing had fallen from the sky −− "I
have now obliged them to admit their mistake," says Dr. Johnstone−Lavis −− or it's always the stranger in
Naples who knows La Scala lava better than the natives know it.

Explanation:

That the thing had been knocked from, or thrown from, a roof.

As to attempt to trace the occurrence to any special roof −− nothing said upon that subject. Or that Dr.
Johnstone−Lavis called a carved stone a "lapstone," quite as Mr. Symons called a spherical object a "cannon
ball": bent upon a discrediting incongruity:

Shoemaking and celestiality.

It is so easy to say that axes, or wedge−shaped stones found on the ground, were there in the first place, and
that it is only coincidence that lightning should strike near one −− but the credibility of coincidences
decreases as the square root of their volume, I think. Our massed instances speak too much of coincidences of
coincidences. But the axes, or wedge−shaped objects that have been found in trees are more difficult for
orthodoxy. For instance, Arago accepts that such finds have occurred, but he argues that, if wedge−shaped
stones have been found in tree trunks, so have toads been found in tree trunks −− did the toads fall there?(74)

Not at all bad for a hypnotic.

Of course, in our acceptance, the Irish are the Chosen People. It's because they are characteristically best in
accord with the underlying essence of quasi−existence. M. Arago answers a question by asking another
question. That's the only way a question can be answered in our Hibernian kind of existence.

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Chapter VIII

Dr. Bodding argued with the natives of the Santal Parganas, India, who said that cut and shaped stones had
fallen from the sky, some of them lodging in tree trunks. Dr. Bodding, with orthodox notions of velocity of
falling bodies, having missed, I suppose, some of the notes I have upon large hailstones, which, for size, have
fallen with astonishingly low velocity, argued that anything falling from the sky would be "smashed to
atoms." He accepts that objects of worked stone have been found in tree trunks, but he explains:

That the Santals often steal trees, but do not chop them down in the usual way, because that would be to make
too much noise: they insert stone wedges, and hammer them instead; then, if they should get caught, wedges
would not be the evidence against them that axes would be.

Or that a scientific man can't be desperate and reasonable too.

Or that a pickpocket, for instance, is safe, though caught with his hand in one's pocket, if he's gloved, say:
because no court in the land would regard a gloved hand in the same way in which a bare hand would be
regarded.

That there's nothing but intermediateness to the rational and the preposterous: that this status of our own
ratiocination is perceptible wherein they are upon the unfamiliar.

Dr. Bodding collected 50 of these shaped stones, said to have fallen from the sky, in the course of many
years. He says that the Santals are a highly developed race, and for ages have not used 115/116] stone
implements −− except in this one nefarious convenience to him.

All explanations are localizations. They fade away before the universal. It is difficult to express that black
rains in England do not originate in the smoke of factories −− less difficult to express that black rains in
South Africa do not. We utter little stress upon the absurdity of Dr. Bodding's explanation, because, if
anything's absurd everything's absurd, or, rather, has in it some degree or aspect of absurdity, and we've never
had experience with any state except something somewhere between ultimate absurdity and final
reasonableness. Our acceptance is that Dr. Bodding's elaborate explanation does not apply to cut−stone
objects found in tree trunks in other lands: we accept that for the general, a local explanation is inadequate.

As to "thunderstones" not said to have fallen luminously, and not said to have been found sticking in trees,
we are told by faithful hypnotics that astonished rustics come upon prehistoric axes that have been washed
into sight by rains, and jump to the conclusion that the things have fallen from the sky. But simple rustics
come upon many prehistoric things: scrapers, pottery, knives, hammers. We have no record of rusticity
coming upon old pottery after a rain, reporting the fall of a bowl from the sky.

Just now, my own acceptance is that wedge−shaped stone objects, formed by means similar to human
workmanship, have often fallen from the sky. Maybe there are messages upon them. My acceptance is that
they have been called "axes" to discredit them: or the more familiar a term, the higher the incongruity with
vague concepts of the vast, remote, tremendous, unknown.

In Notes and Queries, 2−8−92, a writer says that he had a "thunderstone," which he had brought from
Jamaica.(75) The description is of a wedge−shaped object; not of an ax:

"It shows no mark of having been attached to a handle."

Of ten "thunderstones," figured upon different pages in Blinkenberg's book, nine show no sign of ever having
been attached to a handle: one is perforated.(76)

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100

But in a report by Dr. C. Leemans, Director of the Leyden Museum of Antiquities, objects, said by the
Javanese to have fallen from the sky, are alluded to throughout as "wedges." In the Archaeologic Journal,
11−118, in a paper upon the "thunderstones" of Java, the objects are called "wedges" and not "axes."(77)

Our notion is that rustics and savages call wedge−shaped objects that fall from the sky, "axes": that scientific
men, when it suits their purposes, can resist temptations to prolixity and pedantry, and adopt the simple: that
they can be intelligible when derisive.

All of which lands us in a confusion, worse, I think, than we were in before we so satisfactorily emerged from
the distresses of −− butter and blood and ink and paper and punk and silk. Now it's cannon balls and axes and
disks −− if a "lapstone" be a disk −− it's a flat stone, at any rate.

A great many scientists are good impressionists: they snub the impertinences of details. Had he been of a
coarse, grubbing nature, I think Dr. Bodding could never have so simply and beautifully explained the
occurrence of stone wedges in tree trunks. But to a realist, the story would be something like this:

A man who needed a tree, in a land of jungles, where, for some unknown reason, every one's selfish with his
trees, conceives that hammering stone wedges makes less noise than does the chopping of wood: he and his
descendants, in a course of many years, cut down trees with wedges, and escape penalty, because it never
occurs to a prosecutor that the head of an ax is a wedge.

The story is like every other attempted positivism −− beautiful and complete, until we see what it excludes or
disregards; whereupon it becomes the ugly and incomplete −− but not absolutely, because there is probably
something of what is called foundation for it. Perhaps a mentally incomplete Santal did once do something of
the kind. Story told to Dr. Bodding: in the usual scientific way, he makes a dogma of an aberration.

Or we did have to utter a little stress upon this matter, after all. They're so hairy and attractive, these scientists
of the 19th century. We feel the zeal of a Sitting Bull when we think of their scalps. We shall have to have an
expression of our own upon this confusing subject. We have expressions: we don't call them explanations:
we've discarded explanations with beliefs. Though every one who scalps is, in the oneness of allness, himself
likely to be scalped, there is such a discourtesy to an enemy as the wearing of wigs.

Cannon balls and wedges, and what may they mean?

Bombardments of this earth −−

Attempts to communicate −−

Or visitors to this earth, long ago −− explorers from the moon −− taking back with them, as curiosities,
perhaps, implements of this earth's prehistoric inhabitants −− a wreck −− a cargo of such things held for ages
in suspension in the Super−Sargasso Sea −− falling, or shaken, down occasionally by storms −−

But, by the preponderance of description, we can not accept that "thunderstones" ever were attached to
handles, or are prehistoric axes −−

As to attempts to communicate with this earth, by means of wedge−shaped objects especially adapted to the
penetration of vast, gelatinous areas spread around this earth −−

In the Proc. Roy. Irish Acad., 9−337, there is an account of a stone wedge that fell from the sky, near Cashel,
Co. Tipperary, Aug. 2, 1865.(78) The phenomenon is not questioned, but the orthodox preference is to call it,
not ax−like, nor wedge−shaped, but "pyramidal." For data of other pyramidal stones said to have fallen from

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101

the sky, see Rept. Brit. Assoc., 1861−34.(79) One fell at Segowolee, India, March 6, 1853. Of the object that
fell at Cashel, Dr. Haughton says in the Proceedings: "A singular feature is observable in this stone that I
have never yet seen in any other: −− the rounded edges of the pyramid are sharply marked by lines on the
black crust, as perfect as if made by a ruler." Dr. Haughton's idea is that the marks may have been made by
"some peculiar tension in the cooling." It must have been very peculiar, if in all aerolites not wedge−shaped,
no such phenomenon had ever been observed. It merges away with one or two instances known, after Dr.
Haughton's time, of seeming stratification in meteorites. Stratification in meteorites, however, is denied by
the faithful.

I begin to suspect something else.

A whopper is coming.

Later it will be as reasonable, by familiarity, as anything else ever said.

If someone should study the stone of Cashel, as Champollion studied the Rosetta stone, he might −− or,
rather, would inevitably −− find meaning in those lines, and translate them into English −−

Nevertheless I begin to suspect something else: something more subtle and esoteric than graven characters
upon stones that have fallen from the sky, in attempts to communicate. The notion that other worlds are
attempting to communicate with this world is widespread: my own notion is that it is not attempt at all −−
that it was achievement centuries ago.

I should like to send out a report that a "thunderstone" had fallen, say, somewhere in New Hampshire −−

And keep track of every person who came to examine that stone −− trace down his affiliations −− keep track
of him −−

Then send out a report that a "thunderstone" had fallen at Stockholm, say −−

Would one of the persons who had gone to New Hampshire, be met again in Stockholm? But −− what if he
had no anthropological, lapidarian, or meteorological affiliations −− but did belong to a secret society −−

It is only a dawning credulity.

Of the three forms of symmetric objects that have, or haven't, fallen from the sky, it seems to me that the disk
is the most striking. So far, in this respect, we have been at our worst −− possibly that's pretty bad −− but
"lapstones" are likely to be of considerable variety of form, and something that is said to have fallen at
sometime somewhere in the Dutch West Indies is profoundly of the unchosen.

Now we shall have something that is high up in the castes of the accursed:

Comptes Rendus, 1887−182:(80)

That, upon June 20, 1887, in a "violent storm" −− two months before the reported fall of the symmetric iron
object of Brixton −− a small stone had fallen from the sky at Tarbes, France: 13 millimeters in diameter; 5
millimeters thick; weight 2 grammes. Reported to the French Academy by M. Sudre, professor of the Normal
School, Tarbes.

This time the old convenience "there in the first place" is too greatly resisted −− the stone was covered with
ice.

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102

This object had been cut and shaped by means similar to human hands and human mentality. It was a disk of
worked stone −− "tres regulier." "Il a été assurement travaillé."

There's not a word as to any known whirlwind anywhere: nothing of other objects or débris that fell at or near
this date, in France. The thing had fallen alone. But as mechanically as any part of a machine responds to its
stimulus, the explanation appears in Comptes Rendus, that this stone had been raised by a whirlwind and then
flung down.

It may be that in the whole nineteenth century no event more important than this occurred. In La Nature,
1887, and in L'Année Scientifique, 1887, this occurrence is noted.(81) It is mentioned in one of the summer
numbers of Nature, 1887.(82) Fassig lists a paper upon it in the Annuaire de Soc. Met., 1887.(83)

Not a word of discussion.

Not a subsequent mention can I find.

Our own expression:

What matters it how we, the French Academy, or the Salvation Army may explain?

A disk of worked stone fell from the sky, at Tarbes, France, June 20, 1887.

1. "Atmospheric disturbances and deep−sea fish." Symons' Meteorological Magazine, 47, 180−1.

2. G.J. Symons. "The non−existence of thunderbolts." Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society
of London, 14 (1888): 208−12, at 212.

3. Baden Powell. "On observations of luminous meteors." Annual Report of the British Association for the
Advancement of Science, 1850, 89−132, at 99, 122−5. Baden Powell. "On observations of luminous
meteors." Annual Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, 1851, 1−52, at 24−5.
Baden Powell. "Report on observations of luminous meteors, 1851−52." Annual Report of the British
Association for the Advancement of Science, 1852, 178−239, at 181, 183, 204−5, 218−9, 229−30, 238−9.
Baden Powell. "Report on observations of luminous meteors, 1852−53." Annual Report of the British
Association for the Advancement of Science, 1853, 1−36, at 4−5, 14−15.

4. R.P. Greg. "A catalogue of meteorites and fireballs, from A.D. 2 to A.D. 1860." Annual Report of the
British Association for the Advancement of Science, 1860, 48−120, at 52−3, 60−1, 71, 74−5. "1339? July 13.
Silesia. 300 thunderbolts said to have fallen during a thunderstorm; can hardly be considered aërolitic." In the
"South of England": "1786. September 2. During a hurricane of wind." In August of 1826, "a large stone fell,
according to Quetelet, during a thunder−storm, on Mount Galapian," in France. "1833? July 16. Tobolsk. Hail
fell; and it is said stones of an angular form. Doubtful."

5. R.P. Greg. "A catalogue of meteorites and fireballs." Annual Report of the British Association for the
Advancement of Science, 1860, 48−120, at 62−3.

6. R.P. Greg. "A catalogue of meteorites and fireballs, from A.D. 2 to A.D. 1860." Annual Report of the
British Association for the Advancement of Science, 1860, 48−120, at 60−1. Correct quote: "A bright ball of
fire and light lasting 40'."

7. G.A.M. "Curious phenomenon during the late gale." Nature, 16, (October 25, 1877): 551.

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103

8. A.W.B.J. "Curious phenomenon during the late gale." Nature, 17 (November 1, 1877): 10−11. W.F.
Denning. "Meteor of October 19, 6.15 P.M." Nature, 17 (November 1, 1877): 10. Fort erroneously identifies
the meteor which was described by Denning's correspondent, W. Watkins Old, and which fell about 6:15
p.m. on October 19, as the same which fell in the gale about 6:50 p.m. on October 14, 1877. Denning's article
refers to two correspondents, John L. McKenzie and Walter Keeping, whose letters appear upon the same
page as the report of the meteor seen in the gale. "Meteors." Nature, 16 (October 25, 1877): 550−1.

9. Annual Register, 1885, pt.2, 55, c.v. "September 17." "Meteors." Monthly Weather Review, 14 (March
1886): 81. "Notes." Nature, 61 (November 30, 1899): 110−4, at 111. George Neville. "A meteorite." London
Times, November 28, 1899, p. 12 c. 1. "Meteors." Monthly Weather Review, 11 (July 1883): 169. E.W.
Claypole. "The Lachine aerolite." Nature, 28 (August 2, 1883): 319. "Notes." Nature, 29 (November 1,
1883): 14−6, at 15. "When the meteor," (not a meteorite, at Käringön, Bohus province), "had disappeared the
wind suddenly fell, and it was again perfectly calm. The phenomenon lasted about sixty seconds."

10. Francis Higginson. "An explosive meteorite." Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, 6, 276−7.

11. John T. Carrington. "Meteorites." Hardwicke's Science Gossip, n.s., 6 (August 1899): 65−9, 117−8, at 65.

12. Baden−Powell. "Report on observations of luminous meteors, 1851−52." Annual Report of the British
Association for the Advancement of Science, 1852, 178−239, at 229−30, 238−9, c.v. Nos. 6 and 14 of the
"Appendix." The dates of these three aerolites were: September 25, 1851; March 18, 1852; and, April 30,
1852; thus, they occurred over a period of more than seven months, (not in five months).

13. "Thunderbolts." Cornhill Magazine, n.s., 3 (November 1884): 513−28. This article called the objects
"thunderbolts" rather than thunderstones.

14. J.E. Duerden. "Aboriginal Indian remains in Jamaica." Journal of the Institute of Jamaica, 2, n.4 (July
1897), 32.

15. S.R. Pattison. "Celtic remains in Jamaica." Notes and Queries, s.2, 8 (July 9, 1859): 24. Correct quote:
"The material is a hard greenstone, unlike as I am informed any rock on the island."

16. Christian Srensen Blinkenburg. The Thunder Weapon in Religion and Folklore. Cambridge: University
Press, 1911; 100, 103−7, 116−8, 121. Correct quote: for Brazil, "flash of lightning," or "rajo."

17. Edward Burnett Tyler. Primitive Culture. 1871. v.2, 237−9.

18. "South America." Journal of American Folk Lore, 17, 202−4. Correct quote: "...fallen from heaven...."

19. Anselm Boècede Boodt. Gemmarum et Lapidum Historia Quam Olim Edidit Anselmus Boetius de Boot.
1647. The authority was Adrianus Tollius, not Tallius.

20. Christian Srensen Blinkenburg. The Thunder Weapon in Religion and Folklore. Cambridge: University
Press, 1911, 116−7.

21. Ibid, 120.

22. David Livingstone. The Last Journals of David Livingstone. New York: Harper and Brothers, 1875; 83,
89, 442, 448. Livingstone laments on not finding stone weapons nor flints; however, he had found stones
used as tools, for example, in 1841, on a digging−stick in the Cape Colony.

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104

23. Geo. J. Gibbs. "Stone celts in the West Indies and in Africa." Annual Report of the Smithsonian
Institution, 1877, 308.

24. Christian Srensen Blinkenburg. The Thunder Weapon in Religion and Folklore. Cambridge: University
Press, 1911, 99−100.

25. Christian Srensen Blinkenburg. The Thunder Weapon in Religion and Folklore. Cambridge: University
Press, 1911, 71.

26. Ibid, 70−1. Correct quote: "...near an old willow, a short distance from the house...."

27. Ibid, 104.

28. Frederick C. Lukis. "The elf−shot and the elfin−dart of the North." Reliquary, 1867, 207−8, and pl.XX.

29. John Evans. The Ancient Stone Implements, Weapons, and Ornaments of Great Britain. 1st ed, London:
Longmans, Green, Reader, and Dyer, 1872, 51. 2d ed., London: Longmans, Green, and Co., 1897, 57.

30. Stanislas Meunier. "La pierre de tonnerre d'Hassi−Iekna." Nature (Paris), 1892 v. 2 (November 12):
381−2. Correct quote: "...profondément...."

31. "Luminous meteors." Timb's Year−Book of Facts in Science and Art, 1877, 216−7.

32. "Thunderbolt near Cardiff." London Times, September 28, 1916, p.5 c.3.

33. "Notes." Nature, 98 (October 5, 1916): 94−8, at 95.

34. Fort marked "See notes" in the margin next to this paragraph. This meteorite was later accepted as
genuine by the British Museum. G.E. Bullen. "Observed fall of an aërolite near St. Albans." Nature, 89
(March 14, 1912): 34. G.E. Bullen. "Observed fall of an aërolite near St. Albans." Nature, 89 (March 21,
1912): 62.

35. "Fall of a meteoric stone." London Times, April 26, 1876, p.13 c.6. This is the Rowton meteorite.

36. N.S. Maskelyne. "The Rowton siderite." Nature, 14 (July 27, 1876): 272.

37. "Notes." Nature, 13 (April 27. 1876): 530−2, at 531.

38. "Fall of a meteor." Scientific American, n.s., 47 (September 23, 1882): 194. "Meteoric dust." Scientific
American, n.s., 52 (February 7, 1885): 83. "Fall of aerolites." Scientific American, n.s., 68 (May 27, 1893):
325.

39. "Notes." Nature, 30 (July 24, 1884): 298−300, at 300. Correct quote: "...it is like the fourth part...." For an
earlier note upon its fall: "Notes." Nature, 30 (June 26, 1884): 198−200, at 200.

40. W. Theobald, Jr. "Notes on the stone implements of Burma." Proceedings of the Royal Asiatic Society of
Bengal, 1869 181−183. Correct quote: "...quite unlike anything to be meet with in the district where the
implements themselves occur...."

41. "Captain A.G. Duff exhibited an Adze of black stone...." Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of
London, s.2, 3 (1865): 96−7.

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105

42. "No organic matter in meteors." Knowledge, 1 (January 20, 1882): 257−8.

43. A. Hale. "The stone age in the Malay Peninsula." Nature, 34 (May 20, 1886): 52−3, at 53.

44. G.J. Symons. "The non−existence of thunderbolts." Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological
Society, 14 (1888): 208−12.

45. "Thunderstorms." London Times, July 2, 1866, p.5 c.5. Correct quote: "...falling in torrents."

46. "Fall of a thunderbolt in Kilburn." Kilburn Times (London), July 7, 1877, p.5 c.3.

47. This would ignore the injury to a young girl, by the name of Frost, whose hair was burnt when the
"molten" clinkers fell with the flash of lightning. "Fall of a thunder bolt in Kilburn. Kilburn Times, July 7,
1877, p.5 c.3.

48. The date of the phenomenon was June 26, 1880, (not June 20).

49. Thomas Davies, of the Mineralogical Department at the Natural History Museum reported: "The lump
bears no evidence whatever of meteoric origin." G.J. Symons. "The non−existence of thunderbolts."
Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 14 (1888): 208−12, at 211.

50. Correct quotes: "A small lump (2 inches in diameter), sometimes described as a meteorite and sometimes
as a thunderbolt, is stated to have fallen, but at present I cannot trace it." G.J. Symons. "The non−existence of
thunderbolts." Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 14 (1888): 208−12, at 211.

51. "Analysis of meteoric iron." London Times, February 1, 1888, p.5 c.5.

52. Correct quote: "...a cannon ball...." G.J. Symons. "The non−existence of thunderbolts." Quarterly Journal
of the Royal Meteorological Society, 14 (1888): 208−12, at 210.

53. The location was identified as Surrey, (not Sussex).

54. "Alleged thunderbolts." Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society of London, 14 (1888):
239.

55. G.J. Symons. "The non−existence of thunderbolts." Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological
Society of London, 14 (1888): 208−12, at 210.

56. C. Carus−Wilson. "Thunderbolts." Knowledge, 8 (October 9, 1885): 320. Carus−Wilson does not tell
anything about the witness nor his family in this article.

57. Correct quote: "A gentleman...." G.J. Symons. "The non−existence of thunderbolts." Quarterly Journal of
the Royal Meteorological Society, 14 (1888): 208−12, at 210.

58. "Societies and academies." Nature, 37 (March 29, 1888): 525−8, at 527, c.v. "Royal Meteorological
Society." Complete quote: "Mr. G.J. Symons, F.R.S., read a short communication on `The Non−existence of
Thunderbolts,' and briefly described the history of several so−called thunderbolts, the specimens obtained
being of an amusing character, thus clearly showing that they were of a terrestrial and not a celestial
character."

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106

59. "Mr. G.J. Symons, F.R.S., read a short communication...." American Meterological Journal, 4 (April
1888): 588−9.

60. William Noble. "The recent extraordinary sunrises and sunsets." Knowledge, 5 (June 6, 1884): 418.

61. George Wilson. "On the supposed meteoric stone, alleged to have fallen in Hampshire in September
1852." Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, 3 (1852−3): 147−8. This object was compared to
"thunderbolts," not thunderstones nor cannon−balls; and, the correct quote is the title of the article.

62. George E. Bayley. "Meteorolite in Hampshire." London Times, September 16, 1852, p.6 c.6. Correct
quote: "...within six yards of the roof of the dwelling...."

63. "Thunder storms." London Times, September 15, 1852, p.4 c.5.

64. "Sixth meeting." Proceedings of the Royal Canadian Institute, s.3, 7 (1888−9): 8−10. The date of the
meeting was December 8, 1888.

65. Oliver Lanard Fassig. Bibliography of Meteorology. U.S. Signal Service, 1889, pt. II, 355.

66. "The Schroon Lake meteor a fraud." Scientific American, n.s., 43 (October 30, 1880): 272.

67. "Newspaper fakes." Monthly Weather Review, 27 (April 1899): 155.

68. Sic, boulder.

69. J.H. Van Lennep. "Celtic remains in Jamaica." Notes and queries, s.2, 8 (July 30, 1859): 91−3. The
measure given was "6 centimetres, 5 millimetres by 5 centimetres, 4 millimetres," or 6.5 by 5.4 cm.

70. C.F. Rammelsberg."On some North American meteorites." American Journal of Science, s.2, 34 (1862):
297−8. The "almost perfectly round" object was seen to fall "during a violent thundergust" and immediately
dug up, during the summer of 1846. "Prof. C.U. Shepard, on meteorites." American Journal of Science, s.2,
10 (1850): 127−9, at 127. Elijah P. Harris. The Chemical Constitution and Chronological Arrangement of
Meteorites. Gottingen: University Press, 1859, 92.

71. D.L. Cosari. "Account of some remarkable hailstones which fell at Padua, on the 26th of August 1834."
Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal, 19 (1835): 83−8, at 87. The pieces of brick were found in only two
hailstones, not in two per cent of the hailstones.

72. Secchi. "Note on the alleged fall of an aerolite at Supino, Italy." Monthly Notices of the Royal
Astronomical Society, 37 (May 1877): 365.

73. H.J. Johnston−Lavis. "The supposed fall of an aerolite in Naples." Nature, 33 (December 17, 1885): 153.

74. Arago states, on thunderstones: "Such stones have also been found embedded in trunks of trees, and it
used to be said that they had been introduced there by violent thunderstrokes, their presence being otherwise
inexplicable. In this way of reasoning the same might have been said of toads, and of ancient coins, which
have been found by woodcutters in similar situations." Francois Arago. Sabine, tr. Meteorological Essays.
London: Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans, 1855, 150.

75. R. Heward. "Celtic remains in Jamaica." Notes and Queries, s.2, 8 (July 30, 1859): 93. Heward describes
the object as a stone celt, and no meniton is made of thunderstones.

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107

76. Christian Srensen Blinkenburg. The Thunder Weapon in Religion and Folklore. Cambridge: University
Press, 1911.

77. Conrad Leemans. James Yates, trans. "On the stone wedges of Java, and similar ancient objects of stone,
discovered in Borneo." Archaeological Journal, 11 (1854): 116−23, at 121.

78. Samuel Haughton. "On the meteoric stone that fell at Dundrum, County of Tipperary, on the 12th August,
1865." Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy, 9, 336−41. The Dundrum meteorite fell on August 12, 1865,
not on August 2. Correct quote: "...some peculiar tension of the fused crust in cooling...."

79. James Glaisher et al. "Report on observations of luminous meteors, 1860−61." Annual Report of the
British Association for the Advancement of Science, 1861, 1−44, at 34. "The fall of the Segowolee meteorites
took place on March 6th, 1853. All the stones were pyramidal, and weighed from to 4 lbs."

80. Fort marked "105−182" next to "1887−182" to indicate the particular volume in 1887. G. Tissandier. "Sur
un grêlon contenant une masse pierreuse." Comptes Rendus, 105 (July 18, 1887): 182. Correct spellings:
"...très régulier," and, "...assurément travaillé." This object was found inside of a hailstone which fell during a
violent hailstorm, (not as a singular meteor).

81. "Grêlon conlenant une pierre." Année Scientifique et Industrielle, 31 (1887): 57. "Une pierre dans un
grêlon." Nature (Paris), 1887, 2 (July 23): 127.

82. Nature, 36 (July 28, 1887): 311−2, at 312, c.v. "Academy of Sciences," (Paris), under "Academies and
Societies."

83. Oliver Lanard Fassig. Bibliography of Meteorology. U.S. Signal Service, 1889. "M.G. Tissandier. −− Sur
un grêlon contenant une masse pierreuse." Annuaire de la Société Météorologique de France, 35 (1887): 338.
This is merely a review of the article in Comptes Rendus.

Chapter IX

MY own pseudo−conclusion:

That we've been damned by giants sound asleep, or by great scientific principles and abstractions that cannot
realize themselves; that little harlots have visited their caprices upon us; that clowns, with buckets of water
from which they pretend to cast thousands of good−sized fishes have anathematized us for laughing
disrespectfully, because, as with all clowns, underlying buffoonery is the desire to be taken seriously; that
pale ignorances, presiding over microscopes by which they cannot distinguish flesh from nostoc or fishes'
spawn or frogs' spawn, have visited upon us their wan solemnities. We've been damned by corpses and
skeletons and mummies, which twitch and totter with pseudo−life derived from conveniences.

Or there is only hypnosis. The accursed are those who admit they're the accursed.

If we be more nearly real we are reasons arraigned before a jury of dream−phantasms.

Of all meteorites in museums, very few were seen to fall. It is considered sufficient grounds for admission if
specimens can't be accounted for in any way other than that they fell from the sky−−as if in the haze of
uncertainty that surrounds all things, or that is the essence of everything, or in merging away of everything
into something else, there could be anything that could be accounted for in only one way. The scientist and
the theologian reason that if something can be accounted for in only one way, it is accounted for in that way

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108

−− or logic would be logical, if the conditions that it imposes, but, of course, does not insist upon, could
anywhere be found in quasi−existence. In our acceptance, logic, science, art, religion are, in our "existence,"
premonitions of a coming awakening, like dawning awareness of surroundings in the mind of a dreamer.

Any old chunk of metal that measures up to the standard of "true meteoritic material" is admitted by the
museums. It may seem incredible that modern curators still have this delusion, but we suspect that the date on
one's morning newspaper hasn't much to do with one's modernity all day long. In reading Fletcher's
catalogue, for instance, we learn that some of the best−known meteorites were "found in draining a field" −−
"found in making a road" −− "turned up by the plow" occurs a dozen times.(1) Someone fishing in Lake
Okechobee, brought up an object in his fishing net. No meteorite had ever been seen to fall near it. The U.S.
National Museum accepts it.

If we accepted only one of the data of "untrue meteoritic material" −− one instance of "carbonaceous" matter
−− if it be too difficult to utter the word "coal" −− we see that in this inclusion−exclusion, as in every other
means of forming an opinion, false inclusion and false exclusion have been practiced by curators of
museums.

There is something of ultra−pathos −− of cosmic sadness −− in this universal search for a standard, and in
belief that one has been revealed by either inspiration or analysis, then the dogged clinging to a poor sham of
a thing long after its insufficiency has been shown −− or renewed hope and search for the special that can be
true, or for something local that could also be universal. It's as if "true meteoritic material" were a "rock of
ages" to some scientific men. They cling. But clingers cannot hold out welcoming arms.

The only seemingly conclusive utterance, or seemingly substantial thing to cling to, is a product of
dishonesty, ignorance, or fatigue. All sciences go back and back, until they're worn out with the process, or
until mechanical reaction occurs: then they move forward −− as it were. Then they become dogmatic, and
take for bases, positions that were only points of exhaustion. So chemistry divided and sub−divided down to
atoms; then, in the essential insecurity of all quasi−constructions, it built up a system, which, to anyone so
obsessed by his own hypnoses that he is exempt to the chemist's hypnoses, is perceptibly enough an
intellectual anæmia built upon infinitesimal debilities.

In Science, 31−298, E. D. Hovey, of the American Museum of Natural History, asserts or confesses, that
often have objects of material such as fossiliferous limestone and slag been sent to him.(2) He says that these
things have been accompanied by assurances that they have been seen to fall on lawns, on roads, in front of
houses.

They are all excluded. They are not of true meteoritic material. They were on the ground in the first place. It
is only by coincidence that lightning has struck, or that a real meteorite, which was unfindable, has struck
near objects of slag and limestone.

Mr. Hovey says that the list might be extended indefinitely. That's a tantalizing suggestion of some very
interesting stuff −−

He says:

"But it is not worth while."

I'd like to know what strange, damned, excommunicated things have been sent to museums by persons who
have felt convinced that they had seen what they may have seen, strongly enough to risk ridicule, to make up
bundles, go to express offices, and write letters. I accept that over the door of every museum, into which such
things enter, is written:

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Chapter IX

109

"Abandon Hope."

If a Mr. Symons mentions one instance of coal, or of slag or cinders, said to have fallen from the sky, we are
not −− except by association with the "carbonaceous" meteorites −− strong in our impression that coal
sometimes falls to this earth from coal−burning super−constructions, up somewhere −−

In Comptes Rendus, 91−197, M. Daubrée tells the same story.(3) Our acceptance, then, is that other curators
could tell this same story. Then the phantomosity of our impression substantiates proportionately to its
multiplicity. M. Daubrée says that often have strange damned things been sent to the French museums,
accompanied by assurances that they had been seen to fall from the sky. Especially to our interest, he
mentions coal and slag.

Excluded.

Buried un−named and undated in Science's potter's field.

I do not say that the data of the damned should have the same rights as the data of the saved. That would be
justice. That would be of the Positive Absolute, and, though the ideal of, a violation of, the very essence of
quasi−existence, wherein only to have the appearance of being is to express a preponderance of force one
way or another −− or inequilibrium, or inconsistency, or injustice.

Our acceptance is that the passing away of exclusionism is a phenomenon of the twentieth century: that gods
of the twentieth century will sustain our notions be they ever so unwashed and frowsy. But, in our own
expressions, we are limited, by the oneness of quasiness, to the very same methods by which orthodoxy
established and maintains its now sleek, suave preposterousness. At any rate, though we are inspired by an
especial subtle essence −− or imponderable, I think −− that pervades the twentieth century, we have not the
superstition that we are offering anything as a positive fact. Rather often we have not the delusion that we're
any less superstitious and credulous than any logician, savage, curator, or rustic.

An orthodox demonstration, in terms of which we shall have some heresies, is that if things found in coal
could have got there only by falling there −− they fell there.

So, in the Manchester Lit. and Phil. Soc. Mems., 2−9−306, it is argued that certain roundish stones that have
been found in coal are "fossil aerolites": that they had fallen from the sky, ages ago, when the coal was soft,
because the coal had closed around them, showing no sign of entrance.(4)

Proc. Soc. of Antiq. of Scotland, 1−1−121:(5)

That, in a lump of coal, from a mine in Scotland, an iron instrument had been found −−

"The interest attaching to this singular relic arises from the fact of its having been found in the heart of a
piece of coal, seven feet under the surface."

If we accept that this object of iron was of workmanship beyond the means and skill of the primitive men
who may have lived in Scotland when coal was forming there −−

"The instrument was considered to be modern."

That our expression has more of realness, or higher approximation to realness, than has the attempt to explain
that is made in the Proceedings:

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110

That in modern times someone may have bored for coal, and that his drill may have broken off in the coal it
had penetrated.

Why he should have abandoned such easily accessible coal, I don't know. The important point is that there
was no sign of boring: that this instrument was in a lump of coal that had closed around it so that its presence
was no suspected, until the lump of coal was broken.

No mention can I find of this damned thing in ny other publication. Of course there is an alternative here: the
thing may not have fallen from the sky: if in coal−forming times, in Scotland, there were indigenous to this
earth, no men capable of making such an iron instrument, it may have been left behind by visitors from other
worlds.

In an extraordinary approximation to fairness and justice, which is permitted to us, because we are quite
desirous to make acceptable that nothing can be proved as we are to sustain our own expressions, we note:

That in Notes and Queries, 11−1−408, there is an account of an ancient copper seal, about the size of a penny,
found in chalk, at a depth of from five to six feet, near Bredenstone, England.(6) The design upon it is said to
be of a monk kneeling before a virgin and child: a legend upon the margin is said to be: "S. Jordanis Monachi
Spaldingie."

I don't know about that. It looks very desirable −− undesirable to us.

There's a wretch of an ultra−frowsy thing in the Scientific American, 7−298, which we condemn ourselves, if
somewhere, because of the oneness of allness, the damned must also be the damning.(7) It's a newspaper
story: that on June 5, 1852, a powerful blast, in Dorchester, Massachusetts, cast out from a bed of solid rock a
bell−shaped vessel of an unknown metal: floral designs inlaid with silver; "art of some cunning workman."
The opinion of the Editor of the Scientific American is that the thing had been made by Tubal Cain, who was
the first inhabitant of Dorchester. Though I fear that this is a little arbitrary, I am not disposed to fly rabidly at
every scientific opinion.

Nature, 35−36:(8)

A block of metal found in coal, in Austria, 1885. It is now in the Salsburg museum.

This time we have another expression. Usually our intermediatist attack upon provincial positivism is:
Science, in its attempted positivism takes something such as "true meteoritic material" as a standard of
judgment; but carbonaceous matter, except for its relative infrequency, is just as veritable a standard of
judgment; carbonaceous matters merges away into such a variety of organic substances, that all standards are
reduced to indistinguishability: if then, there is no real standard against us, there is no real resistance to our
own acceptances. Now our intermediatism is: Science takes "true meteoritic material" as a standard of
admission; but now we have an instance that quite as truly makes "true meteoritic material" a standard of
exclusion; or, then, a thing that denies itself is no real resistance to our own acceptances −− this depending
upon whether we have a datum of something of "true meteoritic material" that orthodoxy can never accept
fell from the sky.

We're a little involved here. Our own acceptance is upon a carved, geometric thing that, if found in a very old
deposit, antedates human life, except, perhaps, very primitive human life, as an indigenous product of this
earth: but we're quite as much interested in the dilemma it made for the faithful.

It is of "true meteoritic material." In L'Astronomie, 7−114, it is said that, though so geometric, its phenomena
so characteristic of meteorites exclude the idea that it was the work of man.(9)

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111

As to the deposit −− Tertiary coal.

Composition −− iron carbon, and a small quantity of nickel.

It has a pitted surface that is supposed by the faithful to be characteristic of meteorites.

For a full account of this subject, see Comptes Rendus, 103−702.(10) The scientists who examined it could
reach no agreement. They bifurcated: then a compromise was suggested; but the compromise is a product of
disregard:

That it was of true meteoritic material, and had not been shaped by man;

That it was not of true meteoritic material, but telluric iron that had been shaped by man;

That it was true meteoritic material that had fallen from the sky, but had been shaped by man, after its fall.

The data, one or more of which must be disregarded by each of these three explanations, are: "true meteoritic
material" and surface markings of meteorites; geometric form; presence in an ancient deposit; material as
hard as steel; absence upon this earth, in Tertiary times, of men who could work in material as hard as steel. It
is said that, though of "true meteoritic material," this object is virtually a steel object.

St. Augustine, with his orthodoxy, was never in −− well, very much worse −− difficulties than are the faithful
here. By due disregard of a datum or so, our own acceptance that it was a steel object that had fallen from the
sky to this earth, in Tertiary times, is not forced upon one. We offer ours as the only synthetic expression. For
instance, in Science Gossip, 1887−58, it is described as a meteorite: in this account there is nothing alarming
to the pious, because, though everything else is told, its geometric form is not mentioned.(11)

It's a cube. There is a deep incision all around it. Of its faces, two that are opposite are rounded.

Though I accept that our own expression can only rather approximate to Truth, by the wideness of its
inclusions, and because it seems, of four attempts, to represent the only complete synthesis, and can be
nullified or greatly modified by data that we, too, have somewhere disregarded, the only means of
nullification that I can think of would be demonstration that this object is a mass of iron pyrites, which
sometimes form geometrically. But the analysis mentions not a trace of sulphur. Of course our weakness, or
impositiveness, lies in that, by any one to whom it would be agreeable to find sulphur in this thing, sulphur
would be found in it −− by our intermediatism there is some sulphur in everything, or sulphur is only a
localization or emphasis of something that, unemphasized, is in all things.

So there have, or haven't, been found upon this earth things that fell from the sky, or that were left behind by
extra−mundane visitors to this earth −−

A yarn in the London Times, June 22, 1844: that some workmen, quarrying rock, close to the Tweed, about a
quarter of a mile below Rutherford Mills, discovered a gold thread embedded in the stone, at a depth of eight
feet: that a piece of the gold thread had been sent to the office of the Kelso Chronicle.(12)

Pretty little thing; not at all frowsy; rather damnable.

London Times, Dec. 24, 1851:(13)

That Hiram De Witt, of Springfield, Massachusetts, returning from California, had brought with him a piece
of auriferous quartz about the size of a man's fist. It was accidentally dropped −− split open −− nail in it.

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There was a cut−iron nail, size of a six−penny nail, slightly corroded. "It was entirely straight and had a
perfect head."

Or −− California −− ages ago, when auriferous quartz was forming −− super−carpenter, a million miles or so
up in the air −− drops a nail.

To one not an intermediatist, it would seem incredible that this datum, not only of the damned, but of the
lowest of the damned, or of the journalistic caste of the accursed, could merge away with something else
damned only by disregard, and backed by what is called "highest scientific authority" −−

Communication by Sir David Brewster (Rept. Brit. Assoc., 1845−51):(14)

That a nail had been found in a block of stone from Kingoodie Quarry, North Britain. The block in which the
nail was found was nine inches thick, but as to what part of the quarry it had come from, there is no evidence
−− except that it could not have been from the surface. The quarry had been worked about twenty years. It
consisted of alternate layers of hard stone and a substance called "till." The point of the nail, quite eaten with
rust, projected into some "till," upon the surface of the block of stone. The rest of the nail lay upon the
surface of the stone to within an inch of the head −− that inch of it was embedded in the stone.

Although its caste is high, this is a thing profoundly of the damned−−sort of a Brahmin as regarded by a
Baptist. Its case was stated fairly; Brewster related all circumstances available to him−−but there was no
discussion at the meeting of the British Association: no explanation was offered −−

Nevertheless the thing can be nullified −−

But the nullification that we find is as much against orthodoxy, in one respect as it is against our own
expression that inclusion in quartz or sandstone indicates antiquity −− or there would have to be a revision of
prevailing dogmas upon quartz and sandstone and age indicated by them, if the opposing data should be
accepted. Of course it may be contended by both the orthodox and us heretics that the opposition is only a
yarn from a newspaper. By an odd combination, we find our two lost souls that have tried to emerge, chucked
back to perdition by one blow:

Popular Science News, 1884−41:(15)

That, according to the Carson Appeal, there had been found in a mine, quartz crystals that could have had
only fifteen years in which to form: that, where a mill had been built, sandstone had been found, when the
mill was torn down, that had hardened in twelve years: that in this sandstone was a piece of wood with "a
rusty nail" in it.

Annals of Scientific Discovery, 1853−71:(16)

That, at the meeting of the British Association, 1853, Sir David Brewster had announced that he had to bring
before the meeting an object "of so incredible a nature that nothing short of the strongest evidence was
necessary to render the statement at all probable."

A crystal lens had been found in the treasure−house at Ninevah.

In many of the temples and treasure houses of old civilizations upon this earth have been preserved things
that have fallen from the sky −− or meteorites.

Again we have a Brahmin. This thing is buried alive in the heart of propriety: it is in the British Museum.

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Carpenter, in The Microscope and Its Revelations, gives two drawings of it.(17) Carpenter argues that it is
impossible to accept that optical lenses had ever been made by the ancients. Never occurred to him −− some
one a million miles or so up in the air −− looking through his telescope −− lens drops out.

This does not appeal to Carpenter: he says that this object must have been an ornament.

According to Brewster, it was not an ornament, but "a true optical lens."

In that case, in ruins of an old civilization upon this earth, has been found an accursed thing that was,
acceptably, not a product of any old civilization indigenous to this earth.(18)

1. Lazarus Fletcher. An Introduction to the Study of Meteorites. London: British Museum Trustees, 11th ed.,
1914: 69−70, 75−6, 78−84. 87, 89, 108. The Seeläsgen was "found in draining a field"; the Schwetz and the
Tula were found "in making a road"; and, those "turned up by a plough" include Welland, Lockport,
Burlington, Chesterville, Losttown, Chulafinnee, Babb's Mill, Tazewell, Caney Fork, Nelson County, Butler,
Trenton, Hammond Township, Carlton, and Rancho de la Pila.

2. Edmund Otis Hovey. "On the so−called Norwood `meteorite'." Science, n.s., 31 (February 25, 1910):
298−9.

3. Daubrée. "Substances adressées au muséum comme des météorites, avec lesquelles on les on les a
confondues à tort." Comptes Rendus, 91 (July 26, 1880): 197−8.

4. E.W. Binney. "A description of some supposed meteorites found in seams of coal." Manchester Literary
and Philosophical Society Memoirs, s.2, 9 (1851): 306−20.

5. "Discovery of an iron instrument lately found in a natural seam of coal in the neighbourhood of Glascow."
Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, s.1, 1, 121−2. Correct quotes: "...been discovered in
the heart...," and, "The instrument which was exhibited to the Meeting was considered to be modern."

6. John Bavington Jones. "Seal found at Dover." Notes and Queries, s.11, 1 (May 21, 1910): 408. Two of the
figures in the design are described as "the Blessed Virgin and Child."

7. "A relic of a by−gone age." Scientific American, o.s., 7 (June 5, 1852): 298. The date of June 5, 1852, is
the issue date; and, the account repeated in this issue was taken from the Boston Transcript, which in turn
said the discovery took place "a few days ago."

8. "Notes." Nature, 35 (November 11, 1886): 34−7, at 36. Verhandlungen des Naturhistorischen Vereins der
preussischen Rheinlande. Bonn, Germany: Verlag Max Cohen Sohn, 1886, 188. Hubert Malthaner. "Not the
Salzburg steel cube, but an iron object from Wolfsegg." Pursuit, 6 (1973): 90−3. William R. Corliss. Ancient
Man: A Handbook of Puzzling Artifacts. Glen Arm, Maryland: The Sourcebook Project, 1978, 654−6. This
metal object belonged to the Heimathaus at Vocklabruck, Austria, in 1978. The object was believed by Adolf
Gurlt, a mining engineer, to be a fossil meteorite; however, the object had no Widmanstattan pattern, and it
contained not nickle, chromium, nor cobalt. The "Wolfsegg Iron" was believed, by R. Grill of the
Geologische Bundesanstalt in Vienna, to be a piece of cast iron, which was found among pieces of coal at an
iron foundry and which may have been "used as ballast with primitive mining machinery."

9. "Uranolithe fossile." Astronomie, 7 (1888): 114.

10. Gurlt. "Météorite trouvée dans un lignite tertiare." Comptes Rendus, 103 (October 18, 1886): 702−3.
Daubrée only disputes that the object fell at the time of the formation of the coal; and, he suggests that it was

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introduced to the coal in more recent times.

11. "Meteorite in coal." Hardwicke's Science Gossip, 23 (1887): 58.

12. "Singular circumstance." London Times, June 22, 1844, p. 8 c. 5. For the original newspaper article:
"Singular circumstance." Kelso Chronicle (Kelso, Roxburghshire), May 31, 1844, p. 5 c. 3. The name of the
location was Rutherford Mill, (not Rutherford Mills).

13. "A nut for geologists." London Times, December 24, 1851, p.5 c.6.

14. David Brewster. "Queries and statements concerning a nail...." Annual Report of the British Association
for the Advancement of Science, 1844, trans., 51.

15. "Young quartz." Popular Science News, 18 (1884): 42. The issue of the Carson Appeal with this article
could not be located.

16. "Account of a rock crystal lens and decomposed glass found in Ninevah." Annual of scientific discovery,
1853, 171−172.

17. William Benjamin Carpenter. Microscope and Its Revelations. 8th ed. Philadelphia: P. Blakiston's Son
Co., 1901, 119. Only this edition has the illustration.

18. If the object was not an ornament, its presence in an ancient treasure−house might be explained as having
some use as an optical aid. "The degree of minute and finished detail which it was possible to achieve in the
engraving of coin dies is certainly remarkable, but there is not on that account any reason to believe that
either gem−cutters or die−cutters in antiquity performed their work except by the naked eye. The existence of
optical aids such as magnifying glass in ancient times remains very problematical, although there are
references in some ancient authors to suggest that the principles of optical glass were being explored; for
practical purposes, however, these aids did not exist." G.K.Jenkins. Ancient Greek Coins. New York: G.P.
Putnam's Sons, 1972, 17.

Chapter X

EARLY explorers have Florida mixed up with Newfoundland.(1) But the confusion is worse than that still
earlier. It arises from simplicity. Very early explorers think that all land westward is one land, India:
awareness of other lands as well as India comes as a slow process. I do not now think of things arriving upon
this earth from some especial other world. That was my notion when I started to collect our data. Or, as is a
commonplace of observation, all intellection begins with the illusion of homogeneity. It's one of Spencer's
data: we see homogeneousness in all things distant, or with which we have small acquaintance. Advance
from the relatively homogeneous to the relatively heterogeneous is Spencerian Philosophy −− like everything
else, so−called: not that it was really Spencer's discovery, but was taken from von Baer, who, in turn, was
continuous with preceding evolutionary speculation.(2) Our own expression is that all things are acting to
advance to the homogeneous, or are trying to localize Homogeneousness. Homogeneousness is an aspect of
the Universal, wherein it is a state that does not merge away into something else. We regard
homogeneousness as an aspect of positiveness, but it is our acceptance that infinite frustrations of attempts to
positivize manifest themselves in infinite heterogeneity: so that though things try to localize
homogeneousness they end up in heterogeneity so great that it amounts to infinite dispersion or
indistinguishability.

So all concepts are little attempted positivenesses, but soon have to give in to compromise, modification,

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nullification, merging away into indistinguishability −− unless, here and there, in the world's history, there
may have been a super−dogmatist, who, for only an infinitesimal of time, has been able to hold out against
heterogeneity or modification or doubt or "listening to reason," or loss of identity −− in which case −− instant
translation to heaven or the Positive Absolute.

Odd thing about Spencer is that he never recognized that "homogeneity," "integration," and "definiteness" are
all words for the same state, or the state we call "positiveness." What we call his mistake is in that he
regarded "homogeneousness" as negative.

I began with a notion of some one other world, from which objects and substances have fallen to this earth;
which had, or which, to less degree, has a tutelary interest in this earth; which is now attempting to
communicate with this earth −− modifying, because of data which will pile up later, into acceptance that
some other world is not attempting but has been, for centuries, in communication with a sect, perhaps, or a
secret society, or certain esoteric ones of this earth's inhabitants.

I lose a great deal of hypnotic power in not being able to concentrate attention upon some one other world.

As I have admitted before I'm intelligent, as contrasted with the orthodox. I haven't the aristocratic disregard
of a New York curator or an Eskimo medicine−man.

I have to dissipate myself in acceptance of a host of other worlds: size of the moon, some of them: one of
them, at least, −− tremendous thing: we'll take that up later. Vast, amorphous aerial regions, to which such
definite words as "worlds" and "planets" seem inapplicable. And artificial constructions that I have called
"super−constructions": one of them about the size of Brooklyn, I should say, off hand. And one or more of
them wheel−shaped things, a goodly number of square miles in area.

I think that earlier in this book, before we liberalized into embracing everything that comes along, your
indignation, or indigestion would have expressed in the notion that, if this were so, astronomers would have
seen these other worlds and regions and vast geometric constructions. You'd have had that notion: you'd have
stopped there.

But the attempt to stop is saying "enough" to the insatiable. In cosmic punctuation there are no periods:
illusions of periods is incomplete view of colons and semi−colons.

We can't stop with the notion that if there were such phenomena, astronomers would have seen them.
Because of our experience with suppression and disregard, we suspect, before we go into the subject at all,
that astronomers have seen them; that navigators and meteorologists have seen them; that individual scientists
and other trained observers have seen them many times −−

That it is the System that has excluded data of them.

As to the Law of Gravitation, and astronomers' formulas, remember that these formulas worked out in the
time of La Place as well as they do now. But there are hundreds of planetary bodies now known that were
then not known. So a few hundred worlds more of ours won't make any difference. La Place knew of about
only thirty bodies in this solar system: about six hundred are recognized now −−(3)

What are the discoveries of geology and biology to a theologian?

His formulas still work out as well as they ever did.

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If the Law of Gravitation could be stated as a real utterance, it might be a real resistance to us. But we are told
only that gravitation is gravitation. Of course to an intermediatist, nothing can be defined in terms of itself −−
but even the orthodox, in what seems to me to be the innate premonitions of realness, not founded upon
experience, agree that to define a thing in terms of itself is not real definition. It is said that by gravitation is
meant the attraction of all things proportionately to mass and inversely as the square of the distance. Mass
would mean inter−attraction holding together final particles, if there were final particles. Then, until final
particles be discovered, only one term of this expression survives, or mass is attraction. But distance is only
extent of mass, unless one holds out for absolute vacuum among planets, a position against which we could
bring a host of data. But there is no possible means of expressing that gravitation is anything other than
attraction. So there is nothing to resist us but such a phantom as −− that gravitation is the gravitation of all
gravitations proportionately to gravitation and inversely as the square of gravitation. In a quasi−existence,
nothing more sensible than this can be said upon any so−called subject −− perhaps there are higher
approximations to ultimate sensibleness.

Nevertheless we seem to have a feeling that with the System against us we have a kind of resistance here.
We'd have felt so formerly, at any rate: I think the Dr. Grays and Prof. Hitchcocks have modified our
trustfulness toward indistinguishability. As to the perfection of this System that quasi−opposes us and the
infallibility of its mathematics −− as if there could be real mathematics in a mode of seeming where twice
two are not four −− we've been told over and over again of their vindication in the discovery of Neptune.

I'm afraid that the course we're taking will turn out like every other development. We began humbly,
admitting that we're of the damned −−

But our eyebrows −−

Just a faint flicker in them, or in one of them, every time we hear of the "triumphal discovery of Neptune" −−
this "monumental achievement of theoretical astronomy," as the text books call it.(4)

The whole trouble is that we've looked it up.

The text−books omit this:

That, instead of the orbit of Neptune agreeing with the calculations of Adams and Leverrier, it was so
different −− that Leverrier said that it was not the planet of his calculations.(5)

Later it was thought best to say no more upon that subject.

The text−books omit this:

That, in 1846, everyone who knew a sine from a cosine was out sining and cosining for a planet beyond
Uranus.

Two of them guessed right.(6)

To some minds, even after Leverrier's own rejection of Neptune, the word "guessed" may be objectionable
−− but, according to Prof. Peirce, of Harvard, the calculations of Adams and Leverrier would have applied
quite as well to positions many degrees from the position of Neptune.

Or for Prof. Peirce's demonstration that the discovery of Neptune was only a "happy accident," see Proc.
Amer. Acad. Sciences, 1−65.(7)

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For references, see Lowell's Evolution of Worlds.(8)

Or comets: another nebulous resistance to our own notions. As to eclipses, I have notes upon several of them
that did not occur upon scheduled time, though with differences only of seconds −− and one delightful lost
soul, deep−buried, but buried in the ultra−respectable records of the Royal Astronomical Society, upon an
eclipse that did not occur at all. That delightful, ultra−sponsored thing of perdition is too good and malicious
to be dismissed with passing notice: we'll have him later.

Throughout the history of astronomy, every comet that has come back upon predicted time −− not that,
essentially, there was anything more abstruse about it than is a prediction that you can make of a postman's
periodicities to−morrow −− was advertised for all it was worth. It's the way reputations are worked up for
fortune−tellers by the faithful. The comets that didn't come back −− omitted or explained. Or Encke's comet.
It came back slower and slower. But the astronomers explained. They had it all worked out and formulated
and "proved" why that comet was coming back slower and slower −− and there the dam thing began coming
faster and faster.(9)

Halley's comet.

Astronomy −− "the perfect science, as we astronomers like to call it." (Jacoby.)

It's my own notion that if, in a real existence, an astronomer could not tell one longitude from another, he'd be
sent back to this purgatory of ours until he could meet that simple requirement.

Halley was sent to the Cape of Good Hope to determine its longitude. He got it degrees wrong. He gave to
Africa's noble Roman promontory a retroussé twist that would take the pride out of any Kaffir.(10)

We hear everlastingly of Halley's comet. It came back −− maybe. But, unless we look the matter up in
contemporaneous records, we hear nothing of −− the Leonids, for instance. By the same methods as those by
which Halley's comet was predicted, the Leonids were predicted. Nov., 1898 −− no Leonids. It was
explained. They had been perturbed. They would appear in November, 1899. Nov., 1899 −− Nov., 1900 −−
no Leonids.

My notion of astronomic accuracy:

Who could not be a prize marksman, if only his hits be recorded?

As to Halley's comet, of 1910 −− everybody now swears he saw it. He has to perjure himself: otherwise he'd
be accused of having no interest in great, inspiring things that he's never given attention to.

Regard this:

That there was never a moment when there is not some comet in the sky. Virtually there is no year in which
several new comets are not discovered, so plentiful are they. Luminous fleas on a vast black dog −− in
popular impressions, there is no realization of the extent to which this solar system is flea−bitten.

If a comet has not the orbit that astronomers have predicted −− perturbed. If −− like Halley's comet −− it be
late −− even a year late −− perturbed. When a train is an hour late, we have small opinion of the prediction of
timetables. When a comet's a year late, all we ask is −− that it be explained. We hear of the inflation and
arrogance of astronomers. My own acceptance is not that they are imposing upon us: that they are requiting
us. For many of us priests no longer function to give us seeming rapport with Perfection, Infallibility −− the
Positive Absolute. Astronomers have stepped forward to fill a vacancy −− with quasi−phantomosity −− but,

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in our acceptance, with a higher approximation to substantiality than had the attenuations that preceded them.
I should say, my− self, that all that we call progress is not so much response to "urge" as it is response to a
hiatus −− or if you want something to grow somewhere, dig out everything else in its area. So I have to
accept that the positive assurances of astronomers are necessary to us, or the blunderings, evasions and
disguises of astronomers would never be tolerated: that, given such latitude as they are permitted to take, they
could not be very disastrously mistaken. Suppose the comet called Halley's had not appeared −−

Early in 1910, a far more important comet than the anaemic luminosity said to be Halley's, appeared.(11) It
was so brilliant that it was visible in daylight. The astronomers would have been saved anyway. If this other
comet did not have the predicted orbit −− perturbation. If you're going to Coney Island, and predict there'll be
a special kind of pebble on the beach, I don't see how you can disgrace yourself, if some other pebble will do
just as well −− because the feeble thing said to have been seen in 1910 was no more in accord with the
sensational descriptions given out by astronomers in advance than is a pale pebble with a brick−red
bowlder.(12)

I predict that next Wednesday, a large Chinaman, in evening clothes, will cross Broadway, at 42nd Street, at
9 P.M. He doesn't, but a tubercular Jap in a sailor's uniform does cross Broadway, at 35th Street, Friday, at
noon. Well, a Jap is a perturbed Chinaman, and clothes are clothes.

I remember the terrifying predictions made by the honest and credulous astronomers, who must have been
themselves hypnotized, or they could not have hypnotized the rest of us, in 1909.(13) Wills were made.
Human life might be swept from this planet. In quasi−existence, which is essentially Hibernian, that would be
no reason why wills should not be made. The less excitable of us did expect at least some pretty good
fireworks.

I have to admit that it is said that, in New York, a light was seen in the sky.

It was about as terrifying as the scratch of a match on the seat of some breeches half a mile away.

It was not on time.

Though I have heard that a faint nebulosity, which I did not see, myself, though I looked when I was told to
look, was seen in the sky, it appeared several days after the time predicted.

A hypnotized host of imbeciles of us: told to look up at the sky: we did −− like a lot of pointers hypnotized
by a partridge.

The effect:

Almost everybody now swears that he saw Halley's comet, and that is was a glorious spectacle.

An interesting circumstance here is that seemingly we are trying to discredit astronomers because
astronomers oppose us −− that's not my impression. We shall be in the Brahmin caste of the hell of the
Baptists. Almost all our data, in some regiments of this procession, are observations by astronomers, few of
them mere amateur astronomers. It is the System that opposes us. It is the System that is suppressing
astronomers. I think we pity them in their captivity. Ours is not malice −− in a positive sense. It's chivalry −−
somewhat. Unhappy astronomers looking out from high towers in which they are imprisoned −− we appear
on the horizon.

But, as I have said, our data do not relate to some especial other world. I mean very much what a savage upon
an ocean island might think of in his speculations −− not upon some other land, but complexes of continents

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and their phenomena: cities, factories in cities, means of communication −−

Now all the other savages would know of a few vessels sailing in their regular routes, passing this island in
regularized periodicities. The tendency in these minds would be expression of the universal tendency toward
positivism −− or Completeness −− or conviction that these few regularized vessels constituted all. Now I
think of some especial savage who suspects otherwise −− because he's very backward and unimaginative and
insensible to the beautiful ideals of the others: not piously occupied, like the others, in bowing before
impressive−looking sticks of wood; dishonestly taking time for his speculations, while the other are
patriotically witch−finding. So the other higher and nobler savages know about the few regularized vessels:
know when to expect them; have their periodicities all worked out; just about when vessels will pass, or
eclipse each other −− explaining all vagaries were due to atmospheric conditions.

They'd come out strong in explaining.

You can't read a book upon savages without noting what resolute explainers they are.

They'd say all this mechanism was founded upon the mutual attraction of vessels −− deduced from the fall of
a monkey from a palm tree −− or, if not that, that devils were pushing the vessels −− something of the kind.

Storms.

Débris, not from these vessels, cast up by the waves.

Disregarded.

How can one think of something and something else, too?

I'm in a state of mind of a savage who might find upon a shore, washed up by the same storm, buoyant parts
of a piano and a paddle that is carved by cruder hands than his own: something light and summery from
India, and a fur overcoat from Russia −− or all science, though approximating wider and wider, is attempt to
conceive of India in terms of an ocean island, and of Russia in terms of India so interpreted. Though I am
trying to think of Russia and India in world−wide terms, I cannot think that that, or the universalizing of the
local, is cosmic purpose. The higher idealist is the positivist who tries to localize the universal, and is in
accord with cosmic purpose: the super−dogmatist of a local savage who can hold out, without a flurry of
doubt, that a piano washed up on a beach is the trunk of a palm tree that a shark has bitten, leaving his teeth
in it. So we fear for the soul of Dr. Gray, because he did not devote his whole life to that one stand that,
whether possible or inconceivable, thousands of fishes had been cast from one bucket.

So, unfortunately for myself, if salvation be desirable, I look out widely but amorphously, indefinitely and
heterogeneously. If I say I conceive of another world that is now in secret communication with certain
esoteric inhabitants of this earth, I say I conceive of still other worlds that are trying to establish
communication with all the inhabitants of this earth. I fit my notions to the data I find. That is supposed to be
the right and logical and scientific thing to do; but it is no way to approximate to form, system, organization.
Then I think I conceive of other worlds and vast structures that pass us by, within a few miles, without the
slightest desire to communicate, quite as tramp vessels pass many islands without particularizing one from
another. Then I think I have data of a vast construction that has often come to this earth, dipped into an ocean,
submerged there a while, then going away −− Why? I'm not absolutely sure. How would an Eskimo explain a
vessel, sending ashore for coal, which is plentiful upon some Arctic beaches, though of unknown use to the
natives, then sailing away, with no interest in the natives?

A great difficulty in trying to understand vast constructions that show no interest in us:

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The notion that we must be interesting.

I accept that, though we're usually avoided, probably for moral reasons, sometimes this earth has been visited
by explorers. I think that the notion that there have been extra−mundane visitors to China, within what we
call the historic period, will be only ordinarily absurd, when we come to that datum.

I accept that some of the other worlds are of conditions very similar to our own. I think of others that are very
different −− so that visitors from them could not live here −− without artificial adaptations.

How some of them could breathe our attenuated air, if they came from a gelatinous atmosphere −−

Masks.

The masks that have been found in ancient deposits.

Most of them are of stone, and are said to have been ceremonial regalia of savages −−

But the mask that was found in Sullivan County, Missouri, in 1879 (American Antiquarian, 3−336).(14)

It is made of iron and silver.

1. There does not appear to be confusion between Florida and Newfoundland on the part of the explorers in
the 16th century. Although Columbus mistook the lands he explored for the "Occidental Indies," this
confusion between Asia and the Americas is a separate matter; and, the continued identification of North
America by Spanish historians, such as Andrés González de Barcia Carballido Y Zuñiga and others, from the
Floridian peninsula (Tegesta province) northwards to "even Labrador," until the end of the 18th century,
appears less a confusion of geography and more a reluctance to surrender claims to the territories west of "la
Raya," placed 370 leagues west of the Cape Verde Islands by the Treaty of Tordesillas. The Chinese might
likewise be said to still confuse "Florida" with the whole of the United States of America, called "Mei Guo,"
or "flower country." Spanish explorers became well acquainted with the coasts of Florida and of
Newfoundland. One of the principal reasons for the expedition by Estevan Gomez in 1525 was to discover
any passage to China "between the Bacallaos and Florida," (the "Bacallaos," or "Terra de Baccalhaos," being
Newfoundland). "The coast of Florida had been discovered and explored in 1512 and 1520, as high as 33 N.,
by Ponce de Leon and Ayllon; by which it was known in Spain, says Herrera, that no passage existed there.
Newfoundland, Labrador, and the other coasts in that region, had been reconnoitered by Sebastian Cabot, the
Cortereals, and others. But in the wide region between Florida and Cape Breton `no Castilian vessel had
sailed as yet.'" Earlier, in 1524, Giovanni da Verrazano explored the intervening coastline for France and
thought that an isthmus on the Carolina coast might be crossed to another sea that might reach to the Pacific;
thus, the "Sea of Verrazano" appeared on many early maps between Florida and Newfoundland. In 1527, an
expedition led by John Rut explored the coast for England, but he also failed to find any passage between by
which to reach China and the Indies. J.G. Kohl. A History of the Discovery of the East Coast of North
America. William Willis, ed. Vol. 1 of Documentary History of the State of Maine. Portland, Maine: Bailey
and Noyes, 1869: 243, 274.

2. Spencer's philosophy actually preceded his knowledge of von Baer's work; but, when it came to his
attention, it was duly acknowledged as evidence of Spencer's beliefs in evolution and the biological sciences.
Karl Ernst von Baer stated that the development of embryos progressed from a homogeneous egg and
developed along similar lines to their respective phyla and species; and, though von Baer may have accepted
that evolution took place, he rejected Darwin's advocacy of natural selection as its cause.

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3. Although Laplace provided equations to explain the effects of gravitation within the solar system, (which
included the sun, seven major planets and their satellites), his work declared the effects of the fixed stars to be
"wholly insensible" and any aether or "ethereal fluid" to be "yet insensible" to the system; and, Bowditch,
who added four periodical comets and minor planets in his translation of Laplace's work, found the effects of
comets and minor planets to be "wholly insensible" to the system. The equations may still be used for
determining gravitational effects; yet, according to modern measures, the masses of Mercury and Mars have
been reduced to about a third and three−fifths of their respective masses, as determined by Laplace. Simon
Pierre de Laplace. Nathaniel Bowditch, trans. Celestial Mechanics. Reprint. Bronx, New York: Chelsea
Publishing Company, 1966, v. 3; 179−81, 343−55, 678−694.

4. "This discovery may be justly considered one of the greatest triumphs of theoretical astronomy," wrote J.R.
Hind, who may have pioneered this claim. "Discovery of Le Verrier's planet." London Times, October 1,
1846, p. 8 c. 6.

5. Fort marked in the margin next to the following paragraphs: "See Lowell misleading interpretation Ev. of
World. I think." Lowell states: "Instead of a mean distance of 36 astronomical units or more, the stranger
(Neptune) was only at 30. The result so disconcerted Leverrier that he declared that `the small eccentricity
which appeared to result from Mr. Walker's computations would be incompatible with the nature of the
pertrubations of the planet Herschel," as he called Uranus. In other words, he expressly denied that Neptune
was his planet." Percival Lowell. The Evolution of Worlds. New York: Macmillan Co., 1909, 124.

6. Fort may have exaggerated the number of searchers for a trans−Uranian planet, unless one considers that
only two geometers (Leverrier and Adams) "knew a sine from a cosine" and could develope methods to
formulate the location of the hypothetical planet.

7. "Two hundred and ninety−third meeting." Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
(Boston): 1, 57−68, at 65. The article concludes its review of Peirce's examination of the discovery of
Neptune, with its own emphasis: "From these data, without any hypothesis in regard to the character of the
orbit, he has arrived at the conclusion, that THE PLANET NEPTUNE IS NOT THE PLANET TO WHICH
GEOMETRICAL ANALYSIS HAD DIRECTED THE TELESCOPE; that its orbit is not contained within
the limits of space which have been explored by geometers searching for the source of the disturbances of
Uranus; and that its discovery by Galle must be regarded as a happy accident."

8. Percival Lowell. The Evolution of Worlds. New York: Macmillan Co., 1909, 121−6.

9. Sic, damn thing. Encke had originally assigned an orbital period of 12.12 years to the comet observed in
1805 by Thulis; however, when observed again by Pons, in 1818, Encke recalculated the orbit as having an
orbital period of 3.5 years and "was struck by the similarity which the elements obtained by him bore to those
Comets of 1786 (i.), 1795 and 1805. Encke, by "calculating backwards the effects of planetary perturbation,"
identified the comet as being the same one and predicted its return in 1822. George Frederick Chambers. The
Story of the Comets. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1909, 59−67. The observed diminuation of the period of
Encke's Comet during several periods led to an explanation of a "resisting medium," which retarded the speed
of the comet and consequently shortened its period. In 1880, Oppolzer claimed that Pons' Comet exhibited
the same phenomenon; and, the main opponents to the "resisting medium" were Von Asten and Backlund,
who attempted to account for the changes in these comets' periods by planetary perturbations. Belief in a
resisting medium was further put into doubt when it was found, from 1865 to 1881, the acceleration of the
period was "progressively diminishing," whereas "uniformity of action" was expected of the resisting
medium. The comet did not change to "faster and faster," as Fort states, but more slowly than was expected
by Encke's theory. Agnes Mary Clerke. A Popular History of Astronomy. New York: Macmillan Co., 1886,
122−3.

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10. Halley never did go to the Cape of Good Hope. His catalog of southern stars, Catalogus Stellarum
Australium..., was compiled from observations made at St. Helena, from 1677 to 1678. During his second
voyage on the H.M.S. Paramore, on February 27, 1700, Halley decided to go to St. Helena, rather than
continue to the Cape of Good Hope, to be certain of his water supply and of a favourable voyage home to
England. Halley did provide his calculated longitude of the Cape of Good Hope to Cassini, for the latter's
world map. According to Halley, the Cape of Good Hope was about 16 East of London (Greenwich), and he
disputed the longitude of about 20 East calculated by Jesuit missionaries travelling from France to Siam, who
were assigned the task of determining the longitude of various locations on their route. Halley's calculations
were based upon shipboard observations and estimates of distances sailed. Edmund Halley. Norman J.W.
Thrower, ed. The Three Voyages of Edmond Halley in the Paramore 1678−1701. London: The Hakluyt
Society, 1981; 19−20, 174−5. "A remark concerning the longitude of the Cape of Good Hope." Philosophical
Transactions of the Royal Society of London, 16 (November and December, 1686): 253−4. E. Halley. "An
observation of the end of the total lunar eclipse on the 5th of March 1718, observed near the Cape of Good
Hope...." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, 30 (June, July, and August, 1719):
992−4.

11. "New comet seen." New York Times, January 18, 1910, p. 1 c. 5. "New comet visible to−day." New York
Times, January 20, 1910, p. 1 c. 6. "Not much is known of daylight comet." New York Times, January 30,
1910, s. 3 p. 3 c. 7.

12. Sic, boulder.

13. Two principal fears were that the comet would possible collide with the earth and that poisonous
cyanogen was discovered to be in the comet's tail, which was expected to sweep over the earth as the comet
passed between the earth and the sun. Though most astronomers dismissed the public's fears as ignorance and
superstitious nonsense, Flammarion did express his concern of the poisonous nature of the comet's tail, which
"would impregnate the atmosphere and possibly snuff out all life on the planet." "Comet's poisonous tail."
New York Times, February 8, 1910, p. 1 c. 4. "No danger from comet." New York Times, February 10, 1910,
p. 1 c. 6. "Poison in the tail of a comet." New York Times, February 11, 1910, p. 10 c. 4. "Says earth is in no
danger." New York Times, May 5, 1910, p. 6 c. 5. Mary Proctor. "Fears of the comet are foolish and
ungrounded." New York Times, May 8, 1910, s. 5 p. 7. "Comet scares the French." New York Times, May
13, 1910, p. 1 c. 2. "Mitchell ridicules fear of the comet." New York Times, May 14, 1910, p. 7 c. 4−5. "Six
hours to−night in the comet's tail." New York Times, May 18, 1910, p. 1 c. 7 p. 2 c. 1−2 "Sun spots appear;
not due to comet?" New York Times, May 19, 1910, p. 1 c. 5. "Comet gazers see flashes." New York Times,
May 19, 1910, p. 1 c. 7 p. 2 c. 1−2.

14. "A silver and iron mask found in Missouri." American Antiquarian, 3 (July 1881): 336.

Chapter XI

ONE of the dam−dest in our whole saturnalia of the accursed −−

Because it is hopeless to try to shake off an excommunication only by saying that we're damned by blacker
things than ourselves; and that the damned are those who admit they're of the damned. Inertia and hypnosis
are too strong for us. We say that: then we go right on admitting we're the damned. It is only by being more
nearly real that we can sweep away the quasi−things that oppose us. Of course, as a whole, we have
considerable amorphousness, but we are thinking now of "individual" acceptances. Wideness is an aspect of
Universalness or Realness. If our syntheses disregard fewer data than do opposing syntheses −− which are
often not syntheses at all, but mere consideration of some circumstance −− less widely synthetic things fade
away before us. Harmony is an aspect of the Universal, by which we mean Realness. If we approximate more

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highly to harmony among the parts of an expression and to all available circumstances of an occurrence, the
self−contradictors turn hazy. Solidity is an aspect of realness. We pile them up, and we pile them up, or they
pass and pass and pass: things that bulk large as they march by, supporting and solidifying one another −−

And still, and for the regiments to come, hypnosis and inertia rule us −−

One of the dam−dest of our data:

In the Scientific American, Sept. 10, 1910, Charles F. Holder writes:(1)

"Many years ago, a strange stone resembling a meteorite, fell into the valley of the Yaqui, Mexico, and the
sensational story went from one end to the other of the country that a stone bearing human inscriptions had
descended to the earth."

The bewildering observation here is Mr. Holder's assertion that this stone did fall. It seems to me that he must
mean that it fell by dislodgment from a mountain side into a valley −− but we shall see that it was such a
marked stone that very unlikely would it have been unknown to dwellers in the valley, if it had been reposing
upon a mountainside above them. It may have been carelessness: intent may have been to say that a
sensational story of a strange stone said to have fallen, etc.(2)

This stone was reported by Major Frederick Burnham, of the British Army. Later Major Burnham re−visited
it, and Mr. Holder accompanied him, their purpose to decipher the inscriptions upon it, if possible.

"This stone was a brown, igneous rock, its longest axis about eight feet, and on the eastern face, which had an
angle of

about forty−five degrees, was the deep−cut inscription."

Mr. Holder says that he recognized familiar Mayan symbols in the inscription. His method was the usual
method by which anything can be "identified" as anything else: that is to pick out whatever is agreeable and
disregard the rest. He says that he has demonstrated that most of the symbols are Mayan. One of our
intermediatist pseudo−principles is that any way of demonstrating anything is just as good a way of
demonstrating anything else. By Mr. Holder's method we could demonstrate that we're Mayan −− if that
should be a source of pride to us. One of the characters upon this stone is a circle within a circle −− similar
character found by Mr. Holder in a Mayan manuscript. There are two 6's. 6's can be found in Mayan
manuscripts. A double scroll. There are dots and there are dashes. Well, then, in turn, disregard the circle
within a circle and the double scroll and emphasize that 6's occur in this book, and that dots are plentiful, and
would be more plentiful if it were customary to use the small "i" for the first personal pronoun −− that when
it comes to dashes −− that's demonstrated: we're Mayan.

I suppose the tendency is to feel that we're sneering at some valuable archæologic work, and that Mr. Holder
did make a veritable identification.

He writes:

"I submitted the photographs to the Field Museum and the Smithsonian and one or two others, and, to my
surprise, the reply was that they could make nothing out of it."

Our indefinite acceptance, by preponderance of three or four groups of museum−experts against one person,
is that a stone bearing inscriptions unassimilable with any known language upon this earth, is said to have
fallen from the sky. Another poor wretch of an outcast belonging here is noted in the Scientific American,

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48−261: that, of an object, or a meteorite, that fell Feb. 16, 1883, near Brescia, Italy, a false report was
circulated that one of the frag− ments bore the impress of a hand.(3) That's all that is findable by me upon this
mere gasp of a thing. Intermediatistically, my acceptance is that, though in the course of human history, there
have been some notable approximations, there never has been a real liar: that he could not survive in
intermediateness, where everything merges away or has its pseudo−base in something else −− would be
instantly translated to the Negative Absolute. So my acceptance is that, though curtly dismissed, there was
something to base upon in this report; that there were unusual markings upon this object. Of course that is not
to jump to the conclusion that they were cuneiform characters that looked like fingerprints.

Altogether, I think that in some of our past expressions, we must have been very efficient, if the experience of
Mr. Symons be typical, so indefinite are we becoming here. Just here we are interested in many things that
have been found, especially in the United States, which speak of a civilization, or of many civilizations not
indigenous to this earth. One trouble is in trying to decide whether they fell here from the sky, or were left
behind by visitors from other worlds. We have a notion that there have been disasters aloft, and that coins
were dropped here: that inhabitants of this earth found them or saw them fall, and then made coins
imitatively: it may be that coins were showered here by something of a tutelary nature that undertook to
advance us from the stage of barter to the use of a medium. If coins should be identified as Roman coins,
we've had so much experience with "identifications" that we know a phantom when we see one −− but, even
so, how could Roman coins have got to North America −− far in the interior of North America −− or buried
under the accumulation of centuries of soil −− unless they did drop from −− wherever the first Romans came
from? Ignatius Donnelly, in "Atlantis," gives a list of objects that have been found in mounds that are
supposed to antedate all European influence in America: lathe−made articles, such as traders −− from
somewhere −− would supply to savages −− marks of the lathe said to be unmistakable. Said to be: of course
we can't accept that anything is unmistakable. In the Rept. Smithson. Inst., 1881−619, there is an account, by
Charles C. Jones, of two silver crosses that were found in Georgia.(4) They are skillfully made, highly
ornamented crosses, but are not conventional crucifixes: all arms of equal length. Mr. Jones is a good
positivist −− that De Sota had halted at the "precise" spot where these crosses were found. But the spirit of
negativeness that lurks in all things said to be "precise" shows itself in that upon one of these crosses in an
inscription that has no meaning in Spanish or any other known, terrestrial language:

"IYNKICIDU," according to Mr. Jones. He thinks that this is a name, and that there is an aboriginal ring to it,
though I should say, myself, that he was thinking of the far−distant Incas: that the Spanish donor cut on the
cross the name of an Indian to whom it was presented. But we look at the inscription ourselves and see that
the letters said to be "C" and "D" are turned the wrong way, and that the letter said to be "K" is not only
turned the wrong way, but is upside down.

It is difficult to accept that the remarkable, the very extensive, copper mines in the region of Lake Superior,
were ever the works of American aborigines. Despite the astonishing extent of these mines, nothing has ever
been found to indicate that the region was ever inhabited by permanent dwellers −− "...not a vestige of a
dwelling, a skeleton, or a bone has been found." The Indians have no traditions relating to the mines
(American Antiquarian, 23−258).(5) I think we've had visitors: that they have come here for copper, for
instance. As to other relics of them −− but we now come upon frequency of a merger that has not so often
appeared before:

Fraudulency.

Hair called real hair −− then there are wigs. Teeth called real teeth −− then there are false teeth. Official
money −− counterfeit money. It's the bane of psychic research. If there be psychic phenomena, there must be
fraudulent psychic phenomena. So desperate is the situation here that Carrington argues that, even if
Palladino be caught cheating, that is not to say that all her phenomena are fraudulent.(6) My own version is:
that nothing, indicates anything, in a positive sense, because, in a positive sense, there is nothing to be

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indicated. Everything that is called true must merge away indistinguishably into something called false. Both
are expressions of the same underlying quasiness, and are continuous. Fraudulent antiquarian relics are very
common, but they are not more common than are fraudulent paintings.

W. S. Forest, "Historical Sketches of Norfolk, Virginia":(7)

That, in Sept., 1833, when some workmen, near Norfolk, were boring for water, a coin was drawn up from a
depth of about 30 feet. It was about the size of an English shilling, but oval −− an oval disk, if not a coin. The
figures upon it were distinct, and represented "a warrior or hunter and other characters, apparently of Roman
origin."

This means of exclusion would probably be −− men digging a hole −− no one else looking: one of them
drops a coin into the hole −− as to where he got a strange coin, remarkable in shape even −− that's
disregarded. Up comes the coin −− expressions of astonishment from the evil one who had dropped it.

However, the antiquarians have missed this coin. I can find no other mention of it.

Another coin. Also a little study in the genesis of a prophet.

In the American Antiquarian, 16−313, is copied a story by a correspondent to the Detroit News, of a copper
coin about the size of a two−cent piece, said to have been found in a Michigan mound.(8) The Editor says
merely that he does not endorse the find. Upon this slender basis, he buds out, in the next number of the
Antiquarian:(9)

"The coin turns out, as we predicted, to be a fraud."

You can imagine the scorn of Elijah, or any of the old more nearly real prophets.

Or all things are tried by the only kind of jurisprudence we have in quasi−existence:

Presumed to be innocent until convicted −− but they're guilty.

The Editor's reasoning is as phantom−like as my own, or St. Paul's, or Darwin's. The coin is condemned
because it came from the same region from which, a few years before, had come pottery that had been called
fraudulent. The pottery had been condemned because it was condemnable.

Scientific American, June 17, 1882:(10)

That a farmer, in Cass Co., Ill., had picked up, on his farm, a bronze coin, which was sent to Prof. F.F. Hilder,
of St. Louis, who identified it as a coin of Antiochus IV. Inscription said to be in ancient Greek characters:
translated as "King Antiochus, Epiphanes (Illustrious) the Victorious." Sounds quite definite and convincing
−− but we have some more translations coming.

In the American Pioneer, 2−169, are shown two faces of a copper coin, with characters very much like those
upon the Grave Creek stone −− which, with translations, we'll take up soon.(11) This coin is said to have
been found in Connecticut, in 1843.

"Records of the Past," 12−182:(12)

That, early in 1913, a coin, said to be a Roman coin, was reported as discovered in an Illinois mound. It was
sent to Dr. Emerson, of the Art Institute, of Chicago. His opinion was that the coin is "of the rare mintage of

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126

Domitius Domitianus, Emperor in Egypt." As to its discovery in an Illinois mound, Dr. Emerson disclaims
responsibility. But what strikes me here is that a joker should not have been satisfied with an ordinary Roman
coin. Where did he get a rare coin, and why was it not missed from some collection? I have looked over
numismatic journals enough to accept that the whereabouts of every rare coin in anyone's possession is
known to coin−collectors. Seems to me nothing left but to call this another "identification."

Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc., 12−224:(13)

That, in July, 1871, a letter was received from Mr. Jacob W. Moffit, of Chillicothe, Ill., enclosing a
photograph of a coin, which he said had been brought up, by him, while boring, from a depth of 120 feet.

Of course, by conventional scientific standards, such depth has some extraordinary meaning. Paleontologists,
geologists, and archæologists consider themselves reasonable in arguing ancient origin of the far−buried. We
only accept: depth is a pseudo−standard with us; one earthquake could bury a coin of recent mintage 120 feet
below the surface.

According to a writer in the Proceedings, the coin is uniform in thickness, and had never been hammered out
by savages−−"there are other tokens of the machine shop."

But, according to Prof. Leslie, it is an astrologic amulet. "There are upon it the signs of Pisces and Leo."

Or, with due disregard, you can find signs of your great grandmother, or of the Crusades, or of the Mayans,
upon anything that ever came from Chillicothe or from the five and ten cent store. Anything that looks like a
cat and a goldfish looks like Leo and Pisces; but, by due suppressions and distortions there's nothing that can't
be made to look like a cat and a goldfish. I fear me we're turning a little irritable here. To be damned by
slumbering giants and interesting harlots and clowns who rank high in their profession is at least supportable
to our vanity; but, we find that the anthropologists are of the slums of the divine, or of an archaic
kindergarten of intellectuality, and it is very unflattering to find a mess of moldy infants sitting in judgment
upon us.

Prof. Leslie then finds, as arbitrarily as one might find that some joker put the Brooklyn Bridge where it is,
that "the piece was placed there as a practical joke, though not by its present owner; and is a modern
fabrication; perhaps of the sixteenth century; possibly Hispano−American or French−American origin."

It's sheer, brutal attempt to assimilate a thing that may or may not have fallen from the sky, with the
phenomena admitted by the anthropologic system: or with the early French or Spanish explorers of Illinois.
Though it is ridiculous in a positive sense, to give reasons, it is more acceptable to attempt reasons more
nearly real than opposing reasons. Of course, in his favor, we note that Prof. Leslie qualifies his notions. But
his disregards are that there is nothing either French or Spanish about this coin. A legend upon it is said to be
"somewhere between Arabic and Phoenician, without being either." Prof. Winchell (Sparks from a
Geologist's Hammer, p. 170) says of the crude designs upon this coin, which was in his possession −−
scrawls of an animal and of a warrior, or of a cat and a goldfish, whichever be convenient −− that they had
been neither stamped nor engraved, but "looked as if etched with acid."(14) That is a method unknown in
numismatics of this earth.(15) As to the crudity of design upon this coin, and something else −− that, though
the "warrior" may be, by due disregards, either a cat or a goldfish, we have to note that his headdress is
typical of the American Indian −− could be explained, of course, but for fear that we might be instantly
translated to the Positive Absolute, which may not be absolutely desirable, we prefer to have some flaws or
negativeness in our own expressions.

Data of more than the thrice−accursed:

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Tablets of stone, with ten commandments engraved upon them, in Hebrew, said to have been found in the
mounds in the United States;

Masonic emblems said to have been found in the mounds in the United States.

We're upon the borderline of our acceptances, and we're amorphous in the uncertainties and mergings of our
outline. Conventionally, or, with no real reason for doing so, we exclude these things, and then, as grossly
and arbitrarily and irrationally −− though our attempt is always to approximate away from the negative states
−− as ever a Kepler, Newton, or Darwin, made his selections, without which he could not have seemed to be,
at all, because every one of them is now seen to be an illusion, we accept that other lettered things have been
found in mounds in the United States. Of course we do what we can to make the selection seem not gross and
arbitrary and irrational. Then, if we accept that inscribed things of ancient origin have been found in the
United States; that can not be attributed to any race indigenous to the western hemisphere; that are not in any
language ever heard of in the eastern hemisphere −− there's nothing to it but to turn non−Euclidean and try to
conceive of a third "hemisphere," or to accept that there has been intercourse between the western hemisphere
and some other world.

But there is a peculiarity to these inscribed objects. They remind me of the records left, by Sir John Franklin,
in the Arctic; but, also, of attempts made by relief expeditions to communicate with the Franklin expedition.
The lost explorers cached their records −− or concealed them conspicuously in mounds. The relief
expeditions sent up balloons, from which messages were dropped broadcast.(16) Our data are of things that
have been cached, and of things that seem to have been dropped −−

Or a Lost Expedition −− Somewhere.

Explorers from somewhere, and their inability to return −− then, a long, sentimental, persistent attempt, in the
spirit of our own Arctic relief−expeditions −− at least to establish communication −−

What if it may have succeeded?

We think of India −− millions of natives who are ruled by a small band of esoterics −− only because they
receive support and direction from −− somewhere else −− or from England.

In 1838, Mr. A.B. Tomlinson, owner of the great mound at Grave Creek, West Virginia, excavated the
mound. He said that, in the presence of witnesses, he had found a small, flat, oval stone −− or disk −− upon
which were engraved alphabetic characters.(17)

Col. Whittelsey, an expert in these matters, says that the stone is now "universally regarded by archæologists
as a fraud": that, in his opinion, Mr. Tomlinson had been imposed upon.

Avebury, Prehistoric Times, p. 271:(18)

"I mention it because it has been the subject of much discussion, but it is now generally admitted to be a
fraud. It is inscribed with Hebrew characters, but the forger has copied the modern instead of the ancient
forms of the letters."

As I have said, we're as irritable here, under the oppressions of the anthropologists as ever were the slaves in
the south toward superiorities from "poor white trash." When we finally reverse our relative positions we
shall give lowest place to the anthropologists. A Dr. Gray does at least look at a fish before he conceives of a
miraculous origin for it. We shall have to submerge Lord Avebury far below him −− if we accept that the
stone from Grave Creek is generally regarded as a fraud by eminent authorities who did not know it from

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some other object −− or, in general, that so decided an op− inion must be the product of either deliberate
disregard or ignorance or fatigue. The stone belongs to a class of phenomena that is repulsive to the System.
It will not assimilate with the System. Let such an object be heard of by such a systematist as Avebury, and
the mere mention of it is as nearly certainly the stimulus to a conventional reaction as is a charged body to an
electroscope or a glass of beer to a prohibitionist. It is of the ideals of Science to know one object from
another before expressing an opinion upon a thing, but that is not the spirit of universal mechanics:

A thing. It is attractive or repulsive. Its conventional reaction follows.

Because it is not the stone from Grave Creek that is in Hebrew characters, either ancient nor modern: it is a
stone from Newark, Ohio, of which the story is told that a forger made this mistake of using modern instead
of ancient Hebrew characters.(19) We shall see that the inscription upon the Grave Creek stone is not in
Hebrew.

Or all things are presumed to be innocent, but supposed to be guilty −− unless they assimilate.

Col. Whittelsey, (Western Reserve Historical Tracts, no. 33) says that the Grave Creek stone was considered
a fraud by Wilson, Squires, and Davis.(20) Then he comes to the Congress of Archæologists at Nancy,
France, 1875. It is hard for Col. Whittelsey to admit that, at this meeting, which sounds important, the stone
was endorsed. He reminds us of Mr. Symons, and "the man" who "considered" that he saw something. Col.
Whittelsey's somewhat tortured expression is that the finder of the stone "so imposed his views" upon the
congress that it pronounced the stone genuine.(21)

Also the stone was examined by Schoolcraft. He gave his opinion for genuineness.(22)

Or there's only one process, and "see−saw" is one of its aspects. Three of four fat experts on the side against
us. We find four or five plump ones on our side. Or all that we call logic and reasoning ends up as sheer
preponderance of avoirdupois.

Then several philologists came out in favor of genuineness. Some of them translated the inscription. Of
course, as we have said, it is our method −− or the method of orthodoxy −− way in which all conclusions are
reached −− to have some awfully eminent, or preponderantly plump, authorities with us whenever we can −−
in this case, however, we feel just a little apprehensive in being caught in such excellently obese, but
somewhat negativized, company:

Translation by M. Jombard:

"Thy orders are laws: thou shinest in impetuous élan and rapid chamois."(23)

M. Maurice Schwab:

"The chief of Emigration who reached these places (or this island) has fixed these characters forever."(24)

M. Oppert:

"The grave of one who was assassinated here. May God, to revenge him, strike his murderer, cutting off the
hand of his existence."(25)

I like the first one best. I have such a vivid impression from it of someone polishing up brass or something,
and in an awful hurry. Of course the third is more dramatic −− still they're all very good. They are
perturbations of one another, I suppose.

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In Tract 44, Whittelsey returns to the subject.(26) He gives the conclusion of Major De Helward, at the
Congress of Luxembourg, 1877:

"If Professor Read and myself are right in the conclusion that the figures are neither of the Runic, Phoenician,
Canaanite, Hebrew, Lybian, Celtic, or any other alphabet−language, its importance has been greatly
over−rated."

Obvious to a child; obvious to any mentality not helplessly subjected to a system:

That just therein lies the importance of this object.(27)

It is said that an ideal of science is find out the new −− but, unless a thing be of the old, it is "unimportant."

"It is not worth while." (Hovey.)(28)

Then the inscribed ax, or wedge, which, according to Dr. John C. Evans, in a communication to the American
Ethnological Society, was plowed up, near Pemberton, N.J., 1859.(29) The characters upon this ax, or wedge,
are strikingly similar to the characters on the Grave Creek stone. Also, with a little disregard here and a little
more there, they look like tracks in the snow by someone who's been out celebrating, or like your
handwriting, or mine, when we think there's a certain distinction in illegibility. Method of disregard:
anything's anything.

Dr. Abbott describes this object in the Report of the Smithsonian Institution, 1875−260.(30)

He says he has no faith in it.

All progress is from the outrageous to the commonplace. Or quasi−existence proceeds from rape to the
crooning of lullabies. It's been interesting to me to go over various long−established periodicals and note
controversies between attempting positivists, and then intermediatistic issues. Bold, bad intruders of theories;
ruffians with dishonorable intentions −− the alarms of Science; her attempt to preserve that which is dearer
than life itself −− submission −− then a fidelity like Mrs. Micawber's. So many of these ruffians, or
wandering comedians that were hated, or scorned, pitied, embraced, conventionalized. There's not a notion in
this book that has a more frightful, or ridiculous, mien than had the notion of human footprints in rocks, when
that now respectabilized ruffian, or clown, was first heard from. It seems bewildering to one whose interests
are not scientific that such rows should be raised over such trifles: but the feeling of a systematist toward such
an intruder is just about what anyone's would be if a tramp from the street should come in, sit at one's dinner
table, and say he belonged there. We know what hypnosis can do: let him insist with all his might that he
does belong there, and one begins to suspect that he may be right; that he may have higher perceptions of
what's right. The prohibitionists had this worked out very skillfully.

So the row that was raised over the stone from Grave Creek −− but time and cumulativeness, and the very
factor we make so much of −− or the power of massed data. There were other reports of inscribed stones, and
then, half a century later, some mounds −− or caches, as we call them −− were opened by the Rev. Mr. Gass,
near the city of Davenport. (American Antiquarian, 15−73.)(31) Several stone tablets were found. Upon one
of them, the letters "TFTOWNS" may easily be made out. In this instance we hear nothing of fraudulency −−
time, cumulativeness, the power of massed data. The attempt to assimilate this datum is:

That the tablet was probably of Mormon origin.

Why?

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Because, at Mendon, Illinois, was found a brass plate, upon which were similar characters.

Why that?

Because that was found "near a house once occupied by a Mormon."

In a real existence, a real meteorologist, suspecting that cinders had come from a fire engine −− would have
asked a fireman.

Tablets of Davenport −− there's not a record findable that it ever occurred to any antiquarian −− to ask a
Mormon.

Other tablets were found. Upon one of them are two "F's" and two "8's." Also a large tablet, twelve inches by
eight to ten inches "with Roman numerals and Arabic." It is said that the figure "8" occurs three times, and
the figure, or letter "O" seven times. "With these familiar characters are others that resemble ancient
alphabets, either Phoenecian or Hebrew."

It may be that the discovery of Australia, for instance, will turn out to be less important than the discovery
and the meaning of these tablets −−

But where will you read of them in anything subsequently published; what antiquarian has ever since tried to
understand them, and their presence, and indications of antiquity, in a land that we're told was inhabited only
by unlettered savages?

These things that are exhumed only to be buried in some other way.

Another tablet was found, at Davenport, by Mr. Charles Harrison, president of the American Antiquarian
Society. "...8 and other hieroglyphics are upon this tablet." This time, also, fraud is not mentioned. My own
notion is that it is very unsportsmanlike ever to mention fraud. Accept anything. Then explain it your way.
Anything that assimilates with one explanation, must have assimilable relations, to some degree, with all
other explanations, if all explanations are somewhat continuous. Mormons are lugged in again, but the
attempt is faint and helpless −− "because general circumstances make it difficult to explain the presence of
these tablets."

Altogether our phantom resistance is mere attribution to the Mormons, without the slightest attempt to find
base for the attribution. We think of messages that were showered upon this earth, and of messages that were
cached in the mounds upon this earth. The similarity to the Franklin situation is striking. Conceivably
centuries from now, objects dropped from relief−expedition−balloons may be found in the Arctic, and
conceivably there are still undiscovered caches left by Franklin, in the hope that relief expeditions would find
them. It would be as incongruous to attribute these things to the Eskimos as to attribute tablets and lettered
stones to the aborigines of America. Some time I shall take up an expression that the queer−shaped mounds
upon this earth were built by explorers from Somewhere, unable to get back, designed to attract the attention
from some other world, and that a vast sword−shaped mound has been discovered upon the moon −− Just
now we think of lettered things and their two possible significances.

A bizarre little lost soul, rescued from one of the morgues of the American Journal of Science:

An account, sent by a correspondent, to Prof. Silliman, of something that was found in a block of marble,
taken Nov., 1829, from a quarry, near Philadelphia (Am. J. Sci., 1−19−361).(32) The block was cut into
slabs. By this process, it is said, was exposed an indentation in the stone, about one−and−a−half inches by
five−eighths of an inch. A geometric indentation: in it were two definite−looking raised letters, like "I U":

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only difference is that the corners of the "U" are not rounded, but are right angles. We are told that this block
of stone came from a depth of seventy to eighty feet −− or that, if acceptable, this lettering was done long,
long ago. To some persons, not sated with the commonness of the incredible that has to be accepted, it may
seem grotesque to think that an indentation in sand could have tons of other sand piled upon it and hardening
into stone, without being pressed out −− but the famous Nicaraguan footprints were found in a quarry under
eleven strata of solid rock.(33) There was no discussion of this datum. We only take it out for an airing.

As to lettered stones that may once upon a time have been showered upon Europe, if we cannot accept that
stones were inscribed by indigenous inhabitants of Europe, many have been found in caves −− whence they
were carried as curiosities by prehistoric men, or as ornaments, I suppose. About the size and shape of the
Grave Creek stone, or disk: "flat and oval and about two inches wide." (Sollas.) Characters painted upon
them: found first by M. Piette in the cave of Mas d'Azil, Ariége. According to Sollas, they are marked in
various directions with red and black lines. "But on not a few of them, more complex characters occur, which
in a few instances simulate some of the capital letters of the Roman alphabet." In one instance the letters "F E
I" accompanied by no other markings to modify them, are as plain as they could be. According to Sollas
("Ancient Hunters," p. 95) M. Cartailhac has confirmed the observations of Piette, and M. Boule has found
additional examples.(34) "They offer one of the darkest problems of prehistoric times." (Sollas.)

As to caches in general, I should say that they are made with two purposes: to proclaim and to conceal; or
that caches documents are hidden, or covered over, in conspicuous structures; at least, so are designed the
cairns in the Arctic.

Trans N. Y. Acad. of Sciences, 11−27:(35)

That Mr. J.H. Hooper, Bradley Co., Tenn., having come upon a curious stone, in some woods upon his farm,
investigated. He dug. He unearthed a long wall. Upon this wall were inscribed many alphabetic characters.
"872 characters have been examined, many of them duplicates, and a few imitations of animal forms, the
moon, and other objects. Accidental imitation of oriental alphabets are numerous."

The part that seems significant:

That these letters had been hidden under a layer of cement.

And still, in our own heterogeneity, or unwillingness, or inability, to concentrate upon single concepts, we
shall −− or we shan't −− accept that, though there may have been a Lost Colony or Lost Expedition from
Somewhere, upon this earth, and extra−mundane visitors who could never get back, there have been other
extra−mundane visitors, who have gone away again −− altogether quite in analogy with the Franklin
expedition and Peary's flittings in the Arctic −−

And a wreck that occurred to one group of them −−

And the loot that was lost overboard −−

The Chinese seals of Ireland.

Not the things with the big, wistful eyes; that lie on the ice, and that are taught to balance objects on their
noses −− but inscribed stamps, with which to make impressions.

Proc. Roy. Irish Acad., 1−381:(36)

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A paper was read by Mr. J. Huband Smith, descriptive of about a dozen Chinese seals that had been found in
Ireland. They are all alike: each a cube with an animal seated upon it. "It is said that the inscriptions upon
them are of a very ancient class of Chinese characters."

The three points that have been made a leper and an outcast of this datum −− but only in the sense of
disregard, because nowhere that I know of is it questioned −− :

Agreement among archæologists that there were no relations, in the remote past, between China and Ireland;

That no other objects, from ancient China −− virtually, I suppose −− have ever been found in Ireland;

The great distances at which these seals have been found apart.

After Mr. Smith's investigations −− if he did investigate, or do more than record −− many more Chinese seals
were found in Ireland, and, with one exception, only in Ireland. In 1852, about 60 had been found. Of all
archæologic finds in Ireland, "none are enveloped in greater mystery." (Chambers' Journal, 16−364.)(37)
According to the writer in Chambers' Journal, one of these seals was found in a curiosity shop in London.
When questioned, the shopkeeper said that it had come from Ireland.

In this instance, if you don't take instinctively to our expression, there is no orthodox explanation for your
preference. It is the astonishing scattering of them, over field and forest, that has hushed the explainers. In the
Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy, 10−171, Dr. Frazer says that they "appear to have been sown
broadcast over the country in some strange way that I cannot offer solution of."(38)

The struggle for expression of a notion that did not belong to Dr. Frazer's era:

"The invariable story of their find is what we might expect if they had been accidentally dropped...."

Three were found in Tipperary; six in Cork; three in Down; four in Waterford; all the rest −− one or two to a
county.

But one of these Chinese seals was found in the bed of the River Boyne, near Clonard, Meath, when
workmen were raising gravel.

That one, at least, had been dropped there.

1. Charles Frederick Holder. "The Esperanza stone." Scientific American, n.s., 103 (September 10, 1910):
196. Correct quote: "...a brown igneous rock, its longest axis being about eight feet, and...."

2. Fort notes: "BD. The `Mayan Stone' in B. Eagle Dec 15−8−4, 1892, that a met shook a cliff and fell ab. 40
miles from Jimenez, Chihuahua," (Note SF−V−328). The note refers to another meteorite reported in Mexico:
"An aerolite weighing 40,000 pounds." Brooklyn Eagle, December 15, 1892, p.8 c.4: "City of Mexico,
December 15 −− The largest and most remarkable aerolite ever seen in Mexico has been brought to this city
from Jiminez, in the state of Chihuahua. The stone or metal weighs 40,000 pounds and is owned by Miguel
Andrisco. The aerolite fell about four months ago about forty miles from Jiminez. It struck a cliff in its
descent and in its course down the mountain side plowed a deep furrow in the earth and rock, revealing a rich
vein of silver at one point in its wake. The claim was immediately taken by a practical mining man and is
being worked with great profit. The cost of transporting the aerolite to this city was $900. It has awakened
great interest in scientific circles throughout the republic."

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3. "Remarkable meteor in Italy." Scientific American, n.s., 48 (April 28, 1883): 261. This is the Alfianello
meteorite.

4. Charles C. Jones. "Silver crosses from an Indian grave−mound at Coosawattee Old Town, Murray County,
Georgia." Annual Report of the Smithsonian Institute, 1881, 619−24.

5. J.H. Lanthrop. "Prehistoric mines of Lake Superior." American Antiquarian, 23 (July and August 1901):
248−58, at 258. Correct quote: "Not the vestige...." For an article disputing the view that aboriginal
Americans mined the copper: E.P. Appy. "Ancient mining in America." American Antiquarian, 11 (March
1889): 92−9.

6. Although Palladino was caught cheating by Carrington and Everard Feilding, (Francis Henry Everard
Joseph Feilding), at a seance in Naples, on November 26, 1908, Carrington raises the question: "...if Eusapia
can produce genuine phenomena, why is it that she ever cheats at all and thus leave herself open to attack
from skeptical critics because of this?" His answer is: "I believe that she does this sometimes simply and
solely because of her love of mischief. She delights in seeing onlookers mystified at the phenomena produced
through her mediumship, and when she is in a trance state she remembers very little of what takes place, and,
as it were, misses all the fun!" Hereward Carrington. Eusapia Palladino and Her Phenomena. New York:
B.W. Dodge Co., 1909; 180−3, 327−8.

7. William S. Forest. Historical and Descriptive Sketches of Norfolk and Vicinity. Philadelphia: Lindsay and
Blakiston, 1853, 35.

8. "A stamp tablet and coin found in a Michigan mound." American Antiquarian, 16 (September 1894): 313.

9. "Frauds in Michigan." American Antiquarian, 16 (December 1894): 384. Correct quote: "The find of
pottery, a stamp and a coin in Montcalm county, Mich., described in our last number, turns out as we
predicted, to be a fraud."

10. "An ancient Roman coin found in Illinois." Scientific American, n.s., 46 (June 17, 1882): 382. This would
have been a Greek coin, rather than a Roman coin. The reign of Antiochus IV (Epiphanes) was from 175 to
164 B.C. in the Seleukid Empire. G.K.Jenkins. Ancient Greek Coins. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1972,
266−7.

11. "Ancient coin." American Pioneer, 2, 169−70.

12. "A Roman coin from one of the mounds in Illinois." Records of the Past, 12, 182−3.

13. William E. Dubois. "On a quasi coin reported found in a boring in Illinois." Proceedings of the American
Philosophical Society, 12, 224−8. The article states the depth at which the coin was found as 125 feet, not
120 feet.

14. Alexander Winchell. Sparks From a Geologist's Hammer. Chicago: S.C. Griggs and Co., 1881, 170−1.
Winchell states the depth at which the coin was found as 114 feet, (not 120 nor 125 feet).

15. "The technical methods employed for the production of Greek and other ancient coins were essentially
very simple, and involved nothing but hand−work. There was in fact little change in the procedure until the
seventeenth century of our era when the first minting machinery began to be commonly used in Europe.
There is first the preparation of the flan, or blank piece of metal, and then the conversion of this blank into a
coin by striking it between two dies or metal negatives on which designs have been cut." G.K.Jenkins.
Ancient Greek Coins. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1972, 12.

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16. Records were cached in cairns by members of the last Franklin Expedition; and, though many were lost
when cairns were plundered by Inuit, the conclusive report of the fate of John Franklin and his ships was
discovered in the cairn at Victory Point, King William Island, in 1859, by W.R. Hosbon of the Fox. In
addition to caching their own records, one method used by the searchers to contact Franklin was to send aloft
balloons with a long burning string to which coloured papers were attached at intervals. As the string burned,
the papers would fall away over a wide range of territory with messages of the intended routes of the rescue
ships. Some of these broadcast messages were found as far as fifty miles away from the ship which launched
them. A less successful method used by James Ross and H.W. Austin was to trap foxes and release them
again with metal collars, upon which were engraved ships positions and depots of provisions; but, there
appears to be no record of these being later found by anyone. Paul Nanton. Arctic Breakthrough: Franklin's
Expeditions, 1819−1847. Toronto: Clarke, Irwin Co., 1970; 232, 239−40. Noel Wright. Quest for Franklin.
Toronto: Heinemann, 1959, 112−3.

17. There were two claimants, who said that they had originally found the inscribed stone, being: A.B.
Tomlinson, who said he had found it under a rock inside one of the mound's vaults; and, P.B. Catlett, who
said he found it in the dirt dumped outside of the mound during the excavations. Schoolcraft may also lay
some claim, as he "found this curious relic lying unprotected among broken implements of stone, pieces of
antique pottery, and other like articles," after it had been put on exhibition for tourists; thus, no special
attention would appear to have been given to the inscribed stone, until Schoolcraft sought to have its
inscriptions translated. "Inscribed stone of Grave Creek Mound." American Antiquarian, 1 (January 1879):
139−49.

18. John Lubbock Avebury. Prehistoric Times. 7th ed. London: Williams Norgate, 1913, 271. Reprint.
Oosterhout, The Netherlands: Anthropological Publications, 1969.

19. "Recent proceedings of scientific societies." Science, o.s., 3 (March 14, 1884): 334−7, at 334. "Notes and
news." Science, o.s., 3 (April 11, 1884): 464−70, at 467.

20. Charles Whittlesey. "Archaeological frauds." Western Reserve Historical Tracts, 1 (n.33; November
1876): 1−7.

21. Ephraim George Squier wrote to John R. Bartlett, on August 24, 1846: "From what I could learn, both at
Grave Creek and Wheeling, of the character of the younger Mr. Tomlinson who opened the mound, I am
satisfied that very little reliance can be placed upon his word in matters when his interest is involved. He
opened the mound, not through an enlightened, nor for that matter, an unenlightened, curiosity, but as a
speculator, boarded it round, put on pad−locks, hung up his skeletons in horrible ghostliness and sat down at
the gate expecting that the universal Yankee native would come trecking to see it, at `a quarter a head,
children half price.'" Robert E. Bieder. Science Encounters the Indian, 1820−1880: The Early Years of
Ethnology. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press, 1986, (1989 ed.), 113−4.

22. Schoolcraft said twenty−two of the characters were alphabetic but apparently without saying which
alphabet or alphabets. Garrick Mallery. Picture−writing of the American Indians. 2 vols. New York: Dover
Publications, 1972, v.2, 761.

23. This translation was given by Levy Bing in 1875: "Thy orders are laws, thou shinest in thy impetuous
elan, and rapid as the chamois." "Jombard" was probably Edme−FranÇois Jomard, of Paris, whose opinion in
1843 was that the characters were Lybian but could not be read from the copy sent to him. Garrick Mallery.
Picture−writing of the American Indians. 2 vols. New York: Dover Publications, 1972, v.2, 761−2.

24. The translation given in 1857 was: "The Chief of Emigration who reached these places (or this island),
has fixed these statutes forever."

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25. The translation given by Jules Oppert was: "The grave of one who was assassinated here. May God to
revenge him strike his murderer, cutting off the hand of his existence."

26. Charles Whittlesley. "The Grave Creek inscribed stone." Western Reserve Historical Tracts, 2 (n.44;
April 1879): 65−8. The correct name is Friedrich Anton Heller von Helwald, (not De Helward); the Congress
was the Congrès des Americanistes; and, the correct quote: "If Professor Read and myself are right in our
conclusion that the figures are neither of the Runic, Phonician, Canaanite, Hebrew, Lybian, Celtic, or any
other alphabet language, its importance has been greatly overrated."

27. "It appears from the Transactions of the Club, then, that Mr. Pickwick lectured upon the discovery at a
General Club Meeting, convened on the night succeeding their return, and entered into a variety of ingenious
and erudite speculations on the meaning of the inscription. It also appears that a skilful artist executed a
faithful delineation of the curiosity, which was engraven on stone, and presented to the Royal Antiquarian
Society, and other learned bodies −− that heart−burnings and jealousies without number, were created by
rival controversies which were penned upon the subject −− and that Mr. Pickwick himself wrote a Pamphlet,
containing ninety−six pages of very small print, and twenty−seven different readings of the inscription. That
three old gentlemen cut off their eldest sons with a shilling a−piece for presuming to doubt the antiquity of
the fragment −− and that one enthusiastic individual cut himself off prematurely, in despair at being unable to
fathom its meaning. That Mr. Pickwick was elected an honorary member of seventeen native and foreign
societies, for making the discovery; that none of the seventeen could make anything of it, but that all the
seventeen agreed it was very extraordinary." Charles Dickens. James Kinsley, ed. The Pickwick Papers.
Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988, ch. 9: 125−6, 135−7.

The connection between Mr. Pickwick and the Grave Creek Stone appears to be more than prophetic.
According to Garrick Mallery, the twenty−two or twenty−four characters on the Grave Creek Stone were
believed by scholars to include four that were Etruscan, five that were Runic (though Rafn in Copenhagen
"could find in it no resemblance to the Runic," upon an upside−down copy sent to him in 1843), ten that were
Phoenician, fourteen that were Old British, sixteen that were Celtiberic, four that were ancient Greek, six that
were ancient Gaelic, and seven that were old Erse. Mallery considered the object to be spurious: "A jumble of
letters from a variety of alphabets bears internal evidence that the manipulator did not have an intelligent
meaning to convey by them, and did not comprehend the languages from which the letters were selected."
Garrick Mallery. Picture−writing of the American Indians. 2 vols. New York: Dover Publications, 1972, v.2,
761−2.] In 1930, Andrew Price, president of the West Virginia Historical Society, noticed the resemblance of
some characters to "1838" and thought it to be modern English. Like Pickwick's Antiquarian Discovery,
which is copied as follows:

B I L S T

U M

P S H I

S. M.

A R K ,

and which Mr. Blotton read as "Bill Stumps, his mark," (with one L missing), the Grave Creek Stone was last
read as "Bil Stump's Stone, Oct 14, 1838." Emily C. Davis. "Printer's knowledge of Dickens solves scientific
hoax," Science News Letter, 17 (May 24, 1930): 324−5, 332.

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Dickens' Pickwick episode may have been a parody upon the alleged Roman stone, bearing the inscription
"A.D.L.L.," which was differently interpreted by Jonathan Oldbuck and Edie Ochiltree. Walter Scott. The
Antiquary. 3 vols. Edinburgh: Archibald Constable, 1816, v. 1, ch. 4, 67−88. An earlier episode of a similar
nature was encountered, in France, by the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles−Lettres. During excavations at
Belleville, near Paris, a stone bearing the following characters was discovered:

J C

C H

E M

I N

D E

S A N E S .

The scholars at the Académie were unable to read this inscription; so, they appealed to Antoine Court de
Gébelin, author of Monde Primitif and someone knowledgable of hieroglyphics, but without success.
However, it was the "bedeau" (verger) of Montmartre who directly read the inscription in modern French, as:
"Ici le chemin des ânes," (or, "This is the path of the asses"), which indicated the route taken by plasterers
who carried their supplies upon such beasts of burden from nearby quarries. Louis Petit de Bachaumont.
Mémoires Secrets pour Servir d'Histoire de la République des Lettres en France.... London: John Adamson,
1780−1866. Reprint. London: Gregg International Publishers, 1970, v. 14, 198−9, c.v. "Octobre 2" (1779).

28. Edmund Otis Hovey. "On the so−called Norwood `meteorite'." Science, n.s., 31 (February 25, 1910):
298−9.

29. Daniel Wilson. Prehistoric Man. 3rd ed., 2 vols. London: Macmillan and Co., 1876, v. 2, 102−3.

30. C.C. Abbott. "The stone age in New Jersey." Annual Report of the Smithsonian Institute, 1875, 246−380,
and plates; c.v. "Grooved stone axes," ch. 3, 253−61, at 260. Abbott quotes Wilson's book, which says the
characters are similar to the Yarmouth Bay stone, (not the Grave Creek stone).

31. Stephen D. Peet. "The mound builders and the mastodon." American Antiquarian, 14 (March 1892):
59−86, at 72.

32. J.B. Browne. "Singular impression in marble." American Journal of Science, s. 1, 19 (1831): 361.

33. Earl Flint. "Human foot prints in Nicaragua." American Antiquarian, 6 (March 1884): 112−4. Earl Flint.
"Human foot prints in Nicaragua." American Antiquarian, 7 (May 1885): 156−8. A. Mc A. "The
pre−Adamite track." American Antiquarian, 7 (November 1885): 364−7. Earl Flint. "Pre−Adamite
foot−prints." American Antiquarian, 8 (July 1886): 230−3. "The Nicaraguan foot−prints again." American
Antiquarian, November 1886): 373−4. Earl Flint. "Human footprints in the Eocene." American Antiquarian,

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10 (July 1888): 252−4. "Human foot print from Nicaragua." American Antiquarian, 11 (March 1889): 72.
"The age of the Nicaraguan foot−prints." American Antiquarian, 11 (March 1889): 120−1. Although many
footprints have been found at the quarries of El Caucé, near Managua, from 1878 to 1941, their age was
estimated by Earl Flint to be at least 50,000 years up to 200,000 years old, based upon their discovery from
16 to 24 feet below the surface of the ground. Samples of the soil taken from below the footprints, in 1969,
were dated by radiocarbon tests as being about 6,000 years old. Alan L. Bryan. "New light on ancient
Nicaraguan footprints." Archaeology, 26 (April 1973): 146−7.

34. William Johnson Sollas. Ancient Hunters and Their Modern Representatives. 1st ed. London: Macmillan
and Co., 1911, 78. 2nd ed. London: Macmillan and Co., 1915, 95−6. The quote is from Hoernes, (not Sollas).

35. A.L. Rawson. "The ancient inscription on a wall at Chatata, Tennessee." Transactions of the New York
Academy of Sciences, 11 (November 9, 1891): 26−8.

36. "A paper was read by Mr. J. Huband Smith, descriptive of certain porcelain seals...." Proceedings of the
Royal Irish Academy, 1, 381−382.

37. "Chinese porcelain seals found in Ireland." Chambers's Journal (Edinburgh), s. 2, 6 (December 6, 1851):
364−6.

38. W. Frazer. "On Chinese porcelain seals found in Ireland, with remarks on their alleged antiquity."
Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy, 10, 172−179.

Chapter XII

ASTRONOMY.

And a watchman looking at half a dozen lanterns, where a street's been torn up.

There are gas lights and kerosene lamps and electric lights in the neighborhood: matches flaring, fires in
stoves, bonfires, house afire somewhere; lights of automobiles, illuminated signs −−

The watchman and his one little system.

Ethics.

And some young ladies and the dear old professor of a very "select" seminary.

Drugs and divorce and rape: venereal diseases, drunkenness, murder −−

Excluded.

The prim and the precise, or the exact, the homogeneous, the single, the puritanic, the mathematic, the pure,
the perfect. We can have illusion of this state −− but only by disregarding its infinite denials. It's a drop of
milk afloat in acid that's eating it. The positive swamped by the negative. So it is in intermediateness, where
only to "be" positive is to generate corresponding and, perhaps, equal negativeness. In our acceptance, it is, in
quasi−existence, premonitory, or pre−natal, or pre−awakening consciousness of a real existence.

But this consciousness of realness is the greatest resistance to efforts to realize or to become real −− because
it is feeling that realness has been attained. Our antagonism is not to Science, but to the attitude of the

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sciences that they have finally realized; or to belief, instead of acceptance; to the insufficiency, which, as we
have seen over and over, amounts to paltriness and puerility, of scientific dogmas and standards. Or, if
several persons start out to Chicago, and get to Buffalo, and one be under the delusion that Buffalo is
Chicago, that one will be a resistance to the progress of the others.

So astronomy and its seemingly exact, little system −−

But data we shall have of round worlds and spindle−shaped worlds, and worlds shaped like a wheel; worlds
like titanic pruning hooks; worlds linked together by streaming filaments; solitary worlds, and worlds in
hordes: tremendous worlds and tiny worlds: some of them made of material like the material of this earth;
and worlds that are geometric super−constructions made of iron and steel −−

Or not only fall from the sky of ashes and cinders and coke and charcoal and oily substances that suggest fuel
−− but the masses of iron that have fallen upon this earth.

Wrecks and flotsam and fragments of vast iron constructions −−

Or steel. Sooner or later we shall have to take up an expression that fragments of steel have fallen from the
sky. If fragments not of iron, but of steel, have fallen upon this earth −−

But what would a deep−sea fish learn even if a steel plate of a wrecked vessel above him should drop and
bump him on the nose?

Our submergence in a sea of conventionality of almost impenetrable density.

Sometimes I'm a savage who has found something on the beach of his island. Sometimes I'm a deep−sea fish
with a sore nose.

The greatest of mysteries:

Why don't they ever come here, or send here, openly?

Of course there's nothing to that mystery if we don't take so seriously the notion −− that we must be
interesting. It's probably for moral reasons that they stay away −− but even so, there must be some degraded
ones among them.

Or physical reasons:

When we can specially take up that subject, one of our leading ideas, or credulities, will be that near approach
by another world to this world would be catastrophic: that navigable worlds would avoid proximity; that
others that have survived have organized into protective remotenesses, or orbits which approximate to
regularity, though by no means to the degree of popular supposition.

But the persistence of the notion that we must be interesting. Bugs and germs and things like that: they're
interesting to us: some of them are too interesting.

Dangers of near approach −− nevertheless our own ships that dare not venture close onto a rocky shore can
send rowboats ashore −−

Why not diplomatic relations established between the United States and Cyclorea −− which, in our advanced
astronomy, is the name of a remarkable wheel−shaped world or super−construction? Why not missionaries

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sent here openly to convert us from our barbarous prohibitions and other taboos, and to prepare the way for a
good trade in ultra−bibles and super−whiskeys; fortunes made in selling us cast−off super−fineries, which
we'd take to like an African chief to some one's old silk hat from New York or London?

The answer that occurs to me is so simple that it seems immediately acceptable, if we accept that the obvious
is the solution of all problems, or if most of our perplexities consist in laboriously and painfully conceiving of
the unanswerable, and then looking for answers −− using such words as "obvious" and "solution"
conventionally −−

Or:

Would we, if we could, educate and sophisticate pigs, geese, cattle?

Would it be wise to establish diplomatic relation with the hen that now functions, satisfied with mere sense of
achievement by way of compensation?

I think we're property.

I should say we belong to something:

That once upon a time, this earth was No−man's Land, that other worlds explored and colonized here, and
fought among themselves for possession, but that now it's owned by something:

That something owns this earth −− all others warned off.

Nothing in our own times −− perhaps −− because I am thinking of certain notes I have −− has ever appeared
upon this earth, from somewhere else, so openly as Columbus landed upon San Salvador, or as Hudson sailed
up his river. But as to surreptitious visits to this earth, in recent times, or as to emissaries, perhaps, from other
worlds, or voyagers who have shown every indication of intent to evade or avoid, we shall have data as
convincing as our data of oil or coal−burning aerial super−constructions.

But, in this vast subject, I shall have to do considerable neglecting or disregarding, myself. I don't see how I
can, in this book, take up all the subject of possible use of humanity to some other mode of existence, or the
flattering notion that we can possibly be worth something.

Pigs, geese, cattle.

First find out they are owned.

Then find out the whyness of it.

I suspect that, after all, we're useful −− that among contesting claimants, adjustment has occurred, or that
something now has a legal right to us, by force, or by having paid out analogues of beads for us to former,
more primitive, owners of us −− all others warned off −− that all this has been known, perhaps for ages, to
certain ones upon this earth, a cult or order, members of which function like bellwethers to the rest of us, or
as superior slaves or overseers, directing us in accordance with instructions received −− from Somewhere
else −− in our mysterious usefulness.

But I accept that, in the past, before proprietorship was established, inhabitants of a host of other worlds have
−− dropped here, hopped here, wafted, sailed, flown, motored −− walked here, for all I know −− been pulled
here, been pushed; have come singly, have come in enormous numbers; have visited occasionally, have

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visited periodically for hunting, trading, replenishing harems, mining: have been unable to stay here, have
established colonies here, have been lost here; far−advanced peoples, or things, and primitive peoples or
whatever they were: white ones, black ones, yellow ones −−

I have a very convincing datum that the ancient Britons were blue ones.

Of course we are told by conventional anthropologists that they only painted themselves blue, but in our own
advanced anthropology, they were veritable blue ones −−

Annals of Philosophy, 14−51:(1)

Note of a blue child born in England.

That's atavism.

Giants and fairies. We accept them, of course. Or, if we pride ourselves upon being awfully far−advanced, I
don't know how to sustain our conceit except by very largely going far back. Science of to−day −− the
superstition of to−morrow. Science of to−morrow −− the superstition of to−day.

Notice of a stone ax, 17 inches long: 9 inches across broad end, (Proc. Soc. Ants. of Scotland, 1−9−184).(2)

American Antiquarian, 18−60:(3)

Copper ax from an Ohio mound: 22 inches long; weight 38 pounds.

American Anthropologist, n.s., 8−229:(4)

Stone ax found at Birchwood, Wisconsin −− exhibited in the collection of the Missouri Historical Society −−
found with "the pointed end" embedded in the soil −− for all I know, may have dropped there −− 28 inches
long, 14 wide, 11 thick −− weight over 300 pounds.

Of the footprints, in sandstone, near Carson, Nevada −− each print 18 to 20 inches long. (Amer. Jour. Sci.,
3−26−139.)(5)

These footprints are very clear and well−defined: reproduction of them in the Journal −− but they assimilate
with the System, like sour apples to other systems: so Prof. Marsh, a loyal and unscrupulous systematist,
argues:

"The size of these footprints and specially the width between the right and left series are strong evidence that
they were not made by men, as has been so generally supposed."

So these excluders. Stranglers of Minerva. Desperadoes of disregard. Above all, or below all, the
anthropologists. I'm inspired with a new insult −− some one offends me: I wish to express almost absolute
contempt for him −− he's a systematistic anthropologist. Simply to read something of this kind is not so
impressive as to see for one's self: if any one will take the trouble to look up these footprints, as pictured in
the Journal, he will either agree with Prof. Marsh or feel that to deny them is to indicate a mind as profoundly
enslaved by a system as was ever the humble intellect of a medieval monk. The reasoning of this
representative phantom of the chosen, or of the spectral appearances who sit in judgment, or condemnation,
upon us of the more nearly real:

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That there never were giants upon this earth, because gigantic footprints are more gigantic than prints made
by men who are not giants.

We think of giants as occasional visitors to this earth. Of course −− Stonehenge, for instance. It may be that,
as time goes on, we shall have to admit that there are remains of many tremendous habitations of giants upon
this earth, and that their appearances here were more than casual −− but their bones −− or the absence of their
bones −−

Except −− that, no matter how cheerful and unsuspicious my disposition may be, when I go to the American
Museum of Natural History, dark cynicisms arise the moment I come to the fossils −− or old bones that have
been found upon this earth −− gigantic things −− that have been reconstructed into terrifying but "proper"
dinosaurs −− but my uncheerfulness −−

The dodo did it.

On one of the floors below the fossils, they have reconstructed dodo. It's frankly a fiction: it's labeled as such
−− but it's been reconstructed so cleverly and so convincingly −−

Fairies.

"Fairy crosses."

Harper's Weekly, 50−715:(6)

That, near the point where the Blue Ridge and the Allegheny Mountains unite, north of Patrick County,
Virginia, many little stone crosses have been found.

A race of tiny beings.

They crucified cockroaches.

Exquisite beings −− but the cruelty of the exquisite. In their diminutive way they were human beings. They
crucified.

The "fairy crosses," we are told in Harper's Weekly, range in weight from one−quarter of an ounce to an
ounce: but it is said, in the Scientific American, 79−395, that some of them are no larger than the head of a
pin.(7)

They have been found in two other states, but all in Virginia are strictly localized on and along Bull
Mountain.

We are reminded of the Chinese seals in Ireland.

I suppose they fell there.

Some are Roman crosses, some St. Andrew's, some Maltese. This time we are spared contact with the
anthropologists and have geologists instead, but I am afraid that the relief to our finer, or more nearly real,
sensibilities will not be very great. The geologists were called upon to explain the "fairy crosses." Their
response was the usual tropism −− "Geologists say they are crystals." The writer in Harper's Weekly points
out that this "hold up," or this anæsthetic, if theoretic science be little but attempt to assuage pangs of the
unexplained, fails to account for the localized distributions of these objects −− which make me think of both

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aggregation and separation at the bottom of the sea, if from a wrecked ship, similar objects should fall in
large numbers but at different times.

But some are Roman crosses, some St. Andrew's, some Maltese.

Conceivably there might be a mineral that would have a diversity of geometric forms, at the same time
restricted to the expression of the cross, because snowflakes, for instance, have diversity but restriction to the
hexagon, but the guilty geologists, cold−blooded as astronomers and chemists and all the other deep−sea
fishes −− though less profoundly of the pseudo−saved than the wretched anthropologists −− disregarded the
very datum −− that it was wise to disregard:

That the "fairy crosses" are not all made of the same material.

It's the same old disregard, or it's the same old psycho−tropism, or process of assimilation. Crystals are
geometric forms. Crystals are included in the System. So then "fairy crosses" are crystals. But that different
minerals should, in a few different regions, be inspired to turn into different forms of the cross −− is the kind
of resistance that we call less nearly real than our own acceptances.

We now come to some "cursed" little things that are of the "lost," but for the "salvation" of which scientific
missionaries have done their dam−dest.

"Pigmy flints."

They can't very well be denied.

They're lost and well known.

"Pigmy flints" are tiny, prehistoric implements. Some of them are a quarter of an inch in size. England, India,
France, South Africa −− they've been found in many parts of the world −− whether showered there or not.
They belong high up in the froth of the accursed: they are not denied, and they have not been disregarded;
there is an abundant literature upon this subject. One attempt to rationalize them, or assimilate them, or take
them into the scientific fold, has been the notion that they were toys of prehistoric children. It sounds
reasonable. But, of course, by the reasonable we mean that for which the equally reasonable, but opposing,
has not been found out −− except that we modify that by saying that, though nothing's finally reasonable,
some phenomena have higher approximations to Reasonableness than have others. Against the notion of toys,
the higher approximation is that where "pigmy flints" are found, all flints are pigmies −− at least so in India,
where, when larger implements have been found in the same place, there are separations by strata. (Wilson.)

The datum that, just at present, leads me to accept that these flints were made by beings about the size of
pickles, is a point brought out by Prof. Wilson (Rept. National Museum, 1892−455):(8)

Not only that the flints are tiny but that the chipping upon them is "minute."

Struggle for expression, in the mind of a 19th−century−ite, of an idea that did not belong to his era:

In Science Gossip, 1896−36, R. A. Gatty says:(9)

"So fine is the chipping that to see the workmanship a magnifying glass is necessary."

I think that would be absolutely convincing, if there were anything −− absolutely anything −− either that tiny
beings, from pickle to cucumber stature made these things, or that ordinary savages made them under

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magnifying glasses.

The idea that we are now going to develop, or perpetrate, is rather intensely of the accursed, or the advanced.
It's a lost soul, I admit −− or boast −− but it fits in. Or, as conventional as ever, our own method is the
scientific method of assimilating. It assimilates, if we think of the inhabitants of Elvera −−

By the way, I forgot to tell the name of the giant's world:

Monstrator.

Spindle−shaped world −− about 100,000 miles along its major axis −− more details to be published later.

But our coming inspiration fits in, if we think of the inhabitants of Elvera as having only visited here: having,
in hordes as dense as clouds of bats, come here, upon hunting excursions −− for mice, I should say: for bees,
very likely −− or most likely of all, or inevitably, to convert the heathen −− horrified with any one who
would gorge himself with more than a bean at a time; fearful for the souls of beings who would guzzle more
than a dew drop at a time −− hordes to tiny missionaries, determined that right should prevail, determining
right by their own minutenesses.

They must have been missionaries.

Only to be is motion to convert or assimilate something else.

The idea now is that tiny creatures coming here from their own little world, which may be Eros, though I call
it Elvera, would flit from the exquisite to the enormous −− gulp of a fair−sized terrestrial animal −− half a
dozen of them gone and soon digested. One falls into a brook −− torn away in a mighty torrent −−

Or never anything but conventional, we adopt from Darwin:

"The geological records are incomplete."(10)

Their flints would survive, but, as to their fragile bodies −− one might as well search for prehistoric
frost−traceries. A little whirlwind −− Elverean carried away a hundred yards −− body never found by his
companions. They'd mourn for the departed. Conventional emotion to have: they'd mourn. There'd have to be
a funeral: there's no getting away from funerals. So I adopt an explanation that I take from the
anthropologists: burial in effigy. Perhaps the Elvereans would not come to this earth again until many years
later −− another distressing occurrence −− one little mausoleum for all burials in effigy.

London Times, July 20, 1836:(11)

That, early in July, 1836, some boys were searching for rabbits' burrows in the rocky formation, near
Edinburgh, known as Arthur's Seat. In the side of a cliff, they came upon some thin sheets of slate, which
they pulled out.

Little cave.

Seventeen tiny coffins.

Three or four inches long.

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In the coffins were miniature wooden figures. They were dressed differently both in style and material. There
were two tiers of eight coffins each, and a third tier begun, with one coffin.

The extraordinary datum, which has especially made mystery here:

That the coffins had been deposited singly, in the little cave, and at intervals of many years. In the first tier,
the coffins were quite decayed, and the wrappings had moldered away. In the second tier, the effects of age
had not advanced so far. And the top coffin was quite recent−looking.

In the Proceedings of the Society of Antiquarians of Scotland, 3−12−460, there is a full account of this
find.(12) Three of the coffins and three of the figures are pictured.

So Elvera with its downy forests and its microscopic oyster shells −− and if the Elvereans be not very
far−advanced, they take baths −− with sponges the size of pin−heads −−

Or that catastrophes have occurred: that fragments of Elvera have fallen to this earth:

In Popular Science, 20−83, Francis Bingham, writing of the corals and sponges and shells and crinoids that
Dr. Hahn had asserted that he had found in meteorites, says, judging by the photographs of them, that their
"notable peculiarity" is their "extreme smallness."(13) The corals, for instance, are about one−twentieth the
size of terrestrial corals. "They represent a veritable pigmy animal kingdom," says Bingham.

The inhabitants of Monstrator and Elvera were primitives, I think, at the time of their occasional visits to this
earth −− though, of course, in a quasi−existence, anything that we semi−phantoms call evidence of anything
may be just as good evidence of anything else. Logicians and detectives and jurymen and suspicious wives
and members of the Royal Astronomical Society recognize this indeterminateness, but have the delusion that
in the method of agreement there is final, or real evidence. The method is good enough for an "existence" that
is only semi−real, but also it is the method of reasoning by which witches were burned, and by which ghosts
have been feared. I'd not like to be so unadvanced as to deny witches and ghosts, but I do think that there
never have been witches and ghosts like those of popular supposition. But stories of them have been
supported by astonishing fabrications of details and of different accounts in agreement.

So, if a giant left impressions of his bare feet in the ground, that is not to say that he was a primitive −− bulk
of culture out taking the Kneipp cure. So, if Stonehenge is a large, but only roughly geometric construction,
the inattention to details by its builders −− signifies anything you please −− ambitious dwarfs or giants −− if
giants, that they were little more than cave men, or that they were post−impressionist architects from a very
far−advanced civilization.

If there are other worlds, there are tutelary worlds −− or that Kepler, for instance, could not have been
absolutely wrong: that his notion of an angel assigned to push along and guide each planet may not be very
acceptable, but that, abstractedly, or in the notion of a tutelary relation, we may find acceptance.

Only to be is to be tutelary.

Our general expression:

That "everything" in Intermediateness is not a thing, but is an endeavor to become something −− by breaking
away from its continuity, or merging away, with all other phenomena −− is an attempt to break away from
the very essence of a relative existence and become absolute −− if it have not surrendered to, or become part
of, some higher attempt:

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That to this process there are two aspects:

Attraction, or the spirit of everything to assimilate all other things −− if it have not given in or subordinated
to −− or have not been assimilated by −− some higher attempted system, unity, organization, entity, harmony,
equilibrium −−

And repulsion, or the attempt of everything to exclude or disregard the unassimilable.

Universality of the process:

Anything conceivable:

A tree. It is doing all it can to assimilate substances of the soil and substances of the air, and sunshine, too,
into tree−substance: obversely it is rejecting or excluding or disregarding that which it cannot assimilate.

Cow grazing, pig rooting, tiger stalking: planets trying, or acting, to capture comets; rag pickers and the
Christian religion, and a cat down headfirst in a garbage can; nations fighting for more territory, sciences
correlating the data they can, trust magnates organizing, chorus girl out for a little late supper −− all of them
stopped somewhere by the unassimilable. Chorus girl and the broiled lobster. If she eats not shell and all she
represents universal failure to posi− tivize. Also, if she does she represents universal failure to positivize: her
ensuing disorders will translate her to the Negative Absolute.

Or Science and some of our cursed hard−shelled data.

One speaks of the tutelarian as if it were something distinct in itself. So one speaks of a tree, a saint, a barrel
of pork, the Rocky Mountains. One speaks of missionaries, as if they were positively different, or had an
identity of their own, or were a species by themselves. To the Intermediatist, everything that seems to have
identity is only attempted identity, and every species is continuous with all other species, or that which is
called the specific is only emphasis upon some aspect of the general. If there are cats, they're only emphasis
upon universal felinity. There is nothing that does not partake of that of which the missionary, or the tutelary,
is the special. Every conversation is a conflict of missionaries, each trying to convert the other, to assimilate,
or to make the other similar to himself. If no progress be made, mutual repulsion will follow.

If other worlds have ever in the past had relations with this earth, they were attempted positivizations: to
extend themselves, by colonies, upon this earth; to convert, or assimilate, indigenous inhabitants of this earth.

Or parent−worlds and their colonies here −−

Super−Romanimus −−

Or where the first Romans came from.

It's as good as the Romulus and Remus story.

Super−Israelimus −−

Or that, despite modern reasoning upon this subject, there was once something that was super−parental to
tutelary to early orientals.

Azuria, which was tutelary to the early Britons:

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Azuria, whence came the blue Britons, whose descendants gradually diluting, like blueing in a wash−tub,
where a faucet's turned on, have been most emphasized of sub−tutelarians, or assimilators ever since.

World that were once tutelarian worlds −− before this earth became sole property of one of them −− their
attempts to convert or assimilate −− but then the state that comes to all things in their missionary−frustrations
−− unacceptance by all stomachs of some things; rejection by all societies of some units; glaciers that sort
over and cast out stones −−

Repulsion. Wrath of the baffled missionary. There is not other wrath. All repulsion is reaction to the
unassimilable.

So then the wrath of Azuria −−

Because surrounding peoples of this earth would not assimilate with her own colonists in the part of the earth
that we now call England.

I don't know that there has ever been more nearly just, reasonable, or logical wrath, in this earth's history −−
if there is no other wrath.

The wrath of Azuria, because the other peoples of this earth would not turn blue to suit her.

History is a department of human delusion that interests us. We are able to give a little advancement to
history. In the vitrified forts of a few parts of Europe, we find data that the Humes and Gibbons have
disregarded.

The vitrified forts surrounding England, but not in England.

The vitrified forts of Scotland, Ireland, Brittany, and Bohemia.

Or that, once upon a time, with electric blasts, Azuria tried to swipe this earth clear of the peoples who
resisted her.

The vast blue bulk of Azuria appeared in the sky. Clouds turned green. The sun was formless and purple in
the vibrations of wrath that were emanating from Azuria. The whitish, or yellowish, or brownish peoples of
Scotland, Ireland, Brittany, and Bohemia fled to hill tops and built forts. In a real existence, hill tops, or
easiest accessibility to an aerial enemy, would be the last choice in refuges. But here, in quasi−existence, if
we're accustomed to run to hill tops, in times of danger, we run to them just the same, even with danger
closest to hill tops. Very common in quasi−existence: attempt to escape by running closer to the pursuing.

They built forts, or already had forts, on hill tops.

Something poured electricity upon them.

The stones of these forts exist to this day, vitrified, or melted and turned to glass.

The archæologists have jumped from one conclusion to another, like the "rapid chamois" we read of a while
ago, to account for vitrified forts, always restricted by the commandment that unless their conclusions
conformed to such tenets as Exclusionism, of the System, they would be excommunicated. So archæologists,
in their medieval dread of excommunication, have tried to explain vitrified forts in terms of terrestrial
experience. We find in their insufficiencies the same old assimilating of all that could be assimilated, and
disregard the unassimilable, conventionalizing into the explanation that vitrified forts were made by

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prehistoric peoples who built vast fires −− often remote from wood−supply −− to melt externally, and to
cement together, the stones of their constructions. But negativeness always: so within itself a science can
never be homogeneous or unified or harmonious. So Miss Russel, in the Journal of the B. A. A., has pointed
out that it is seldom that single stones, to say nothing of long walls, of large houses that are burned to the
ground, are vitrified.(14)

If we pay a little attention to this subject, before starting to write upon it, which is one of the ways of being
more nearly real than oppositions so far encountered by us, we find:

That the stones of these forts are vitrified in no reference to cementing them: that they are cemented here and
there, in streaks, as if special blasts had struck, or played, upon them.

Then one thinks of lightning?

Once upon a time something melted, in streaks, the stones of forts on the tops of hills in Scotland, Ireland,
Brittany, and Bohemia.

Lightning selects the isolated and conspicuous.

But some of the vitrified forts are not upon tops of hills: some are very inconspicuous: their walls too are
vitrified in streaks.

Something once had effect, similar to lightning, upon forts, mostly on hills, in Scotland, Ireland, Brittany, and
Bohemia.

But upon hills, all over the rest of the world, are remains of forts that are not vitrified.(15)

There is only one crime, in the local sense, and that is not to turn blue, if the gods are blue: but, in the
universal sense, the one crime is not to turn the gods themselves green, if you're green.

1. Annals of Philosophy, 14, 51, c.v. review of the paper entitled: "A case of a blue child," by J.F. Wood.

2. "(9.) By Mr. Robert Macadam, Mill of Watten, Caithness, through Andrew Kerr, Esq., of H.M. Board of
Works, F.S.A.Scot." Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, s.1, 9, 183−4.

3. W.K. Moorehead. "The Hopewell find." American Antiquarian, 18 (January 1896): 58−62, at 60.

4. "A remarkable stone ax." American Anthropologist, n.s., 8 (1906): 200.

5. O.C. Marsh. "On the supposed human foot−prints recently found in Nevada." American Journal of
Science, s.3, 26 (1883): 139−40. Correct quote: "...these foot−prints, and especially the width...." Marsh
attributes these prints to a large sloth.

6. G.O. Stovall. "The fairy stones of Virginia." Harper's Weekly, 50 (May 19, 1906): 715.

7. Powhatan Bouldin. "Patrick County, Va., and its curious fairy stones." Scientific American, n.s., 79
(December 17, 1898): 394−5. The article says the crosses are found in three other states.

8. Thomas Wilson. "Minute stone implements from India." Annual Report of the U.S. National Museum,
1892, 455−60.

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9. Reginald A. Gatty. "Pigmy flints." Hardwicke's Science Gossip, n.s., 2 (April 1985): 36−7. Correct quote:
"...all show working of such delicate character, that it requires a magnifying glass to detect the flakings on the
edges."

10. This quote, again, is Fort's paraphrase of Darwin's lament.

11. "Strange discovery." London Times, July 20, 1836, p.6 c.6.

12. "(7.) By Mrs. Couper, Tymon Manse, Dumfries." Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland,
s.3, 12, 460−3.

13. Francis Bingham. "The discovery of organic remains in meteoric stones." Popular Science Monthly, 20
(November 1881): 83−7.

14. (Miss) Russell. "The vitrified forts of the North of Scotland." Journal of the British Archaeological
Association, 50 (September 1894): 205−22, at 207.

15. The process of vitrification of ancient hillforts appears largely to have depended upon their construction.
While many hillforts were constructed with stone walls, some were reinforced with timber; and, the
timber−laced forts were subject to destruction by fire either from attacks upon them or by accidents. Some
speculation was given to the possibility that their ancient builders utilized the vitrification process to cement
the stones together, but this idea has been largely abandoned by modern archaeologists. The vitrification may
occur in spots, streaks, or along entire walls; but, this may be the consequence of intense fires affecting
limited sections of the hillfort, and streaks of fused rock might be the result of timbers burnt in restricted
spaces with an adequate air supply to produce high temperatures. Other hillforts, without timber−lacing,
would not show any vitrification, as they would not be subject to burning and the melting of the stone walls
and ramparts. Euan W. MacKie. "The vitrified forts of Scotland." D.W. Harding, ed. Hillforts: Later
Prehistoric Earthworks in Britain and Ireland. New York: Academic Press, 1976, ch. 11, 205−35.

Chapter XIII

ONE of the most extraordinary phenomena, or alleged phenomena, of psychic research, or alleged research
−− if in quasi−existence there never has been real research, but only approximations to research that merge
away, or that are continuous with, prejudice and convenience −−

"Stone−throwing."

It's attributed to poltergeists. They're mischievous spirits.

Poltergeists do not assimilate with our own present quasi−system, which is an attempt to correlate denied or
disregarded data as phenomena of extra−telluric forces, expressed in physical terms. Therefore I regard
poltergeists as evil or false or discordant or absurd −− names that we give to various degrees or aspects of the
unassimilable, or that which resists attempts to organize, harmonize, systematize, or, in short, to positivize −−
names that we give to our recognition of the negative state. I don't care to deny poltergeists, because I suspect
that later, when we're more enlightened, or when we widen the range of our credulities, or take on more of
that increase of ignorance that is called knowledge, poltergeists may become assimilable. Then they'll be as
reasonable as trees. By reasonableness I mean that which assimilates with a dominant force, or system, or a
major body of thought −− which is, itself, of course, hypnosis and delusion −− developing, however, in our
acceptance, to higher and higher approximations to realness. The poltergeists are now evil or absurd to me,
proportionately to their present unassimilableness, compounded, however, with the factor of their possible

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future assimilableness.

We lug in the poltergeists, because some of our own data, or alleged data, merge away indistinguishably with
data, or alleged data, of them:

Instances of stones that have been thrown, or that have fallen, upon a small area, from an unseen and
undetectable source.

London Times, April 27, 1872:(1)

"From 4 o'clock, Thursday afternoon until half−past eleven, Thursday night, the houses, 56 and 58 Reverdy
Road, Bermondsey, were assailed with stones and other missiles coming from an unseen quarter. Two
children were injured, every window was broken, and several articles of furniture were destroyed. Although
there was a strong body of policemen scattered in the neighbourhood, they could not trace the direction
whence the stones were thrown."

"Other missiles" make a complication here. But if the expression means tin cans and old shoes, and if we
accept that the direction could not be traced because it never occurred to anyone to look upward −− why
we've lost a good deal of our provincialism by this time.

London Times, Sept. 16, 1841:(2)

That, in the home of Mrs. Charton, at Sutton Courthouse, Sutton Lane, Chiswick, windows had been broken
"by some unseen agent." Every attempt to detect the perpetrator failed. The mansion was detached and
surrounded by high walls. No other building was near it.

The police were called. Two constables, assisted by members of the household, guarded the house, but the
windows continued to be broken "both in front and behind the house."

Or the floating islands that are often stationary in the Super−Sargasso Sea; and atmospheric disturbances that
sometimes affect them, and bring things down within small areas, upon this earth, from temporarily
stationary sources.

Super−Sargasso Sea and the beaches of its floating islands from which I think, or at least accept, pebbles
have fallen:

Wolverhampton, England, June, 1860 −− violent storm −− fall of so many little black pebbles that they were
cleared away by shoveling (La Sci. Pour Tous, 5−264); great number of small black stones that fell at
Birmingham, England, Aug., 1858 −− violent storm −− said to be similar to some basalt a few leagues from
Birmingham (Rept. Brit. Assoc., 1864−37); pebbles described as "common water−worn pebbles" that fell at
Palestine, Texas, July 6, 1888 −− "of a formation not found near Palestine" (W. H. Perry, Sergeant, Signal
Corps), Monthly Weather Review, July, 1888); round, smooth pebbles at Kandahor, 1834 (Am. J. Sci.,
1−26−161); "a number of stones of peculiar formation and shapes, uncommon in this neighborhood fell in a
tornado at Hillsboro, Ill., May 18, 1883." (Monthly Weather Review, May, 1883.)(3)

Pebbles from aerial beaches and terrestrial pebbles as products of whirlwinds, so merge in these instances
that, though it's interesting to hear of things of peculiar shape that have fallen from the sky, it seems best to
pay little attention here, and to find phenomena of the Super−Sargasso Sea remote from the merger:

To this requirement we have three adaptations:

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Pebbles that fell where no whirlwind to which to attribute them could be learned of;

Pebbles which fell in hail so large that incredibly could that hail have been formed in this earth's atmosphere;

Pebbles which fell and were, long afterward, followed by more pebbles, as if from some aerial, stationary
source, in the same place.

In September, 1898, there was a story in a New York newspaper, of lightning −− or an appearance of
luminosity? −− in Jamaica −− something had struck a tree: near the tree were found some small pebbles. It
was said that the pebbles had fallen from the sky, with the lightning. But the insult to orthodoxy was that they
were not angular fragments such as might have been broken from a stony meteorite: that they were
"water−worn pebbles."

In the geographical vagueness of a mainland, the explanation "up from one place and down in another" is
always good, and is never overworked, until the instances are massed as they are in this book: but, upon this
occasion, in the relatively small area of Jamaica, there was no whirlwind findable −− however "there in the
first place" bobs up.

Monthly Weather Review, Aug., 1898−363:(4)

That the government meteorologist had investigated: had reported that a tree had been struck by lightning,
and that small water−worn pebbles had been found near the tree: but that similar pebbles could be found all
over Jamaica.

Monthly Weather Review, Sept., 1915−446:(5)

Prof. Fassig gives an account of a fall of hail that occurred in Maryland, June 22, 1915: hailstones the size of
baseballs "not at all uncommon."

"An interesting, but unconfirmed, account stated that small pebbles were found at the center of some of the
larger hail gathered at Annapolis. The young man who related the story offered to produce the pebbles, but
has not done so."

A footnote:

"Since writing this, the author states he has received some of the pebbles."

When a young man "produces" pebbles, that's as convincing as anything else I've ever heard of, though no
more convincing than, if having told of ham sandwiches falling from the sky, he should "produce" ham
sandwiches. If this "reluctance" be admitted by us, we correlate it with a datum reported by a Weather Bureau
observer, signifying that, whether the pebbles had been somewhere aloft a long time or not, some of the
hailstones that fell with them, had been. The datum is that some of these hailstones were composed of from
twenty to twenty−five layers alternately of clear ice and snow−ice. In orthodox terms I argue that a fair−sized
hailstone falls from the clouds with velocity sufficient to warm it so that it would not take on even one layer
of ice. To put twenty layers of ice, I conceive of something that had not fallen at all, but had rolled
somewhere, at a leisurely rate, for a long time.

We now have a commonplace datum that is familiar in two respects:

Little, symmetric objects of metal that fell at Sterlitamak, Orenburg, Russia, Sept., 1824 (Phil. Mag.,
4−8−463).(6)

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A second fall of these objects, at Orenburg, Russia, Jan. 25, 1825 (Quar. Jour. Roy. Inst., 1828−1−447).(7)

I now think of the disk of Tarbes, but when first I came upon these data I was impressed only with
recurrence, because the objects of Orenburg were described as crystals of pyrites, or sulphate of iron. I had no
notion of metallic objects that might have been shaped or molded by means other than crystallization, until I
came to Arago's account of these occurrences (Oeuvres, 11−644).(8) Here the analysis gives 70 per cent red
oxide of iron, and sulphur and loss by ignition 5 per cent. It seems to me acceptable that iron with
considerably less than 5 per cent. sulphur in it is not iron pyrites −− then little, rusty iron objects, shaped by
some other means, have fallen, four months apart, at the same place. M. Arago expresses astonishment at this
phenomenon of recurrence so familiar to us.

Altogether, I find opening before us, vistas of heresies to which I, for one, must shut my eyes. I have always
been in sympathy with the dogmatists and exclusionists: that is plain in our opening lines: that to seem to be
is falsely and arbitrarily and dogmatically to exclude. It is only that exclusionists who are good in the
nineteenth century are evil in the twentieth century. Constantly we feel a merging away into infinitude; but
that this book shall approximate to form, or that our data shall approximate to organization, or that we shall
approximate to intelligibility, we have to call ourselves back constantly from wandering off into infinitude.
The thing that we do, however, is to make our own outline, or the difference between what we include and
what we exclude, vague.

The crux here, and the limit beyond which we may not go −− very much −− is:

Acceptance that there is a region that we call the Super−Sargasso Sea −− not yet fully accepted, but a
provisional position that has received a great deal of support −−

But is it a part of this earth, and does it revolve with and over this earth −−

Or does it flatly overlie this earth, not revolving with and over this earth −−

That this earth does not revolve, and is not round, or roundish, at all, but is continuous with the rest of its
system, so that, if one could break away from the traditions of the geographers, one might walk and walk, and
come to Mars, and then find Mars continuous with Jupiter?

I suppose some day such queries will sound absurd −− the thing will be so obvious −−

Because it is very difficult for me to conceive of little metallic objects hanging precisely over a small town in
Russia, for four months, if revolving, unattached, with a revolving earth −−

It may be that something aimed at that town, and then later took another shot.

These are speculations that seem to me to be evil relatively to these early years in the twentieth century −−

Just now, I accept that this earth is −− not round, of course: that is very old−fashioned −− but roundish, or, at
least, that it has what is called form of its own, and does revolve upon its axis, and in an orbit around the sun.
I only accept these old traditional notions −−

And that above it are regions of suspension that revolve with it: from which objects fall, by disturbances of
various kinds, and then, later, fall again, in the same place:

Monthly Weather Review, May, 1884−134:(9)

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Report from the Signal Service observer, at Bismarck, Dakota:

That, at 9 o'clock, in the evening of May 22, 1884, sharp sounds were heard throughout the city, caused by
the fall of flinty stones striking against windows.

Fifteen hours later another fall of flinty stones occurred at Bismarck.

There is no report of stones having fallen anywhere else.

This is a thing of the ultra−damned. All Editors of scientific publications read the Monthly Weather Review
and frequently copy from it. The noise made by the stones of Bismarck, rattling against those windows, may
be in a language that aviators will some day interpret: but it was a noise entirely surrounded by silences. Of
this ultra−damned thing, there is no mention, findable by me, in any other publication.

The size of some hailstones has worried many meteorologists −− but not text−book meteorologists. I know of
no more serene occupation than that of writing text−books −− though writing for the War Cry, of the
Salvation Army, may be equally unadventurous. In the drowsy tranquillity of a text−book, we easily and
unintelligently read of dust particles around which icy rain forms, hailstones, in their fall, then increasing by
accretion −− but in the meteorological journals, we read often of air−spaces nucleating hailstones −−

But it's the size of the things. Dip a marble in icy water. Dip and dip and dip it. If you're a resolute dipper,
you will, after a while, have an object the size of a baseball −− but I think a thing could fall from the moon in
that length of time. Also the strata of them. The Maryland hailstones are unusual, but a dozen strata have
often been counted.(10) Ferrel gives an instance of thirteen strata.(11) Such considerations led Prof.
Schwedoff to argue that some hailstones are not, and can not, be generated in this earth's atmosphere −− that
they come from somewhere else. Now, in a relative existence, nothing can of itself be either attractive or
repulsive: its effects are functions of its associations or implications. Many of our data have been taken from
very conservative scientific sources: it was not until their discordant implications, or irreconcilabilities with
the System, were perceived, that excommunication was pronounced against them.

Prof. Schwedoff's paper was read before the British Association (Rept. of 1882, p. 453).(12)

The implication, and the repulsiveness of the implication to the snug and tight little exclusionists of 1882 −−
though we hold out that they were functioning well and ably relatively to 1882 −−

That there is water −− oceans or lakes and ponds, or rivers of it −− that there is water away from, and yet not
far−remote from, this earth's atmosphere and gravitation −−

The pain of it:

That the snug little system of 1882 would be ousted from its reposefulness −−

A whole new science to learn:

The Science of Super−Geography −−

And Science is a turtle that says that its own shell encloses all things.

So the members of the British Association. To some of them Prof. Schwedoff's ideas were like slaps on the
back of an environment−denying turtle: to some of them his heresy was like an offering of meat, raw and
dripping, to milk−fed lambs. Some of them bleated like lambs, and some of them turled like turtles. We used

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to crucify, but now we ridicule: or, in the loss of vigor of all progress, the spike has etherealized into the
laugh.

Sir William Thomson ridiculed the heresy, with the phantomosities of his era:

That all bodies, such as hailstones, if away from this earth's atmosphere, would have to move at planetary
velocity −− which would be positively reasonable if the pronouncements of St. Isaac were anything but
articles of faith −− that a hailstone falling through the earth's atmosphere, with planetary velocity, would
perform 13,000 times as much work as would raise an equal weight of water one degree centigrade, and
therefore never fall as a hailstone at all; be more than melted −− super−volatalized −−(13)

These turls and these bleats of pedantry −− though we insist that, relatively to 1882, these turls and bleats
should be regarded as respectfully as we regard rag dolls that keep infants occupied and noiseless −− it is the
survival of rag dolls into maturity that we object to −− so these pious and naïve ones who believed that
13,000 times something could have −− that is, in quasi−existence −− an exact and calculable resultant,
whereas there is −− in quasi−existence −− nothing that can, except by delusion and convenience, be called a
unit, in the first place −− whose devotions to St. Isaac required blind belief in formulas of falling bodies −−

Against data that were piling up, in their own time, of slow−falling meteorites; "milk warm" ones admitted
even by Farrington and Merrill; at least one icy meteorite nowhere denied by the present orthodoxy, a datum
as accessible to Thomson in 1882, as it is now to us, because it was an occurrence of 1860. Beans and needles
and tacks and a magnet. Needles and tacks adhere to and systematize relatively to a magnet, but, if some
beans, too, be caught up, they are irreconcilables to this system and drop right out of it. A member of the
Salvation Army may hear over and over data that seem so memorable to an evolutionist. It seems remarkable
that they do not influence him −− one finds that he cannot remember them. It is incredible that Sir William
Thomson had never heard of slow−falling, cold meteorites. It is simply that he had no power to remember
such irreconcilabilities.

And then Mr. Symons again. Mr. Symons was a man who probably did more for the science of meteorology
than did any other man of his time: therefore he probably did more to hold back the science of meteorology
than did any other man of his time. In Nature, 41−135, Mr. Symons says that Prof. Schwedoff's ideas are
"very droll."(14)

I think that even more amusing is our own acceptance that, not very far above this earth's surface, is a region
that will be the subject of a whole new science −− super−geography −− with which we shall immortalize
ourselves in the resentments of the schoolboys of the future −−

Pebbles and fragments of meteors and things from Mars and Jupiter and Azuria: wedges, delayed messages,
cannon balls, bricks, nails, coal and coke and charcoal and offensive old cargoes −− things that coat in ice in
some regions and things that get into areas so warm that they putrefy −− or that there are all the climates of
geography in super−geography. I shall have to accept that, floating in the sky of this earth, there often are
fields of ice as extensive as those on the Arctic Ocean −− volumes of water in which are many fishes and
frogs −− tracts of land covered with caterpillars −−

Aviators of the future. They fly up and up. Then they get out and walk. The fishing's good: the bait's right
there. They find messages from other worlds −− and within three weeks there's a big trade worked up in
forged messages. Sometime I shall write a guide book to the Super−Sargasso Sea, for aviators, but just at
present there wouldn't be much call for it.

We now have more of our expression upon hail as a concomitant, or more data of things that have fallen from
the sky, with hail.

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In general, the expression is:

These things may have been raised from some other part of the earth's surface, in whirlwinds, or may not
have fallen, and may have been upon the ground, in the first place −− but were the hailstones found with
them, raised from some other part of the earth's surface, or were the hailstones upon the ground, in the first
place?

As I said before, this expression is meaningless as to a few instances; it is reasonable to think of some
coincidence between the fall of hail and the fall of other things: but, inasmuch as there have been a good
many instances, −− we begin to suspect that this is not so much a book we're writing as a sanitarium for
overworked coinci− dences. If not conceivably could very large hailstones and lumps of ice form in this
earth's atmosphere, and so then had to come from external regions, then other things in or accompanying very
large hailstones and lumps of ice came from external regions −− which worries us a little: we may be
instantly translated to the Positive Absolute.

Cosmos, 13−120, quotes a Virginia newspaper, that fishes said to have been catfishes, a foot long, some of
them, had fallen, in 1853, at Norfolk, Virginia, with hail.(15)

Vegetable débris, not only nuclear, but frozen upon the surfaces of large hailstones, at Toulouse, France, July
28, 1874. (La Science Pour Tous, 1874−270.)(16)

Description of a storm, at Pontiac, Canada, July 11, 1864, in which it is said that it was not hailstones that
fell, but these "pieces of ice, from half an inch to over two inches in diameter." (Canadian Naturalist,
2−1−308):(17)

"But the most extraordinary thing is that a respectable farmer, of undoubted veracity, says he picked up a
piece of hail, or ice, in the center of which was a small green frog."

Storm at Dubuque, Iowa, June 16, 1882, in which fell hailstones and pieces of ice (Monthly Weather Review,
June, 1882):(18)

"The foreman of the Novelty Iron Works, of this city, states that in two large hailstones melted by him were
found small living frogs." But pieces of ice that fell upon this occasion had a peculiarity that indicates −−
though by as bizarre an indication as any we've had yet −− that they had been for a long time motionless or
floating somewhere. We'll take that up soon.

Living Age, 52−186:(19)

That, June 30, 1841, fishes, one of which was ten inches long, fell at Boston; that, eight days later, fishes and
ice fell at Derby.

In Timb's Year Book, 1842−275, it is said that, at Derby, the fishes had fallen in enormous numbers; from
half an inch to two inches long, and some considerably larger.(20) In the Athenum, 1841−542, copied from
the Sheffield Patriot, it is said that one of the fishes weighed three ounces.(21) In several accounts, it is said
that, with the fishes, fell many small frogs and pieces of "half−melted ice." We are told that the frogs and the
fishes had been raised from some other part of the earth's surface, in a whirlwind; no whirlwind specified;
nothing said as to what part of the earth's surface comes ice, in the month of July−−interests us that the ice is
described as "half−melted." In the London Times, July 15, 1841, it is said that the fishes were sticklebacks;
that they had fallen with ice and small frogs, many of which had survived the fall.(22) We note that, at
Dunfermline, three months later (Oct. 7, 1841) fell many fishes, several inches in length, in a thunderstorm.
(London Times, Oct. 12, 1841.)(23)

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Hailstones we don't care so much about. The matter of stratification seems significant, but we think more of
the fall of lumps of ice from the sky, as possible data of the Super−Sargasso Sea:

Lumps of ice, a foot in circumference, Derbyshire, England, May 12, 1811 (Annual Register, 1811−54);
cuboidal mass, six inches in diameter, that fell near Birmingham, 26 days later, June 8, 1811 (Thomson,
"Intro. to Meteorology," p. 129); size of pumpkins, Bungalore, India, May 22, 1851 (Rept. Brit. Assoc.,
1855−35); masses of ice of a pound and a half each, New Hampshire, Aug. 13, 1851 (Lummis,
"Meteorology," p. 129); masses of ice, size of a man's head, in the Delphos tornado (Ferrel, "Popular
Treatise," p. 428); large as a man's hand, killing thousands of sheep, Mason, Texas, May 3, 1877 (Monthly
Weather Review, May, 1877); "pieces of ice so large that they could not be grasped in one hand," in a
tornado, in Colorado, June 24, 1877 (Monthly Weather Review, June, 1877); lump of ice four and a half
inches long, Richmond, England, Aug. 2, 1879 (Symons' Met. Mag., 14−100); mass of ice, 21 inches in
circumference that fell with hail, Iowa, June, 1881 (Monthly Weather Review, June, 1881); "pieces of ice"
eight inches long, and an inch and a half thick, Davenport, Iowa, Aug. 30, 1882 (Monthly Weather Review,
Aug., 1882); lump of ice size of a brick; weight two pounds, Chicago, July 12, 1883, (Monthly Weather
Review, July, 1883); lumps of ice that weighed one pound and a half each, India, May (?), 1888, (Nature,
37−42); lump of ice weighing four pounds, Texas, Dec. 6, 1893 (Sc. Am., 68−58); lumps of ice one pound in
weight, Nov. 14, 1901, in a tornado, Victoria (Meteorology of Australia, p. 34).(24)

Of course it is our acceptance that these masses not only accompanied tornadoes, but were brought down to
this earth by tornadoes.

Flammarion, "The Atmosphere," p. 34:(25)

Block of ice, weighing four and a half pounds fell at Cazorta, Spain, June 15, 1829; block of ice, weighing
eleven pounds, at Cette, France, Oct., 1844; mass of ice three feet long, three feet wide, and more than two
feet thick, that fell, in a storm, in Hungary, May 8, 1802.

Scientific American, 47−119:(26)

That, according to the Salina Journal, a mass of ice weighing about 80 pounds had fallen from the sky, near
Salina, Kansas, Aug., 1882. We are told that Mr. W. J. Hagler, the North Sante Fé merchant became
possessor of it, and packed it in sawdust in his store.

London Times, April 7, 1860:(27)

That, upon the 16th of March, 1860, in a snowstorm, in Upper Wasdale, blocks of ice, so large that at a
distance they looked like a flock of sheep, had fallen.

Rept. Brit. Assoc., 1851−32:(28)

That a mass of ice about a cubic yard in size had fallen at Candeish, India, 1828.

Against these data, though, so far as I know, so many of them have never been assembled together before,
there is a silence upon the part of scientific men that is unusual. Our Super−Sargasso Sea may not be an
unavoidable conclusion, but arrival upon this earth of ice from external regions does seem to be −− except
that there must be, be it ever so faint, a merger. It is in the notion that these masses of ice are only congealed
hailstones. We have data against this notion, as applied to all our instances, but the explanation has been
offered, and, it seems to me, may apply in some instances. In the Bull. Soc. Astro. de France, 20−245, it is
said of blocks of ice the size of decanters that had fallen at Tunis that they were only masses of congealed
hailstones.(29)

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London Times, Aug. 4, 1857:(30)

That a block of ice, described as "pure" ice, weighing 25 pounds, had been found in the meadow of Mr.
Warner, of Cricklewood. There had been a storm the day before. As in some of our other instances, no one
had seen this object fall from the sky. It was found after the storm: that's all that can be said about it.

Letter from Capt. Blakiston, communicated by Gen. Sabine, to the Royal Society (London Roy. Soc. Proc.,
10−468):(31)

That, Jan. 14, 1860, in a thunderstorm, pieces of ice had fallen upon Capt. Blakiston's vessel −− that it was
not hail. "It was not hail, but irregular shaped pieces of solid ice of different dimensions, up to the size of half
a brick."

According to the Advertiser−Scotsman, quoted by the Edinburgh New Philosophical Magazine, 47−371, an
irregular−shaped mass of ice fell at Ord, Scotland, Aug., 1849, after "an extraordinary peal of thunder."(32)

It is said that this was homogeneous ice, except in a small part, which looked like congealed hailstones.

The mass was about 20 feet in circumference.

The story, as told in the London Times, Aug. 14, 1849, is that, upon the evening of the 13th of August, 1849,
after a loud peal of thunder, a mass of ice said to have been 20 feet in circumference, had fallen upon the
estate of Mr. Moffat, of Balvullich, Ross−shire.(33) It is said that this object fell alone, or without hailstones.

Altogether, though it is not so strong for the Super−Sargasso Sea, I think this is one of our best expressions
upon external origins. That large blocks of ice could form in the moisture of this earth's atmosphere is about
as likely as that blocks of stone could form in a dust whirl. Of course, if ice or water comes to this earth from
external sources, we think of at least minute organisms in it, and on, with our data, to frogs, fishes; on to
anything that's thinkable, coming from external sources. It's of great importance to us to accept that large
lumps of ice have fallen from the sky, but what we desire most −− perhaps because of our interest in its
archæologic and paleontologic treasures −− is now to be through with tentativeness and probation, and to
take the Super−Sargasso Sea into full acceptance in our more advanced fold of the chosen of this twentieth
century.

In the Report of the British Association, 1855−37, it is said that, at Poorhundur, India, Dec. 11, 1854, flat
pieces of ice, many of them weighing several pounds −− each, I suppose −− had fallen from the sky.(34)
They are described as "large ice−flakes."

Vast fields of ice in the Super−Arctic regions, or strata, of the Super−Sargasso Sea. When they break up, their
fragments are flake−like. In our acceptance, there are aerial ice−fields that are remote from this earth; that
break up, fragments grinding against one another, rolling in vapor and water, of different constituency in
different regions, forming slowly as stratified hailstones −− but that there are ice−fields near this earth, that
break up into just flat pieces of ice as cover any pond or river when ice of a pond or river is broken, and are
sometimes soon precipitated to the earth, in this familiar flat formation.

Symons' Met. Mag., 43−154:(35)

A correspondent writes that, at Braemar, July 2, 1908, when the sky was clear overhead, and the sun shining,
pieces of ice fell −− from somewhere. The sun was shining, but something was going on somewhere: thunder
was heard.

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Until I saw the reproduction of a photograph in the Scientific American, Feb. 21, 1914, I had supposed that
these ice−fields must be, say, at least ten to twenty miles away from this earth, and invisible, to terrestrial
observers, except as the blurs that have so often been reported by astronomers and meteorologists.(36) The
photograph published by the Scientific American is of an aggregation supposed to be clouds, presumably not
very high, so clearly detailed they are. The writer says that they looked to him like "a field of broken ice."
Beneath is a picture of a conventional field of ice, floating ordinarily in the water. The resemblance between
the two pictures is striking −− nevertheless, it seems to me incredible that the first of the photographs could
be of an aerial ice−field, or that gravitation could cease to act at only a mile or so from this earth's surface −−

Unless:

The exceptional: the flux and vagary of all things.

Or that normally this earth's gravitation extends, say, ten or fifteen miles outward −− but that gravitation must
be rhythmic.

Of course, in the pseudo−formulas of astronomers, gravitation as a fixed quantity is essential. Accept that
gravitation is a variable force, and astronomers deflate, with a perceptible hissing sound, into the punctured
condition of economists, biologists, meteorologists, and all others of the humbler divinities, who can
admittedly offer only insecure approximations.

We refer all who would not like to hear the hiss of escaping arrogance, to Herbert Spencer's chapters upon the
rhythm of all phenomena.

If everything else −− light from the stars, heat from the sun, the winds and the tides; forms and colors and
sizes of animals; demands and supplies and prices; political opinions and chemic reactions and religious
doctrines and magnetic intensities and the ticking of clocks; and the arrival and departure of the seasons −− if
everything else is variable, we accept that the notion of gravitation as fixed and formulable is only another
attempted positivism, doomed, like all other illusions of realness in quasi−existence. So it is intermediatism
to accept that, though gravitation may approximate higher to invariability than do the winds, for instance, it
must be somewhere between the Absolutes of Stability and Instability. Here then we are not much impressed
with the opposition of physicists and astronomers, fearing, a little mournfully, that their language is of
expiring sibilations.

So then the fields of ice in the sky, and that, though usually so far away as to be mere blurs, at times they
come close enough to be seen in detail. For description of what I call a "blur," see Pop. Sci. News, Feb., 1884
−− sky, in general, unusually clear, but, near the sun, "a white, slightly curdled haze, which was dazzlingly
bright."(37)

We accept that sometimes fields of ice pass between the sun and the earth: that many strata of ice, or very
thick fields of ice, or superimposed fields would obscure the sun −− that there have been occasions when the
sun was eclipsed by fields of ice:

Flammarion, "The Atmosphere," p. 394:(38)

That a profound darkness came upon the city of Brussels, June 18, 1839:

There fell flat pieces of ice, an inch long.

Intense darkness at Aitkin, Minn., April 2, 1889; sand and "solid chunks of ice" reported to have fallen
(Science, April 19, 1889).(39)

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In Symons' Meteorological Magazine, 32−172, are outlined rough−edged by smooth−surfaced pieces of ice
that fell at Manassas, Virginia, Aug. 10, 1897.(40) They look as much like the roughly broken fragments of a
smooth sheet of ice −− as ever have roughly broken fragments of a smooth sheet of ice looked. About two
inches across, and one inch thick. In Cosmos, 3−116, it is said that, at Rouen, July 5, 1853, fell
irregular−shaped pieces of ice, about the size of a hand, described as looking as if all had been broken from
one enormous block of ice.(41) That I think, was an aerial iceberg. In the awful density, or almost absolute
stupidity of the 19th century, it never occurred to anybody to look for traces of polar bears or of seals upon
these fragments.

Of course, seeing what we want to see, having been able to gather these data only because they are in
agreement with notions formed in advance, we are not so respectful to our own notions as to a similar
impression forced upon an observer who had no theory or acceptance to support. In general, our prejudices
see and our prejudices investigate, but this should not be taken as an absolute.

Monthly Weather Review, July, 1894:(42)

That, from the Weather Bureau, of Portland, Oregon, a tornado, of June 3, 1894, was reported.

Fragments of ice fell from the sky.

They averaged three to four inches square, and about an inch thick. In length and breadth they had the smooth
surfaces required by our acceptance: and, according to the writer in the Review, "gave the impression of a
vast field of ice suspended in the atmosphere and suddenly broken into fragments about the size of the palm
of the hand."

This datum, profoundly of what we used to call the "damned," or before we could no longer accept judgment,
or cut and dried condemnation by infants, turtles, and lambs, was copied−−but without comment −− in the
Scientific American, 71−371.(43)

Our theology is something like this:

Of course we ought to be damned −− but we revolt against adjudication by infants, turtles, and lambs.

We now come to some remarkable data in a rather difficult department of super−geography. Vast fields of
aerial ice. There's a lesson to me in the treachery of the imaginable. Most of our opposition is in the clearness
with which the conventional, but impossible, becomes the imaginable, and then the resistant to modifications.
After it had become the conventional with me, I conceived clearly of vast sheets of ice, a few miles above
this earth −− then the shining of the sun, and the ice partly melting −− that note upon the ice that fell at Derby
−− water trickling and forming icicles upon the lower surface of the ice sheet. I seemed to look up and so
clearly visualized those icicles hanging like stalactites from a flat−roofed cave, in white calcite. Or I looked
up at the under side of an aerial ice−lump, and seemed to see a papillation similar to that observed by a calf at
times. But then −− but then −− if icicles should form upon the under side of a sheet of aerial ice, that would
be by the falling of water toward this earth; an icicle is of course an expression of gravitation −− and, if water
melting from ice should fall toward this earth, why not the ice itself fall before an icicle could have time to
form? Of course, in quasi−existence, where everything is a paradox, one might argue that the water falls, but
the ice does not, because ice is heavier −− that is, in masses. That notion, I think, belongs in a more advanced
course than we are taking at the present.

Our expression upon icicles:

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A vast field of aerial ice −− it is inert to this earth's gravitation −− but by universal flux and variation, part of
it sags closer to this earth, and is susceptible to gravitation −− by cohesion with the main mass, this part does
not fall, but water melting from it does fall, and forms icicles −− then, by various disturbances, this part
sometimes falls in fragments that are protrusive with icicles.

Of the ice that fell, some of it enclosing living frogs, at Dubuque, Iowa, June 16, 1882, it is said (Monthly
Weather Review, June, 1882), that there were pieces from one to seventeen inches in circumference, the
largest weighing one pound and three−quarters −− that upon some of them were icicles half an inch in
length.(44) We emphasize that these objects were not hailstones.

The only merger is that of knobby hailstones, or of large hailstones with protuberances wrought by
crystallization: but that is no merger with terrestrial phenomena, and such formations are unaccountable to
orthodoxy; or it is incredible that hail could so crystallize −− not forming by accretion −− in the fall of a few
seconds. For an account of such hailstones, see Nature, 61−594.(45) Note the size −− "some of them the size
of turkeys' eggs."

It is our expression that sometimes the icicles themselves have fallen, as if by concussion, or as if something
had swept against the under side of an aerial ice floe, detaching its papillations.

Monthly Weather Review, June, 1889:(46)

That, at Oswego, N. Y., June 9, 1889, according to the Turin (N. Y.) Leader, there fell, in a thunderstorm,
pieces of ice that "resembled the fragments of icicles."

Monthly Weather Review, 29−506:(47)

That on Florence Island, St. Lawrence River, Aug. 8, 1901, with ordinary hail, fell pieces of ice "formed like
icicles, the size and shape of lead pencils had been cut into section about three−eighths of an inch in length.

So our data of the Super−Sargasso Sea, and its Arctic region: and, for weeks at a time, an ice field may hang
motionless over a part of this earth's surface −− the sun has some effect upon it, but not much until late in the
afternoon, I should say −− part of it has sagged, but is held up by cohesion with the main mass −− whereupon
we have such an occurrence as would have been a little uncanny to us once upon a time −− or fall of water
from a cloudless sky, day after day, in one small part of the earth's surface, late in the afternoon, when the
sun's rays had had time for their effects:

Monthly Weather Review, Oct., 1886:(48)

That, according to the Charlotte Chronicle, Oct. 21, 1886, for three weeks there had been a fall of water from
the sky, in Charlotte, N. C., localized in one particular spot, every afternoon, about three o'clock; that,
whether the sky was cloudy or cloudless, the water or rain fell upon a small patch of land between two trees
and nowhere else.

This is the newspaper account, and, as such, it seems in the depths of the unchosen, either by me or any other
expression of the Salvation Army. The account by the Signal Service observer, at Charlotte, published in the
Review, follows:

"An unusual phenomenon was witnessed on the 21st; having been informed that for some weeks prior to date
rain had been falling daily after 3 p. m., on a particular spot, near two trees, corner of 9th and D streets, I
visited the place, and saw precipitation in the form of rain drops at 4:47 and 4:55 p. m., while the sun was
shining brightly. On the 22nd, I again visited the place, and from 4:05 to 4:25 p. m., a light shower of rain fell

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from a cloudless sky....Sometimes the precipitation falls over an area of half an acre, but always appears to
centre at these two trees, and when lightest occurs there only."

1. "Psychic force." London Times, April 27, 1872, p.8 c.1. Correct quote: "From 4 o'clock on Thursday
afternoon until half−past 11 on Thursday night the houses...."

2. "Singular occurrence in Chiswick." London Times, September 16, 1841, p.6 c.6. Correct quotes: "...by
some unknown agent...," and "...at the front as well as the back of the house...." The correct name was Mrs.
Churton, not Charton.

3. "Phénomène météorologique." Science Pour Tous, 5 (July 19, 1860): 264. For the original newspaper
article: "A shower of stones." Wolverhampton Advertiser and Spirit of the Times, June 23, 1860, p.582 c.2.
T.L. Phipson. "On the black stones which fell from the atmosphere at Birmingham in 1858." Annual Report
of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, 1864, Trans., 37. Monthly Weather Review, 16
(July 1888): 173, c.v. "Texas." Correct quotes: "The ground for about half an acre was partly covered with
pebbles, the formation of which is not found in this section, Mr. Lacy's family saw the pebbles fall during the
rain, and therefore, there can be no doubt about it." And, "The specimens...resemble in appearance those
generally found at the bottom of a brook, or on the sea−shore." Denison Olmsted. "Observation on the
meteors of November 13th, 1833." American Journal of Science, s.1, 26 (1834): 132−74, at 161. Monthly
Weather Review, 11 (May 1883): 115, c.v. "Illinois." Correct quote: "A number of stones, of peculiar
formation and shapes uncommon in this region, were showered upon a farm near its track."

4. "Sensational meteoric story." Monthly Weather Review, 26 (August 1898): 363.

5. Oliver F. Fassig. "A remarkable fall of hail in Maryland." Monthly Weather Review, 43 (September 1915):
446−8, at 447. Correct quotes: "...but has not yet done so," and, "...some of these pebbles."

6. R.P. Greg. "Observations on meteorolites or aërolites, considered geographically, statistically, and
cosmologically, accompanied by a complete catalogue." Philosophical Magazine, s.4, 8 (1854): 329−42,
449−63, at 463. These objects were described as hailstones "enclosing crystals of pyrites."

7. "Aërolites contained in hail." Quarterly Journal of the Royal Institute of Great Britain, n.s., 4, 447.

8. Dominique FranÇois Jean Arago. Oeuvres complètes de FranÇois Arago. Paris, 1857, v.11, 644−5.

9. "Miscellaneous phenomena." Monthly Weather Review, 12 (May 1884): 134.

10. Oliver F. Fassig. "A remarkable fall of hail in Maryland." Monthly Weather Review, 43 (September
1915): 446−8, at 447. "In some of the larger stones from 20 to 25 such layers were counted."

11. William Ferrel. A Popular Treatise on the Winds, 1889. 2d ed. New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1911,
425. For Ferrel's source: Horace C. Hovey. "The hail−storm of June 20th, 1870." American Journal of
Science, s.2, 50 (1870): 403−4. The storm extended from Troy, New York, to Bangor, Maine; and, Hovey's
observations upon the hail were made at Northampton, Massachusetts.

12. Theodore Schwedoff. "On the origin of hail." Annual Report of the British Association for the
Advancement of Science, 1882, trans., 458.

13. Sic, super−volatized.

14. G.J. Symons."Remarkable hailstones." Nature, 41 (December 12, 1889): 134−5.

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15. "L'Argus, de Norfolk, annonce un fait extraordinaire...." Cosmos: Revue Encyclopedic, s.1, 3 (July 15,
1858): 120. No date is given regarding the fall of "cast−fish," (possibly cat−fish), which was supposedly
reported by the Southern Argus, of Norfolk, Virginia.

16. Joly. "Grélons tombés a Toulouse, le 28 Juillet." Science Pour Tous, 19 (1874): 270.

17. "Hail−storm in Pontiac." Canadian Naturalist and Geologist, s. 2, 1 (August 1864): 307−8. Pontiac is
located in Quebec, northwest of Ottawa. Correct quote: "Pieces of ice were from...."

18. Monthly Weather Review, 10 (June 1882): 14, c.v. "Hail."

19. George Buist. "Showers of fish." Living Age, 52 (1857): 186.

20. "Fall of fish." Timb's Year−Book of Facts in Science and Art, 1842, 275.

21. "Extraordinary phenomenon at Derby." Athenaeum, 1841 (no. 716; July 17): 542. For the original
newspaper article: "Extraordinary phenomenon at Derby." Sheffield Patriot, July 13, 1841, p. 6 c. 1.

22. "Extraordinary phenomenon at Derby." London Times, July 15, 1841, p. 6 c. 4. The fish are identified in
the article as "suttle−backs."

23. "A shower of fishes." London Times, October 12, 1841, p. 6 c. 5. "Remarkable occurrence." Fifeshire
Journal (Kirkcaldy, Scotland), September 30, 1841, p. 3 c. 3. The fall occurred on September 16, 1841, (not
October 7).

24. Annual Register, 1811, pt.2, 54, c.v. "May 12." David Purdie Thomson. Introduction to Meteorology.
London: Wm. Blackwood Sons, 1849, 179. George Buist. "Remarkable hailstorms in India...." Annual Report
of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, 1855, trans., 31−8, at 35. The fall occurred at
Bangalore, India, not Bungalore. Elia Loomis. A Treatise on Meteorology. New York: Harper and Brothers,
1883, 129. Hailstones were measured as weighing eighteen ounces; there is no mention of masses of ice
weighing a pound−and−a−half. William Ferrel. A Popular Treatise on the Winds. 1889. New York: John
Wiley and Sons, 2d ed., 1911, 428. Monthly Weather Review, May 1877, 5, c.v. "Large hail−stones."
Monthly Weather Review, June, 1877, 7, c.v. "On the 24th a tornado...." Correct quote: "Pieces of ice fell `so
large that....'" "The thunder and hail storm of August 2nd−3rd." Symons' Meteorological Magazine, 14
(August and September, 1879): 97−113, 125−8, at 100. Monthly Weather Review, 9 (June 1881): 17, c.v.
"Deadwood, Dakota," under "Hail−storms." Among the hail at Deadwood, Dakota Territory, on June 6, 1881,
was a piece measured as twenty−one inches in circumference; but, at Pottawattomie Co., Iowa, on June 12,
1881, there were: "...hailstones the size of man's fist...." Monthly Weather Review, 10 (October 1882): 16,
c.v. "Hail." Monthly Weather Review, 11 (July 1883): 158, c.v. "Hail." "Notes." Nature, 38 (May 10, 1888):
41−3, at 42. Large hailstones of one−and−a−half to two pounds were found at Delhi. "Dangerous hailstones."
Scientific American, n.s., 68 (January 28, 1893): 58. This fall occurred in 1892, not in 1893. "Meteorology of
Australia, p. 34": this last reference has not been identified.

25. Nicholas Camille Flammrion. Atmosphere. New York, 1873. Ice fell at Cazorla, Spain, not at Cazorta.

26. "An eighty pound hailstone." Scientific American, n.s., 47 (August 19, 1882): 119. The original
newspaper article was in the Salina County Journal of July 13, 1882. The fall took place with hail on July 11,
1882; and, the largest mass measured was "29 x 16 x 2 inches."

27. "Singular phenomenon in a snowstorm." London Times, April 7, 1860, p.7 c.5.

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28. George Buist. "Hail−storms in India, from June 1850 to May 1851." Annual Report of the British
Association for the Advancement of Science, 1851, trans., 31−3, at 32. The fall of ice at Candeish occurred in
1826, not in 1828.

29. "Grêle remarquable." Bulletin de la Societe Astronomique de France, 20 (1906): 245. The fall occurred at
Bizerte, Tunisia, on October 2, 1898.

30. "Extraordinary meteorological phenomena." London Times, August 4, 1857, p.10 c.2.

31. "Extract of a letter from Captain Blakiston...." Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, 10, 468.

32. Fort underlined "Magazine" and marked "X" in the margin next to this line to indicate that the serial's title
was the Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal. Also, the "Advertiser−Scotsman" is an erroneous reference.
The original newspaper source was the Ross−shire Advertiser, (Dingwall, Ross and Cromarty), which may
no longer be extant during this period; but, the report the fall of ice was repeated in: "Phenomenon in
Ross−shire." Scotsman (Edinburgh), August 11, 1849, p.3 c.2. The fall was reported as occurring "on the
evening of Monday last," in the article copied by the Scotsman, which would be either August 6 or July 31,
1849. Correct quote: "Immediately after one of the loudest peals of thunder heard there...."

33. "Phenomenon in Ross−shire." London Times, August 14, 1849, p.7 c.1.

34. George Buist. "Remarkable hailstorms in India...." Annual Report of the British Association for the
Advancement of Science, 1855, trans., 31−8, at 37.

35. D.A. Fraser. "Large hail in sunshine." Symons' Meteorological Magazine, 43, 154.

36. "Curious cloud formation." Scientific American, n.s., 110 (February 21, 1914): 164.

37. C.A. Young. "The late remarkable atmospheric phenomena." Popular Science News, 18 (February 1884):
15.

38. Nicholas Camille Flammarion. Atmosphere. New York, 1873.

39. "The Engineering and Mining Journal is authority for the statement...." Science, o.s., 13 (April 19, 1889):
300. For the original article: "Fall of black snow." Engineering and Mining Journal (New York), 47 (April 13,
1889): 348. "Solid chucks of ice and sand are reported to have been picked up in various places." These
presumably had fallen but were not reported to have been seen to fall.

40. Charles H. Winston. "Remarkable hailstones." Symons' Meteorological Magazine, 32, 171−2.

41. "Samedi 9 juillet, vers neuf heures...." Cosmos: Revue Encyclopédique, s.1, 3 (July 15, 1858): 116−7.
The date of this fall was July 9, 1858, and not July 5, 1853.

42. "Lumps of ice as hailstones." Monthly Weather Review, 22 (July 1894): 293. Correct quote: "...a vast
field or sheet of ice suspended in the atmosphere...."

43. "Huge hail stones." Scientific American, n.s., 71 (December 15, 1894): 371.

44. "Hail." Monthly Weather Review, 10 (June 1882): 14.

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45. "Notes." Nature, 61 (April 19, 1900): 592−6, at 594. Correct quote: "...very many were the size of
turkey's eggs." This hail fell at Herbertsdale, Cape Colony, South Africa, on February 25, 1900.

46. "9th. New York." Monthly Weather Review, 17 (June 1889): 152

47. "Hailstorm on the St. Lawrence." Monthly Weather Review, 29 (November 1901): 506−7. Correct quote:
"The first stones to fall were formed as though icicles the size and shape...cut into sections...in length."

48. "Rain from cloudless sky." Monthly Weather Review, 14 (October 1886): 287. The original newspaper
article in the Charlotte Chronicle is no longer extant.

Chapter XIV

WE see conventionally. It is not only that we think and act and speak and dress alike, because of our
surrender to social attempt at Entity, in which we are only super−cellular. We see what it is "proper" that we
should see. It is orthodox enough to say that a horse is not a horse, to an infant −− any more than is an orange
an orange to the unsophisticated. It's interesting to walk along a street sometimes and look at things and
wonder what they'd look like, if we hadn't been taught to see horses and trees and houses as horses and trees
and houses. I think that to super−sight they are local stresses merging indistinguishably into one another, in
an all−inclusive nexus.

I think that it would be credible enough to say that many times have Monstrator and Elvera and Azuria
crossed telescopic fields of vision, and were not even seen −− because it wouldn't be proper to see them; it
wouldn't be respectable, and it wouldn't be respectful: it would be insulting to old bones to see them: it would
bring on evil influences from the relics of St. Isaac to see them.

But our data:

Of vast worlds that are orbitless, or that are navigable, or that are adrift in inter−planetary tides and currents:
the data that we shall have of their approach, in modern times, within five or six miles of this earth −−

But then their visits, or approaches, to other planets, or to other of the few regularized bodies that have
surrendered to the attempted Entity of this solar system as a whole −−

The question that we can't very well evade:

Have these other worlds, or super−constructions, ever been seen by astronomers?

I think there would not be much approximation to realness in taking refuge in the notion of astronomers who
stare and squint and see only that which it is respectable and respectful to see. It is all very well to say that
astronomers are hypnotics, and that an astronomer looking at the moon is hypnotized by the moon, but our
acceptance is that the bodies of this present expression often visit the moon, or cross it, or are held in
temporary suspension near it −− then some of them must often have been within the diameter of an
astronomer's hypnosis.

Our general expression:

That, upon the oceans of this earth, there are regularized vessels, but also that there are tramp vessels:

That, upon the super−ocean, there are regularized planets, but also that there are tramp worlds:

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That astronomers are like mercantile purists who would deny commercial vagabondage.

Our acceptance is that vast celestial vagabonds have been excluded by astronomers, primarily because their
irresponsibilities are an affront to the pure and the precise, or to attempted positivism; and secondarily
because they have not been seen so very often. The planets steadily reflect the light of the sun: upon this
uniformity a system that we call Primary Astronomy has been built up; but now the subject−matter of
Advanced Astronomy is data of celestial phenomena that are sometimes light and sometimes dark, varying
like some of the satellites of Jupiter, but with a wider range. However, light or dark, they have been seen and
reported so often that the only important reason for their exclusion is −− that they don't fit in.

With dark bodies that are probably external to our own solar system, I have, in the provincialism that no one
can escape, not much concern. Dark bodies afloat in outer space would have been damned a few years ago,
but now they're sanctioned by Prof. Barnard −− and, if he says they're all right, you may think of them
without the fear of doing something wrong or ridiculous −− the close kinship we note so often between the
evil and the absurd −− I suppose by the ridiculous I mean the froth of evil. The dark companion of Algol, for
instance. Though that's a clear case of celestial miscegenation, the purists, or positivists, admit that's so. In the
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 1915−394, Prof. Barnard writes of an object −− he calls it
an "object" −− in Cephus.(1) His idea is that there are dark, opaque bodies outside this solar system. But in
the Astrophysical Journal, 1916−1, he modifies into regarding them as "dark nebulæ."(2) That's not so
interesting.

We accept that Venus, for instance, has often been visited by other worlds, or by super−constructions, from
which come cinders and coke and coal; that sometimes these things have reflected light and have been seen
from this earth −− by professional astronomers. It will be noted that throughout this chapter our data are
accursed Brahmins −− as, by hypnosis and inertia, we keep on and keep on saying, just as a good many of the
scientists of the 19th century kept on and kept on admitting the power of the system that preceded them −− or
Continuity would be smashed. There's a big chance here for us to be instantaneously translated to the Positive
Absolute −− oh, well −−

What I emphasize here is that our damned data are observations by astronomers of the highest standing,
excommunicated by astronomers of similar standing −− but backed up by the dominant spirit of their era −−
to which all minds had to equilibrate or be negligible, unheard, submerged. It would seem sometimes, in this
book, as if our revolts were against the dogmatisms and pontifications of single scientists of eminence. This
is only a convenience, because it seems necessary to personify. If we look over Philosophical Transactions, or
the publications of the Royal Astronomical Society, for instance, we see that Herschel, for instance, was as
powerless as any boy star−gazer, to enforce acceptance of any observation of his that did not harmonize with
the system that was growing up as independently of him and all other astronomers, as a phase in the
development of an embryo compels all cells to take on appearances concordantly with the design and the
predetermined progress and schedule of the whole.

Visitors to Venus:

Evans, "Ways of the Planets," p. 140:(3)

That, in 1645, a body large enough to look like a satellite was seen near Venus. Four times in the first half of
the 18th century, a similar observation was reported. The last report occurred in 1767.

A large body has been seen −− seven times, according to Science Gossip, 1886−178 −− near Venus.(4) At
least one astronomer, Houzeau, accepted these observations and named the −− world, planet,
super−construction −− "Neith." His views are mentioned "in passing, but without endorsement," in the Trans.
N. Y. Acad., 5−249.(5)

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165

Houzeau or some one writing for the magazine−section of a Sunday newspaper −− outer darkness for both
alike. A new satellite in this solar system might be a little disturbing −− though the formulas of La Place,
which were considered final in his day, have survived the admittance of five or six hundred bodies not
included in those formulas −− a satellite to Venus might be a little disturbing, but would be explained −− but
a large body approaching a planet −− staying a while −− going away −− coming back some other time −−
anchoring, as it were −−

Azuria is pretty bad, but Azuria is no worse than Neith.

Astrophysical Journal, 1−127:(6)

A light−reflecting body, or a bright spot near Mars: seen Nov. 25, 1894, by Prof. Pickering and others, at the
Lowell Observatory, above an unilluminated part of Mars −− self−luminous, it would seem −− thought to
have been a cloud −− but estimated to have been about twenty miles away from the planet.

Luminous spot seen moving across the disk of Mercury, in 1799, by Harding and Schroeter. (Monthly
Notices of the R. A. S., 38−338.)(7)

In the first Bulletin issued by the Lowell Observatory, in 1903, Prof. Lowell describes a body that was seen
on the terminator of Mars, May 20, 1903.(8) On May 27, it was "suspected." If still there, it had moved, we
are told, about 300 miles −− "probably a dust cloud."

Very conspicuous and brilliant spots seen on the disk of Mars, Oct. and Nov., 1911. (Popular Astronomy,
Vol. 19, No. 10.)(9)

So one of them accepted six or seven observations that were in agreement, except that they could not be
regularized, upon a world −− planet −− satellite −− and he gave it a name. He named it "Neith."

Monstrator and Elvera and Azuria and Super−Romanimus −−

Or heresy and orthodoxy and the oneness of all quasiness, and our ways and means and methods are the very
same. Or, if we name things that may not be, we are not of lonely guilt in the nomenclature of absences −−

But now Leverrier and "Vulcan."

Leverrier again.

Or to demonstrate the collapsibility of froth, stick a pin in the largest bubble of it. Astronomy and inflation:
and by inflation we mean expansion of the attenuated. Or that the science of Astronomy is a phantom−film
distended with myth−stuff −− but always our acceptance that it approximates higher to substantiality than did
the system that preceded it.

So Leverrier and the "planet Vulcan."

And we repeat, and it will do us small good to repeat. If you be of the masses that the astronomers have
hypnotized −− being themselves hypnotized, or they could not hypnotize others −− or that the hypnotist's
control is not the masterful power that it is popularly supposed to be, but only transference of state from one
hypnotic to another −−

If you be of the masses that the astronomers have hypnotized, you will not be able even to remember. Ten
pages from here, and Leverrier and the "planet Vulcan" will have fallen from your mind, like beans from a

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magnet, or like data of cold meteorites from the mind of a Thomson.

Leverrier and the "planet Vulcan."

And much the good it will do us to repeat.

But at least temporarily we shall have an impression of a historic fiasco, such as, in our acceptance, could
occur only in a quasi−existence.

In 1859, Dr. Lescarbault, an amateur astronomer, of Orgères, France, announced that, upon March 26, of that
year, he had seen a body of planetary size cross the sun. We are in a subject that is now as unholy to the
present system as ever were its own subjects to the system that preceded it, or as ever were slanders against
miracles to the preceding system. Nevertheless few text−books go so far as quite to disregard the tragedy.
The method of the systematists is slightingly to give a few instances of the unholy, and dispose of the few. If
it were desirable to them to deny that there are mountains upon this earth, they would record a few
observations upon some slight eminences near Orange, N.J., but say that commuters, though estimable
persons in several ways, are likely to have their observations mixed. The text−books casually mention a few
of the "supposed" observations upon "Vulcan," and then pass on.

Dr. Lescarbault wrote to Leverrier, who hastened to Orgères −−

Because this announcement assimilated with his own calculations upon a planet between Mercury and the sun
−−

Because this solar system itself has never attained positiveness in the aspect of Regularity: there are to
Mercury, as there are to Neptune, phenomena irreconcilable with the formulas, or motions that betray
influence by something else.

We are told that Leverrier "satisfied himself as to the substantial accuracy of the reported observation." The
story of this investigation is told in Monthly Notices, 20−98.(10) It seems too bad to threaten the naïve little
thing with our rude sophistications, but it is amusingly of the ingenuousness of the age from which present
dogmas have survived. Lescarbault wrote to Leverrier. Leverrier hastened to Orgères. But he was careful not
to tell Lescarbault who he was. Went right in, and "subjected Dr. Lescarbault to a very severe
cross−examination" −− just the way you or I may feel at liberty to go into anybody's home and be severe with
people −− "pressing him hard step by step" −− just as any one might go into some one else's house and press
him hard, though unknown to the hard−pressed one. Not until he was satisfied, did Leverrier reveal his
identity. I suppose Dr. Lescarbault expressed astonishment. I think there's something utopian about this: it's
so unlike the stand−offishness of New York life.

Leverrier gave the name "Vulcan" to the object that Dr. Lescarbault had reported.(11)

By the same means by which he is, even to this day, supposed −− by the faithful −− to have discovered
Neptune, he had already announced the probable existence of an Intra−Mercurial body, or group of bodies.
He had five observations besides Lescarbault's upon something that had been seen to cross the sun. In
accordance with the mathematical hypnoses of his era, he studied these six transits. Out of them he computed
elements giving "Vulcan" a period of about 20 days, or a formula for heliocentric longitude at any time.(12)

But he placed the time of best observation away up in 1877.

But even so, or considering that he still had probably a good many years to live, it may strike one that he was
a little rash −− that is if one has not gone very deep into the study of hypnoses −− that, having "discovered"

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Neptune by a method which, in our acceptance, had no more to recommend it than had once equally
well−thought−of methods of witch−finding, he should not have taken such chances: that if he was right as to
Neptune, but he should be wrong as to "Vulcan," his average would be away below that of most
fortune−tellers, who could scarcely hope to do business upon a fifty per cent. basis −− all that the reasoning
of a tyro in hypnoses.

The date:

March 22, 1877.

The scientific world was up on its hind legs nosing the sky. The thing had been done so authoritatively.
Never a pope had said a thing with more of the seeming of finality. If six observations correlated, what more
could be asked? The Editor of Nature, a week before the predicted event, though cautious, said that it is
difficult to explain how six observers, unknown to one another, could have data that could be formulated, if
they were not related phenomena.(13)

In a way, at this point occurs the crisis of our whole book.

Formulas are against us.

But can astronomic formulas, backed up by observations in agreement, taken many years apart, calculated by
a Leverrier, be as meaningless, in a positive sense, as all other quasi−things that we have encountered so far?

The preparations they made, before March 22, 1877. In England, the Astronomer Royal made it the
expectation of his life: notified observers at Madras, Melbourne, Sydney, and New Zealand, and arranged
with observers in Chile and the United States.(14) M. Struve had prepared for observations in Siberia and
Japan −−

March 22, 1877 −−

Not absolutely, hypocritically, I think it's pathetic, myself. If any one should doubt the sincerity of Leverrier,
in this matter, we note, whether it has meaning or not, that a few months later he died.

I think we'll take up Monstrator, though there's so much to this subject that we'll have to come back.

According to the Annual Register, 9−120, upon the 9th of August, 1762, M. de Rostan, of Basle, France, was
taking altitudes of the sun, at Lausanne.(15) He saw a vast, spindle−shaped body, about three of the sun's
digits in breadth and nine in length, advancing slowly across the disk of the sun, or "with no more than half
the velocity with which ordinary solar spots move." It did not disappear until the 7th of September, when it
reached the sun's limb. Because of the spindle−like form, I incline to think of a super−Zeppelin, but another
observation, which seems to indicate that it was a world, is that, though it was opaque, and "eclipsed the sun,"
it had around it a kind of nebulosity −− or atmosphere? A penumbra would ordinarily be a datum of a sun
spot, but there are observations that indicate that this object was at a considerable distance from the sun:

It is recorded that another observer, at Paris, watching the sun, at this time, had not seen this object;

But that M. Croste, at Sole, about forty−five German leagues northward of Lausanne, had seen it, describing
the same spindle−form, but disagreeing a little as to breadth. Then comes the important point: that he and M.
de Rostan did not see it upon the same part of the sun. This, then, is parallax, and compounded with
invisibility at Paris, is great parallax −− or that, in the course of a month, in the summer of 1762, a large,
opaque, spindle−shaped body traversed the disk of the sun, but at a great distance from the sun. The writer in

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the Register says: "In a word, we know of nothing to have recourse to, in the heavens, by which to explain
this phenome− non." I suppose he was not a hopeless addict to explaining. Extraordinary −− we fear he must
have been a man of loose habits in some other respects.

As to us −−

Monstrator.

In the Monthly Notices of the R. A. S., Feb., 1877, Leverrier, who never lost faith, up to the last day, gives
the six observations upon an unknown body of planetary size, that he had formulated.(16)

Fritsch, Oct. 10, 1802; Stark, Oct. 9, 1819; De Cuppis, Oct. 30, 1839; Sidebotham, Nov. 12, 1849;
Lescarbault, March 26, 1859; Lummis, March 20, 1862.

If we weren't so accustomed to Science in its essential aspect of Disregard, we'd be mystified and impressed,
like the Editor of Nature, with the formulation of these data: agreement of so many instances would seem
incredible as a coincidence: but our acceptance is that, with just enough disregard, astronomers and
fortune−tellers can formulate anything −− or we'd engage, ourselves, to formulate periodicities in the crowds
in Broadway −− say that every Wednesday morning, a tall man, with one leg and a black eye, carrying a
rubber plant, passes the Singer Building, at quarter past ten o'clock. Of course it couldn't really be done,
unless such a man did have such a periodicity, but if some Wednesday mornings it should be a small child
lugging a barrel, or a fat negress with a week's wash, by ordinary disregard that would be a prediction good
enough for the kind of quasi−existence we're in.

So whether we accuse, or whether we think that the word "accuse" over−dignifies an attitude toward a
quasi−astronomer, or mere figment in a super−dream, our acceptance is that Leverrier never did formulate
observations −−

That he picked out observations that could be formulated −−

That of this type are all formulas −−

That if Leverrier had not been himself helplessly hypnotized, or if he had had in him more than a tincture of
realness, never could he have been beguiled by such a quasi−process: but that he was hypnotized, and so
extended, or transferred, his condition to others, that upon March 22, 1877, he had this earth bristling with
telescopes, with the rigid and almost inanimate forms of astronomers behind them −−

And not a blessed thing of any unusuality was seen upon that day or succeeding days.

But that the science of Astronomy suffered the slightest in prestige?

It couldn't. The spirit of 1877 was behind it. If, in an embryo, some cells should not live up to the phenomena
of their era, the others will sustain the scheduled appearances. Not until an embryo enters the mammalian
stage are cells of the reptilian stage false cells.

It is our acceptance that there were many equally authentic reports upon large planetary bodies that had been
seen near the sun; that, of many, Leverrier picked out six; not then deciding that all the other observations
related to still other large, planetary bodies, but arbitrarily, or hypnotically, disregarding −− or heroically
disregarding −− every one of them −− that to formulate at all he had to exclude falsely. The dénouement
killed him, I think. I'm not at all inclined to place him with the Grays and Hitchcocks and Symonses. I'm not,
because, though it was rather unsportsmanlike to put the date so far ahead, he did give a date, and he did stick

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to it with such a high approximation −−

I think Leverrier was translated to the Positive Absolute.

The disregarded:

Observation, of June 26, 1819, by Gruithinson −− but that was of two bodies that crossed the sun together
−−(17)

Nature, 14−469:(18)

That, according to the astronomer, J. R. Hind, Benjamin Scott, City Chamberlain of London, and Mr. Wray,
had, in 1847, seen a body similar to "Vulcan" cross the sun.

Similar observation by Hind and Lowe, March 12, 1849. (L'Année Scientifique, 1876−9.)(19)

Nature, 14−505:(20)

Body of apparent size of Mercury, seen, Jan. 29, 1860, by F. A. R. Russell and four other observers, crossing
the sun.

De Vico's observation of July 12, 1837. ("Observatory," 2−424.)(21)

L'Année Scientifique, 1865−16:(22)

That another amateur astronomer, M. Coumbray, of Constantinople, had written to Leverrier, that, upon the
8th of March, 1865, he had seen a black point, sharply outlined, traverse the disk of the sun. It detached itself
from a group of sun spots near the limb of the sun, and took 48 minutes to reach the other limb. Figuring
upon the diagram from M. Coumbray, a central passage would have taken a little more than an hour. This
observation was disregarded by Leverrier, because his formula required about four times that velocity. The
point here is that these other observations are as authentic as those that Leverrier included; that, then, upon
data as good as the data of "Vulcan," there must be other "Vulcans" −− the heroic and defiant disregard, then,
of trying to formulate one, omitting the others, which, by orthodox doctrine, must have influenced it greatly,
if all were in the relatively narrow space between Mercury and the sun.

Observation upon another such body, of April 4, 1876, by M. Weber, of Berlin. As to this observation,
Leverrier was informed by Wolf, in August, 1876 (L'Année Scientifique, 1876−7).(23) It made no difference,
so far as can be known, to this notable positivist.

Two other observations noted by Hind and Denning −− London Times, Nov. 3, 1871, and March 26,
1873.(24)

Monthly Notices of the R. A. S., 20−100:(25)

Standacher, Feb., 1762; Lichtenberg, Nov. 19, 1762; Hoffman, May, 1764; Dangos, Jan. 18, 1798; Stark,
Feb. 12, 1820. An observation by Schmidt, Oct. 11, 1847, is said to be doubtful: but, upon page 192, it is said
that this doubt had arisen because of a mistaken translation, and two other observations by Schmidt are given:
Oct. 14, 1849, and Feb. 18, 1850 −− also an observation by Lofft, Jan. 6, 1818. Observation by Steinheibel, at
Vienna, April 27, 1820 (Monthly Notices, 1862).(26)

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Haase had collected reports of twenty observations like Lescarbault's. The list was published in 1872, by
Wolf.(27) Also there are other instances like Gruithinsen's:

Amer. Jour. Sci., 2−28−446:(28)

Report by Pastorff that he had seen twice in 1836, and once in 1837, two round spots of unequal size moving
across the sun, changing position relatively to each other, and taking a different course, if not orbit, each
time: that, in 1834, he had seen similar bodies pass six times across the disk of the sun, looking very much
like Mercury in his transits.

March 22, 1876 −−

But to point out Leverrier's poverty−stricken average −− or discovering planets upon a fifty per cent. basis −−
would be to point out the low percentage of realness in the quasi−myth−stuff of which the whole system is
composed. We do not accuse the text−books of omitting this fiasco, but we do note that theirs is the
conventional adaptation here of all beguilers who are in difficulties −−

The diverting of attention.

It wouldn't be possible in a real existence, with real mentality, to deal with, but I suppose it's good enough for
the quasi−intellects that stupefy themselves with text−books. The trick here is to gloss over Leverrier's
mistake, and blame Lescarbault −− he was only an amateur −− had delusions. The reader's attention is led
against Lescarbault by a report from M. Lias, director of the Brazilian Coast Survey, who, at the time of
Lescarbault's "supposed" observation had been watching the sun in Brazil, and, instead of seeing even
ordinary sun spots, had noted that the region of the "supposed transit" was of "uniform intensity."(29)

But the meaninglessness of all utterances in quasi−existence −−

"Uniform intensity" turns our way as much as against us −− or some day some brain will conceive a way of
beating Newton's third law −− if every reaction, or resistance, is, or can be, interpretable as stimulus instead
of resistance −− if this could be done in mechanics, there's a way open here for someone to own the world −−
specifically in this matter, "uniform intensity" means that Lescarbault saw no ordinary sun spot, just as much
as it means that no spot at all was seen upon the sun. Continuing the interpretation of a resistance as an
assistance, which can always be done with mental forces −− making us wonder what applications could be
made of steam and electric forces −− we point out that invisibility in Brazil means parallax quite as truly as it
means absence, and, inasmuch as "Vulcan" was supposed to be distant from the sun, we interpret denial as
corroboration −− method of course of every scientist, politician, theologian, high−school debater.

So the text−books, with no especial cleverness, because no especial cleverness is needed, lead the reader into
contempt for the amateur of Orgères, and forgetfulness of Leverrier −− and some other subject is taken up.

But our own acceptance:

That these data are as good as ever they were;

That, if some one of eminence should predict an earthquake, and if there should be no earthquake at the
predicted time, that would discredit the prophet, but data of past earthquakes would remain as good as ever
they had been. It is easy enough to smile at the illusion of a single amateur −−

The mass−formation:

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Fritsch, Stark, De Cuppis, Sidebotham, Lescarbault, Lummis, Gruithinson, De Vico, Scott, Wray, Russell,
Hind, Lowe, Coumbray, Weber, Standacher, Lichtenberg, Dangos, Hoffman, Schmidt, Lofft, Steinheibel,
Pastorff −−(30)

These are only the observations conventionally listed relatively to an Intra−Mercurial planet. They are
formidable enough to prevent our being diverted, as if it were all the dream of a lonely amateur −− but they're
a mere advance−guard. From now on other data of large celestial bodies, some dark and some reflecting light,
will pass and pass and keep on passing −−

So that some of us will remember a thing or two, after the procession's over −− possibly.

Taking up only one of the listed observations −−

Or our impression of the discrediting of Leverrier has nothing to do with the acceptability of these data:

In the London Times, Jan. 10, 1860, is Benjamin Scott's account of his observation:(31)

That, in the summer of 1847, he had seen a body that had seemed to be the size of Venus, crossing the sun.
He says that, hardly believing the evidence of his sense of sight, he had looked for someone, whose hopes or
ambitions would not make him so subject to illusion. He had told his little son, aged five years, to look
through the telescope. The child had exclaimed that he had seen "a little balloon" crossing the sun. Scott says
that he had not had sufficient self−reliance to make public announcement of his remarkable observation at the
time, but that, in the evening of the same day, he had told Dr. Dick, F. R. A. S., who had cited other
instances. In the Times, Jan. 12, 1860, is published a letter from Richard Abbott, F. R. A. S.: that he
remembered Mr. Scott's letter to him upon this observation, at the time of the occurrence.(32)

I suppose that, at the beginning of this chapter, one had the notion that, by hard scratching through musty old
records we might rake up vague, more than doubtful data, distortable into what's called evidence of
unrecognized worlds or constructions of planetary size −−

But the high authenticity and the support and the modernity of these of the accursed that we are now
considering −−

And our acceptance that ours is quasi−existence, in which above all other things, hopes, ambitions, emotions,
motivations, stands Attempt to Positivize: that we are here considering an attempt to systematize that is sheer
fanaticism in its disregard of the unsystematizable −− that it represented the highest good in the 19th century
−− that it is mono−mania, but heroic mono−mania that was quasi−divine in the 19th century −−

But that this isn't the 19th century.

As a duly sponsored Brahmin −− in the regard of Baptists −− the objects of July 29, 1878, stand out and
proclaim themselves so that nothing but disregard of the intensity of mono−mania can account for their
reception by the system:

Or the total eclipse of July 29, 1878, and the reports by Prof. Watson, from Rawlins, Wyoming, and by Prof.
Swift, from Denver, Colorado: that they had seen two shining objects at a considerable distance from the sun.

It's quite in accord with our general expression: not that there is an Intra−Mercurial planet, but that there are
different bodies, many vast things; near this earth sometimes, near the sun sometimes; orbitless worlds,
which, because of scarcely any data of collisions, we think of as under navigable control −− or dirigible
super−constructions.

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Prof. Watson and Prof. Swift published their observations.

Then the disregard that we can not think of in terms of ordinary, sane exclusions.

The text−book systematists begin by telling us that the trouble with these observations is that they disagree
widely: there is considerable respectfulness, especially for Prof. Swift, but we are told that by coincidence
these two astronomers, hundreds of miles apart, were illuded: their observations were so different −−

Prof. Swift (Nature, Sept. 19, 1878):(33)

That his own observation was "a close approximation to that given by Prof. Watson."

In the Observatory, 2−161, Swift says that his observations and Watson's were "confirmatory each of the
other."(34)

The faithful try again:

That Watson and Swift mistook stars for other bodies.

In the Observatory, 2−193, Prof. Watson says that he had previously committed to memory all stars near the
sun, down to the seventh magnitude −−(35)

And he's damned anyway.

How such exclusions work out is shown by Lockyer (Nature, Aug. 20, 1878).(36) He says: "There is little
doubt that an Intra−Mercurial planet has been discovered by Prof. Watson."

That was before excommunication was pronounced.

He says:

"If it will fit one of Leverrier's orbits" −−

It didn't fit.(37)

In Nature, 21−301, Prof. Swift says:(38)

"I have never made a more valid observation, nor one more free from doubt."

He's damned anyway.

We shall have some data that will not live up to most rigorous requirements, but, if any one would like to
read how carefully and minutely these two sets of observations were made, see Prof. Swift's detailed
description in the Am. Jour. Sci., 116−313; and the technicalities of Prof. Watson's observations in Monthly
Notices, 38−525.(39)

Our own acceptance upon dirigible worlds, which is assuredly enough, more nearly real than attempted
concepts of large planets relatively near this earth, moving in orbits, but visible only occasionally; which
more nearly approximates to reasonableness than does wholesale slaughter of Swift and Watson and Fritsch
and Stark and De Cuppis −− but our own acceptance is so painful to so many minds that, in another of the
charitable moments that we have now and then for the sake of contrast, we offer relief:

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The things seen high in the sky by Swift and Watson −−

Well, only two months before −− the horse and the barn −−(40)

We go on with more observations by astronomers, recognizing that it is the very thing that has given them
life, sustained them, held them together, that has crushed all but the quasi−gleam of independent life out of
them. Were they not systematized, they could not be at all, except sporadically and without sustenance. They
are systematized: they must not vary from the conditions of the system: they must break away for themselves.

The two great commandments:

Thou shalt not break Continuity;

Thou shalt try.

We go on with these disregarded data, some of which, many of which, are of the highest degree of
acceptability. It is the System that pulls back its variations, as this earth is pulling back the Matterhorn. It is
the System that nourishes and rewards, and also freezes out life with the chill of disregard. We do note that,
before excommunication is pronounced, orthodox journals do liberally enough record unassimilable
observations.

All things merge away into everything else.

That is Continuity.

So the System merges away and evades us when we try to focus against it.

We have complained a great deal. At least we are not so dull as to have the delusion that we know just
exactly what it is that we are complaining about. We speak seemingly definitely enough of "the System," but
we're building upon observations by members of that very system. Or what we are doing−−gathering up the
loose heresies of the orthodox. Of course "the System" fringes and ravels away, having no real outline. A
Swift will antagonize "the System," and a Lockyer will call him back; but, then, a Lockyer will vary with a
"meteoric hypothesis," and a Swift will, in turn, represent "the System."(41) This state is to us typical of all
intermediatist phenomena; or that not conceivably is anything really anything, if its parts are likely to be their
own opposites at any time. We speak of astronomers −− as if there were real astronomers −− but who have
lost their identity in a System −− as if it were a real System −− but behind the System is plainly a rapport, or
loss of identity in the Spirit of an Era.

Bodies that have looked like dark bodies, and lights that may have been sunlight reflected from interplanetary
−− objects, masses, constructions −−

Lights that have been seen upon −− or near? −− the moon:

In Philosophical Transactions, 82−27, is Herschel's report upon many luminous points, which he saw upon
−− or near? −− the moon, during an eclipse.(42) Why should they be luminous, whereas the moon itself was
dark, would get us into a lot of trouble −− except that later we shall, or we sha'n't, accept that many times
have luminous objects been seen close to this earth −− at night.

But numerousness is a new factor, or new disturbance, to our explorations −−

A new aspect of inter−planetary inhabitancy or occupancy −−

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Worlds in hordes −− or beings −− winged beings perhaps −− wouldn't astonish me if we should end up by
discovering angels −− or beings in machines −− argosies of celestial voyagers −−

In 1783 and 1787, Herschel reported more lights on or near the moon, which he supposed were volcanic.(43)

The word of a Herschel has had no more weight, in divergences from the orthodox, than has had the word of
a Lescarbault. These observations are of the disregarded.

Bright spots seen in the moon, Nov., 1821 (Proc. London Roy. Soc., 2−167).(44)

For four other instances, see Loomis ("Treatise on Astronomy," p. 174).(45)

A moving light is reported in Phil. Trans., 84−429.(46) To the writer, it looked like a star passing over the
moon −− "which, on the next moment's consideration I knew to be impossible." "It was a fixed, steady light
upon the dark part of the moon." I suppose "fixed" applies to luster.

In the Report of the Brit. Assoc., 1847−18, there is an observation by Rankin, upon luminous points seen on
the shaded part of the moon, during an eclipse.(47) They seemed to this observer like reflections of stars.
That's not very reasonable: however, we have, in the Annual Register, 1821−687, a light not referable to star
−− because it moved with the moon: was seen three nights in succession; reported by Capt. Kater.(48) See
Quar. Jour. Roy. Inst., 12−133.(49)

Phil. Trans., 112−237:(50)

Report from the Cape Town Observatory: a whitish spot on the dark part of the moon's limb. Three smaller
lights were seen.

The call for positiveness, in its aspects of singleness, or homogeneity, or oneness, or completeness. In data
now coming, I feel it myself. A Leverrier studies more than twenty observations. The inclination is
irresistible to think they all relate to one phenomenon. It is an expression of cosmic inclination. Most of the
observations are so irreconcilable with any acceptance other than the orbitless, dirigible worlds that he shuts
his eyes to more than two−thirds of them; he picks out six that can give him the illusion of completeness, or
of all relating to one planet.

Or let it be that we have data of many dark bodies −− still do we incline almost irresistibly to think of one of
them as the dark−body−in−chief. Dark bodies, floating, or navigating, in inter−planetary space −− and I
conceive of one that's the Prince of Dark Bodies:

Melanicus.

Vast dark thing with wings of a super−bat, or jet−black super−construction; most likely one of the spores of
the Evil one.

The extraordinary year, 1883:

London Times, Dec. 17, 1883:(51)

Extract from a letter by Hicks Pashaw: that, in Egypt, Sept. 24, 1883, he had seen on the sun, through glasses,
"an immense black spot on the lower part of the sun."

Sun spot, may be.

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One night an astronomer was looking up at the sky, when something obscured a star, for three and a half
seconds. A meteor had been seen nearby, but its train had been only momentarily visible. Dr. Wolf was the
astronomer (Nature, 86−528).(52)

The next datum is one of the most sensational we have, except that there is very little to it. A dark object that
was seen by Prof. Heis, for eleven degrees of arc, moving slowly across the Milky Way (Greg's Catalogue,
Rept. Brit. Assoc., 1867− 426).(53)

One of our quasi−reasons for accepting that orbitless worlds are dirigible is the almost complete absence of
data of collisions: of course, though in defiance of gravitation, they may, without direction like human
direction, adjust to one another in the way of vortex rings of smoke −− a very human−like way, that is. But in
Knowledge, Feb., 1894, are two photographs of Brooks' comet that are shown as evidence of its seeming
collision with a dark object, Oct., 1893.(54) Our own wording is that it "struck against something": Prof.
Barnard's is that it had "entered some dense medium, which shattered it." For all I know it had knocked
against merely a field of ice.

Melanicus.

That upon the wings of a super−bat, he broods over this earth and over other worlds, perhaps deriving
something from them: hovers on wings, or wing−like appendages, or planes that are hundreds of miles from
tip to tip −− a super−evil things that is exploiting us. By Evil I mean that which makes us useful.

He obscures a star. He shoves a comet. I think he's a vast, black, brooding vampire.

Science, July 31, 1896:(55)

That, according to a newspaper account, Mr. W. R. Brooks, director of the Smith Observatory, had seen a
dark round object pass rather slowly across the moon, in a horizontal direction. In Mr. Brooks' opinion it was
a dark meteor. In Science, Sept. 14, 1896, a correspondent writes that, in his opinion, it may have been a
bird.(56) We shall have no trouble with the meteor and bird mergers, if we have observations of long duration
and estimates of size up to hundreds of miles. As to the body that was seen by Brooks, there is a note from
the Dutch astronomer, Muller, in the Scientific American, 75−251, that, upon April 4, 1892, he had seen a
similar phenomenon.(57) In Science Gossip, 3−135, are more details of the Brooks object −− apparent
diameter about one−thirtieth of the moon's −− moon's disk crossed in three or four seconds.(58) The writer, in
Science Gossip, says that, on June 27, 1896, at one o'clock in the morning, he was looking at the moon with a
2−inch achromatic, power 44, when a long black object sailed past, from west to east, the transit occupying 3
or 4 seconds. He believed this object to be a bird −− there was, however, no fluttering motion observable in
it.

In the Astronomische Nachrichten, No. 3477, Dr. Martin Brendel, of Griefswald, Pomerania, writes that
Postmaster Ziegler and other observers had seen a body about 6 feet in diameter crossing the sun's disk.(59)
The duration here indicates something far from the earth, and also far from the sun. This thing was seen a
quarter of an hour before it reached the sun. Time in crossing the sun was about an hour. After leaving the
sun it was visible an hour.

I think he's a vast, black vampire that sometimes broods over this earth and other bodies.

Communication from Dr. F. B. Harris (Popular Astronomy, 20−398):(60)

That, upon the evening of January 27, 1912, Dr. Harris saw, upon the moon, "an intensely black object." He
estimated it to be 250 miles long and 50 miles wide. "The object resembled a crow poised, as near as

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anything." Clouds then cut off observation.

Dr. Harris writes:

"I cannot but think that a very interesting and curious phenomenon happened."

1. E.E. Barnard. "A singular dark marking on the sky." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 1
(1915): 394−6.

2. E.E. Barnard. "Some of the dark markings on the sky and what they suggest." Astrophysical Journal, 43
(1916): 1−8.

3. Martha Evans Martin. The Ways of the Planets. New York: Harper Brothers, 1912, 140. The last report
was made in 1791 by Montaigne, (not 1767). The other reports of this satellite were: in 1672 and 1686, by
Cassini; in 1740, by Short, using two telescopes; in 1759, by Mayer; in 1761, during the transit of Venus, by
Scheuten; in 1764, by Rödkier, Horrebow, and three others, at Copenhagen, and by Montbarron, at Auxerre.
T.W. Webb. Celestial Objects for Common Telescopes. 4th ed. London: Longmans, Green and Co., 1881,
61−2. A similar sighting, (possibly on May 22, 1823), was explained as being a star near Venus by a youthful
Webb. T.W. Webb. "The satellite of Venus." Nature, 14 (June 29, 1876): 193−5, at 195.

4. "The planet Neith." Hardwicke's Science Gossip, 22 (1886): 178.

5. C.A. Young. "The year's progress in astronomy." Transactions of the New York Academy of Sciences, 5
(May 17, 1886): 234−63, at 249. For more details of Houzeau's claims: "The problematical satellite of
Venus." Observatory, 7 (1884): 222−6.

6. A.E. Douglass. "A cloud−like spot on the terminator of Mars." Astrophysical Journal, 1 (1895): 127−30.
Only Pickering and Douglass are reported as having seen the "cloud−like spot."

7. B.G. Jenkins. "The luminous spot on Mercury in transit." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical
Society, 38 (April 1878): 337−40, at 338.

8. Percival Lowell. "Projection on Mars." Lowell Observatory, Bulletin, no.1 (1903): 1−4. The projection was
first noticed by V.M. Slipher on May 25, 1903, not May 20. The cloud's "height" was measured as 14 or 17
miles and 300 miles long. Lowell believed that, between May 26 and 27, the cloud moved 390 miles from its
position above Mars: "...what alone fits the observations, an enormous cloud travelling northeast and
dissipating as it went," and, "...finally its color leads one to believe it not a cloud of water−vapor but a cloud
of dust."

9. Latimer J. Wilson. "Mars as seen with an 11−inch reflector." Popular Astronomy, 19 (1911): 627, and, pl.
XXVI.

10. "A supposed new interior planet." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 20 (January
1860): 98−101. Correct quote: "M. Lescarbault was subjected to a severe cross−examination by his unknown
visitor, who pressed him hard from step to step till he obtained such material and verbal evidence as no
longer permitted him to doubt the reality of the observation or the good faith of the observer."

11. M.R. Radau."Future observations of the supposed new planet." Monthly Notices of the Royal
Astronomical Society, 38, 195−7, at 195.

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12. Leverrier only later discovered that a sixth observation agreed with his calculated orbit, which was based
upon five observations, including Lescarbault's. "The suspected Intra−Mercurial Planet." Nature, 15 (March
15, 1877): 437−8.

13. "The suspected Intra−Mercurial Planet." Nature, 15 (March 15, 1877): 437−8.

14. George Biddell Airy was the Astronomer Royal.

15. "An account of a very singular phaenomenon seen in the disc of the sun, in different parts of Europe, and
not in others." Annual Register, 1766, pt. 2, 120−1. Correct quotes: "...with no more than about half the
velocity with which the ordinary solar spots move...," and, "...have recourse to in the heavens, whereby to
explain the phænomenon...."

16. E. Dunkin. "The suspected Intra−Mercurial planet." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society,
37 (February 1877): 229−30. Decuppis' observation was on October 2, 1839, (not October 30); and,
Sidebotham's observation was on March 12, 1849, (not November 12). Stark's observation was not utilized in
the formulation of Vulcan's orbit but was found to agree with it.

17. Fort marked "X" next to this paragraph, probably to indicate the error in spelling Gruithuisen's name.
"New planets." Annual of Scientific Discovery, 1860, 410−11, at 411. Olbers. "On the passage of the comet
of 1819 across the disc of the sun." Philosophical Magazine, s. 1, 57 (1821): 444−6.

18. J.R. Hind. "The Intra−Mercurial planet or planets." Nature, 14 (September 28, 1876): 469−70.

19. "Les planètes entre le Soleil et Mercure...." Année Scientifique et Industrielle, 20 (1876): 6−11, at 9.

20. F.A.R. Russell. "An Intra−Mercurial planet." Nature, 14 (October 5, 1876): 505. Russell was with three
other observers, (not four).

21. "Search for Vulcan." Observatory, 2 (1879): 424. "Extrait d'une lettre du P. Ferrari à M. Mouchez,
relativement à la planète intra−mercurielle." Comptes Rendus, 88 (March 3, 1879): 413.

22. "La planète intramercurielle." Année Scientifique et Industrielle, 10 (1865): 16−7. The observer was
Coumbary, (not Coumbray).

23. "Les planètes entre le Soleil et Mercure...." Année Scientifique et Industrielle, 20 (1876): 6−11, at 7.
Weber's observation was made at Peckeloh, (not Berlin), at 4:25 (Berlin Mean Time).

24. William F. Denning. "Total eclipse in December next." London Times, November 3, 1871, p. 8 c. 6.
Denning notes a bright object seen near the sun during the eclipse of August 7, 1869. "Intra−Mercurial
planet." London Times, March 26, 1873, p. 5 c. 6. Hind notes a spot seen on the sun's disk, by Cowie, at
Shanghai, on March 24, 1873.

25. R.C. Carrington. "In the 10th number of Professor Wolf's Mittheilungen über die Sonnenflecken...."
Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 20 (January 1860): 100−1. For the Wolf's original list:
June 6, 1761, by Scheuten; the end of February, 1762, by Staudacher, (not Standacher); November 19, 1762,
(date questioned), by Lichtenberg; beginning of May, 1764, (date questioned), by Hoffman; June 17, 1777,
(date questioned), for Messier's observation of many small globes; January 18, 1798, by (Chevalier)
D'Angos; October 10, 1802, by Fritsch; June 26, 1819, (date questioned), by Stark; October 9, 1819, by
Stark; February 12, 1820, (date questioned), by Stark; December 23, 1823, (date questioned), by Pons; July
31, 1826, by Stark; 1834, (no date given), by Pastorff; May 11, 1845, (date questioned), by Capocci; and,

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October 11, 1847, by Schmidt. Mittheilungen Über die Sonnenflecken, no. 10 (1859): 288−91.

26. R.C. Carrington. "On some previous observations of supposed planetary bodies in transit over the Sun."
Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 20 (March 1860): 192−4. Lofft's observation, on
January 6, 1818, was not part of Wolf's list but was added to this article. For Lofft's original report: Capel
Lofft. "On the appearance of an opaque body traversing the sun's disc." Monthly Magazine, 45 (March 1,
1818): 102−3. Steinhübel's observation was made on February 12, 1820, which is the same date as Stark's
observation. No observation for April 27, 1820, is noted herein; and, the reference for 1862, given by Fort,
appears to be erroneous.

27. Rudolf Wolf. Handbuch der Mathematik, Physik, Geodäsie und Astronomie. Zurich: Schulthese,
1869−72, Bd. ii, p. 327.

28. E.C. Herrick. "Supposed new planet between Mercury and the Sun." American Journal of Science, s.2, 28
(1859): 445−6. The dates given for Pastroff's observations are: 1834, (no specific dates); October 18 and
November 1, 1836; and, February 16, 1837. Gruithuisen's name is again misspelt.

29. Fort marked "X" in the margin next to the last line in this paragraph, probably to note the misspelling of
Liais, (not Lias).

30. Names are misspelt for Gruithuisen, Coumbary, Staudacher, D'Angos, and Steinhübel.

31. "New inferior planet." London Times, January 10, 1860, p. 11 c. 1. Fort confuses the facts: Scott told
Richard Abbatt of his observation on the same evening, which Abbatt confirms; then, later, he told Thomas
Dick of his observation. Thomas Dick was the author of Celestial Scenery.

32. "New inferior planet." London Times, January 12, 1860, p.11 c.5. Nothing is said of a letter; Abbatt says
he remembers Scott's "mentioning to me...."

33. Lewis Swift. "Discovery of Vulcan." Nature, 18 (September 19, 1878): 539.

34. Lewis Swift. "Supposed discovery of Vulcan." Observatory, 2 (1878): 161−2.

35. "The discovery of Vulcan." Observatory, 2 (1878): 193−5, at 193.

36. J. Norman Lockyer. "The eclipse." Nature, 18 (August 29, 1878): 457−62, at 461. Correct quote: "There
is little doubt, I think, that an intra−Mercurial planet has been found by Prof. Watson."

37. According to Gaillot, the longitude and latitude of Watson's suspected planet would be nearly the same on
August 24, but no one apparently claimed to have seen it between August 22 and September 10, as
recommended in Nature's astronomical column. "Watson's suspected planet." Nature, 18 (August 22, 1878):
433−4.

38. Lewis Swift. "The Intra−Mercurial planet question." Nature, 21 (January 29, 1880): 299−301, at 301.

39. "Letter from Lewis Swift, relating to the discovery of Intra−Mercurial planets." American Journal of
Science, s. 3, 16 (1878): 313−5. "Letter from Professor Watson to Mr. Hind, Superintendent of the Nautical
Almanac." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 38 (1878): 525−6.

40. The horse and barn disappeared in a tornado at Mineral Point, Wisconsin, on May 23, 1878. Monthly
Weather Review, May 1878, 9, c.v. "Tornadoes."

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41. Fort refers to Lockyer's "meteoritic hypothesis," (not meteoric).

42. Wilhelm Herschel. "Miscellaneous observations." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of
London, 82 (1792): 23−7, at 27.

43. Wilhelm Herschel. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, 77, 229. On October 22,
1790, Herschel reported seeing as many as one−hundred−and−fifty "bright, red, luminous points" upon the
eclipsed moon; but, he was more cautious in 1791, and saying "we know too little of the surface of the
moon," he would not "venture to surmise" their cause. Wilhelm Herschel. "Miscellaneous observations."
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, 82 (1792): 23−27, at 27.

44. Fearon Fallows. "Communication of a curious appearance lately observed upon the Moon." Proceedings
of the Royal Society of London, 2, 167. The observations were made upon November 28 and 29, 1821.

45. Elias Loomis. A Treatise on Astronomy. New York: Harper Brothers, 1881, 174−5. These other
observations were all made during solar eclipses: June 24, 1778, by Ulloa; May 15, 1836, by Bessel; July 8,
1842, by Valz, at Marseilles; and, July 18, 1860, by two Frenchmen, (Bout and Mannheim), in Algeria. T.W.
Webb. Celestial Objects for Common Telescopes. 4th ed. London: Longmans, Green and Co., 1881, 76−7.
Webb mentions that Gruithuisen believed he had seen the "specks of light," also reported by Schröter; and,
"with great distinctness," Webb says they were observed by Grover and Williams.

46. "An account of an appearance of light, like a star, seen in the dark part of the Moon, on Friday the 7th of
March, 1794, by William Wilkins, Esq. at Norwich." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of
London, 84, 429−40, at 430. The correct quote is from the article's title, thus: "...in the dark part...." The
observation was made upon March 7, 1794, for about five minutes before the light vanished.

47. T. Rankin. "On a singular appearance of the shaded part of the Moon...." Annual Report of the British
Association for the Advancement of Science, 1847, trans., 18.

48. "Volcanic appearance in the Moon." Annual Register, 1821, 687−8.

49. Henry Kater. "Notice respecting a volcanic appearance in the Moon, in a letter addressed to the
President." Quarterly Journal of the Royal Institute of Great Britain, 12, 133. For the original report and
illustration: Henry Kater. "Notice respecting a volcanic appearance in the Moon, in a letter addressed to the
President." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, 111 (1821): 130−3, pl. X.

50. Fearon Fallows. "Communication of a curious appearance lately observed upon the Moon." Philosophical
Transactions of the Royal Society of London, 112 (1822): 237−8.

51. "Blue sun in the Soudan." London Times, December 17, 1883, p. 6 c. 4. Correct quote: "...half of it."

52. "A remarkable meteoric phenomenon." Nature, 86 (June 15, 1911): 528. On May 11, 1911, the star
obscured was Aquilae (Gamma Aquilae). For the original report: Max Wolf. "Uber eine merkwürdige
Sternschnuppe." Astronomische Nachrichten, no. 4503, c. 257−8.

53. Glaisher et al. "Report on observations of luminous meteors, 1866−67." Annual Report of the British
Association for the Advancement of Science, 1867, 288−430, at 427. Heis reports the observation, but he
may not have "seen" it, on October 4, 1864, in Westphalia.

54. E.E. Barnard. "On the probable encounter of Brooks' Comet with a disturbing medium on October 21,
1893." Knowledge, 17 (February 1, 1894): 34−7. Correct quote: "The appearance was precisely what we

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should expect had the comet's tail, in its flight through space, swept across or through some medium dense
enough to break up the tail. I cannot see how anyone, comparing this with the picture of the 20th, can escape
the conclusion that the tail did actually enter a disturbing medium which shattered it."

55. "The daily papers state that Mr. William R. Brooks...."

Science, n.s., 4 (July 31, 1896): 140.

56. Frank M. Chapman. "Meteor or bird?" Science, n.s., 4 (September 4, 1896): 316−7.

57. A.M. Du C. Muller. "Dark meteors." Scientific American, n.s., 75 (September 26, 1896): 251.

58. "Remarkable observation." Hardwicke's Science Gossip, n.s., 3, 135.

59. Martin Brendel. "Ueber ein 1898 Febr. 4 in Greifswald beobachtetes Phänomen." Astronomische
Nachrichten, no.3477, 334. The location of the observation was Greifswald, Pomerania, Germany, (not
Griefswald).

60. Frank B. Harris. "Peculiar phenomenon on the Moon." Popular Astronomy, 20 (1912): 398−9. Correct
quote: "This object...poised as...."

Chapter XV

SHORT chapter coming now, and it's the worst of them all. I think it's speculative. It's a lapse from our usual
pseudo−standards. I think it must mean that the preceding chapter was very efficiently done, and that now by
the rhythm of all quasi−things −− which can't be real things, if they're rhythms, because a rhythm is an
appearance that turns into its own opposite and then back again −− but now, to pay up, we're what we
weren't. Short chapter, and I think we'll fill in with several points in Intermediatism.

A puzzle:

If it is our acceptance that, out of the Negative Absolute, the Positive Absolute is generating itself, recruiting,
or maintaining itself, via a third state, or our own quasi−state, it would seem that we're trying to conceive of
Universalness manufacturing more Universalness from Nothingness. Take that up yourself, if you're willing
to run the risk of disappearing with such velocity that you'll leave an incandescent train behind, and risk
being infinitely happy forever, whereas you probably don't want to be happy −− I'll sidestep that myself, and
try to be intelligible by regarding the Positive Absolute from the aspect of Realness instead of Universalness,
recalling that by both Realness and Universalness we mean the same state, or that which does not merge
away into something else, because there is nothing else. So the idea is that out of Unrealness, instead of
Nothingness, Realness, instead of Universalness, is, via our own quasi−state, manufacturing more Realness.
Just so, but in relative terms, of course, all imaginings that materialize into machines or statues, buildings,
dollars, paintings or books in paper and ink are graduations from unrealness to realness −− in relative terms.
It would seem then that Intermediateness is a relation between the Positive Absolute and the Negative
Absolute. But the absolute cannot be the related −− of course a confession that we can't really think of it at
all, if here we think of a limit to the unlimited. Doing the best we can, and encouraged by the reflection that
we can't do worse than has been done by metaphysicians in the past, we accept that the absolute can't be the
related. So then that our quasi−state is not a real relation, if nothing in it is real. On the other hand, it is not an
unreal relation, if nothing in it is unreal. It seems thinkable that the Positive Absolute can, by means of
Intermediateness, have a quasi−relation, or be only quasi−related, or be unrelated, in final terms, or at least,
not be the related, in final terms.

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As to free will and Intermediatism −− same answer as to everything else. By free will we mean Independence
−− or that which does not merge away into something else −− so, in Intermediateness, neither free−will nor
slave−will −− but a different approximation for every so−called person toward one or the other of the
extremes. The hackneyed way of expressing this seems to me to be the acceptable way, if in
Intermediateness, there is only the paradoxical: that we're free to do what we have to do.

I am not convinced that we make a fetich of the preposterous. I think our feeling is that in first groupings
there's no knowing what will afterward be acceptable. I think that if an early biologist heard of birds that
grow on trees, he should record that he heard of birds that grow on trees: then let sorting over of data occur
afterward.(1) The one thing that we try to tone down, but that is to a great degree unavoidable is having our
data all mixed up like Long Island and Florida in the minds of early American explorers.(2) My own notion is
that this whole book is very much like a map of North America in which the Hudson River is set down as a
passage leading to Siberia. We think of Monstrator and Melanicus and of a world that is now in
communication with this earth: if so, secretly, with certain esoteric ones upon this earth. Whether that world's
Monstrator and Monstrator's Melanicus −− must be the subject of later inquiry. It would be a gross thing to
do: solve up everything now and leave nothing to our disciples.

I have been very much struck with phenomena of "cup marks."

They look to me like symbols of communication.

But they do not look to me like means of communication between some of the inhabitants of this earth and
other inhabitants of this earth.

My own impression is that some external force has marked, with symbols, rocks of this earth, from far away.

I do not think that cup marks are inscribed communications among different inhabitants of this earth, because
it seems too unacceptable that inhabitants of China, Scotland, and America should all have conceived of the
same system.

Cup marks are strings of cup−like impressions in rocks. Sometimes there are rings around them, and
sometimes they have only semi−circles. Great Britain, America, France, Algeria, Circassia, Palestine: they're
virtually everywhere −− except in the far north, I think. In China, cliffs are dotted with them. Upon a cliff
near Lake Como, there is a maze of these markings. In Italy and Spain and India they occur in enormous
numbers.

Given that a force, say like electric force, could, from a distance, mark such a substance as rocks, as, from a
distance of hundreds of miles, selenium can be marked by telephotographers −− but I am of two minds −−

The Lost Explorers from Somewhere, and an attempt, from Somewhere, to communicate with them: so a
frenzy of showering of messages toward this earth, in the hope that some of them would mark rocks near the
lost explorers −−

Or that somewhere upon this earth, there is an especial rocky surface, or receptor, or polar construction, or a
steep, conical hill, upon which for ages have been received messages from some other world; but that at times
messages go astray and mark substances perhaps thousands of miles from the receptor;

That perhaps forces behind the history of this earth have left upon these rocks of Palestine and England and
India and China records that may some day be deciphered, of their misdirected instructions to certain esoteric
ones −− Order of the Freemasons −− the Jesuits −−

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I emphasize the row−formation of cup marks:

Prof. Douglas (Saturday Review, Nov. 24, 1883):(3)

"Whatever may have been their motive, the cup−markers showed a decided liking for arranging their
sculpturing in regularly spaced rows."

That cup marks are an archaic form of inscription was first suggested by Canon Greenwell many years ago.
But more specifically adumbratory to our own expression are the observations of Rivett−Carnac (Jour. Roy.
Asiatic Soc., 1903−515):(4)

That the Braille system of raised dots is an inverted arrangement of cup marks: also that there are strong
resemblances to Morse code. But no tame and systematized archaeologist can do more than casually point out
resemblances, and merely suggest that strings of cup marks look like messages, because −− China,
Switzerland, Algeria, America −− if messages they be, there seems to be no escape from attributing one
origin to them −− then, if messages they be, I accept one external origin, to which the whole surface of this
earth was accessible, for them.

Something else that we emphasize:

That rows of cup marks have often been likened to foot prints.

But, in this similitude, their uni−linear arrangement must be disregarded −− of course often they're mixed up
in every way, but arrangement in single lines is very common. It is odd that they should so often be likened to
footprints: I suppose there are exceptional cases, but unless it's something that hops on one foot, or a cat
going along a narrow fence−top, I don't think of anything that makes footprints one directly ahead of another
−− Cop, in a station, walking along a chalk line, perhaps.

Upon the Witch's Stone, near Ratho, Scotland, there are twenty−four cups, varying in size from one and a
half to three inches in diameter, arranged in approximately straight lines. Locally it is explained that these are
tracks of a dog's feet (Proc. Soc. Antiq. Scotland, 2−4−79).(5) Similar marks are scattered bewilderingly all
around the Witch's Stone −− like a frenzy of telegraphing, or like messages repeating and repeating, trying to
localize differently.

In Inverness−shire, cup marks are called "fairies' footmarks." At Valna's church, Norway, and St. Peter's,
Ambleteuse, there are such marks, said to be horses' hoofprints. The rocks of Clare, Ireland, are marked with
prints supposed to have been made by a mythical cow ("Folklore," 21−184).(6)

We now have such a ghost of a thing that I'd not like to be interpreted as offering it as a datum: it simply
illustrates what I mean by the notion of symbols, like cups, or like footprints, which, if like those of horses or
cows, are the reverse of, or the negatives of, cups −− of symbols that are regularly received somewhere upon
this earth −− steep, conical hill, somewhere, I think −− but that have often alighted in wrong places −−
considerably to the mystification of persons waking up some morning to find them upon formerly blank
spaces.

An ancient record −− still worse, an ancient Chinese record −− of a courtyard of a palace −− dwellers of the
palace waking up one morning, finding the courtyard marked with tracks like the footprints of an ox −−
supposed that the devil did it. (Notes and Queries, 9−6−225.)(7)

1. The barnacle geese were said by Irish priests and Jewish rabbis in the Middle Ages to be more fish than
fowl, as their birth took place upon wood in the sea or upon its shores. In 1215, dietary restrictions were

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imposed by Pope Innocent III, who forbade eating them during Lent; however, the unlikely origin of the
"Bernacae" (Branta leucopsis) persisted in the absence of knowledge of their breeding grounds, and the
practice of eating them during Lent continued into the early part of this century. Giraldus Cambrensis told the
story, in Topographia Hiberniae, of how he saw their shells upon wood, out of which beaks and feathers
might appear; and, this was repeated in John Gerard's An Herball, in 1597, wherein birds were said to be
found in shells "ready to fall out." Such claims were also reported from Scotland to the Royal Society of
London as late as 1678. According to Müller, the word "barnacle" is a corruption of Hibernicae, or things that
originate in Ireland (Hibernia); and, the "barnacle geese" appear to be a truly Hibernian phenomenom. Ernest
Ingersoll. Birds in Legend, Fable, and Folklore. New York: Longmans, Green and Co., 1923, 64−6. Reprint.
Detroit: Singing Tree Press, 1968. Robert Moray. "A relation concerning barnacles." Philosophical
Transactions of the Royal Society of London, 12 (January and February, 1678): 925−7. Edward A.
Armstrong. The Folklore of Birds. London: Collins, 1958, 225−37.

2. There does not appear to be confusion between Long Island and Newfoundland on the part of the explorers
of the 16th and 17th centuries. Although Henry Hudson is traditionally credited with the discovery of Long
Island in 1609 and said to have first landed at Coney Island on the 3rd of September, (or possibly Staten
Island, Long Island, or the New Jersey shore), the first European to briefly explore New York harbor was
most probably Verazzano in 1524. Edgar Mayhew Bacon. Henry Hudson: His Voyages and His Times. New
York: G.P. Putnam's, 1907; 23−5, 126−9. Cartier's map was apparently the first to detach Newfoundland
from the mainland, but the island was shown as an archipelago as late as 1597 in Cornelius Wytfliet's map of
"Nova Francia et Canada 1597." However, the latitude and longtitude of Newfoundland given by the
explorers was reasonably correct; and, Fabian O'Dea states: "...nearly all the maps put C. Race between the
46th and 47th degree of latitude. The actual latitude is 46 39' and Champlain in 1632, Jansson in 1638, and
later, van Loon, Seller and Visscher put the cape in approximately that latitude...if Champlain's 1632 base
meridian was San Miguel in the Azores, he was about half a degree out at C. Race, and if Jansson's 1638 base
was Pico in the Azores he was correct to the same approximation." Fabian O'Dea. "The 17th century
cartography of Newfoundland." Cartographica, monograph no. 1, 1971; 1, 3, 30, 34, 39. The late addition of
Long Island, which is five degrees more southerly in latitude, upon charts and maps of the explorers would
scarcely cause any confusion between these islands.

3. "Cup−marks." Saturday Review, 56 (November 24, 1883): 662−3. Correct quote: "...their sculpturings...."

4. J.H. Rivett−Carnac. "Cup−marks as an archaic form of inscription." Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of
Great Britain and Ireland, n.s., 35 (1903): 517−43, at 518−22.

5. J. Romilly Allen. "Notes on stones with cup−markings in Scotland." Proceedings of the Society of
Antiquaries of Scotland, s.2, 4 (1881−82): 79−143.

6. Thomas J. Westropp. "A folklore survey of County Clare." Folklore, (Folk−lore Society of London), v.21,
180−99, 338−49, 476−87; v.22, 203−13, 332−41, 449−56; continued in v.23; at v.21, 184, c.v. "Inchiquin."

7. Kumagusu Minakata. "Footprints of Gods, Notes and Queries, s.9, 6 (September 1 and 22, and October 27,
1900): 163−5, 223−6, 322−4, at 225, c.1. This is a Japanese record concerning the Imperial Palace, at Kyoto,
in 929 A.D. The original record is given as: Narisuye. Kokon Chomonshu. 1254, ch. 26.

Chapter XVI

ANGELS.

Hordes upon hordes of them.

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Beings massed like the clouds of souls, or the commingling whiffs of spirituality, or the exhalations of souls
that Doré pictured so often.

It may be that the Milky Way is a composition of stiff, frozen, finally−static, absolute angels. We shall have
data of little Milky Ways, moving swiftly; or data of hosts of angels, not absolute, or still dynamic. I suspect,
myself, that the fixed stars are really fixed, and that minute motions said to have been detected in them are
illusions. I think that the fixed stars are absolutes. Their twinkling is only the interpretation by an
intermediatist state of them. I think that soon after Leverrier died, a new fixed star was discovered −− that, if
Dr. Gray had stuck to his story of the thousands of fishes from one pail of water, had written upon it, lectured
upon it, taken to street corners, to convince the world that, whether conceivable or not, his explanation was
the only true explanation: had thought of nothing but this last thing at night and first thing in the morning −−
his obituary −− another "nova" reported in Monthly Notices.

I think that Milky Ways, of an inferior, or dynamic, order, have often been seen by astronomers. Of course it
may be that the phenomena that we shall now consider are not angels at all. We are simply feeling around,
trying to find out what we can accept. Some of our data indicate hosts of rotund and complacent tourists in
inter−planetary space −− but then data of long, lean, hungry ones. I think that there are, out in inter−planetary
space Super Tamerlanes, at the head of hosts of celestial ravagers −− which have come here and pounced
upon civilizations of the past, cleaning them up all but their bones, or temples and monuments −− for which
later historians have invented exclusionist histories. But if something now has a legal right to us, and can
enforce its proprietorship, they've been warned off. It's the way of all exploitation. I should say that we're
now under cultivation: that we're conscious of it, but have the impertinence to attribute it all to our own
nobler and higher instincts.

Against these notions is the same sense of finality that opposes all advance. It's why we rate acceptance as a
better adaptation than belief. Opposing us is the strong belief that, as to inter−planetary phenomena, virtually
everything has been found out. Sense of finality and illusion of homogeneity. But that what is called
advancing knowledge is violation of the sense of blankness.

A drop of water. Once upon a time water was considered so homogeneous that it was thought of as an
element. The microscope −− and not only that the suppositiously elementary was seen to be of infinite
diversity, but that in its protoplasmic life there were new orders of beings.

Or the year 1491 −− and a European looking westward over the ocean −− his feeling that that suave western
droop was unbreakable; that gods or regularity would not permit that smooth horizon to be disturbed by
coasts or spotted with islands. The unpleasantness of even contemplating such a state −− wide, smooth west,
so clean against the sky −− spotted with islands −− geographic leprosy.

But coasts and islands and Indians and bison, in the seemingly vacant west: lakes, mountains, rivers −−

One looks up at the sky: the relative homogeneity of the relatively unexplored: one thinks of only a few kinds
of phenomena. But the acceptance is forced upon me that there are modes and modes and modes of
inter−planetary existence: things as different from planets and comets and meteors as Indians are from bison
and prairie dogs: a super−geography −− or celestiography −− of vast stagnant regions, but also of
Super−Niagaras and Ultra−Mississippis: and a super−sociology −− voyagers and tourists and ravagers: the
hunted and the hunting: the super−mercantile, the super−piratic, the super−evangelical.

Sense of homogeneity, or our positivist illusion of the unknown −− and the fate of all positivism.

Astronomy and the academic.

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Ethics and the abstract.

The universal attempt to formulate or to regularize −− an attempt that can be made only by disregarding or
denying.

Or all things disregard or deny that which will eventually invade and destroy them −−

Until comes the day when some one thing shall say, and enforce upon Infinitude:

"Thus far shalt thou go: here is absolute demarcation."

The final utterance:

"There is only I."

In the Monthly Notices of the R. A. S., 11−48, there is a letter from the Rev. W. Read:(1)

That, upon the 4th of September, 1851, at 9.30 a. m., he had seen a host of self−luminous bodies, passing the
field of his telescope, some slowly and some rapidly. They appeared to occupy a zone several degrees in
breadth. The direction of most of them was due east to west, but some moved from north to south. The
numbers were tremendous. They were observed for six hours.

Editor's note:

"May not these appearances be attributed to an abnormal state of the optic nerves of the observer?"

In Monthly Notices, 12−38, Mr. Read answers that he had been a diligent observer, with instruments of a
superior order, for about 28 years −− "but I have never witnessed such an appearance before." As to illusion
he says that two other members of his family had seen the objects.(2)

The Editor withdraws his suggestion.

We know what to expect. Almost absolutely −− in an existence that is essentially Hibernian −− we can
predict the past −− that is, look over something of this kind, written in 1851, and know what to expect from
the Exclusionists later. If Mr. Read saw a migration of dissatisfied angels, numbering millions, they must
merge away, at least subjectively, with commonplace terrestrial phenomena −− of course disregarding Mr.
Read's probable familiarity, of 28 years' duration, with the commonplaces of terrestrial phenomena.

Monthly Notices, 12−183:(3)

Letter from Rev. W. R. Dawes:

That he had seen similar objects −− and in the month of September−−that they were nothing but seeds
floating in the air.

In the Report of the British Association, 1852−235, there is a communication from Mr. Read to Prof.
Baden−Powell:(4)

That the objects that had been seen by him and by Mr. Dawes were not similar. He denies that he had seen
seeds floating in the air. There had been little wind, and that had come from the sea, where seeds would not
be likely to have origin. The objects that he had seen were round and sharply defined, and with none of the

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feathery appearance of thistle down. He then quotes from a letter from C. B. Chalmers, F. R. A. S., who had
seen a similar stream, a procession, or migration, except that some of the bodies were more elongated −− or
lean and hungry −− than globular.

He might have argued for sixty−five years. He'd have impressed nobody −− of importance. The super−motif,
or dominant, of his era, was Exclusionism, and the notion of seeds in the air assimilates −− with due
disregards −− with that dominant.

Or pageantries here upon our earth, and things looking down upon us−−and the Crusades were only dust
clouds, and glints of the sun on shining armor were only particles of mica in dust clouds. I think it was a
Crusade that Read saw −− but that it was right, relatively to the year 1851, to say that it was only seeds in the
wind, whether the wind blew from the sea or not. I think of things that were luminous with religious zeal,
mixed up, like everything else in Intermediateness, with black marauders and from gray to brown beings of
little personal ambitions. There may have been a Richard Coeur de Lion, on his way to right wrongs in
Jupiter. It was right, relatively to 1851, to say that he was a seed of a cabbage.

Prof. Coffin, U.S.N., (Jour. Frank. Inst., 88−151):(5)

That, during the eclipse of August, 1869, he had noted the passage, across his telescope, or several bright
flakes resembling thistle−blows, floating in the sunlight. But the telescope was so focused that, if these things
were distinct, they must have been so far away from this earth that the difficulties of orthodoxy remain as
great, one way or another, no matter what we think they were −−

They were "well defined," says Prof. Coffin.

Henry Waldner (Nature, 5−304):(6)

That, April 27, 1863, he had seen great numbers of small, shining bodies passing from west to east. He had
notified Dr. Wolf, of the Observatory of Zurich, who "had convinced himself of this strange phenomenon."
Dr. Wolf had told him that similar bodies had been seen by Sig. Capocci, of the Capodimonte Observatory, at
Naples, May 11, 1845.

The shapes were of great diversity −− or different aspects of similar shapes?

Appendages were seen upon them.

We are told some were star−shaped, with transparent appendages.

I think, myself, it was a Muhammad and his Hegira. May have been only his harem. Astonishing sensation:
afloat in space with ten million wives around one. Anyway, it would seem that we have considerable
advantage here, inasmuch as seeds are not in season in April −− but pulling back to earth, the bedraggling by
those sincere but dull ones of some time ago. We have the same stupidity −− necessary, functioning stupidity
−− of attribution of something that was so rare that an astronomer notes only one instance between 1845 and
1863, to an everyday occurrence −−

Or Mr. Waldner's assimilative opinion that he had seen only ice crystals.

Whether they were not very exclusive veils of a super−harem, or planes of a very light material, we have an
impression of star−shaped things with transparent appendages that have been seen in the sky.

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Hosts of small bodies −− black, this time −− that were seen by the astronomers Herrick, Buys−Ballot, and De
Cuppis, (L'Année Scientifique, 1860−25); vast numbers of bodies that were seen by M. Lamey, to cross the
moon (L'Année Scientifique, 1874−62); another instance of dark ones; prodigious number of dark, spherical
bodies reported by Messier, June 17, 1777 (Arago's Oeuvres, 9−38); considerable number of luminous bodies
which appeared to move out from the sun, in diverse directions; seen at Havana, during eclipse of the sun,
May 15, 1836, by Prof. Auber (Poey); M. Poey cites a similar instance, of Aug. 3, 1886; M. Lotard's opinion
that they were birds (L'Astronomie, 1886−391); large number of small bodies crossing disk of the sun, some
swiftly, some slowly; most of them globular, but some seemingly triangular, and some were of more
complicated structure; seen by M. Trouvelet, who, whether seeds, insects, birds, or other commonplace
things, had never seen anything resembling these forms (L'Année Scientifique, 1885−8); report from the Rio
de Janeiro Observatory, of vast numbers of bodies crossing the sun, some of them luminous and some of
them dark, from some time in December, 1875, until Jan. 22, 1876 (La Nature, 1876−384).(7)

Of course, at a distance, any form is likely to look round or roundish: but we point out that we have notes
upon the seeming of more complex forms. In L'Astronomie, 1886−70, is recorded M. Briguiere's observation,
at Marseilles, April 15 and April 25, 1883, upon the crossing of the sun by bodies that were irregular in form.
Some of them moved as if in alignment.(8)

Letter from Sir Robert Inglis to Col. Sabine (Rept. Brit. Assoc., 1849−17):(9)

That, at 3 p. m., Aug. 8, 1849, at Gais, Switzerland, Inglis had seen thousands and thousands of brilliant
white objects, like snowflakes in a cloudless sky. Though this display lasted about twenty−five minutes, not
one of these seeming snowflakes was seen to fall. Inglis says that his servant "fancied" that he had seen
something like wings on these −− whatever they were. Upon page 18, of the Report, Sir John Herschel says
that, in 1845 or 1846, his attention had been attracted by objects of considerable size, in the air, seemingly not
far away. He had looked at them through a telescope. He says that they were masses of hay, not less than a
yard or two in diameter. Still there are some circumstances that interest me. He says that, though no less than
a whirlwind could have sustained these masses, the air about him was calm. "No doubt wind prevailed at the
spot, but there was no roaring noise." None of these masses fell within his observation or knowledge. To
walk a few fields away and find out more would seem not much to expect from a man of science, but it is one
of our superstitions, that such a seeming trifle is just what −− by the Spirit of an Era, we'll call it −− one is not
permitted to do. If those things were not masses of hay, and if Herschel had walked a little and found out, and
had reported that he had seen strange objects in the air −− that report, in 1846, would have been as misplaced
as the appearance of a tail upon an embryo still in its gastrula era. I have noticed this inhibition in my own
case many times. Looking back −− why didn't I do this or that little thing that would have cost me little and
have meant so much? Didn't belong to that era of my own development.

Nature, 22−64:(10)

That, at Kattenau, Germany, about half an hour before sunrise, March 22, 1880, "an enormous number of
luminous bodies rose from the horizon, and passed in a horizontal direction from east to west." They are
described as having appeared in a zone or belt. "They shone with a remarkably brilliant light."

So they've thrown lassos over our data to bring them back to earth. But they're lassos that cannot tighten. We
can't pull out of them: we may step out of them, or lift them off. Some of us used to have an impression of
Science sitting in calm, just judgment: some of us now feel that a good many of our data have been lynched.
If a Crusade, perhaps from Mars to Jupiter, occur in autumn −− "seeds." If a Crusade or outpouring of
celestial vandals is seen from this earth in the spring −− "ice crystals." If we have record of a race of aerial
beings, perhaps with no substantial habitat, seen by some one in India −− "locusts."

This will be disregarded:

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If locusts fly high, they freeze and fall in thousands.

Nature, 47−581:(11)

Locusts that were seen in the mountains of India, at a height of 12,750 feet −− "in swarms and dying by
thousands."

But no matter whether they fly high or fly low, no one ever wonders what's in the air when locusts are
passing overhead, because of the falling of stragglers. I have especially looked this matter up −− no mystery
when locusts are flying overhead −− constant falling of stragglers.

Monthly Notices, 30−135:(12)

"An unusual phenomenon was noticed by Lieut. Herschel, Oct. 17 and 18, 1870, while observing the Sun at
Bangalore, India."

Lieut. Herschel had noticed dark shadows crossing the sun −− but away from the sun there were luminous,
moving images. For two days bodies passed in a continuous stream, varying in size and velocity.

The Lieutenant tries to explain, as we shall see, but he says:

"As it was, the continuous flight for two whole days, in such numbers, in the upper regions of the air, of
beasts that left no stragglers, is a wonder of natural history, if not of astronomy."

He tried different focusing −− he saw wings −− perhaps he saw planes. He says that he saw upon the objects
either wings or phantom−like appendages.

Then he saw something that was so bizarre that, in the fullness of his nineteenth−centuriness, he writes:

"There was no longer any doubt; they were locusts, or flies of some sort."

One of them had paused.

It had hovered.

Then it had whisked off.

The Editor says that at that time "countless locusts had descended upon certain parts of India."

We now have an instance that is extraordinary in several respects −− super−voyagers or super−ravagers;
angels, ragamuffins, crusaders, emigrants, aeronauts, or aerial elephants, or bison or dinosaurs −− except that
I think the thing had planes or wings −− one of them has been photographed. It may be that in the history of
photography no more extraordinary picture than this has ever been taken.

L'Astronomie, 1885−347:(13)

That, at the Observatory of Zacatecas, Mexico, Aug. 12, 1883, about 2,500 meters above sea level, were seen
a large number of small luminous bodies, entering upon the disk of the sun. M. Bonilla telegraphed to the
Observatories of the City of Mexico and of Puebla. Word came back that the bodies were not visible there.
Because of this parallax, M. Bonilla placed the bodies "relatively near the earth." But when we find out what
he called "relatively near the earth" −− birds or bugs or hosts of a Super−Tamerlane or army of a celestial

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Richard Coeur de Lion −− our heresies rejoice anyway. His estimate is "less distance than the moon."

One of them was photographed. See L'Astronomie, 1885−349. The photograph shows a long body
surrounded by indefinite structures, or by the haze of wings or planes in motion.

L'Astronomie, 1887−66:(14)

Signor Ricco, of the Observatory of Palermo, writes that, Nov. 30, 1880, at 8.30 o'clock in the morning, he
was watching the sun, when he saw, slowly traversing its disk, bodies in two long, parallel lines, and a
shorter, parallel line. The bodies looked winged to him. But so large were they that he had to think of large
birds. He thought of cranes.

He consulted ornithologists, and learned that the configuration of parallel lines agrees with the
flight−formation of cranes. This was in 1880: anybody now living in New York City, for instance, would tell
him that also it is a familiar formation of aeroplanes. But, because of data of focus and subtended angles,
these beings or objects must have been high.

Sig. Ricco argues that condors have been known to fly 3 or 4 miles high, and that heights reached by other
birds have been estimated at 2 or 3 miles. He says that cranes have been known to fly so high that they have
been lost to view.

Our own acceptance, in conventional terms, is that there is not a bird on this earth that would not freeze to
death at a height of more than four miles: that if condors fly three or four miles high, they are birds that are
especially adapted to such altitudes.

Sig. Ricco's estimate is that these objects or beings or cranes must have been at least five and a half miles
high.

1. "Letter from the Rev. W. Read, Vicarage, South Mimms." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical
Society, 11, 48. The date was September 4, 1850, not in 1851.

2. "Letter from the Rev. William Read respecting the luminous bodies seen on Sept. 4, 1850." Monthly
Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 12, 38−9. Correct quote: "...but I have never witnessed any such
appearance before." Read does not count his witnesses but does say: "...I called in haste the vaious members
of my family to witness it, which they did, with me, for many hours."

3. W.R. Dawes. "On luminous meteor−like bodies, telescopically visible in sunshine." Monthly Notices of
the Royal Astronomical Society, 12, 183−5.

4. Baden Powell. "Report on observations of luminous meteors, 1851−52." Annual Report of the British
Association for the Advancement of Science, 1852, 178−239, at 235−7. Fort takes this data from Charles B.
Chalmer's letter to Read, except for Read's denial of the objects being seeds.

5. "Meteoric shower during the eclipse." Journal of the Franklin Institute, s.3, 58, 151. For additional reports:
Henry Morton. "Solar eclipse −− August 7, 1869." Journal of the Franklin Institute, s.3, 58, 200−16, at
213−5.

6. Henry Waldner. "On luminous matter in the atmosphere." Nature, 5, 304−5, at 304. Correct quote: "...who
convinced himself of the strange phenomenon...." The observation by Capocci and others were made from
May 11 to 13, 1845, and were believed by Dawes to be seeds. T.W. Webb. Celestial Objects for Common
Telescopes. 4th ed. London: Longmans, Green and Co., 1881, 45.

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190

7. "Sur l'existence probable d'un nouveau groupe de corps planétaires entre le Soleil et Mercure." Année
Scientifique et Industrielle, 4 (1860): 21−5, at 25. "Passage des astéroïdes météoriques sur le disque de la
Lune." Année Scientifique et Industrielle, 18 (1874): 62−3. The principal report of these bodies, supposed to
be meteors, was on August 7, 1873. "Observation singulier d'une prodigieuse quantité de petits globules qui
ont passé au devant du disque du soleil." Mem. Acad. Paris, 1777, 464. Dominique FranÇois Jean Arago.
Oeuvres Complètes de FranÇois Arago. Paris, 1857, v. 9, 38. "Meme sujet." Astronomie, 5 (1886): 391−2.
Lotard's observation was made on August 8, 1886, at Marseilles. "Passage d'un essaim de corpuscles noirs
devant le Soleil." Année Scientifique et Industrielle, 29 (1885): 8−10. "Passage de corpuscles sur le Soleil."
Nature, (Paris), 1876, 1, 384.

8. Fort marked "?" in the margin next to this sentence, probably to due to the misspelling of H. Briguière's
name. "Passage d'un essaim de corpuscles devant le Soleil." Astronomie, 5 (1886): 70.

9. "Letter from Sir Robert H. Inglis...." Annual Report of the British Association for the Advancement of
Science, 1849, trans., 17−8.

10. "Notes." Nature, 22 (May 20, 1880): 64−6, at 64. Correct quote: "They moved through space like a string
of beads, and shone with a remarkably brilliant light."

11. J.D. Hooker. "Locusts at great elevations." Nature, 47 (April 20, 1893): 581. Correct quote: "...dying in
thousands."

12. "Dark objects crossing the Sun's disk." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 30, 135−8.
Correct quotes: "...left no stragglers is a wonder...," and, "...flies of some kind."

13. José A. Y Bonilla. "Passage sur le disque Solaire." Astronomie, 4 (1885): 347−50. The quotes are from
Fort's translation fo the article.

14. Ricco. "Passage d'un essaim de grucs devant le disque solaire." Astronomie, 6 (1887): 66−8.

Chapter XVII

THE vast dark thing that looked like a poised crow of unholy dimensions. Assuming that I shall ever have
any readers, let him, or both of them, if I shall ever have such popularity as that, note how dim that bold black
datum is at the distance of only two chapters.

The question:

Was it a thing or the shadow of a thing?

Acceptance either way calls not for mere revision but revolution in the science of astronomy. But the dimness
of the datum of only two chapters ago. The carved stone disk of Tarbes, and the rain that fell every afternoon
for twenty −− if I haven't forgotten, myself, whether it was twenty−three or twenty−five days! −− upon one
small area. We are all Thomsons, with brains that have smooth and slippery, though corrugated, surfaces −−
or that all intellection is associative −− or that we remember that which correlates with a dominant −− and a
few chapters go by, and there's scarcely an impression that hasn't slid off our smooth and slippery brains, of
Leverrier and the "planet Vulcan." There are two ways by which irreconcilables can be remembered −− if
they can be correlated in a system more nearly real than the system that rejects them −− and by repetition and
repetition and repetition.

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Vast black thing like a crow poised over the moon.

The datum is so important to us, because it enforces, in another field, our acceptance that dark bodies of
planetary size traverse this solar system.

Our position:

That the things have been seen:

Also that their shadows have been seen.

Vast black thing poised like a crow over the moon. So far it is a single instance. By single instance, we mean
the negligible.

In Popular Science, 34−158, Serviss tells of a shadow that Schroeter saw, in 1788, in the lunar Alps.(1) First
he saw a light. But then, when this region was illuminated, he saw a round shadow where the light had been.

Our own expression:

That he saw a luminous object near the moon: that that part of the moon became illuminated, and the object
was lost to view; but that then its shadow underneath was seen.

Serviss explains, of course. Otherwise he'd not be Prof. Serviss. It's a little contest in relative approximations
to realness. Prof. Serviss thinks that what Schroeter saw was the "round" shadow of a mountain −− in the
region that had become lighted. He assumes that Schroeter never looked again to see whether the shadow
could be attributed to a mountain. That's the crux: conceivably a mountain could cast a round shadow −− and
that means detached −− shadow, in the lighted part of the moon. Prof. Serviss could, of course, explain why
he disregards the light in the first place −− maybe it had always been there "in the first place." If he couldn't
explain, he'd still be an amateur.

We have another datum. I think it is more extraordinary than −−

Vast thing, black and poised, like a crow, over the moon.

Mr. H.C. Russell, who was usually as orthodox as anybody, I suppose −− at least, he wrote "F.R.A.S." after
his name −− tells in the Observatory, 2−374, one of the wickedest, or most preposterous, stories that we have
so far exhumed:(2)

That he and another astronomer, G.D. Hirst, were in the Blue Mountains, near Sydney, N.S.W., and Mr. Hirst
was looking at the moon −−

He saw on the moon what Russell calls "one of those remarkable facts, which being seen should be recorded,
although no explanation can at present be offered."

That may be so. It is very rarely done. Our own expression upon evolution by successive dominants and their
correlates is against it. On the other hand, we express that every era records a few observations out of
harmony with it, but adumbratory or preparatory to the spirit of eras still to come. It's very rarely done.
Lashed by the phantom−scourge of a now passing era, the world of astronomers is in a state of terrorism,
though of a highly attenuated, modernized, devitalized kind. Let an astronomer see something that is not of
the conventional, celestial sights, or something that it is "improper" to see −− his very dignity is in danger.
Some one of the corraled and scourged may stick a smile into his back. He'll be thought of unkindly.

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192

With a hardihood that is unusual in his world of ethereal sensitivenesses, Russell says, of Hirst's observation:

"He found that a large part of it covered with a dark shade, quite as dark as the shadow of the earth during an
eclipse of the moon."

But the climax of hardihood or impropriety or wickedness, preposterousness or enlightenment:

"One could hardly resist the conviction that it was a shadow, yet it could not be the shadow of any known
body."

Richard Proctor was a man of some liberality. After a while we shall have a letter, which once upon a time
we'd have called delirious −− don't know that we could read such a thing now, for the first time, without
incredulous laughter −− which Mr. Proctor permitted to be published in Knowledge. But a dark, unknown
world that could cast a shadow upon a large part of the moon, perhaps extending far beyond the limb of the
moon; a shadow as deep as the shadow of the earth −−

Too much for Mr. Proctor's politeness.

I haven't read what he said, but it seems to have been a little coarse. Russell says that Proctor "freely used"
his name in the Echo, of March 14, 1879, ridiculing the observation which had been made by Russell as well
as Hirst.(3) If it hadn't been Proctor, it would have been some one else −− but one notes that the attack came
out in a newspaper. There is no discussion of the remarkable subject, no mention in any other astronomic
journal. The disregard was almost complete −− but we do note that the columns of the Observatory were
open to Russell to answer Proctor.

In the answer, I note considerable intermediateness. Far back in 1879, it would have been a beautiful
positivism, if Russell had said −−

"There was a shadow on the moon. Absolutely it was cast by an unknown body."

According to our religion, if he had then given all his time to the maintaining of this one stand, of course
breaking all friendships, all ties with his fellow astronomers, his apotheosis would have occurred, greatly
assisted by means well known to quasi−existence when its compromises and evasions, and phenomena that
are partly this and partly that, are flouted by the definite and uncompromising. It would be impossible in a
real existence, but Mr. Russell, of quasi−existence, says that he did resist the conviction; that he had said that
one could "hardly resist"; and most of his resentment is against Mr. Proctor's thinking that he had not resisted.
It seems too bad −− if apotheosis be desirable.

The point in Intermediatism here is:

Not that to adapt to the conditions of quasi−existence is to have what is called success in quasi−existence, but
is to lose one's soul −−

But is to lose "one's" chance of attaining soul, self, or entity.

One indignation quoted from Proctor interests us:

"What happens on the moon may at any time happen to this earth."

Or:

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That is just the teaching of this department of Advanced Astronomy:

That Russell and Hirst saw the sun eclipsed relatively to the moon by a vast dark body;

That many times have eclipses occurred relatively to this earth, by vast, dark bodies;

That there have been many eclipses that have not been recognized as eclipses by scientific kindergartens.

There is a merger, of course. We'll take a look at it first −− that, after all, it may have been a shadow that
Hirst and Russell saw, but the only significance is that the sun was eclipsed relatively to the moon by a
cosmic haze of some kind, or a swarm of meteors close together, or a gaseous discharge left behind by a
comet. My own acceptance is that vagueness of shadow is a function of vagueness of intervention; that a
shadow as dense as the shadow of this earth is cast by a body denser than hazes and swarms. The information
seems definite enough in this respect −− "quite as dark as the shadow of the earth during an eclipse of the
moon."

Though we may not always be as patient toward them as we should be, it is our acceptance that the
astronomic primitives have done a great deal of good work: for instance, in the allaying of fears upon this
earth. Sometimes it may seem as if all science were to us very much like what a red flag is to bulls and
anti−socialists. It's not that: it's more like what unsquare meals are to bulls and anti−socialists −− not the
scientific, but the insufficient. Our acceptance is that Evil is the negative state, by which we mean the state of
maladjustment, discord, ugliness, disorganization, inconsistency, injustice, and so on −− as determined in
Intermediateness, not by real standards, but only by higher approximations to adjustment, harmony, beauty,
organization, consistency, justice and so on. Evil is outlived virtue, or incipient virtue that has not yet
established itself, or any other phenomenon that is not seeming adjustment, harmony, consistency with a
dominant. The astronomers have functioned bravely in the past. They've been good for business: the big
interests think kindly, if at all, of them. It's bad for trade to have an intense darkness come upon an unaware
community and frighten people out of their purchasing values. But if an obscuration be foretold, and if it then
occur −− may seem a little uncanny −− only a shadow −− and no one who was about the buy a pair of shoes
runs home panic−stricken and saves the money.

Upon general principles we accept that astronomers have quasi−systematized data of eclipses −− or have
included some and disregarded others.

They have done well.

They have functioned.

But now they're negatives, or they're out of harmony −−

If we are in harmony with a new dominant, or the spirit of a new era, in which Exclusionism must be
overthrown; if we have data of many obscurations that have occurred, not only upon the moon, but upon our
own earth, as convincing of vast intervening bodies, usually invisible, as is any regularized, predicted eclipse.

One looks up at the sky.

It seems incredible that, say, at the distance of the moon, there could be, but be invisible, a solid body, say,
the size of the moon.

One looks up at the moon, at a time when only a crescent of it is visible. The tendency is to build up the rest
of it in one's mind; but the unillumined part looks as vacant as the rest of the sky, and it's of the same

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blueness as the rest of the sky. There's a vast area of solid substance before one's eyes. It's indistinguishable
from the sky.

In some of our little lessons upon the beauties of modesty and humility, we have picked out basic arrogances
−− tail of a peacock, horns of a stag, dollars of a capitalist −− eclipses of astronomers. Though I have no
desire for the job, I'd engage to list hundreds of instances in which the report upon an expected eclipse has
been "sky overcast" or "weather unfavorable." In our Super−Hibernia, the unfavorable has been construed as
the favorable. Some time ago, when we were lost, because we had not recognized our own dominant, when
we were still of the unchosen and likely to be more malicious than we now are −− because we have noted a
steady tolerance creeping into our attitude −− if astronomers are not to blame, but are only correlates to a
dominant −− we advertised a predicted eclipse that did not occur at all. Now, without any special feeling,
except that of recognition of the fate of all attempted absolutism, we give the instance, noting that, though
such an evil thing to orthodoxy, it was orthodoxy that recorded the non−event.

Monthly Notices of the R. A. S., 8−132:(4)

"Remarkable appearances during the total eclipse of the moon on March 19, 1848":

In an extract from a letter from Mr. Forster, of Bruges, it is said that, according to the writer's observations at
the time of the predicted total eclipse, the moon shone with about three times the intensity of the mean
illumination of an eclipsed lunar disk: that the British Consul, at Ghent, who did not know of the predicted
eclipse, had written enquiring as to the "blood−red" color of the moon.

This is not very satisfactory to what used to be our malices. But there follows another letter, from another
astronomer, Walkey, who had made observations at Clyst St. Lawrence: that, instead of an eclipse, the moon
became −− as is printed in italics −− "most beautifully illuminated"..."rather tinged with a deep red"..."the
moon being as perfect with light as if there had been no eclipse whatever."

I note that Chambers, in his work upon eclipses, gives Forster's letter in full −− and not a mention of
Walkey's letter.(5)

There is no attempt in Monthly Notices to explain upon the notion of greater distance of the moon, and the
earth's shadow falling short, which would make as much trouble for astronomers, if that were not foreseen, as
no eclipse at all. Also there is no refuge in saying that virtually never, even in total eclipses, is the moon
totally dark −− "as perfect with light as if there had been no eclipse whatever." It is said that at the time there
had been an aurora borealis, which might have caused the luminosity, without a datum that such an effect, by
an aurora, had ever been observed upon the moon.

But single instances −− so an observation by Scott, in the Antarctic. The force of this datum lies in my own
acceptance, based upon especially looking up this point, that an eclipse nine−tenths of totality has great
effect, even though the sky be clouded.

Scott (Voyage of the Discovery, vol. II, p. 215):(6)

"There may have been an eclipse of the sun, Sept. 21, 1903, as the almanac said, but we should, none of us,
have liked to swear to the fact."

This eclipse had been set down at nine−tenths of totality. The sky was overcast at the time.

So it is not only that many eclipses unrecognized by astronomers as eclipses have occurred, but that
intermediatism, or impositivism, breaks into their own seemingly regularized eclipses.

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Our data of unregularized eclipses, as profound as those that are conventionally −− or officially? −−
recognized, that have occurred relatively to this earth:

In Notes and Queries, there are several allusions to intense darknesses that have occurred upon this earth,
quite as eclipses occur, but that are not referable to any known eclipsing body.(7) My own acceptance is that,
if in the nineteenth century any one had uttered such a thought as that, he'd have felt the blight of a Dominant;
that Materialistic Science was a jealous god, excluding, as works of the devil, all utterances against the
seemingly uniform, regular, periodic; that to defy him would have brought on −− withering by ridicule −−
shrinking away by publishers −− contempt of friends and family −− justifiable grounds for divorce −− that
one who would so defy would feel what unbelievers in relics of saints felt in an earlier age; what befell
virgins who forgot to keep the fires burning, in a still earlier age −− but that, if he'd almost absolutely hold
out, just the same −− new fixed star reported in Monthly Notices. Altogether, the point in Positivism here is
that by Dominants and their correlates, quasi−existence strives for the positive state, aggregating, around a
nucleus, or dominant, systematized members of a religion, a science, a society −− but that "individuals" who
do not surrender and submerge may of themselves highly approximate to positiveness −− the fixed, the real,
the absolute.

In Notes and Queries, 2−4−139, there is an account of a darkness in Holland, in the midst of a bright day, so
intense and terrifying that many panic−stricken persons lost their lives stumbling into the canals.(8)

Gentleman's Magazine, 33−414:(9)

A darkness that came upon London, August 19, 1763, "greater than at the great eclipse of 1748."

However, our preference is not to go back so far back for data. For a list of historic "dark days," see
Humboldt, Cosmos, 1−120.(10)

Monthly Weather Review, March, 1886−79:(11)

That, according to the La Crosse Daily Republican, of March 20, 1886, darkness suddenly settled upon the
city of Oshkosh, Wis., at 3 p. m., March 19. In five minutes the darkness equaled that of midnight.(12)

Consternation.

I think that some of us are likely to overdo our own superiority and the absurd fears of the Middle Ages −−

Oshkosh.

People in the streets rushing in all directions −− horses running away −− women and children running into
cellars −− little modern touch after all: gas meters instead of images and relics of saints.

This darkness, which lasted from eight to ten minutes, occurred in a day that had been "light but cloudy." It
passed from west to east, and brightness followed: then came reports from towns to the west of Oshkosh: that
the same phenomenon had already occurred there. A "wave of total darkness" had passed from west to east.

Other instances are recorded in the Monthly Weather Review, but, as to all of them, we have a sense of being
pretty well−eclipsed, ourselves, by the conventional explanation that the obscuring body was only a very
dense mass of clouds. But some of the instances are interesting −− intense darkness at Memphis, Tennessee,
for about fifteen minutes, at 10 a. m., Dec. 2, 1904 −− "We are told that in some quarters a panic prevailed,
and that some were shouting and praying and imagining that the end of the world had come." (M. W. R.,
32−522.)(13) At Louisville, Ky., March 7, 1911, at about 8 a. m.: duration about half an hour; had been

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raining moderately, and then hail had fallen. "The intense blackness and generally ominous appearance of the
storm spread terror throughout the city." (M. W. R., 39−345.)(14)

However, this merger between possible eclipses by unknown dark bodies and commonplace terrestrial
phenomena is formidable.

As to darknesses that have fallen upon vast areas, conventionality is −− smoke from forest fires. In the U. S.
Forest Service Bulletin, No. 117, F. G. Plummer gives a list of eighteen darknesses that have occurred in the
United States and Canada. He is one of the primitives, but I should say that his dogmatism is shaken by
vibrations from the new Dominant.(15) His difficulty, which he acknowledges, but which he would have
disregarded had he written a decade or so earlier, is the profundity of some of these obscurations. He says that
mere smokiness can not account for such "awe−inspiring dark days." So he conceives of eddies in the air,
concentrating the smoke from forest fires. Then, in the inconsistency or discord of all quasi−intellection that
is striving for consistency or harmony, he tells of the vastness of some of these darknesses. Of course Mr.
Plummer did not really think upon this subject, but one does feel that he might have approximated higher to
real thinking than by speaking of concentration and then listing data of enormous area, or the opposite of
circumstances of concentration −− because, of his nineteen instances, nine are set down as covering all New
England. In quasi−existence, everything generates or is part of its own opposite. Every attempt at peace
prepares the way for war; all attempts at justice result in injustice in some other respect: so Mr. Plummer's
attempt to bring order into his data, with the explanation of darkness caused by smoke from forest fires,
results in such confusion that he ends up by saying that these daytime darknesses have occurred "often with
little or no turbidity of the air near the earth's surface" −− or with no evidence at all of smoke −− except that
there is almost always a forest fire somewhere.

However, of the eighteen instances, the only one that I'd bother to contest is the profound darkness in Canada
and northern parts of the United States, November 19, 1819 −− which we have already considered.

Its concomitants:

Lights in the sky;

Fall of a black substance;

Shocks like those of an earthquake.

In this instance, the only available forest fire was one to the south of the Ohio River. For all I know, soot
from a very great fire south of the Ohio might fall in Montreal, Canada, and conceivably, by some freak of
reflection, light from it might be seen in Montreal, but the earthquake is not assimilable with a forest fire. On
the other hand, it will soon be our expression that profound darkness, fall of matter from the sky, lights in the
sky, and earthquakes are phenomena of the near approach of other worlds to this world. It is such
comprehensiveness, as contrasted with inclusion of a few factors and disregard for the rest, that we call
higher approximation to realness −− or universalness.

A darkness, of April 15, 1904, at Wimbledon, England (Symons' Met. Mag., 39−69).(16) It came from a
smokeless region: no rain, no thunder; lasted 10 minutes; too dark to go "even out in the open."

As to darknesses in Great Britain, one thinks of fogs −− but in Nature, 25−289, there are some observations
by Major J. Herschel, upon an obscuration in London, Jan. 22, 1882, at 10:30 a. m., so great that he could
hear persons upon the opposite side of the street, but could not see them −− "It was obvious that there was no
fog to speak of."(17)

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Annual Register, 1857−132:(18)

An account by Charles A. Murray, British Envoy to Persia, of a darkness of May 20, 1857, that came upon
Baghdad −− "a darkness more intense than ordinary midnight, when neither stars nor moon are visible...."
After a short time the black darkness was succeeded by a red, lurid gloom, such as I never saw in any part of
the world.

"Panic seized the whole city."

"A dense volume of red sand fell."

This matter of sand falling seems to suggest conventional explanation enough, or that a simoon, heavily
charged with terrestrial sand, had obscured the sun, but Mr. Murray, who says that he had had experience
with simoons, gives his opinion that "it can not have been a simoon."

It is our comprehensiveness now, or this matter of concomitants of darknesses that we are going to capitalize.
It is all very complicated and tremendous, and our own treatment can be but impressionistic, but a few
rudiments of Advanced Seismology we shall take up −− or the four principal phenomena of another world's
close approach to this world.

If a large substantial mass, or super−construction, should enter this earth's atmosphere, it is our acceptance
that it would sometimes −− depending upon velocity −− appear luminous or look like a cloud, or like a cloud
with a luminous nucleus. Later we shall have an expression upon luminosity −− different from the luminosity
of incandescence −− that comes upon objects falling from the sky, or entering this earth's atmosphere. Now
our expression is that worlds have often come close to this earth, and that smaller objects −− size of a
haystack or size of several dozen skyscrapers lumped, have often hurtled through this earth's atmosphere, and
have been mistaken for clouds, because they were enveloped in clouds −−

Or that around something coming from the intense cold of inter−planetary space −− that is of some regions:
our own suspicion is that other regions are tropical −− the moisture of this earth's atmosphere would
condense into a cloud−like appearance around it. In Nature, 20−121, there is an account by Mr. S.W. Clifton,
Collector of Customs at Freemantle, Western Australia, sent to the Melbourne Observatory −− a clear day −−
appearance of a small black cloud, moving not very swiftly −− bursting into a ball of fire, of the apparent size
of the moon −−(19)

Or that something with the velocity of an ordinary meteorite could not collect vapor around it, but that
slower−moving objects −− speed of a railway train, say −− may.

The clouds of tornadoes have so often been described as if they were solid objects that I now accept that
sometimes they are: that some so−called tornadoes are objects hurtling through this earth's atmosphere, not
only generating disturbances by their suctions, but crushing, with their bulk, all things in their way, rising and
falling and finally disappearing, demonstrating that gravitation is not the power the primitives think it is, if an
object moving at relatively low velocity be not pulled to this earth, or being so momentarily affected, bounds
away.

In Finley's Reports on the Character of 600 Tornadoes very suggestive bits of description occur:(20)

"Cloud bounded along the earth like a ball" −−

Or that it was no meteorological phenomenon, but something very much like a huge solid ball that was
bounding along, crushing and carrying with it everything within its field −−

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"Cloud bounded along, coming to the earth every eight hundred or one thousand yards."

Here's an interesting bit that I got somewhere else. I offer it as a datum in super−biology, which, however, is
a branch of advanced science that I'll not take up, restricting to things indefinitely called "objects" −−

"The tornado came wriggling, jumping, whirling like a great green snake, darting out a score of glistening
fangs."

Though it's interesting, I think that's sensational, myself. It may be that vast green snakes sometimes rush past
this earth, taking a swift bite wherever they can, but, as I say, that's a super−biologic phenomenon. Finley
gives dozens of instances of tornado clouds that seem to me more like solid things swathed in clouds, than
clouds. He notes that, in the tornado at Americus, Georgia, July 18, 1881, "a strange sulphurous vapor was
emitted from the cloud." In many instances, objects, or meteoritic stones, that have come from this earth's
externality, have had a sulphurous odor. Why a wind effect should be sulphurous is not clear. That a vast
object from external regions should be sulphurous is in line with many data. This phenomenon is described in
the Monthly Weather Re− view, July, 1881, as "a strange sulphurous vapor...burning and sickening all who
approached close enough to breathe it."(21)

The conventional explanation of tornadoes as wind−effects −− which we do not deny in some instances −− is
so strong in the United States that it is better to look elsewhere for an account of an object that has hurtled
through this earth's atmosphere, rising and falling and defying earth's gravitation.

Nature, 7−112:(22)

That, according to a correspondent to the Birmingham Morning News, the people living near King's Sutton,
Banbury, saw, about one o'clock, Dec. 7, 1872, something like a haycock hurtling through the air. Like a
meteor it was accompanied by fire and dense smoke and made a noise like that of a railway train. "It was
sometimes high in the air, and sometimes near the ground." The effect was tornado−like: trees and walls were
knocked down. It's a late day now to try to verify this story, but a list is given of persons whose property was
injured. We are told that this thing then disappeared "all at once."

These are the smaller objects, which may be derailed railway trains or big green snakes, for all I know −− but
our expression upon approach to this earth by vast dark bodies −−

That likely they'd be made luminous: would envelop in clouds, perhaps, or would have their own clouds −−

But that they'd quake, and that they'd affect this earth with quakes −−

And that then would occur a fall of matter from such a world, or rise of matter from this earth to a nearby
world, or both fall and rise, or exchange of matter −− process known to Advanced Seismology as
celestio−metathesis −−

Except that −− if matter from some other world −− and it would be like some one to get it into his head that
we absolutely deny gravitation, just because we can not accept orthodox dogmas −− except that, if matter
from another world, filling the sky of this earth, generally as to a hemisphere, or locally, should be attracted
to this earth, it would seem thinkable that the whole thing should drop here, and not merely its
surface−materials.

Objects upon a ship's bottom. From time to time they drop to the bottom of the ocean. The ship does not.

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Or, like our acceptance upon dripping from aerial ice−fields, we think of only a part of a nearby world
succumbing, except in being caught in suspension, to this earth's gravitation, and surface−materials falling
from that part −−

Explain or express or accept, and what does it matter? Our attitude is:

Here are the data.

See for yourself.

What does it matter what my notions may be?

Here are the data.

But think for yourself, or think for myself, all mixed up we must be. A long time must go by before we can
know Florida from Long Island. So we've had data of fishes that have fallen from our now established and
respectabilized Super−Sargasso−Sea −− which we've almost forgotten, it's now so respectable −− but we
shall have data of fishes that have fallen during earthquakes. These we accept were dragged down from ponds
or other worlds that have been quaked, when only a few miles away, by this earth, some other world also
quaking this earth.

In a way, or in its principle, our subject is orthodox enough. Only grant proximity of other worlds −− which,
however, will not be a matter of granting, but will be a matter of data −− and one conventionally conceives of
their surfaces quaked −− even of a whole lake full of fishes being quaked and dragged down from one of
them. The lake full of fishes may cause a little pain to some minds, but the fall of sand and stones is
pleasantly enough thought of. More scientific persons, or more faithful hypnotics than we, have taken up this
subject, unpainfully, relatively to the moon. For instance, Perrey has gone over 15,000 records of
earthquakes, and he has correlated many with proximities of the moon, or has attributed many to the pull of
the moon when nearest this earth. Also there is a paper upon this subject in the Proc. Roy. Soc. of Cornwall,
1845.(23) Or, theoretically, when at its closest to this earth, the moon quakes the face of this earth, and is
itself quaked −− but does not itself fall to this earth. As to showers of matter that may have come from the
moon at such times −− one can go over old records and find what one pleases.

That is what we now shall do.

Our expressions are for acceptance only.

Our data:

We take them from four classes of phenomena that have preceded or accompanied earthquakes:

Unusual clouds, darkness profound, luminous appearances in the sky, and falls of substances and objects
whether commonly called meteoritic or not.

Not one of these occurrences fits in with principles of primitive, or primary, seismology, and every one of
them is a datum of a quaked body passing close to this earth or suspended over it. To the primitives there is
not a reason in the world why a convulsion of this earth's surface should be accompanied by unusual sights in
the sky, by darkness, or by the fall of substances or objects from the sky. As to phenomena like these, or
storms, preceding earthquakes, the irreconcilability is still greater.

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It was before 1860 that Perrey made his great compilation. We take most of our data from lists compiled long
ago. Only the safe and unpainful have been published in recent years −− at least in ambitious, voluminous
form. The restraining hand of the "System" −− as we call it, whether it has any real existence or not −− is
tight upon the sciences of to−day. The uncanniest aspect of our quasi−existence that I know of is that
everything that seems to have one identity has also as high a seeming of everything else. In this oneness of
allness, or continuity, the protecting hand strangles; the parental stifles; love is inseparable from phenomena
of hate. There is only Continuity −− that is in quasi−existence. Nature, at least in its correspondents' columns,
still evades this protective strangulation, and the Monthly Weather Review is still a rich field of unfaithful
observation: but, in looking over other long−established periodicals, I have noted their glimmers of
quasi−individuality fade gradually, after about 1860, and the surrender of their attempted identities to a
higher attempted organization. Some of them, expressing Intermediateness−wide endeavor to localize the
universal, or to localize self, soul, identity, entity −− or positiveness or realness −− held out until as far as
1880; traces findable up to 1890 −− and then, expressing the universal process −− except that here and there
in the world's history there may have been successful approximations to positiveness by "individuals" −−
who only then became individuals and attained to selves or souls of their own −− surrendered, submitted,
became parts of a higher organization's attempt to individualize or systematize into a complete thing, or to
localize the universal or the attributes of the universal. After the death of Richard Proctor, whose occasional
illiberalities I'd not like to emphasize too much, all succeeding volumes of Knowledge have yielded scarcely
an unconventionality.(24) Note the great number of times that the American Journal of Science and the
Report of the British Association are quoted: note that, after, say, 1885, they're scarcely mentioned in these
inspired but illicit pages −− as by hypnosis and inertia, we keep on saying.

About 1880.

Throttle and disregard.

But the coercion could not be positive, and many of the excommunicated continued to creep in; or, even to
this day, some of the strangled are faintly breathing.

Some of our data have been hard to find. We could tell stories of great labor and fruitless quests that would,
though perhaps imperceptibly, stir the sympathy of a Mr. Symons. But, in this matter of concurrence of
earthquakes with aerial phenomena, which are as unassociable with earthquakes, if internally caused, as falls
of sand on convulsed small boys full of sour apples, the abundance of so−called evidence is so great that we
can only sketchily go over the data beginning with Robert Mallet's Catalogue (Rept. Brit. Assoc., 1852),
omitting some extraordinary instances, because they occurred before the eighteenth century:

Earthquake "preceded" by a violent tempest, England, Jan. 8, 1704 −− "preceded" by a brilliant meteor,
Switzerland, Nov. 4, 1704 −− "luminous cloud, moving at high velocity, disappearing behind the horizon,"
Florence, Dec. 9, 1731 −− "thick mists in the air, through which a dim light was seen: several weeks before
the shock, globes of fire had been seen in the air," Swabia, May 28, 1732 −− rain of earth, Carpentras,
France, Oct. 18, 1737 −− a black cloud, London, March 19, 1750 −− violent storm and a strange star of
octagonal shape, Slavenge, Norway, April 15, 1752 −− balls of fire from a streak in the sky, Augermannland,
1752 −− numerous meteorites, Lisbon, Oct. 15, 1755 −− "terrible tempests" over and over −− "falls of hail"
and "brilliant meteors," instance after instance −− "an immense globe," Switzerland, Nov. 2, 1761 −− oblong,
sulphurous cloud, Germany, April, 1767 −− extraordinary mass of vapor, Bologna, April, 1780 −− heavens
obscured by a dark mist, Grenada, Aug. 7, 1804 −− "strange howling noises in the air, and large spots
obscuring the sun," Palermo, Italy, April 16, 1817 −− "luminous meteor moving in the same direction as that
taken by the shock," Naples, Nov. 22, 1821 −− fire ball appearing in the sky: apparent size of the moon,
Thuringerwald, Nov. 29, 1831.(25)

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And, unless you've been polarized by the New Dominant, which is calling for recognition of multiplicities of
external things, as a Dominant, dawning new over Europe in 1492, called for recognition of terrestrial
externality to Europe −− unless you have this contact with the new, you have no affinity for these data −−
beans that drop from a magnet −− irreconcilables that glide from the mind of a Thomson −−

Or my own acceptance that we do not really think at all; that we correlate around super−magnets that I call
Dominants −− a Spiritual Dominant in one age, and responsively to it up springs monasteries, and the stake
and the cross are its symbols: a Materialist Dominant, and up spring laboratories, and microscopes and
telescopes and crucibles are its ikons −− that we're nothing but iron filings relatively to a succession of
magnets that displace preceding magnets.

With no soul of your own, and with no soul of my own −− except that some day some of us may no longer be
Intermediatisms, but may hold out against the cosmos that once upon a time thousands of fishes were cast
from one pail of water −− we have psycho−valency for these data, if we're obedient slaves to the New
Dominant, and repulsion to them, if we're mere correlates to the Old Dominant. I'm a soulless and selfless
correlate to the New Dominant, myself: I see what I have to see. The only inducement I can hold out, in my
attempt to rake up disciples, is that some day the New will be fashionable: the new correlates will sneer at the
old correlates. After all, there is some inducement to that −− and I'm not altogether sure it's desirable to end
up as a fixed star.

As a correlate to the New Dominant, I am very much impressed with some of these data −− the luminous
object that moved in the same direction as an earthquake −− it seems very acceptable that a quake followed
this thing as it passed near this earth's surface. The streak that was seen in the sky −− or only a streak that was
visible of another world −− and objects, or meteorites, that were shaken down from it. The quake at
Carpentras, France: and that, above Carpentras, was a smaller world, more violently quaked, so that earth was
shaken down from it.(26)

But I like best the super−wolves that were seen to cross the sun, during the earthquake at Palermo.(27)

They howled.

Or the loves of the worlds. The call they feel for one another. They try to move closer and howl when they
get there.

The howls of the planets.

I have discovered a new unintelligibility.

In the Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal −− have to go away back to 1841 −− days of less efficient
strangulation −− Sir David Milne lists phenomena of quakes in Great Britain. I pick out a few that indicate to
me that other worlds were near this earth's surface:

Violent storm before a shock of 1703 −− ball of fire "preceding," 1750 −− a large ball of fire seen upon day
following a quake, 1755 −− "uncommon phenomenon in the air: a large luminous body, bent like a crescent,
which stretched itself over the heavens," 1816 −− vast ball of fire, 1750 −− black rains and black snows, 1755
−− numerous instances of upward projection −− or upward attraction? −− during quakes −− "preceded by a
cloud, very black and lowering," 1795 −− fall of black powder, preceding a quake, by six hours, 1837.(28)

Some of these instances seem to me to be very striking −− a smaller world: it is greatly racked by the
attraction of this earth −− black substance is torn down from it −− not until six hours later, after an approach
still closer, does this earth suffer perturbation. As to the extraordinary spectacle of a thing, world,

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super−construction, that was seen in the sky, in 1816, I have not yet been able to find out more. I think that
here our acceptance is relatively sound: that this occurrence was tremendously of more importance than such
occurrence as, say, transits of Venus, upon which hundreds of papers have been written −− that not another
mention have I found, though I have not looked so especially as I shall look for more data −− that all but
undetailed record of this occurrence was suppressed.

Altogether we have considerable agreement here between data of vast masses that do not fall to this earth, but
from which substances fall, and data of fields of ice from which ice may not fall, but from which water may
drip. I'm beginning to modify: that, at a distance from this earth, gravitation has more effect than we have
supposed, though less effect than the dogmatists suppose and "prove." I'm coming out stronger for the
acceptance of a Neutral Zone −− that this earth, like other magnets, has a neutral zone, in which is the
Super−Sargasso Sea, and in which other worlds may be buoyed up, though projecting parts may be subject to
this earth's attraction −−

But my preference:

Here are the data.

I now have one of the most interesting of the new correlates. I think I should have brought it in before, but,
whether out of place here, because not accompanied by earthquake, or not, we'll have it. I offer it as an
instance of an eclipse, by a vast, dark body, that has been seen and reported by an astronomer. The
astronomer is M. Lias: the phenomenon was seen by him, at Pernambuco, April 11, 1860.

Comptes Rendus, 50−1197:(29)

It was about noon −− sky cloudless −− suddenly the light of the sun was diminished. The darkness increased,
and, to illustrate its intensity, we are told the planet Venus shone brilliant. But Venus was of low visibility at
this time. The observation that burns incense to the New Dominant is:

That around the sun appeared a corona.

There are many other instances that indicate proximity of other world's during earthquakes. I note a few −−
quake and an object in the sky, called "a large, luminous meteor" (Quar. Jour. Roy. Inst., 5−132); luminous
body in the sky, earthquake, and fall of sand, Italy, Feb. 12 and 13, 1870 (La Science Pour Tous, 15−159);
many reports upon luminous object in the sky and earthquake, Connecticut, Feb. 27, 1883 (Monthly Weather
Review, Feb., 1883); luminous object, or meteor, in the sky, fall of stones from the sky, and earthquake, Italy,
Jan. 20, 1891 (L'Astronomie, 1891−154); earthquake and prodigious number of luminous bodies, or globes,
in the air, Boulogne, France, June 7, 1779 (Sestier, "La Foudre," 1−169); earthquake at Manila, 1863, and
"curious luminous appearance" in the sky (Ponton, "Earthquakes," p. 124).(30)

The most notable appearance of fishes during an earthquake is that of Riobamba. Humboldt sketched one of
them, and it's an uncanny−looking thing. Thousands of them appeared upon the ground during this
tremendous earthquake. Humboldt says that they were cast up from subterranean sources. I think not myself,
and have data for thinking not, but there'd be such a row arguing back and forth that it's simpler to consider a
clearer instance of the fall of living fishes from the sky, during an earthquake. I can't quite accept, myself,
whether a large lake, and all the fishes in it, was torn down from some other world, or a lake in the
Super−Sargasso Sea, distracted between two pulling worlds, was dragged down to this earth −−

Here are the data:

La Science Pour Tous, 6−191:(31)

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Feb. 16, 1861. An earthquake at Singapore. Then came an extraordinary downpour of rain −− or as much
water as any good−sized lake would consist of. For three days this rain or this fall of water came down in
torrents. In pools on the ground, formed by this deluge, great numbers of fishes were found. The writer says
that he had, himself, seen nothing but water fall from the sky. Whether I'm emphasizing what a deluge it was
or not, he says that so terrific had been the downpour that he had not been able to see three steps away from
him. The natives said that the fishes had fallen from the sky. Three days later the pools dried up and many
dead fishes were found, but, in the first place −− though that's an expression for which we have an instinctive
dislike −− the fishes had been active and uninjured. Then follows material for another of our little studies in
the phenomena of disregard. A psycho−tropism here is mechanically to take pen in hand and mechanically
write that fishes found on the ground after a heavy rainfall came from overflowing streams. The writer of this
account says that some of the fishes had been found in his courtyard, which was surrounded by high walls −−
paying no attention to this, a correspondent (La Science Pour Tous, 6−317) explains that in the heavy rain a
body of water had probably overflowed, carrying fishes with it.(32) We are told by the first writer that these
fishes of Singapore were of a species that was very abundant near Singapore. So I think, myself, that a whole
lakeful of them had been shaken down from the Super−Sargasso Sea, under the circumstances we have
thought of. However, if appearance of strange fishes after an earthquake be more pleasing in the sight, or to
the nostrils, of the New Dominant, we faithfully and piously supply that incense −− An account of the
occurrence at Singapore was read by M. de Castelnau, before the French Academy.(33) M. de Castelnau
recalled that, upon a former occasion, he had submitted to the Academy the circumstance that fishes of a new
species had appeared at the Cape of Good Hope, after an earthquake.

It seems proper, and it will give luster to the new orthodoxy, now to have an instance in which, not merely
quake and fall of rocks, or meteorites, or quake and either eclipse or luminous appearances in the sky have
occurred, but in which are combined all the phenomena, one or more of which, when accompanying
earthquake, indicate, in our acceptance, the proximity of another world. This time a longer duration is
indicated than in other instances.

In the Canadian Institute Proceedings, 2−7−198, there is an account, by the Deputy Commissioner at
Dhurmsalla, India, of the extraordinary Dhurmsalla meteorite −− coated with ice.(34) But the combination of
events related by him is still more extraordinary:

That within a few months of the fall of this meteorite there had been a fall of live fishes at Benares, a shower
of red substance at Furruckabad, a dark spot observed on the disk of the sun, an earthquake, "an unnatural
yellow darkness of some duration," and a luminous appearance in the sky that looked like an aurora borealis
−−(35)

But there's more to this climax:

We are introduced to a new order of phenomena:

Visitors.

The Deputy Commissioner writes that, in the evening, after the fall of the Dhurmsalla meteorite, or mass of
stone covered with ice, he saw lights. Some of them were not very high. They appeared and went out and
reappeared. I have read many accounts of the Dhurmsalla meteorite −− July 14, 1860 −− but never in any
other of them a mention of this new correlate −− something as out of place in the nineteenth century, though
adumbrations to it were permitted. This writer says that the lights moved like fire balloons, but:

"I am not sure that they were neither fire balloons, lanterns, nor bonfires, or any other thing of that sort, but
bona fide lights in the heavens."

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It's a subject for which we shall have to have a separate expression −− trespassers upon territory to which
something else has a legal right −− perhaps someone lost a rock, and he and his friends came down looking
for it, in the evening −− or secret agents, or emissaries, who had an appointment with certain esoteric ones
near Dhurmsalla −− things or beings coming down to explore, and unable to stay down long −−

In a way, another strange occurrence during an earthquake is suggested. The ancient Chinese tradition −− the
marks like hoof marks in the ground.(36) We have thought −− with a low degree of acceptance −− of another
world that may be in secret communication with certain esoteric ones of this earth's inhabitants −− and of
messages in symbols like hoof marks that are sent to some receptor, or special hill, upon this earth −− and of
messages that at times miscarry.

This other world comes close to this world −− there are quakes −− but advantage of proximity is taken to
send a message −− the message, designed for a receptor, in India, perhaps, or in Central Europe, miscarries
all the way to England −− marks like the marks of the Chinese tradition are found upon a beach, in Cornwall,
after an earthquake −−

Phil. Tran., 50−500:(37)

After the earthquake of July 15, 1757, upon the sands of Penzance, Cornwall, in an area of more than 100
square yards, were found marks like hoof prints, except that they were not crescentic. We feel a similarity,
but note an arbitrary disregard of our own, this time. It seems to us that marks described as "little cones
surrounded by basins of equal diameter" would be like hoof prints, if hoofs printed complete circles. Other
disregards are that there were black specks on the tops of cones, as if something, perhaps gaseous, had issued
from them; that from one of these formations came a gush of water as thick as a man's wrist. Of course the
opening of springs is common in earthquakes −− but we suspect, myself, that the Negative Absolute is
compelling us to put in this datum and its disorders.

There's another matter in which the Negative Absolute seems to work against us. Though to super−chemistry,
we have introduced the principle of celestio−metathesis, we have no good data of exchange of substances
during proximities. The data are all of falls and not of upward translations. Of course upward impulses are
common during earthquakes, but I haven't a datum upon a tree or a fish or a brick or a man that ever did go
up and stay up and that never did come down again. Our classic of the horse and barn occurred in what was
called a whirlwind.

It is said that, in an earthquake in Calabria, paving stones shot up far in the air.

The writer doesn't specifically say that they came down again, but something seems to tell me they did.

The corpses of Riobamba.

Humboldt reported that, in the quake of Riobamba, "bodies were torn upward from graves"; that "the vertical
motion was so strong that bodies were tossed several hundred feet in the air."

I explain.

I explain that, if in the center of greatest violence of an earthquake, anything has ever gone up, and has kept
on going up, the thoughts of the nearest observers were very likely upon other subjects.

The quay of Lisbon.

We are told that it went down.

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A vast throng of persons ran to the quay for refuge. The city of Lisbon was in profound darkness. The quay
and all the people on it disappeared. If it and they went down −− not a single corpse, not a shred of clothing,
not a plank of the quay, nor so much as a splinter of it ever floated to the surface.(38)

1. Garrett P. Serviss. "New light on a lunar mystery." Popular Science Monthly, 34 (December 1888):
158−61.

2. Henry Chamberlaine Russell. "Notes of an astronomical experiment made on the Blue Mountains, near
Sydney, N.S.W." Observatory, 2 (1879): 370−5, at 375. Correct quote: "...he found that a large part of it was
covered with a dark shade...."

3. Richard A. Proctor. "A startling astronomical discovery." London Echo, March 14, 1879, p.1 c.5. Correct
quote: "For what happens to the moon in this way may at any time happen to the earth."

4. Forster. "Remarkable appearances during the total eclipse of the Moon on March 19, 1848." Monthly
Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 8, 132−3.

5. George Frederick Chambers. The Story of Eclipses. London: George Newnes, 1902, 192−3.

6. Robert Falcon Scott. Voyage of the Discovery. London: Macmillan, 1905, v.2, 214−5. Correct quote:
"...eclipse of the sun on September 21, 1903, as the almanac said, but we should none of us have liked...."

7. For example, such a darkness was reported at Bolton−le−Moors, England, on March 23, 1857. G.
"Darkness at mid−day." Notes and Queries, s. 2, 3 (May 9, 1857): 366.

8. J.H. "Darkness at mid−day." Notes and Queries, s. 2, 4 (August 15, 1857): 139. This phenomenon occurred
at Amsterdam, many years before 1857 but within living memory, according to this article.

9. Gentleman's Magazine, 33 (1763): 411−2, c.v. "Friday 19." Correct quote: "...the late great eclipse in
1748."

10. Alexander von Humboldt. Cosmos. v. 1, 121. Humboldt gives the dates of 1090, 1203, and 1547. An
article by Hind provides some more details for the following dates: BC 44; AD 358, 360, ca. 409−410; 536,
567, 626, 733, 934, 1091, (February 12) 1106, (February) 1206, 1241, and 1547. Hind writes: "In 1091, on
September 29, not 21, as given in some of the translations of Humboldt's Cosmos, Schnurrer relates that there
was a darkening of the sun which lasted three hours, and after which it had a peculiar colour which
occasioned much alarm," and, "Lastly, in 1547, from April 23−25, Kepler relates on the authority of Gemma,
`the sun appeared as suffused with blood, and many stars were visible at noon−day.'" John R. Hind.
"Historical sun−darkenings." Nature, 20 (June 26, 1879): 189. Explanations of many of these ancient reports
are offered by Schove, in conventional terms: BC 43/44, upon the death of Julius Caesar, (volcanic eruption);
August 28, 360, (annular eclipse in Persia); 410, during the sack of Rome by Alaric, (a ficticious eclipse not
found in the principal source reference); March 536 to June 537, (volcanic eruption); 567, (volcanic
eruption); 626 to 629, (volcanic eruption); August 14, 733, (total solar eclipse in England and Caucasus);
April 16, 934, (solar eclipse, which Schove thinks was associated poetically with the battle of Brunanburh in
937, though Hind cites "a Portuguese historian" for 934). D. Justin Schove. Chronology of Eclipse and
Comets: AD 1 − 1000. Dover, New Hampshire: Boydell Press, 1984; 56−9, 71, 95−6, 101, 120, 150−1, 225,
322−3, 327, 329−30. The darkness of 536 has been more recently associated with a very high sulphuric acid
content in a Greenland ice core and thought to be the result of a tremendous volcanic eruption and dry fog.
R.B. Stothers. "Mystery cloud of AD 536." Nature, 307 (January 26, 1984): 344−5.

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11. "Atmospheric phenomenon." Monthly Weather Review, 14 (March 1886): 79. Correct quote: "...light,
though cloudy...."

12. Sic, equalled.

13. "Darkness at Memphis." Monthly Weather Review, 32 (November 1904): 522. Correct quote: "...praying,
imagining that..."

14. Ferdinand J. Walz. "A pall of darkness, at Louisville, Ky., and surrounding districts." Monthly Weather
Review, 39 (March 1911): 345−7.

15. F.G. Plummer. U.S. Forest Service Bulletin, no.117.

16. Stanley Single. "The remarkable darkness of April 15th." Symons' Meteorological Magazine, 39, 69.
Correct quote: "It was too dark to go on with garden work, even in the open, for 10 minutes."

17. J. Herschel. "The mid−day darkness of Sunday, January 22." Nature, 25 (January 26, 1882): 289.

18. "20. Extraordinary phenomenon." Annual register, 1857, pt.2, 132−3. Correct quotes: "...than an ordinary
midnight when neither stars nor moon are visible," and, "...the wind increased, and bore with it such a dense
volume of dust or sand, that, before they could succeed in closing the windows the room was entirely
filled...."

19. Robt. J. Ellery. "A remarkable meteor." Nature, 20 (June 5, 1879): 121.

20. John Park Finley. Report on the Character of Six Hundred Tornadoes. Professional Papers of the Signal
Service, no.7. Washington, D.C.: Office of the Chief Signal Officer, 1882; 5, 7, 12. The other tornadoes
described were at Chicago, on May 6, 1876, and at Fayetteville, N.C., on February 8, 1878. Correct quote:
"...cloud bounded along the ground like a ball...."

21. Monthly Weather Review, 9 (July 1881): 19, c.v. "Americus, Ga."

22. "Notes." Nature, 7 (December 12, 1872): 110−2, at 112.

For the original newspaper report: "Extraordinary phenomenon near Banbury." Birmingham Morning News,
December 4, 1872, p.7 c.5. The phenomenon was observed on November 30, 1872, not on December 7.
Although described as a tornado, its track was unlike that of a tornado: "The direction taken by the meteor
was from south to north, and it travelled almost in a straight line."

23. Richard Edmonds. "An account of an extraordinary movement of the sea in Cornwall, in July, 1843, with
notices of similar movements in previous years, and also of earthquakes which have occurred in Cornwall."
Transactions of the Royal Geological Society of Cornwall, 6 (1843): 111−21. Richard Edmonds. "On
remarkable lunar periodicities in earthquakes, oscillations of the sea, and great atmospheric changes."
Transactions of the Royal Geological Society of Cornwall, 6 (1844): 196−210. Richard Edmonds. "Lunar
periodicities in earthquakes, and great atmospheric changes −− also, some remarkable hygrometrical facts
connected with recent earthquakes." Transactions of the Royal Geological Society of Cornwall, 6 (1845):
259−64.

24. Richard Anothony Proctor died of yellow fever on September 12, 1888. "The late Mr. Richard A.
Proctor." London Times, September 14, 1888, p. 5 c. 1. "Richard A. Proctor dead." New York Times,
September 13, 1888, p. 1 c. 1−2. "Notes." Nature, 38 (September 20, 1888): 499−503, at 499.

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25. Robert Mallet. "Catalogue of recorded earthquakes from 1606 B.C. to A.D. 1850." Annual Report of the
British Association for the Advancement of Science, 1852, 1−176, at 109, 110, 129, 136, 137, 146, 153, 156,
164. And, "Third report on the facts of earthquake phenomena." Annual Report of the British Association for
the Advancement of Science, 1853, 117−212, at 143, 160, 197; and, 1854, 1−326, at 57, 111, 135, 228.
Correct quotes: (for 1731), "...a luminous cloud was seen, driven with some violence from E. to W., where it
disappeared below the horizon;" (for 1732), "The mountains were covered with thick mists, through which
traces of a dim light might be perceived. Globes of fire were seen in the air on the side of Landau on the 18th;
they had also been seen there three weeks before;" at Stavener, Norway, not Slavenge, on April 15, 1752; at
Angermannland, not Augermannland, on December 6, 1752; the "Great Earthquake of Lisbon" occurred on
November 1, 1755, not on October 15; the phenomenon was observed in Switzerland, on November 13,
1761, not on November 2; the cloud phenomenon was observed "at the moment of the first shock," at
Vagelsburg, near Gotha, on April 13, 1767; (for 1780), the vapour was observed in Sicily, though the quake
was at Bologna; (for 1804), as Fort noted, ("BD. Grenada q met. Aug 25 not 7, 1804," Note SF−V−324), the
quake at Grenada, Spain, was on August 25, 1804, (not on August 7), however, the description was: "At
Albugnol the heavens were obscured by a dark mist, which resolved itself into a cloud, whence in ten
minutes, five terrible flashes of fire (lightning?) issued, and after each flash a shock took place"; (for April,
1817, where no date is specified), "At Palermo strange howling noises were heard in the air, and large spots
were observed on the sun."

26. Robert Mallet. "Catalogue of recorded earthquakes from 1606 B.C. to A.D. 1850." Annual Report of the
British Association for the Advancement of Science, 1852, 1−176, at 137.

27. Robert Mallet. "Third report on the facts of earthquake phenomena." Annual Report of the British
Association for the Advancement of Science, 1853, 1−326, at 111.

28. David Milne. "Notices of earthquake shocks felt in Great Britain, and especially in Scotland, with
inferences suggested by these notices as to the causes of such shocks." Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal,
31 (1841): 92−122, 259−309; at 96, 98, 101, 110, 111, 117, 121, 271, 292−4, 301. Correct quotes: (for March
8, 1750), "...flashes of lightning and a ball of fire was seen, just before explosion...;" and, (for November 18,
1795), "The Rev. Mr. Gregory relates that about six hours before the shock his attention was much struck
with the aspect of the sky in the S. and SE. quarters. In this direction, a cloud very black and lowering
extended itself over this part of the hemisphere." The dates of the quakes and phenomena, noted herein, were:
December 28, 1703; March 8, 1750; August 1, 1755; October 20, 1755; January 2, 1795; November 18,
1795; and, September 24, 1816. There was no earthquake associated with the fall of black powder at Loch
Erne and at Miggar on February 8, 1837.

29. Emm. Liais. "Sur un phénomène météorolgique et une offuscation du soleil analogue à celle des années
1106, 1208, 1547 et 1706, observés dans la province de Pernambuco, le 11 avril 1860." Comptes Rendus, 50
(1860): 1197−1200. The name is Liais is again misspelt in the text.

30. "Luminous meteor." Quarterly Journal of the Royal Institute of Great Britain, 5, 132. The "large luminous
meteor" was observed in daylight at Cambridge and at Swaffham, on February 6, 1818; and, the quake was
felt and heard on the same day at Coningby, Holderness, and other places. "Correspondence." Science Pour
Tous, 15, 159. "Connecticut." Monthly Weather Review, 11 (February 1883): 50. These phenomena were
observed at New London, Connecticut. Denza. "Bolide remarquable." Astronomie, 10 (1891): 153−4. Denza
does not report the discovery of any meteorites but attributes detonating sounds to the explosion of a bolide,
which was seen an hour before the earthquake. Ami Daniel Felix Sestier. De la Foudre, de Ses Formes, et de
Ses Effets.... Paris: J.B. Baillière et fils, 1866, v. 1, 169. Mungo Ponton. Earthquakes and Volcanoes. 1872
ed., 77; 1885 rev. ed., 124.

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31. F. de Castelnau. "Pluie de poissons; tremblement de terre a Singapore." Science Pour Tous, 6 (May 16,
1861): 191. The torrential rains fell from February 20 to 22, 1861, with the terrific downpour occurring on
February 22.

32. Ten Parg. "Sur une pluie de poissons." Science Pour Tous, 6 (September 5, 1861): 317.

33. F. de Castelnau. "Pluie de poissons; tremblement de terre à Singapore." Comptes Rendus, 52 (1861):
880−2.

34. "Meteoric stones in India." Proceedings of the Royal Canadian Institute, 7 (May 1862): 193−200; at 195,
198. In this article, it is stated: "Some coolies passing close to where one fell, ran to the spot, to pick up the
pieces. Before they had held them in their hands half a minute they had to drop them owing to the intensity of
the cold which quite benumbed their fingers." For the reference to any of them as "coated with ice": "It is
recorded that one of the large fragments of the Dhurmsala (India) meteorites, which fell in 1860, was found
in moist earth half an hour or so after the fall, coated with ice." Charles Augustus Young. A Text−book of
General Astronomy. Boston: Ginn Co., 1888. Rev. ed., 1900, 470. This is again reported in: "The Dharmsala,
Dhurmsala, or Dhurmsalla Meteorites." Popular Astronomy, 38 (October 1930): 507. Also, the Deputy
Commissioner did not claim to have seen any lights but provides, verbatim, the account of a witness. Correct
quote: "I am sure from such which I observed closely that they were neither fire balloons, lanterns, nor
bonfires, or any other thing of that sort, but bona fide lights in the heavens."

35. Further to the above reference: "Shower of fish." Allen's Indian Mail and Official Gazette, (London),
August 22, 1860, p.620 c.3. "The North−West Gazette relates a fall on the 24th of June, when the sky was
bright and clear and a strong wind blowing, of a shower of fish to the south−west across the Jumna, in the
district of Bonda. Six seers of them were picked up in one place, and a portion of them sent to Allahabad.
They were about two inches in length, resembling the stickleback, but without the prongs in the dorsal fin."
And: "Shower of blood." Allen's Indian Mail and Official Gazette, (London), August 27, 1860, p.641 c.1.
"The Futteghur correspondent of the Lahore Chronicle states that that district was visited with a shower of
blood. A cart load of the earth was brought in for the purpose of being analyzed."

36. This refers to the Japanese experience, which Fort mistook for a Chinese record in chapter 15.

37. William Borlase. "An account of the earthquake in the west parts of Cornwall, July 15th 1757."
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, 50 (1758): 499−505, at 500. The phenomenon
was observed before the earthquake in the morning and in an area measuring "100 yards square," not in 100
square yards. Correct quote: "Between these convexities were hollow basins of an equal diameter."

38. The Cais de Pedra, the marble−faced quay at Lisbon, has been repeatedly said to have been suddenly
swallowed up by the earthquake; however, its stones were loosened or dislodged by the three main shocks,
and its final destruction was accomplished, with the loss of from one hundred to nine hundred lives, when
seismic waves travelling up the Tagus River washed it away. Harry Fielding Reid. "The Lisbon earthquake of
November 1, 1755." Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 4 (June 1914): 53−80, at 54−55. T.D.
Kendrick. The Lisbon Earthquake. London: Metheun Co., 1956; 33−4, 68.

Chapter XVIII

THE New Dominant.

I mean "primarily" all that opposes Exclusionism −−

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209

That Development or Progress or Evolution is Attempt to Positivize, and is a mechanism by which a positive
existence is recruited −− that what we call existence is a womb of infinitude, and is itself only incubatory −−
that eventually all attempts are broken down by the falsely excluded. Subjectively, the breaking down is
aided by our own sense of false and narrow limitations. So the classic and academic artists wrought positivist
paintings, and expressed the only ideal that I am conscious of, though we so often hear of "ideals" instead of
different manifestations, artistically, scientifically, theologically, politically, of the One Ideal. They sought to
satisfy, in its artistic aspect, cosmic craving for unity or completeness, sometimes called harmony, called
beauty in some aspects. By disregard they sought completeness. But the light−effects that they disregarded,
and their narrow confinement to standardized subjects brought on the revolt of the Impressionists. So the
Puritans tried to systematize, and they disregarded physical needs, or vices, or relaxations: they were invaded
and overthrown when their narrowness became obvious and intolerable. All things strive for positiveness, for
themselves, or for quasi−systems of which they are parts. Formality and the mathematic, the regular and the
uniform are aspects of the positive state −− but the Positive is the Universal −− so all attempted positiveness
that seems to satisfy in the aspects of formality and regularity, sooner or later disqualifies in the aspect of
wideness or universalness. So there is revolt against the science of to−day, because the formulated utterances
that were regarded as final truths in a past generation, are now seen to be insufficiencies. Every
pronouncement that has opposed our own acceptances has been found to be a composition like any academic
painting: something that is arbitrarily cut off from relations with environment, or framed off from interfering
and disturbing data, or outlined with disregards. Our own attempt has been to take in the included, but also to
take in the excluded into wider expressions. We accept, however, that for every one of our expressions there
are irreconcilables somewhere −− that final utterance would include all things. However, of such is the gossip
of angels. The final is unutterable in quasi−existence, where to think is to include but also to exclude, or be
not final. If we admit that for every opinion we have expressed, there must somewhere be an irreconcilable,
we are Intermediatists and not positivists; not even higher positivists. Of course it may be that some day we
shall systematize and dogmatize and refuse to think of anything that we may be accused of disregarding, and
believe instead of merely accepting: then, if we could have a wider system, which would acknowledge no
irreconcilables we'd be higher positivists. So long as we only accept, we are not higher positivists, but our
feeling is that the New Dominant, even though we have thought of it only as another enslavement, will be the
nucleus for higher positivism −− and that it will be the means of elevating into infinitude a new batch of fixed
stars −− until, as a recruiting instrument, it, too, will play out, and will give way to some new medium for
generating absoluteness. It is our acceptance that all astronomers of to−day have lost their souls, or, rather, all
chance of attaining Entity, but that Copernicus and Kepler and Galileo and Newton, and, conceivably,
Leverrier are now fixed stars. Some day I shall attempt to identify them. In all this, I think we're quite a
Moses. We point out the Promised Land, but, unless we be cured of our Intermediatism, will never be
reported in the Monthly Notices, ourself.

In our acceptance, Dominants, in their succession, displace preceding Dominants not only because they are
more nearly positive, but because the old Dominants, as recruiting mediums, play out. Our expression is that
the New Dominant, of Wider Inclusions, is now manifesting throughout the world, and that the old
Exclusionism is everywhere breaking down. In physics Exclusionism is breaking down by its own researches
in radium, for instance, and in its speculations upon electrons, or its merging away into metaphysics, and by
the desertion that has been going on for many years, by such men as Gurney, Crookes, Wallace, Flammarion,
Lodge, to formerly disregarded phenomena −− no longer call "spiritualism" but now "psychic research."
Biology is in chaos: conventional Darwinites mixed up with mutationists and orthogenesists and followers of
Wisemann who take from Darwinism one of its pseudo−bases, and nevertheless try to reconcile their heresies
with orthodoxy.(1) The painters are metaphysicians and psychologists. The breaking down of Exclusionism
in China and Japan and in the United States has astonished History. The science of astronomy is going
downward so that, though Pickering, for instance, did speculate upon a Trans−Neptunian planet, and Lowell
did try to have accepted heretical ideas as to marks on Mars, attention is now minutely focussed upon such
technicalities as variations in shades of Jupiter's fourth satellite.(2) I think that, in general acceptance,
over−refinement indicates decadence.

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I think that the stronghold of Inclusionism is in aeronautics. I think that the stronghold of the Old Dominant,
when it was new, was in the invention of the telescope. Or that coincidentally with the breakdown of
Exclusionism appears the means of finding out −− whether there are vast aerial fields of ice and floating lakes
full of frogs and fishes or not −− where carved stones and black substances and great quantities of vegetable
matter and flesh, which may be dragons' flesh, come from −− whether there are inter−planetary trade routes
and vast areas devastated by Super−Tamerlanes −− whether sometimes there are visitors to this earth −− who
might be pursued and captured and questioned.

1. Fort refers to August Weisman, (not Wiseman).

2. Wilhelm Herschel noted that the great variation in brightness of Callisto, (the fourth satellite), discovered
by Miraldi in 1707 and 1713, depended upon its orbital position. George Forbes took this as proof "it always
turns the same face to Jupiter, as is the case with our moon"; and, he further states: "This fact had also been
established for Saturn's fifth satellite, and may be true for all satellites." George Forbes. History of
Astronomy. London: Watts Co., 1909, 114−5. Spin−orbit coupling has been observed in most of the larger
satellites, (with the exceptions of: Himalia and Elara, at Jupiter, and Phoebe, at Saturn); thus, identical
features and albedos would be seen at identical phases of the satellite. Jeffrey K. Wagner. Introduction to the
Solar System. Toronto: Saunders College Publishing, 1991; 210, A.14−5.

Chapter XIX

I HAVE industriously sought data for an expression upon birds, but the prospecting has not been very
quasi−satisfactory. I think I rather emphasize our industriousness, because a charge likely to be brought
against the attitude of Acceptance is that one who only accepts must be one of languid interest and little
application of energy. It doesn't seem to work out: we are very industrious. I suggest to some of our disciples
that they look into the matter of messages upon pigeons, of course attributed to earthly owners, but said to be
undecipherable. I'd do it, ourselves, only that would be selfish. That's more of the Intermediatism that will
keep us out of the firmament: Positivism is absolute egoism. But look back in the time of Andrée's Polar
Expedition. Pigeons that would have no publicity ordinarily, were often reported at that time.(1)

In the Zoologist, 3−18−21, is recorded an instance of a bird (puffin) that had fallen to the ground with a
fractured head.(2) Interesting, but mere speculation −− but what solid object, high in the air, had the bird
struck against?

Tremendous red rain in France, Oct. 16 and 17, 1846; great storm at the time, and red rain supposed to have
been colored by matter swept up from this earth's surface, and then precipitated (Comptes Rendus,
23−832).(3) But in Comptes Rendus, 24−625, the description of this red rain differs from one's impression of
red, sandy or muddy water.(4) It is said that this rain was so vividly red and so blood−like that many persons
in France were terrified. Two analyses are given (Comptes Rendus, 24−812).(5) One chemist notes a great
quantity of corpuscles −− whether blood−like corpuscles or not −− in the matter. The other chemist sets down
organic matter at 35 per cent. It may be that an inter−planetary dragon had been slain somewhere, or that this
red fluid, in which were many corpuscles, came from something not altogether pleasant to contemplate, about
the size of the Catskill Mountains, perhaps −− but the present datum is that with this substance, larks, quail,
ducks, and water hens, some of them alive, fell at Lyons and Grenoble and other places.

I have notes upon other birds that have fallen from the sky, but unaccompanied by the red rain that makes the
fall of birds in France peculiar, and very peculiar, if it be accepted that the red substance was extra−mundane.
The other notes are upon birds that have fallen from the sky, in the midst of storms, or of exhausted, but
living, birds, falling not far from a storm−area. But now we shall have an instance for which I can find no
parallel: fall of dead birds, from a clear sky, far−distant from any storm to which they could be attributed −−

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so remote from any discoverable storm that −−

My own notion is that, in the summer of 1896, something, or some beings, came as near to this earth as they
could, upon a hunting expedition; that, in the summer of 1896, an expedition of super−scientists passed over
this earth, and let down a dragnet −− and what would it catch, sweeping through the air, supposing it to have
reached not quite to this earth?

In the Monthly Weather Review, May, 1917, W. L. McAtee quotes from the Baton Rouge correspondence to
the Philadelphia Times:(6)

That, in the summer of 1896, into the streets of Baton Rouge, La., and from a "clear sky," fell hundreds of
dead birds. There were wild ducks, and cat birds, woodpeckers, and "many birds of strange plumage," some
of them resembling canaries.

Usually one does not have to look very far from any place to learn of a storm. But the best that could be done
in this instance was to say:

"There had been a storm on the coast of Florida."

And, unless he have psycho−chemic repulsion for the explanation, the reader feels only momentary
astonishment that dead birds from a storm in Florida should fall from an unstormy sky in Louisiana, and with
his intellect greased like the plumage of a wild duck, the datum then drops off.

Our greasy, shiny brains. That they may be of some use after all: that other modes of existence place a high
value upon them as lubricants; that we're hunted for them; a hunting expedition to this earth −− the
newspapers report a tornado.

If from a clear sky, or a sky in which there were no driven clouds, or other evidences of still−continuing
wind−power −− or, if from a storm in Florida, it could be accepted that hundreds of birds had fallen far away,
in Louisiana, I conceive, conventionally, of heavier objects having fallen in Alabama, say, and of the fall of
still heavier objects still nearer the origin in Florida.

The sources of information of the Weather Bureau are widespread.

It has no records of such falls.

So a drag net that was let down from above somewhere −−

Or something that I learned from the more scientific of the investigators of psychic phenomena:

The reader begins their work with prejudice against telepathy and everything else of psychic phenomena. The
writers deny spirit−communication, and say that the seeming data are data of "only telepathy." Astonishing
instances of seeming clairvoyance −− "only telepathy." After a while the reader finds himself agreeing that
it's only telepathy −− which, at first, had been intolerable to him.

So maybe, in 1896, a super−dragnet did not sweep through this earth's atmosphere, gathering up all the birds
within its field, the meshes then suddenly breaking −−

Or that the birds of Baton Rouge were only from the Super−Sargasso Sea −−

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Upon which we shall have another expression. We thought we'd settled that, and we thought we'd establish
that, but nothing's ever settled, and nothing's ever established, in a real sense, if, in a real sense, there is
nothing but quasiness.

I suppose there had been a storm somewhere, the storm in Florida, perhaps, and many birds had been swept
upward into the Super−Sargasso Sea. It has frigid regions and it has tropical regions −− that birds of diverse
species had been swept upward, into an icy region, where, huddling together for warmth, they had died. Then,
later, they had been dislodged −− meteor coming along −− boat −− bicycle −− dragon −− don't know what
did come along −− something dislodged them.

So leaves of trees, carried up there is whirlwinds, staying there years, ages, perhaps only a few months, but
then falling to this earth at an unseasonable time for dead leaves −− fishes carried up there, some of them
dying and drying, some of them living in volumes of water that are in abundance up there, or that fall
sometimes in the deluges that we call "cloudbursts."

The astronomers won't think kindly of us, and we haven't done anything to endear ourselves to the
meteorologists −− but we're weak and mawkish Intermediatists −− several times we've tried to get the
aeronauts with us −− extraordinary things up there: things that curators of museums would give up all hope of
ever being fixed stars, to obtain: things left over from whirlwinds of the time of the Pharaohs, perhaps: or that
Elijah did go up in the sky in something like a chariot, and may not be Vega, after all, and that there may be a
wheel or so left of whatever he went up in. We basely suggest that it would bring a high price −− but sell
soon, because after a while there'd be thousands of them hawked around −−

We weakly drop a hint to the aeronauts.

In the Scientific American, 33−197, there is an account of some hay that fell from the sky.(7) From the
circumstances we incline to accept that this hay went up, in a whirlwind, from this earth, in the first place,
reached the Super−Sargasso Sea, and remained there a long time before falling. An interesting point in this
expression is the usual attribution to a local and coinciding whirlwind, and identification of it −− and then
data that make that local whirlwind unacceptable −−

That, upon July 27, 1875, small masses of damp hay had fallen at Monkstown, Ireland. In the Dublin Daily
Express, Dr. J.W. Moore had explained: he had found a nearby whirlwind, to the south of Monkstown, that
coincided.(8) But according to the Scientific American, a similar fall had occurred near Wrexham, England,
two days before.

In November, 1918, I made some studies upon light objects thrown into the air. Armistice−day. I suppose I
should have been more emotionally occupied, but I made notes upon torn−up papers thrown high into the air
from windows of office buildings. Scraps of paper did stay together for a while. Several minutes, sometimes.

Cosmos, 3−4−574:(9)

That, upon the 10th of April, 1869, at Autriche (Indre−et−Loire) a great number of oak leaves −− enormous
segregation of them −− fell from the sky. Very calm day. So little wind that the leaves fell almost vertically.
Fall lasted about ten minutes.

Flammarion, in "The Atmosphere," p. 412, tells this story.(10)

He has to find a storm.

He does find a squall −− but it had occurred upon April 3rd.

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Flammarion's two incredibilities are −− that leaves could remain a week in the air: that they could stay
together a week in the air.

Think of some of your own observations upon papers thrown from an aeroplane.

Our one incredibility:

That these leaves had been whirled up six months before, when they were common on the ground, and had
been sustained, of course not in the air, but in a region gravitationally inert; and had been precipitated by the
disturbances of April rains.

I have no records of leaves that have so fallen from the sky, in October or November, the season when one
might expect dead leaves to be raised from one place and precipitated somewhere else. I emphasize that this
occurred in April.

La Nature, 1889−2−94:(11)

That, upon April 19, 1889, dried leaves, of different species, oak, elm, etc., fell from the sky. This day, too,
was a calm day. The fall was tremendous. The leaves were seen to fall fifteen minutes, but, judging from the
quantity on the ground, it is the writer's opinion that they had already been falling half an hour. I think that
the geyser of corpses that sprang from Riobamba toward the sky must have been an interesting sight. If I
were a painter, I'd like that subject. But this cataract of dried leaves, too, is a study in the rhythms of the dead.
In this datum, the point most agreeable to us is the very point that the writer in La Nature emphasizes.
Windlessness. He says that the surface of the Loire was "absolutely smooth." The river was strewn with
leaves as far as he could see.

L'Astronomie, 1894−194:(12)

That, upon the 7th of April, 1894, dried leaves fell at Clairvaux and Outre−Aube, France. The fall is
described as prodigious. Half an hour. Then, upon the 11th, a fall of dried leaves occurred at Pontcarré.

It is in this recurrence that we found some of our opposition to the conventional explanation. The Editor
(Flammarion) explains. He says that the leaves had been caught up in a cyclone which had expended its
force; that the heavier leaves had fallen first. We think that that was all right for 1894, and that it was quite
good enough for 1894. But, in these more exacting days, we want to know how wind−power insufficient to
hold some leaves in the air could sustain others four days.

The factors in this expression are unseasonableness, not for dried leaves, but for prodigious numbers of dried
leaves; direct fall, windlessness, month of April, and localization in France. The factor of localization is
interesting. Not a note have I upon fall of leaves from the sky, except these notes. Were the conventional
explanation, or "old correlate" acceptable, it would seem that similar occur− rences in other regions should be
as frequent as in France. The indication is that there may be quasi−permanent undulations in the
Super−Sargasso Sea, or a pronounced inclination toward France −−

Inspiration:

That there may be a nearby world complementary to this world, where autumn occurs at the time that is
springtime here.

Let some disciple have that.

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But there may be a dip toward France, so that leaves that are borne high there, are more likely to be held in
suspension than high−flying leaves elsewhere. Some other time I shall take up Super−geography, and be
guilty of charts. I think, now, that the Super−Sargasso Sea is an oblique belt, with changing ramifications,
over Great Britain, France, Italy, and on to India. Relatively to the United States I am not very clear, but think
especially of the Southern States.

The preponderance of our data indicates frigid regions aloft. Nevertheless such phenomena as putrefaction
have occurred often enough to make super−tropical regions, also, acceptable. We shall have one more datum
upon the Super−Sargasso Sea. It seems to me that, by this time, our requirements of support and
reënforcement and agreement have been quite as rigorous for acceptance as ever for belief: at least for full
acceptance. By virtue of mere acceptance, we may, in some later book, deny the Super−Sargasso Sea, and
find that our data relate to some other complementary world instead −− or the moon −− and have abundant
data for accepting that the moon is not more than twenty or thirty miles away. However, the Super−Sargasso
Sea functions very well as a nucleus around which to gather data that oppose Exclusionism. That is our main
motive: to oppose Exclusionism.

Or our agreement with cosmic processes. The climax of our general expression upon the Super−Sargasso
Sea. Coincidentally appears something else that may overthrow it later.

Notes and Queries, 8−12−228:(13)

That in the province of Macerata, Italy (summer of 1897?) an immense number of small, blood−colored
clouds covered the sky. About an hour later a storm broke, and myriad seeds fell to the ground. It is said that
they were identified as products of a tree found only in Central Africa and the Antilles.

If −− in terms of conventional reasoning −− these seeds had been high in the air, they had been in a cold
region. But it is our accept− ance that these seeds had, for a considerable time, been in a warm region, and for
a time longer than is attributable to suspension by wind−power:

"It is said that a great number of the seeds were in the first stage of germination."

1. S.A. Andrée brought pigeons along as messengers to mark the progress of his balloon's passage to the
North Pole. Of the dozens brought along, only one pigeon was found bearing a genuine message from
Andrée. One bird, which landed in the rigging of the Norwegian sealer Alken, was shot; it fell into the sea;
but, when recovered, it was found to have a message from Andrée sent during his flight, on July 13, 1897.
False messages were also claimed from other pigeons, such as one from Tromsoe Island, allegedly stating:
"North Pole passed 15." Numerous pigeons were reported, pursued, and hunted in the mistaken belief of their
bearing news from Andrée, whose whereabouts remained unknown until 1930. "Another Andree message."
New York Times, September 21, 1897, p. 7 c. 3. "Polar pigeons not Andrée's." New York Times, July 24,
1897, p. 7 c. 1. Vilhjalmur Stefansson. Unsolved Mysteries of the Arctic. New York: Macmillan Co., 1942;
207−8, 225.

2. "Storm−driven sea birds." Zoologist, s.3, 18 (1894): 21. This bird had died from a fractured skull, but there
is no mention of its falling from the sky after it had died.

3. Ch. Seignobos. "Sur une pluie colorée en rouge, observée dans le département de l'Ardèche." Comptes
Rendus, 23 (1846): 832−3.

4. Alph. Dupasquier. "Notice sur une pluie de terre, tombée dans les départements de la Drôme, de l'Isère, du
Rhône et del'Ain, les 16 et 17 octobre 1846." Comptes Rendus, 24 (1847): 625−6.

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215

5. Lewy. "Sur la pluie terreuse tombée dans la partie sud−est de la France, pendant les grands orages des 16
et 17 octobre 1846." Comptes Rendus, 24 (1847): 810−12. Lewy found 11.82 per cent organic matter in his
sample; and, Dupasquier found 3.5 per cent organic matter, (not 35 per cent), in his sample from Meximieux,
France. The observation given in this article upon the corpuscular matter was made by Decaisne, (not by
Dupasquier).

6. Waldo L. McAtee. "Showers of organic matter." Monthly Weather Review, 45 (May 1917): 217−24, at
223. Correct quote: "The most plausible theory as to the strange windfall is that the birds were driven inland
by the recent storm on the Florida coast."

7. "A shower of hay." Scientific American, n.s., 33 (September 25, 1875): 197.

8. "Remarkable shower of hay." Dublin Daily Express, July 28, 1875, p. 3 c. 5.

9. "Pluie de feuilles de chène par un temps très−calme et serein à Autrèche (Indre−et−Loire)." Cosmos:
Revue encyclopédique, s.3, 4 (May 22, 1869): 574. Jollois attributed the elevation of the leaves to a squall on
April 3, 1869.

10. Nicholas Camille Flammrion. Atmosphere. New York, 1873, 413−14. Flammarion repeats the attribution
given by Jollois.

11. "Pluie de feuilles." Nature (Paris), 1889, 2 (July 6): 94.

12. "Pluie de feuilles mortes." Astronomie, 13 (1894): 194.

13. R. Hedger Wallace. "A marvellous rainfall of seeds." Notes and Queries, s. 8, 12 (September 18, 1897):
228. Correct quote: "It was found, upon examination, that a great number of the seeds were actually in he first
stage of germination."

Chapter XX

THE New Dominant.

Inclusionism.

In it we have a pseudo−standard.

We have a datum, and we give it an interpretation, in accordance with our pseudo−standard. At present we
have not the delusions of Absolutism that may have translated some of the positivists of the nineteenth
century to heaven. We are Intermediatists −− but feel a lurking suspicion that we may some day solidify and
dogmatize and illiberalize into higher positivists. At present we do not ask whether something be reasonable
or preposterous, because we recognize that by reasonableness and preposterousness are meant agreement and
disagreement with a standard −− which must be a delusion −− though not absolutely, of course −− and must
some day be displaced by a more advanced quasi−delusion. Scientists in the past have taken the positivist
attitude −− is this or that reasonable or unreasonable? Analyze them and we find that they meant relatively to
a standard, such as Newtonism, Daltonism, Darwinism, or Lyellism. But they have written and spoken and
thought as if they could mean real reasonableness and real unreasonableness.

So our pseudo−standard is Inclusionism, and, if a datum be a correlate to a more widely inclusive outlook as
to this earth and its externality and relations with externality, its harmony with Inclusionism admits it. Such

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216

was the process, and such was the requirement for admission in the days of the Old Dominant: our difference
is in underlying Intermediatism, or consciousness that though we're more nearly real, we and our standards
are only quasi −−

Or that all things −− in our intermediate state −− are phantoms in a super−mind in a dreaming state −− but
striving to awaken to realness.

Though in some respects our own Intermediatism is unsatisfactory, our underlying feeling is −−

That in a dreaming mind awakening is accelerated −− if phantoms in that mind know that they're only
phantoms in a dream. Of course, they too are quasi, or −− but in a relative sense −− they have an essence of
what is called realness. They are derived from experience or from sense−relations, even though grotesque
distortions. It seems acceptable that a table that is seen when one is awake is more nearly real than a dreamed
table, which, with fifteen or twenty legs, chases one.

So now, in the twentieth century, with a change of terms, and a change in underlying consciousness, our
attitude toward the New Dominant is the attitude of the scientists of the nineteenth century to the Old
Dominant. We do not insist that our data and interpretations shall be as shocking, grotesque, evil, ridiculous,
childish, insincere, laughable, ignorant to nineteenth−centuryites as were their data and interpretations to the
medieval−minded. We ask only whether data and interpretations correlate. If they do, they are acceptable,
perhaps only for a short time, or as nuclei, or scaffolding, or preliminary sketches, or as gropings and
tentativenesses. Later, of course, when we cool off and harden and radiate into space most of our present
mobility, which expresses modesty and plasticity, we shall acknowledge no scaffoldings, gropings or
tentativenesses, but think we utter absolute facts. A point in Intermediatism here is opposed to most current
speculations upon Development. Usually one thinks of the spiritual as higher than the material, but, in our
acceptance, quasi−existence is a means by which the absolutely immaterial materializes absolutely, and,
being intermediate, is a state in which nothing is finally either immaterial or material, all objects, substances,
thoughts, occupying some grade of approximation one way or the other. Final solidification of the ethereal is,
to us, the goal of cosmic ambition. Positivism is Puritanism. Heat is Evil. Final Good is Absolute Frigidity.
An Arctic winter is very beautiful, but I think that an interest in monkeys chattering in palm trees accounts
for our own Intermediatism.

Visitors.

Our confusion here, out of which we are attempting to make quasi−order is as great as it has been throughout
this book, because we have not the positivist's delusion of homogeneity. A positivist would gather all data
that seem to relate to one kind of visitors and coldly disregard all other data. I think of as many different
kinds of visitors to this earth as there are visitors to New York, to a jail, to a church −− some persons go to
church to pick pockets, for instance.

My own acceptance is that either a world or a vast super−construction −− or a world, if red substances and
fishes fell from it −− hovered over India in the summer of 1860. Something then fell from somewhere, July
17, 1860, at Dhurmsalla. Whatever "it" was, "it" is so persistently alluded to as "a meteorite" that I look back
and see that I adopted this convention myself. But in the London Times, Dec. 26, 1860, Syed Abdoolah,
Professor of Hindustani, University College, London, writes that he had sent to a friend in Dhurmsalla, for an
account of the stones that had fallen at that place.(1) The answer:

"...divers forms and sizes, many of which bore a great resemblance to ordinary cannon balls just discharged
from the engines of war."

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217

It's an addition to our data of spherical objects that have arrived upon this earth. Note that they are spherical
stone objects.

And in the evening of this same day that something −− took a shot at Dhurmsalla −− or sent objects upon
which there may have been decipherable markings −− lights were seen in the air −−

I think, myself, of a number of things, beings, whatever they were, trying to get down, but resisted, like
balloonists, at a certain altitude, trying to get farther up, but resisted.

Not in the least except to good positivists, or the homogeneous−minded, does this speculation interfere with
the concept of some other world that is in successful communication with certain esoteric ones upon this
earth, by a code of symbols that print in rock, like symbols of telephotographers in selenium.

I think that sometimes, in favorable circumstances, emissaries have come to this earth −− secret meetings −−

Of course it sounds −−

But:

Secret meetings −− emissaries −− esoteric ones in Europe, before the war broke out −−

And those who suggested that such phenomena could be.

However, as to most of our data, I think of super−things that have passed close to this earth with no more
interest in this earth than have passengers upon a steamship in the bottom of the sea −− or passengers may
have a keen interest, but circumstances of schedules and commercial requirements forbid investigation of the
bottom of the sea.

Then, on the other hand, we may have data of super−scientific attempts to investigate phenomena of this
earth from above −− perhaps by beings from so far away that they had never even heard that something,
somewhere, asserts a legal right to this earth.

Altogether, we're good intermediatists, but we can't be very good hypnotists.

Still another source of the merging away of our data:

That, upon general principles of Continuity, if super−vessels, or super−vehicles, have traversed this earth's
atmosphere, there must be mergers between them and terrestrial phenomena: observations upon them must
merge away into observations upon clouds and balloons and meteors. We shall begin with data that we can
not distinguish ourselves and work our way out of mergers into extremes.

In the Observatory, 35−168, it is said that, according to a newspaper, on March 6, 1912, residents of
Warmley, England, were greatly excited by something that was supposed to be "a splendidly−illuminated
aeroplane, passing over the village."(2) "The machine was apparently travelling at a tremendous rate, and
came from the direction of Bath, and went on toward Gloucester." The Editor says that it was a large,
triple−headed fireball. "Tremendous, indeed!" he says. "But we are prepared for anything nowadays."

That is satisfactory. We'd not like to creep up stealthily and then jump out of a corner with our data. This
Editor, at least, is prepared to read −−

Nature, Oct. 27, 1898:(3)

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218

A correspondent writes that, in the County Wicklow, Ireland, at about 6 o'clock in the evening, he had seen,
in the sky, an object that looked like the moon in its three−quarter aspect. We note the shape which
approximates to triangularity, and we note that in color it is said to have been golden yellow. It moved
slowly, and in about five minutes disappeared behind a mountain.

The Editor gives his opinion that the object may have been an escaped balloon.

In Nature, Aug. 11, 1898, there is a story, taken from the July number of the Canadian Weather Review, by
the meteorologist, F. F. Payne: that he had seen, in the Canadian sky, a large, pear−shaped object, sailing
rapidly. At first he supposed the object was a balloon, "its outline being sharply defined." "But, as no cage
was seen, it was concluded that it must be a mass of cloud."(4) In about six minutes this object became less
definite −− whether because of increasing distance or not −− "the mass became less dense and finally it
disappeared." As to cyclonic formation −− "no whirling motion could be seen."

Nature, 58−294:(5)

That, upon July 8, 1898, a correspondent had seen, at Kiel, an object in the sky, colored red by the sun, which
had set. It was about as broad as a rainbow, and about twelve degrees high. "It remained in its original
brightness about five minutes, then faded very rapidly, and then remained almost stationary again, finally
disappearing about eight minutes after I first saw it."

In an intermediate existence, we quasi−persons have nothing to judge by because everything is its own
opposite. If a hundred dollars a week be a standard of luxurious living to some persons, it is poverty to others.
We have instances of three objects that were seen in the sky in a space of three months, and this concurrence
seems to me to be something to judge by. Science has been built upon concurrence: so have been most of the
fallacies and fanaticisms. I feel the positivism of a Leverrier, or instinctively take to the notion that all three
of these observations relate to the same object. However, I don't formulate them and predict the next transit.
Here's another chance for me to become a fixed star −− but as usual −− oh, well −−

A point in Intermediatism:

That the Intermediatist is likely to be a flaccid compromiser.

Our own attitude:

Ours is a partly positive and partly negative state, or a state in which nothing is finally positive or finally
negative −−

But, if positivism attract you, go ahead and try: you will be in harmony with cosmic endeavor −− but
Continuity will resist you. Only to have appearance in quasiness is to be proportionately positive, but beyond
a degree of attempted positivism, Continuity will rise to pull you back. Success, as it is called −− though
there is only success−failure in Intermediateness −− will, in Intermediateness, be yours proportionately as
you are in adjustment with its own state, or some positivism mixed with compromise and retreat. To be very
positive is to be a Napoleon Bonaparte, against whom the rest of civilization will sooner or later combine. For
interesting data, see newspaper accounts of the fate of one Dowie, of Chicago.(6)

Intermediatism, then, is recognition that our state is only a quasi−state: it is no bar to one who desires to be
positive: it is recognition that he can not be positive and remain in a state that is positive−negative. Or that a
great positivist −− isolated −− with no system to support him −− will be crucified, or will starve to death, or
will be put in jail and beaten to death −− that these are the birth−pangs of translation to the Positive Absolute.

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So, though positive−negative, myself, I feel the attraction of the positive pole of our intermediate state, and
attempt to correlate these three data: to see them homogeneously; to think that they relate to one object.

In the aeronautic journals and in the London Times there is no mention of escaped balloons, in the summer or
fall of 1898. In the New York Times there is no mention of ballooning in Canada or the United States, in the
summer of 1898.

London Times, Sept. 29, 1885:(7)

A clipping from the Royal Gazette, of Bermuda, of Sept. 8, 1885, sent to the Times by General Lefroy:(8)

That, upon Aug. 27, 1885, at about 8:30 a. m., there was observed by Mrs. Adelina D. Bassett, "a strange
object in the clouds, coming from the north." She called the attention of Mrs. L. Lowell to it, and they were
both somewhat alarmed. However, they continued to watch the object steadily for some time. It drew nearer.
It was of triangular shape, and seemed to be about the size of a pilot−boat mainsail, with chains attached to
the bottom of it. While crossing the land it had appeared to descend, but, as it went out to sea, it ascended,
and continued to ascend, until it was lost to sight high in the clouds.

Or with such power to ascend, I don't think much myself of the notion that it was an escaped balloon, partly
deflated. Nevertheless, General Lefroy, correlating with Exclusionism, attempts to give a terrestrial
interpretation to this occurrence. He argues that the thing may have been a balloon that had escaped from
France or England −− or the only aerial thing of terrestrial origin that, even to this date of about thirty−five
years later, has been thought to have crossed the Atlantic Ocean. He accounts for the triangular form by
deflation −− "a shapeless bag, barely able to float." My own acceptance is that great deflation does not accord
with observations upon its power to ascend.

In the Times, Oct. 1, 1885, Charles Harding, of the R. M. S., argues that if it had been a balloon from Europe,
surely it would have been seen and reported by many vessels.(9) Whether he was as good a Briton as the
General or not, he shows awareness of the United States −− or that the thing may have been a partly
collapsed balloon that had escaped from the United States.

General Lefroy wrote to Nature about it (Nature, 33−99) saying −− whatever his sensitivenesses may have
been −− that the columns of the Times were "hardly suitable" for such a discussion.(10) If, in the past, there
had been more persons like General Lefroy, we'd have better than the mere fragments of data that in most
cases are too broken up very well to piece together. He took the trouble to write to a friend of his, W.H.
Gosling, of Bermuda −− who also was an extraordinary person. He went to the trouble of interviewing Mrs.
Bassett and Mrs. Lowell. Their description to him was somewhat different:

An object from which nets were suspended −−

Deflated balloon, with its network hanging from it −−

A super−dragnet?

That something was trawling overhead?

The birds of Baton Rouge.

Mr. Gosling wrote that the item of chains, or suggestion of a basket that had been attached, had originated
with Mr. Bassett, who had not seen the object. Mr. Gosling mentioned a balloon that had escaped from Paris
in July. He tells of a balloon that fell in Chicago, Sept. 17, or three weeks later than the Bermuda object.

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It's one incredibility against another, with disregards and convictions governed by whichever of the two
Dominants looms stronger in each reader's mind. That he can't think for himself any more than I can is
understood.

My own correlates:

I think that we're fished for. It may be that we're highly esteemed by super−epicures somewhere. It makes me
more cheerful when I think that we may be of some use after all. I think that dragnets have often come down
and have been mistaken for whirlwinds and waterspouts. Some accounts of seeming structure in whirlwinds
and waterspouts are astonishing. And I have data that, in this book, I can't take up at all −− mysterious
disappearances. I think we're fished for. But this is a little expression on the side: relates to trespassers; has
nothing to do with the subject that I shall take up at some other time −− or our use to some other mode of
seeming that has a legal right to us.

Nature, 33−137:(11)

"Our Paris correspondent writes that in relation to the balloon which is said to have been seen over Bermuda,
in September, no ascent took place in France which can account for it."

Last of August: not September. In the London Times, there is no mention of balloon ascents in Great Britain,
in the summer of 1885, but mention of two ascents in France. Both balloons had escaped. In L'Aéronaute,
Aug., 1885, it is said that these balloons had been sent up from fêtes of the fourteenth of July −− 44 days
before the observation in Bermuda.(12) The aeronauts were Gower and Eloy. Gower's balloon was found
floating on the ocean, but Eloy's balloon was not found. Upon the 17th of July it was reported by a sea
captain: still in the air; still inflated.

But this balloon of Eloy's was a small exhibition balloon, made for short ascents from fêtes and fair grounds.
In La Nature, 1885−2−131, it is said that it was a very small balloon, incapable of remaining long in the
air.(13)

As to contemporaneous ballooning in the United States, I find only one account: an ascent in Connecticut,
July 29, 1885. Upon leaving this balloon, the aeronauts had pulled the "rip cord," "turning it inside out."
(N.Y. Times, Aug. 10, 1885.)(14)

To the Intermediatist, the accusation of "anthropomorphism" is meaningless. There is nothing in anything
that is unique or positively different. We'd be materialists were it not quite as rational to express the material
in terms of the immaterial as to express the immaterial in terms of the material. Oneness of allness in
quasiness. I will engage to write the formula of any novel in psycho−chemic terms, or draw its graph in
psycho−mechanic terms: or write, in romantic terms, the circumstances and sequences of any chemic or
electric or magnetic reaction: or express any historic event in algebraic terms −− or see Boole and Jevons for
economic situations expressed algebraically.(15)

I think of the Dominants as I think of persons −− not meaning that they are real persons −− not meaning that
we are real persons −−

Or the Old Dominant and its jealousy, and its suppression of all things and thoughts that endangered its
supremacy. In reading discussions of papers, by scientific societies, I have often noted how, when they
approached forbidden −− or irreconcilable −− subjects, the discussions were thrown into confusion and
ramification. It's as if scientific discussions have often been led astray −− as if purposefully −− as if by
something directive, hovering over them. Of course I mean only the Spirit of all Development. Just so, in any
embryo, cells that would tend to vary from the appearances of their era are compelled to correlate.

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In Nature, 90−169, Charles Tilden Smith writes that, at Chisbury, Wiltshire, England, April 8, 1912, he saw
something in the sky −−(16)

" −− unlike anything that I had ever seen before."

"Although I have studied the skies for many years, I have never seen anything like it."

He saw two stationary dark patches upon clouds.

The extraordinary part:

They were stationary upon clouds that were rapidly moving.

They were fan−shaped −− or triangular −− and varied in size, but kept the same position upon different
clouds as cloud after cloud came along. For more than half an hour Mr. Smith watched these dark patches −−

His impression as to the one that appeared first:

That it was "really a heavy shadow, cast upon a thin veil of clouds by some unseen object away in the west,
which was intercepting the sun's rays."

Upon page 244, of this volume of Nature, is a letter from another correspondent, to the effect that similar
shadows are cast by mountains upon clouds, and that no doubt Mr. Smith was right in attributing the
appearance to "some unseen object, which was intercepting the sun's rays."(17) But the Old Dominant that
was a jealous Dominant, and the wrath of the Old Dominant against such an irreconcilability as large, opaque
objects in the sky, casting down shadows upon clouds. Still the Dominants are suave very often, or are not
absolute gods, and the way attention was led away from this subject is an interesting study in quasi−divine
bamboozlement. Upon page 268, Charles J. P. Cave, the meteorologist, writes that, upon April 5 and 8, at
Ditcham Park, Petersfield, he had observed a similar appearance, while watching some pilot balloons −− but
he describes something not in the least like a shadow on clouds, but a stationary cloud −− the inference seems
to be the shadows at Chisbury may have been shadows of pilot balloons.(18) Upon page 322, another
correspondent writes upon shadows cast by mountains; upon page 348, some one else carries on the
divergence by discussing this third letter: then someone takes up the third letter mathematically; and then
there is a correction of error in this mathematic demonstration −− I think it looks very much like what I think
it looks like.(19)

But the mystery here:

That the dark patches at Chisbury could not have been cast by stationary pilot balloons that were to the west,
or that were between clouds and the setting sun. If, to the west of Chisbury, a stationary object were high in
the air, intercepting the sun's rays, the shadow of the stationary object would not have been stationary, but
would have moved higher and higher with the setting sun.

I have to think of something that is in accord with no other data whatsoever:

A luminous body −− not the sun −− in the sky −− but, because of some unknown principle or atmospheric
condition, its light extended down only about to the clouds; that from it were suspended two triangular
objects, like the object that was seen in Bermuda; that it was this light that fell short of the earth that these
objects intercepted; that the objects were drawn up and lowered from something overhead, so that, in its light,
their shadows changed size.

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If my grope seems to have no grasp in it, and, if a stationary balloon will, in half an hour, not cast a stationary
shadow from the setting sun, we have to think of two triangular objects that accurately maintained positions
in a line between sun and clouds, and at the same time approached and receded from clouds. Whatever it may
have been, it's enough to make the devout make the sign of the crucible, or whatever the devotees of the Old
Dominant do in the presence of a new correlate.

Vast, black thing poised like a crow over the moon.

It is our acceptance that these two shadows of Chisbury looked, from the moon, like vast things, black as
crows, poised over the earth. It is our acceptance that two triangular luminosities and then two triangular
patches, like vast black things, poised like crows over the moon, and, like the triangularities at Chisbury, have
been seen upon, or over, the moon:

Scientific American, 46−49:(20)

Two triangular, luminous appearances reported by several observers in Lebanon, Conn., evening of July 3,
1882, on the moon's upper limb. They disappeared, and two dark triangular appearances that looked like
notches were seen three minutes later upon the lower limb. They approached each other, met and instantly
disappeared.

The merger here is notches that have at times been seen upon the moon's limb: thought to be cross sections of
craters (Monthly Notices, R.A.S., 37−432).(21) But these appearances of July 3, 1882, were vast upon the
moon −− "seemed to be cutting off or obliterating nearly a quarter of its surface."

Something else that may have looked like a vast black crow poised over this earth from the moon:

Monthly Weather Review, 41−599:(22)

Description of a shadow in the sky, of some unseen body, April 8, 1913, Fort Worth, Texas −− supposed to
have been cast by an unseen cloud −− this patch of shade moved with the declining sun.

Rept. Brit. Assoc., 1854−410:(23)

Account by two observers of a faint but distinctly triangular object, visible for six nights in the sky. It was
observed from two stations that were not far apart. But the parallax was considerable. Whatever it was, it
was, acceptably, relatively close to this earth.

I should say that relatively to phenomena of light we are in confusion as great as some of the discords that
orthodoxy is in relatively to light. Broadly and intermediatistically, our position is:

That light is not really and necessarily light −− any more than is anything else really and necessarily anything
−− but an interpretation of a mode of force, as I suppose we have to call it, as light. At sea level, the earth's
atmosphere interprets sunlight as red or orange or yellow. High up in the mountains the sun is blue. Very
high up on mountains the zenith is black. Or is it orthodoxy to say that in inter−planetary space, where there
is no air, there is no light. So then the sun and comets are black, but this earth's atmosphere, or, rather, dust
particles in it, interpret radiations from these black objects as light.

We look up at the moon.

The jet−black moon is so silvery white.

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I have about fifty notes indicating that the moon has atmosphere: nevertheless most astronomers hold out that
the moon has no atmosphere.(24) They have to: the theory of eclipses would not work out otherwise. So,
arguing in conventional terms, the moon is black. Rather astonishing −− explorers upon the moon −−
stumbling and groping in intense darkness −− with telescopes powerful enough, we could see them stumbling
and groping in brilliant light.

Or, just because of familiarity, it is not now obvious to us how the preposterousnesses of the old system must
have seemed to the correlates of the system preceding it.

Ye jet−black silvery moon.

Altogether, then, it may be conceivable that there are phenomena of force that are interpretable as light as far
down as the clouds, but not in denser strata of air, or just the opposite of familiar interpretations.

I now have some notes upon an occurrence that suggests a force not interpreted by air as light, but
interpreted, or reflected by the ground as light. I think of something that, for a week, was sus− pended over
London: of an emanation that was not interpreted as light until it reached the ground.

Lancet, June 1, 1867:(25)

That every night for a week, a light had appeared in Woburn Square, London, upon the grass of a small park,
enclosed by railings. Crowds gathering −− police called out "for the special service of maintaining order and
making the populace move on." The Editor of the Lancet went to the Square. He says that he saw nothing but
a patch of light falling upon an arbor at the northeast corner of the enclosure. Seems to me that that was
interesting enough.

In this Editor we have a companion for Mr. Symons and Dr. Gray. He suggests that the light came from a
street lamp −− does not say that he could trace it to any such origin himself −− but recommends the police
investigate neighboring street lamps.

I'd not say that such a commonplace as light from a street lamp would not attract and excite and deceive great
crowds for a week −− but I do accept that any cop who was called upon for extra work would have needed
nobody's suggestion to settle that point the very first thing.

Or that something in the sky hung suspended over a London Square for a week.

1. "Remarkable phenomenon in India." London Times, December 26, 1860, p.7 c.2. Correct quote: "...diverse
forms and size...."

2. "This fine fireball must have caused consternation among the ignorant fellaheen...." Observatory, 35, 168.

3. "Notes." Nature, 58 (October 27, 1898): 625−9, at 626. The correspondent wrote from Ballyarthur in the
Vale of Ovoca; the observation was made on October 19, 1898; and, the mountain was Croghan Kinsella.

4. "Notes." Nature, 58 (August 11, 1898): 351−6, at 353. Correct quotes: "...its mass became...," and, "...no
whirling motion could be noticed...."

5. N.W. Thomas. "Curious phenomenon." Nature, 58 (July 28, 1898): 294.

6. "Dowie dies in the city he founded." New York Times, March 10, 1907, p.5 c.1−5. Dictionary of American
Biography. New York: Scribner's, 1930, 413−4, c.v. "Dowie, John Alexander."

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7. J.H. Lefroy. "Lost balloon." London Times, September 29, 1885, p.7 c.5.

8. "A balloon passed Bermuda." Royal Gazette (Hamilton, Bermuda), September 8, 1885, p.2 c.4.

9. "Lost balloon." London Times, October 1, 1885, p.6 c.3. Harding is identified as a Fellow of the Royal
Meteorological Society.

10. J.H. Lefroy. "A stray balloon." Nature, 33 (December 3, 1885): 99−100. There is nothing in Lefroy's
letter to indicate that Gosling interviewed Mrs. Lowell.

11. "Notes." Nature, 33 (December 10, 1885): 135−8, at 137.

12. Anatole Brissonnet. "Faits divers." Aéronaute, August 1885, 157−8. The balloon found off from
Cherbourg was believed to belong to F.A. Gower, and its basket had been cut away with a knife. On the 16th,
Eloy's cap and jacket were found on the sea, and the sailing ship Duc reported seeing an inflated balloon but
without an aeronaut.

13. Gaston Tissandier. "Deux ballons perdus en mer." Nature (Paris), 1885, 2 (August 1): 131.

14. "Ballooning in a storm." New York Times, August 10, 1885, p. 2 c. 3. Correct quote: "...turned it inside
out...."

15. For an example: W. Stanley Jevons. "Commercial crises and sun−spots." Nature, 19 (November 14,
1878): 33−37.

16. Chas. Tilden Smith. "Clouds and shadows." Nature, 89 (April 18, 1918): 168. Correct quotes: "...unlike
anything I had ever see before;" "...I have never before seen anything like it;" and, "...cast upon the otherwise
brightly illumined stratus by some unseen object...."

17. T.C. Porter. "Clouds and shadows." Nature, 89 (May 9, 1912): 244. Correct quote: "...some unseen object
intercepting the sun's rays...."

18. Charles C.P. Cave. "Clouds and shadows." Nature, 89 (May 16, 1912): 268.

19. Cyril Crossland. "Clouds and shadows." Nature, 89 (May 30, 1912): 322. T.C. Porter. "Clouds and
shadows." Nature, 89 (June 6, 1912): 348−349. Alice Everett. "Clouds and shadows." Nature, 89 (June 27,
1912): 426. "Erratum." Nature, 89 (July 4, 1912): 459.

20. "A curious appearance of the Moon." Scientific American, n.s., 46 (January 28, 1882): 49. The date of the
observation would probably be in 1881, (not 1882).

21. Ralph Copeland. "On two flats on the Moon's limb, observed March 23, 1877." Monthly Notices of the
Royal Astronomical Society, 37 (June 1877): 432−3.

22. Howard H. Martin. "Cloud−shadow projection." Monthly Weather Review, 41 (April 1913): 599.

23. Baden Powell. "Report on observations of luminous meteors, 1853−54." Annual Report of the British
Association for the Advancement of Science, 1854, 386−415, at 410−12.

24. For examples: "Letters to the editor." English Mechanic and World of Science, 23 (May 5, 1876): 197.
F.W.M. "Projection of star upon the Moon's disc." English Mechanic and World of Science, 23 (May 26,

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225

1876): 279. "Evidences of a lunar atmosphere." English Mechanic and World of Science, 26 (November 16,
1877): 229. Henry Stooke. "Lunar surfacing by glaciation −− Erosive age of the Moon −− Volcanic action
without water −− Ring formation −− Magnetic (or electrical) action on the Moon." English Mechanic and
World of Science, 52 (September 12, 1890): 55. H.G.D. "The Moon." English Mechanic and World of
Science, 52 (September 12, 1890): 59. "Letters to the editor." English Mechanic and World of Science, 52
(September 19, 1890): 79−80. H.G.D. "Local (?) lunar atmosphere." English Mechanic and World of Science,
52 (September 26, 1890): 100. "Letters to the editor." English Mechanic and World of Science, 52 (October
3, 1890): 120−21. S.E. Peal. "Lunar snow mountains: To `F.R.A.S.'" English Mechanic and World of
Science, 52 (November 21, 1890): 268. "Letters to the editor." English Mechanic and World of Science, 52
(November 28, 1890): 290. Ja. Ha. "Glaciation of the Moon."English Mechanic and World of Science, 52
(December 26, 1890): 375. "Letters to the editor," "Glaciation of the Moon," "Water on the Moon," and
"Lunar rays." English Mechanic and World of Science, 52 (January 9, 1891): 418−20. "The height of the
Moon's atmosphere," "Glaciation of the Moon," and "Water on the Moon." English Mechanic and World of
Science, 52 (January 16, 1891): 440−42. Ja. Ha. "The Moon's atmosphere and water." English Mechanic and
World of Science, 52 (January 23, 1891): 461. S.H.B. "The Moon's atmosphere." English Mechanic and
World of Science, 52 (January 23, 1891): 461. W.J.S. "Glaciation of the Moon." English Mechanic and
World of Science, 52 (1891): 484. A. Cowper Ranyard. "The Moon's atmosphere." English Mechanic and
World of Science, 52 (1891): 484. H.G. Dixon. "Glaciation of the Moon." English Mechanic and World of
Science, 52 (1891): 484. Ja. Ha. "The Moon's atmosphere." English Mechanic and World of Science, 52
(February 6, 1891): 506.

25. "A ghost in a London square." Lancet, 1 (June 1, 1867): 688.

Chapter XXI

Knowledge, Dec. 28, 1883:(1)

"SEEING so many meteorological phenomena in your excellent paper, Knowledge, I am tempted to ask for
an explanation of the following, which I saw when on board the British India Company's steamer Patna while
on a voyage up the Persian Gulf. In May, 1880, on a dark night, about 11:30 p. m., there suddenly appeared
on each side of the ship an enormous luminous wheel whirling round, the spokes of which seemed to brush
the ship along. The spokes would be 200 or 300 yards long, and resembled the birch rods of the dames'
schools. Each wheel contained about sixteen spokes and, although the wheels must have been some 500 or
600 yards in diameter, the spokes could be distinctly seen all the way round. The phosphorescent gleam
seemed to glide along flat on the surface of the sea, no light being visible in the air above the water. The
appearance of the spokes could be almost exactly represented by standing in a boat and flashing a bull's−eye
lantern horizontally along the surface of the water, round and round. I may mention that the phenomenon was
also seen by Captain Avern, commander of the Patna, and Mr. Manning, third officer.(2)

"Lee Fore Brace.

"P.S. −− The wheels advanced along with the ship for about twenty minutes. −− L. F. B."

Knowledge, Jan. 11, 1884:(3)

Letter from "A. Mc. D.":

That "Lee Fore Brace," "who sees `so many meteorological phenomena in your excellent paper,' should have
signed himself `The Modern Ezekiel,' for his vision of wheels is quite as wonderful as the prophet's." The
writer then takes up the measurements that were given, and calculates the velocity at the circumference of a

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wheel, of about 166 yards per second, apparently considering that especially incredible. He then says: "From
the nom de plume he assumes, it might be inferred that your correspondent is in the habit of `sailing close to
the wind.'" He asks permission to suggest an explanation of his own. It is that before 11:30 p. m. there had
been numerous accidents to the "main brace," and that it had required splicing so often that almost any ray of
light would have taken on a rotary motion.

In Knowledge, Jan. 25, 1884, Mr. "Brace" answers and signs himself "J. W. Robertson":(4)

"I don't suppose `A. Mc. D.' means any harm, but I do think it's rather unjust to say a man is drunk because he
sees something out of the common. If there's one thing I pride myself upon, it's being able to say that never in
my life have I indulged in anything stronger than water." From this curiosity of pride, he goes on to say that
he had not intended to be exact, but to give his impressions of dimensions and velocity. He ends amiably:
"However, `no offence taken, where I suppose none is meant.'"

To this letter Mr. Proctor adds a note, apologizing for the publication of "A. Mc. D's." letter, which had come
about by a misunderstood instruction. Then Mr. Proctor wrote disagreeable letters, himself, about other
persons −− what else would you expect in a quasi−existence?

The obvious explanation of this phenomenon is that, under the surface of the sea, in the Persian Gulf, was a
vast luminous wheel: that it was the light from its submerged spokes that Mr. Robertson saw, shining upward.
It seems clear that this light did shine upward from origin below the surface of the sea. But at first it is not so
clear how vast luminous wheels, each the size of a village, ever got under the surface of the Persian Gulf: also
there may be some misunderstanding as to what they were doing there.

A deep−sea fish, and its adaptation to a dense medium −−

That, at least in some regions aloft, there is a medium dense even to gelatinousness −−

A deep−sea fish, brought to the surface of the ocean: in a relatively attenuated medium, it disintegrates −−

Super−constructions adapted to a dense medium in inter−planetary space −− sometimes, by stresses of
various kinds, they are driven into this earth's thin atmosphere −−

Later we shall have data to support just this: that things entering this earth's atmosphere disintegrate and shine
with a light that is not the light of incandescence: shine brilliantly, even if cold −−

Vast wheel−like super−constructions −− they enter this earth's atmosphere, and, threatened with
disintegration, plunge for relief into an ocean, or into a denser medium.

Of course the requirements now facing us are:

Not only data of vast wheel−like super−constructions that have relieved their distresses in the ocean, but data
of enormous wheels that have been see in the air, or entering the ocean, or rising from the ocean and
continuing their voyages.

Very largely we shall concern ourselves with enormous fiery objects that have either plunged into the ocean
or risen from the ocean. Our acceptance is that, though disruption may intensify into incandescence, apart
from disruption and its probable fieriness, things that enter this earth's atmosphere have a cold light which
would not, like light from molten matter, be instantly quenched by water. Also it seems acceptable that a
revolving wheel would, from a distance, look like a globe; that a revolving wheel, seen relatively close by,
looks like a wheel in few aspects. The mergers of ball−lightning and meteorites are not resistances to us: our

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227

data are of enormous bodies.

So we shall interpret −− and what does it matter?

Our attitude throughout this book:

That here are extraordinary data −− that they never would be exhumed, and never would be massed together,
unless −−

Here are the data:

Our first datum is of something that was once seen to enter an ocean. It's from a puritanic publication,
Science, which has yielded us little material, or which, like most puritans, does not go upon a spree very
often. Whatever the thing could have been, my impression is of tremendousness, or of bulk many times that
of all meteorites in all museums combined: also of relative slowness, or of long warning of approach. The
story, in Science, 5−242, is from an account sent to the Hydrographic Office, at Washington, from the branch
office, at San Francisco:(5)

That, at midnight, Feb. 24, 1885, Lat. 37 N., and Long. 170 E., or somewhere between Yokohama and
Victoria, the captain of the bark Innerwich was aroused by his mate, who had seen something unusual in the
sky. This must have taken appreciable time. The captain went on deck and saw the sky turning fiery red. "All
at once, a large mass of fire appeared over the vessel, completely blinding the spectators." The fiery mass fell
into the sea. Its size may be judged by the volume of water cast up by it, said to have rushed toward the vessel
with a noise that was "deafening." The bark was struck flat aback, and "a roaring white sea passed ahead."
"The master, an old, experienced mariner, declared that the awfulness of the sight was beyond description."

In Nature, 37−187, and L'Astronomie, 1887−76, we are told that an object, described as "a large ball of fire,"
was seen to rise from the sea, near Cape Race.(6) We are told that it rose to a height of fifty feet, and then
advanced close to the ship, then moving away, remaining visible about five minutes. The supposition in
Nature is that it was "ball lightning," but Flammarion, "Thunder and Lightning," p. 68, says that it was
enormous.(7) Details in the American Meteorological Journal, 6−443 −− Nov. 12, 1887 −− British steamer
Siberian −− that the object had moved "against the wind" before retreating −− that Captain Moore said that at
about the same place he had seen such appearances before.(8)

Rept. Brit. Assoc., 1861−30:(9)

That, upon June 18, 1845, according to the Malta Times, from the brig Victoria, about 900 miles east of
Adalia, Asia Minor (36 40' 56", N. Lat: 13 44' 36" E. Long.) three luminous bodies were seen to issue from
the sea, at about half a mile from the vessel. They were visible about ten minutes.

The story was never investigated, but other accounts that seem acceptably to be other observations upon this
same sensational spectacle came in, as if of their own accord, and were published by Prof. Baden−Powell.
One is a letter from a correspondent at Mt. Lebanon. He describes only two luminous bodies. Apparently they
were five times the size of the moon: each had appendages, or they were connected by parts that are
described as sail−like or streamer−like, looking like "large flags blown out by a gentle breeze." The important
point here is not only suggestion of structure, but duration. The duration of meteors is a few seconds: duration
of fifteen seconds is remarkable, but I think there are records up to half a minute. This object, if it were all
one object, was visible at Mt. Lebanon about one hour. An interesting circumstance is that the appendages
did not look like trains of meteors, which shine by their own light, but "seemed to shine by light from the
main bodies."

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About 900 miles west of the position of the Victoria is the town of Adalia, Asia Minor. At about the time of
the observation reported by the captain of the Victoria, the Rev. F. Hawlett, F. R. A. S., was in Adalia. He,
too, saw this spectacle, and sent an account to Prof. Baden−Powell. In his view it was a body that appeared
and then broke up. He places duration at twenty minutes to half an hour.

In the Report of the British Association, 1860−82, the phenom− enon was reported from Syria and Malta, as
two very large bodies "nearly joined."(10)

Rept. Brit. Assoc., 1860−77:(11)

That, at Cherbourg, France, Jan. 12, 1836, was seen a luminous body, seemingly two−thirds the size of the
moon. It seemed to rotate on an axis. Central to it there seemed to be a dark cavity.

For other accounts, all indefinite, but distortable into data of wheel−like objects in the sky, see Nature,
22−617; London Times, Oct. 15, 1859; Nature, 21−225; Monthly Weather Review, 1883−264.(12)

L'Astronomie, 1894−157:(13)

That, upon the morning of Dec. 20, 1893, an appearance in the sky was seen by many persons in Virginia,
North Carolina, and South Carolina. A luminous body passed overhead, from west to east, until at about
fifteen degrees in the eastern horizon, it appeared to stand still for fifteen or twenty minutes. According to
some descriptions it was the size of a table. To some observers it looked like an enormous wheel. The light
was a brilliant white. Acceptably it was not an optical illusion −− the noise of its passage through the air was
heard. Having been stationary, or having seemed to stand still fifteen or twenty minutes, it disappeared, or
exploded. No sound of explosion was heard.

Vast wheel−like constructions. They're especially adapted to roll through a gelatinous medium from planet to
planet. Sometimes, because of miscalculations, or because of stresses of various kinds, they enter this earth's
atmosphere. They're likely to explode. They have to submerge in the sea. They stay in the sea awhile,
revolving with relative leisureliness, until relieved, and then emerge, sometimes close to vessels. Seamen tell
of what they see: their reports are interred in scientific morgues. I should say that the general route of these
constructions is along latitudes not far from the latitudes of the Persian Gulf.

Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 28−29:(14)

That, upon April 4, 1901, about 8:30, in the Persian Gulf, Captain Hoseason, of the steamship Kilwa,
according to a paper read before the Society by Captain Hoseason, was sailing in a sea in which there was no
phosphorescence −− "there being no phosphorescence in the water."

I suppose I'll have to repeat that:

"...there being no phosphorescence in the water."

Vast shafts of light −− though the captain uses the word "ripples" −− suddenly appeared. Shaft followed
shaft, upon the surface of the sea. But it was only a faint light, and, in about fifteen minutes, died out: having
appeared suddenly; having died out gradually. The shafts revolved at a velocity of about 60 miles an hour.

Phosphorescent jelly fish correlate with the Old Dominant: in one of the most heroic compositions of
disregards in our experience, it was agreed, in the discussion of Capt. Hoseason's paper, that the phenomenon
was probably pulsations of long strings of jelly fish.

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Nature, 21−410:(15)

Reprint of a letter from R. E. Harris, Commander of the A.H.N. Co.'s steamship Shahjehan, to the Calcutta
Englishman, Jan. 21, 1880.(16)

That upon the 5th of June, 1880, off the coast of Malabar, at 10 p. m., water calm, sky cloudless, he had seen
something that was so foreign to anything that he had ever seen before, that he stopped his ship.(17) He saw
what he describes as waves of brilliant light, with spaces between. Upon the water were floating patches of a
substance that was not identified. Thinking in terms of the conventional explanation of all phosphorescence at
sea, the captain at first suspected this substance. However, he gives his opinion that it did no illuminating but
was, with the rest of the sea, illuminated by tremendous shafts of light. Whether it was a thick and oily
discharge from the engine of a submerged construction or not, I think that I shall have to accept this
substance as a concomitant, because of another note. "As wave succeeded wave, one of the most grand and
brilliant, yet solemn, spectacles that one could think of, was here witnessed."

Jour. Roy. Met. Soc., 32−280:(18)

Extract from a letter from Mr. Douglas Carnegie, Blackheath, England. Date some time in 1906 −−

"This last voyage we witnessed a weird and most extraordinary electric display." In the Gulf of Oman, he saw
a bank of apparently quiescent phosphorescence: but, when within twenty yards of it, "shafts of brilliant light
came sweeping across the ship's bow at a prodigious speed, which might be put down as anything between 60
and 200 miles an hour." "These light bars were about 20 feet apart and most regular." As to phosphorescence
−− "I collected a bucketful of water, and examined it under the microscope, but could not detect anything
abnormal." That the shafts of light came up from something beneath the surface −− "They first struck us on
our broadside, and I noticed that an intervening ship had no effect on the light beams: they started away from
the lee side of the ship, just as if they had travelled right through it."

The Gulf of Oman is at the entrance to the Persian Gulf.

Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 33−294:(19)

Extract from a letter by Mr. S.C. Patterson, second officer of the P. and O. steamship Delta: a spectacle which
the Journal continues to call phosphorescent:

Malacca Strait, 2 a. m., March 14, 1907:

"...shafts which seemed to move round a center −− like the spokes of a wheel −− and appeared to be about
300 yards long." The phenomenon lasted about half an hour, during which time the ship had travelled six of
seven miles. It stopped suddenly."

L'Astronomie, 1891−312:(20)

A correspondent writes that, in October, 1891, in the China Sea, he had seen shafts or lances of light that had
had the appearance of rays of a searchlight, and that had moved like such rays.

Nature, 20−291:(21)

Report to the Admiralty by Capt. Evans, the Hydrographer of the British Navy:

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230

That Commander J. E. Pringle, of the H. M. S. Vulture, had reported that, at Lat. 26 26' N., and Long. 53 11'
E. −− in the Persian Gulf −− May 15, 1879, he had noticed luminous waves or pulsations in the water,
moving at great speed. This time we have a definite datum upon origin somewhere below the surface. It is
said that these waves of light passed under the Vulture. "On looking toward the east, the appearance was that
of a revolving wheel with a center on that bearing, and whose spokes were illuminated, and, looking toward
the west, a similar wheel appeared to be revolving, but in the opposite direction. Of finally as to submergence
−− "These waves of light extended from the surface well under the water." It is Commander Pringle's opinion
that the shafts constituted one wheel, and that doubling was an illusion. He judges the shafts to have been
about 25 feet broad, and the spaces about 100 feet. Velocity about 84 miles an hour. Duration about 35
minutes. Time 9:40 p. m. Before and after this display the ship had passed through patches of floating
substance described as "oily−looking fish spawn."

Upon page 428 of this number of Nature, E. L. Moss says that, in April, 1875, when upon the H. M. S.
Bulldog, a few miles north of Vera Cruz, he had seen a series of swift lines of light.(22) He had dipped up
some of the water, finding in it animalcule, which would, however, not account for phenomena of geometric
formation and high velocity. If he means Vera Cruz, Mexico, this is the only instance we have out of oriental
waters.

Scientific American, 106−51:(23)

That, in the Nautical Meteorological Annual, published by the Danish Meteorological Institute, appears a
report upon a "singular phenomenon" that was seen by Capt. Gabe, of the Danish East Asiatic Co.'s
steamship Bintang. At 3 a.m., June 10, 1909, while sailing through the Straits of Malacca, Captain Gabe saw
a vast revolving wheel of light, flat upon the water −− "long arms issuing from the center around which the
whole system appeared to rotate." So vast was the appearance that only half of it could be seen at a time, the
center lying near the horizon. This display lasted about fifteen minutes. Heretofore we have not been clear
upon the important point that forward motions of these wheels do not synchronize with a vessel's motions,
and freaks of disregard, or rather, commonplaces of disregard, might attempt to assimilate with lights of a
vessel. This time we are told that the vast wheel moved forward, decreasing in brilliancy, and also in speed of
rotation, disappearing when the center was right ahead of the vessel −− or my own interpretation would be
that the source of light was submerging deeper and deeper and slowing down because meeting more and
more resistance.(24)

The Danish Meteorological Institute reports another instance:

That, when Capt. Breyer, of the Dutch steamer Valentijn, was in the South China Sea, midnight, Aug. 12,
1910, he saw a rotation in flashes. "It looked like a horizontal wheel, turning rapidly." This time it is said that
the appearance was above water. "The phenomenon was observed by the captain, the first and second mates,
and the first engineer, and upon all of them it made a somewhat uncomfortable impression."

In general, if our expression be not immediately acceptable, we recommend to rival interpreters that they
consider the localization −− with one exception −− of this phenomena, to the Indian Ocean and adjacent
waters, or Persian Gulf on one side and China Sea on the other side. Though we're Intermediatists, the call of
attempted Positivism, in the aspect of Completeness, is irresistible. We have expressed that from few aspects
would wheels of fire in the air look like wheels of fire, but, if we can get it, we must have observation upon
vast luminous wheels, not interpretable as optical illusions, but enormous, substantial things that have
smashed down material resistances, and have been seen to plunge into the ocean:

Athenum, 1848−833:(25)

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231

That at the meeting of the British Association, 1848, Sir W.S. Harris said that he had recorded an account
sent to him of a vessel toward which had whirled "two wheels of fire, which the men described as rolling
millstones of fire." "When they came near, an awful crash took place, the topmasts were shivered to pieces."
It is said that there was a strong sulphurous odor.

1. J.W. Robertson. "Strange phenomenon." Knowledge, 4 (December 28, 1883): 396. Correct quote: "...on a
dark, calm night...." Two lines of quoted text are missing, and the full quote is: "Each wheel contained about
sixteen spokes, and made the revolution in about twelve seconds. One could almost fancy one heard the swish
as the spokes whizzed past the ship, and, although the wheels must have been some 500 or 600 yards in
diameter, the spokes could be distinctly seen all the way around."

2. Fort marked "For `col' See Jan 5, 1880" in the margin next to this paragraph.

3. A. McD. "Strange phenomenon (1068)." Knowledge, 5 (January 11, 1884): 30.

4. J.W. Robertson. "Strange phenomenon." Knowledge, 5 (January 25, 1884): 60. Correct quotes: "...one
thing that I pride myself in, it is being able to say...," and, "However, `No offence taken where, I suppose,
none is meant.'"

5. "The following account of unusual phenomena...." Science, o.s., 5 (March 20, 1885): 242−3. The longitude
was 170 15' E. Correct quotes: "...the roaring white sea had passed ahead," and, "The master, an old and
experienced mariner, declares that the awfulness of the sight was beyond description...."

6. "Notes." Nature, 37 (December 22, 1887): 185−7, at 187. Nature identifies it as "globular lightning." "La
foudre globulaire." Astronomie, 7 (1888): 76.

7. Nicholas Camille Flammarion. Thunder and Lightning. 68.

8. T.C. Mendenhall. "On globular lightning." American Meteorological Journal, 6, 437−47, at 442−3.

9. James Glaisher et al. "Report on observations of luminous meteors, 1860−1861." Annual Report of the
British Association for the Advancement of Science, 1861, 1−44, at 30. The Victoria was about "900 miles
west of Adalia," (not east). Adalia is now identified as Antalya, Turkey. Correct quote: "The appendages
appeared to shine from the reflected light of the main bodies, which it was painful to look at for any length of
time."

10. R.P. Greg. "A catalogue of meteorites and fireballs." Annual Report of the British Association for the
Advancement of Science, 1860, 48−120, at 83.

11. R.P. Greg. "A catalogue of meteorites and fireballs." Annual Report of the British Association for the
Advancement of Science, 1860, 48−120, at 76−7.

12. B. "Atmospheric phenomenon." Nature, 22 (October 28, 1880): 607. Charles P. Knight. "To the Editor of
the Times." London Times, October 15, 1859, p.11 c.3. Ralph Copeland. "Solar phenomenon." Nature, 21
(January 8, 1880): 225. Copeland's observation was not of a wheel−like object. "Miscellaneous phenomena."
Monthly Weather Review, 11 (November 1883): 263−4, at 264, c.v. "Wisconsin."

13. "Un phénomène extraordinaire." Astronomie, 13 (1894): 157.

14. W.S. Hoseason. "Remarkable phosphorescent phenomenon observed in the Persian Gulf, April 4 and 9,
1901." Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society of London, 28 (1902): 29−32. Hoseason may

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232

have been an officer aboard the Kilwa, but his paper identifies the "Captain" as Captain Whitehead.

15. "A strange phenomenon." Nature, 21 (February 26, 1880): 409−10.

16. R.E. Harris. "Strange phenomenon." Englishman (Calcutta), January 21, 1880, p.7 c.3−4. Correct quote:
"...as wave succeeded wave in rapid succession, one of the most grand, and brilliant, yet solemn, spectacles
that one could ever think of, was here witnessed."

17. Fort marked "X" next to this line in the margin and "Jan" over "June" to indicate the date should be
January 5, 1880, not June 5.

18. "Remarkable display of phosphoresence." Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society of
London, 32 (1906): 280. An extract of a letter from A.A. Carnegie, who witnessed the phenomenon, was
forwarded to the Society by Douglas Carnegie, his brother. Correct quotes: "...most extraordinary electric
phenomenon...," and, "...I noticed on our lee side that an intervening ship...."

19. "Display of phosphorescence." Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society of London, 33
(1907): 294. Correct quotes: "...shafts seemed to move round a centre...," and, "...suddenly stopped."

20. "Un corps lumineux." Astronomie, 10 (1891): 312.

21. J. Eliot Pringle. "Report of an unusual phenomenon observed at sea." Nature, 20 (July 24, 1879): 291.
The illusion was not one of a wheel but of parallel waves, which "was caused by their high speed and the
greater angular motion of the nearer than the more remote part of the waves." Also, "During the last five
minutes concentric waves appeared to emanate from a spot about 200 yards east, and these meeting the
parallel waves from south−east did not cross, but appeared to obliterate each other at the moving point of
contact...." Correct quote: "The light of these waves looked homogeneous, and lighter, but not so sparkling,
as phosphorescent appearances at sea usually are, and extended from the surface well under water; they lit up
the white bottoms of the quarter boats in passing."

22. Edward L. Moss. "Report of an unusual phenomenon observed at sea." Nature, 20 (August 28, 1879):
428. Veracruz, Mexico, is not clearly identified; but, of the few locations having the same name, (all in Latin
American, and none in the Orient), it is the only one on any coast.

23. "Curious light phenomena of the Indian seas." Scientific American, n.s., 106 (January 13, 1912): 51, 58.
Correct quotes: "...singular luminous phenomenon...," "...long arms issuing from a center around which...,"
and "...and on all of them...."

24. Another instance of a "curious illumination of the sea," referred to by Scientific American and the
Nautical Meteorological Annual, was observed by those aboard the Arethusa in the Bay of Bengal. The
phenomenon "had the effect of searchlights in a hazy atmosphere," but this disappeared suddenly upon the
commencement of rain. W. Meyer. "Aus dem journal des Vollschiffes Arethusa." Annalen der Hydrographie
und Maritimen Meteorologie, 1899, 483−6, at 483−4.

25. "Eighteenth meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science." Athenaeum, 1848 (no.
1086; August 19): 831−46, at 833.

Chapter XXII

Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 1−157:(1)

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Chapter XXII

233

EXTRACT from the log of the barque Lady of the Lake, by Capt. F. W. Banner:

Communicated by R. H. Scott, F. R. S.:

That, upon the 22nd of March, 1870, at Lat. 5 47' N., Long. 27 52' W., the sailors of the Lady of the Lake saw
a remarkable object, or "cloud," in the sky. They reported to the captain.

According to Capt. Banner, it was a cloud of circular form, with an included semicircle divided into four
parts, the central dividing shaft beginning at the center of the circle and extending far outward, and the
curving backward.

Geometricity and complexity and stability of form: and the small likelihood of a cloud maintaining such
diversity of features, to say nothing of appearance of organic form.

The thing traveled from a point at about 20 degrees above the horizon to a point about 80 degrees above.(2)
Then it settled down to the northeast, having appeared from the south, southeast.

Light gray in color, or it was cloud−color.

"It was much lower than the other clouds."

And this datum stands out:

That, whatever it may have been, it traveled against the wind.(3)

"It came up obliquely against the wind, and finally settled down right in the wind's eye."

For half an hour this form was visible. When it did finally disappear that was not because it disintegrated like
a cloud, but because it was lost to sight in the evening darkness.

Capt. Banner draws the following diagram:

(4)

1. Frederick William Banner. "Extract from log of barque `Lady of the Lake.'" Quarterly Journal of the Royal
Meteorological Society, 1, 157. The object was 25 degrees, not 20, above the horizon when it first appeared.
Correct quote: "It was very much lower...."

2. Sic, travelled.

3. Sic, travelled.

4. The above diagram was provided by Fort and differs slightly from the actual diagram provided by Banner.

Chapter XXIII

TEXT−BOOKS tell us that the Dhurmsalla meteorites were picked up "soon," or "within half an hour."
Given a little time the conventionalists may argue that these stones were hot when they fell, but that their
great interior coldness had overcome the molten state of their surfaces.

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234

According to the Deputy Commissioner of Dhurmsalla, these stones had been picked up "immediately" by
passing coolies.

These stones were so cold that they benumbed the fingers. But they had fallen with a great light. It was
described as "a flame of fire described as about two feet in depth and nine feet in length." Acceptably this
light was not the light of molten matter.

In this chapter we are very intermediatistic −− and unsatisfactory. To the intermediatist there is but one
answer to all questions:

Sometimes and sometimes not.

Another form of this intermediatist "solution" of all problems is:

Yes and no.

Everything that is, also isn't.

A positive attempts to formulate: so does the intermediatist, but with less rigorousness: he accepts but also
denies: he may seem to accept in one respect and deny in some other respect, but no real line can be drawn
between any two aspects of anything. The intermediatist accepts that which seems to correlate with
something that he has accepted as a dominant. The positivist correlates with a belief.

In the Dhurmsalla meteorites we have support for our expression that things entering this earth's atmosphere
sometimes shine with a light that is not the light of incandescence −− or so we account, or offer an expression
upon, "thunderstones," or carved stones that have fallen luminously to this earth, in streaks that have looked
like strokes of lightning −− but we accept, also, that some things that have entered this earth's atmosphere,
disintegrate with the intensity of flame and molten matter −− but some things, we accept, enter this earth's
atmosphere and collapse non−luminously, quite like deep−sea fishes brought to the surface of the ocean.
Whatever agreement we have is an indication that somewhere aloft there is a medium denser than this earth's
atmosphere. I suppose our stronghold is in that such is not popular belief −−

Or the rhythm of all phenomena:

Air dense at sea level upon this earth −− less and less dense as one ascends −− then denser and denser. A
good many bothersome questions arise −−

Our attitude:

Here are the data:

Luminous rains sometime fall (Nature, March 9, 1882; Nature, 25−437).(1) This is light that is not the light
of incandescence, but no one can say that these occasional, or rare, rains come from this earth's externality.
We simply note cold light of falling bodies. For luminous rain, snow, and dust, see Hartwig, "Aerial World,"
p. 319.(2) As to luminous clouds, we have more nearly definite observations and opinions: they mark
transition between the Old Dominant and the New Dominant. We have already noted the transition in Prof.
Schwedoff's theory of external origin of some hailstones −− and the implications that, to a former generation,
seemed so preposterous −− "droll" was the word −− that there are in inter−planetary regions volumes of
water −− whether they have fishes and frogs in them or not. Now our acceptance is that clouds sometimes
come from external regions, having had origin from super−geographical lakes and oceans that we shall not
attempt to chart, just at present −− only suggesting to enterprising aviators −− and we note that we put it all

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235

up to them, and show no inclination to go Columbussing on our own account −− that they take bathing suits,
or, rather, deep−sea diving−suits along. So then that some clouds come from inter−planetary oceans −− of the
Super−Sargasso Sea −− if we still accept the Super−Sargasso Sea −− and shine, upon entering this earth's
atmosphere. In Himmel und Erde, Feb., 1889 −− a phenomenon of transition of thirty years ago −− Herr O.
Jesse, in his observations upon luminous night−clouds, notes the great height of them, and drolly or sensibly
suggests that some of them may have come from regions external to this earth.(3) I suppose he means only
from other planets. But it's a very droll and sensible idea either way.

In general I am accounting for a great deal of this earth's isolation: that it is relatively isolated by
circumstances that are similar to the circumstances that make for relative isolation of the bottom of the ocean
−− except that there is a clumsiness of analogy now. To call ourselves deep−sea fishes has been convenient,
but, in a quasi− existence, there is no convenience that will not sooner or later turn awkward −− so, if there be
denser regions aloft, these regions should now be regarded as analogues of far−submerged oceanic regions,
and things coming to this earth would be like things rising to an attenuated medium −− and exploding −−
sometimes incandescently, sometimes with cold light −− sometimes non−luminously, like deep−sea fishes
brought to the surface −− altogether conditions of inhospitality. I have a suspicion that, in their own depths,
deep−sea fishes are not luminous. If they are, Darwinism is mere jesuitism, in attempting to correlate
them.(4) Such advertising would so attract attention that all advantages would be more than offset.
Darwinism is largely a doctrine of concealment: here we have brazen proclamation −− if accepted. Fishes in
the Mammoth Cave need no light to see by. We might have an expression that deep−sea fishes turn luminous
upon entering a less dense medium −− but models in the American Museum of Natural History: specialized
organs of luminosity upon these models.(5) Of course we do remember that awfully convincing "dodo," and
some of our sophistications we trace to him −− at any rate disruption is regarded as a phenomenon of coming
from a dense to a less dense medium.

An account by M. Acharius, in the Transactions of the Swedish Academy of Sciences, 1808−215, translated
for the North American Review, 3−319:(6)

That M. Acharius, having heard of "an extraordinary and probably hitherto unseen phenomenon," reported
from near the town of Skeninge, Sweden, investigated:

That, upon the 16th of May, 1808, at about 4 p.m., the sun suddenly turned dull brick−red. At the same time
there appeared, upon the western horizon, a great number of round bodies, dark brown, and seemingly the
size of a hat crown. They passed overhead and disappeared in the eastern horizon. Tremendous procession. It
lasted two hours. Occasionally one fell to the ground. When the place of a fall was examined, there was
found a film, which soon dried and vanished. Often, when approaching the sun, these bodies seemed to link
together, or were then seen to be linked together, in groups not exceeding eight, and, under the sun, they were
seen to have tails three or four fathoms long. Away from the sun the tails were invisible. Whatever their
substance may have been, it is described as gelatinous −− "soapy and jellied."

I place this datum here for several reasons. It would have been a good climax to our expression upon hordes
of small bodies that, in our acceptance, were not seeds, nor birds, nor ice−crystals: but the tendency would
have been to jump to the homogeneous conclusion that all our data in that expression related to this one kind
of phenomena, whereas we conceive of infinite heterogeneity of the external: of crusaders and rabbles and
emigrants and tourists and dragons and things like gelatinous hat crowns. Or that all things, here, upon this
earth, that flock together, are not necessarily sheep, Presbyterians, gangsters, or porpoises. The datum is
important to us, here, as indication of disruption in this earth's atmosphere −− dangers in entering this earth's
atmosphere.

I think, myself, that thousands of objects have been seen to fall from aloft, and have exploded luminously,
and have been called "ball lightning."

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236

"As to what ball lightning is we have not yet begun to make intelligent guesses." (Monthly Weather Review,
34−17.)(7)

In general, it seems to me that when we encounter the opposition "ball lightning" we should pay little
attention, but confine ourselves to guesses that are at least intelligent, that stand phantom−like in our way.
We note here that in some of our acceptances upon intelligence we should more clearly have pointed out that
they were upon the intelligent as opposed to the instinctive. In the Monthly Weather Review, 33−409, there is
an account of "ball lightning" that struck a tree.(8) It made a dent such as a falling object would make. Some
other time I shall collect instances of "ball lightning," to express that they are instances of objects that have
fallen from the sky, luminously, exploded terrifically. So bewildered is the old orthodoxy by these
phenomena that many scientists have either denied "ball lightning" or have considered it very doubtful. I refer
to Dr. Sestier's list of one hundred and fifty instances, which he considered authentic.(9)

In accord with our disaccord is an instance related in the Monthly Weather Review, March, 1887 −−
something that fell luminously from the sky, accompanied by something that was not so affected, or that was
dark:(10)

That, according to Capt. C. D. Swart, of the Dutch bark, J. P. A., upon March 19, 1887, N. 37 39', W. 57 00',
he encountered a severe storm. He saw two objects in the air above the ship. One was luminous, and might be
explained in several ways, but the other was dark. One or both fell into the sea, with a roar and the casting up
of billows. It is our acceptance that these things had entered this earth's atmosphere, having first crashed
through a field of ice −− "immediately afterward lumps of ice fell."

One of the most astonishing of the phenomena of "ball lightning" is a phenomenon of many meteorites:
violence of explosion out of all proportion to size and velocity. We accept that the icy meteorites of
Dhurmsalla could have fallen with no great velocity, but the sound from them was tremendous. The soft
substance that fell at the Cape of Good Hope was carbonaceous, but was unburned, or had fallen with
velocity insufficient to ignite it. The tremendous report that it made was heard over an area more than seventy
miles in diameter.(11)

That some hailstones have been formed in a dense medium, and violently disintegrate in this earth's relatively
thin atmosphere:

Nature, 88−350:(12)

Large hailstones noted at the University of Missouri, Nov. 11, 1911: they exploded with sounds like pistols
shots. The writer says that he had noticed a similar phenomenon, eighteen years before, at Lexington,
Kentucky. Hailstones that seemed to have been formed in a denser medium: when melted under water they
gave out bubbles larger than their central air spaces. (Monthly Weather Review, 33−445.)(13)

Our acceptance is that many objects have fallen from the sky, but that many of them have disintegrated
violently. This acceptance will coördinate with data still to come, but, also, we make it easy for ourselves in
expressions upon super−constructions, if we're asked why, from thinkable wrecks of them, girders, plates, or
parts recognizably of manufactured metal have not fallen from the sky. However, as to composition, we have
not this refuge, so it is our expression that there have been reported instances of the fall of manufactured
metal from the sky.

The meteorite of Rutherford, North Carolina, is of artificial material: mass of pig iron. It is said to be
fraudulent. (Amer. Jour. Sci., 2−34−298.)(14)

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237

The object that was said to have fallen at Marblehead, Mass., in 1858, is described in the Amer. Jour. Sci.,
2−25−135, as a "furnace product, formed in smelting copper ores, or iron ores containing copper."(15) It is
said to be fraudulent.

According to Ehrenburg, the substance reported by Capt. Callam to have fallen upon his vessel, near Java,
"offered complete resemblance to the residue resulting from combustion of a steel wire in a flask of oxygen."
(Zurcher, "Meteors," p. 239.)(16) Nature, Nov. 21, 1878, publishes a notice that, according to the Yuma
Sentinel, a meteorite that "resembles steel" had been found in the Mohave Desert.(17) In Nature, Feb. 15,
1894, we read that one of the meteorites brought to the United States by Peary, from Greenland, is of
tempered steel.(18) The opinion is that meteoric iron had fallen in water or snow, quickly cooling and
hardening. This does not apply to composition. Nov. 5, 1908, Nature publishes a notice of a paper by Prof.
Berwerth, of Vienna, upon "the close connection between meteoric iron and steel−works' steel."(19)

At the meeting of Nov. 24, 1906, of the Essex Field Club, was exhibited a piece of metal said to have fallen
from the sky, Oct. 9, 1906, at Braintree. According to the Essex Naturalist, Dr. Fletcher, of the British
Museum, had declared this metal to be smelted iron −− "so that the mystery of the reported `fall' remained
unexplained."(20)

1. W.H.C.B. "A strange phenomenon." Nature, 25 (March 9, 1882): 437.

2. George Ludwig Hartwig. Aerial World. London: (1824), 1875 ed., 319−20. As follows:

"The rare phenomena of luminous rain, hail, or snow, also belong to the domain of electricity. In 1761 the
famous Swedish naturalist Bergmann wrote to the Royal Society of London that he had twice witnessed a
rain, unattended by thunder, which emitted sparks as it fell, so that the ground seemed covered with glowing
waves.

"Luminous snow was seen by Forskall on April 22, 1759, at Upsala, and the same phenomenon occurred on
Loch Aire, in Argyleshire, in March 1823; and on January 25, 1822, near Freiberg, in Saxony, when it was
witnessed in two different places.

"Luminous dust has likewise been observed. During the eruption of Vesuvius in 1794, the extremely fine dust
which fell upon the town of Naples emitted a weak but clearly discernable phosphoric gleam. An English
gentleman who was at the time in a boat near Torre del Greco, remarked that his hat and those of the sailors,
as well as those parts of the sail on which the dust had collected, emitted a similar faint glimmering of light."

3. O. Jesse. "Die leuchtenden Nachtwolken." Himmel und Erde, 1 (February 1889): 263−86. As examples,
the luminous cloud see from Berlin and Potsdam on July 6, 1887, was estimated to be 75 kilometers in
altitude, (p. 267); and, Jesse notes the hypotheses that these clouds may have originated from solar or
planetary atmospheres, comets, or interplanetary gases put forward by William Siemens, Encke, and Gesetze,
(p. 275).

4. This should be spelt "Jesuitism."

5. Charles Darwin. The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection. 6th ed. New York: Rand, McNally
Co., 1872, 106−8. Darwin, with regard to the Mammoth Cave in Kentucky, writes: "By the time that an
animal had reached, after numberless generations, the deepest recesses, disuse will on this view have more or
less perfectly obliterated its eyes...." According to this same logic of "Natural Selection," deep−sea fish
species should be blind in the absence of any surface light, (like those in the Mammoth Cave), whereas many
of them possess limited vision and luminous organs.

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6. E. Acharius. J.C. Hauff, trans. "Account of an extraordinary meteoric phenomenon." North American
Review, 3 (1816): 320−2. For the original article: Erik Acharius. "Besynnerligt meteor phenomén."
Handlingar Svenska Venetskap Akademein, 1808, 215−8.

7. George C. Simpson. "Atmospheric electricity." Monthly Weather Review, 34 (January 1906): 16−7.
Correct quote: "As to what globe lightning is...."

8. "Ball lightning." Monthly Weather Review, 33 (September 1905): 409.

9. Ami Daniel Felix Sestier. De la Foudre, de Ses Formes, et de Ses Effets.... Paris: J.B. Baillière et fils, 1866,
v.1, 167. Sestier only mentions 130 instances of ball lightning.

10. "Rare electrical phenomenon at sea." Monthly Weather Review, 15 (March 1887): 84. Correct quote:
"The ball fell into the water very close alongside the vessel with a roar, and caused the sea to make
tremendous breakers which swept over the vessel. A suffocating atmosphere prevailed, and the perspiration
ran down every person's face on board and caused everyone to gasp for fresh air. Immediately after this solid
lumps of ice fell on deck, and everything on deck and in the rigging became iced, notwithstanding that the
thermometer registered 19 Centigrade."

11. Thomas Maclear. "An account of the fall of a meteoric stone in the Cold Bokkeveld, Cape of Good
Hope." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, 129 (1839): 83−4. This meteorite is now
identified as the Cold Bokkeveld.

12. W.G. Brown. "Explosive hail." Nature, 88 (January 11, 1912): 350. The University of Missouri is located
at Columbia; and, Brown's earlier observation was made at Lexington, Virginia, (not in Kentucky).

13. "Structure of hailstones." Monthly Weather Review, 33 (October 1905): 445.

14. C.F. Rammelsberg. "On some North American meteorites." American Journal of Science, s.2, 34 (1862):
297−8.

15. A.A. Hayes. "On the supposed meteorite from Marblehead." American Journal of Science, s.2, 25 (1858):
135. The object was not called fraudulent, but its status was demeaned by "supposed" and the "negative
evidence" of its meteoric origin.

16. Frédéric Zurcher, and, Elie Margollé. Meteors, Aërolites, Storms, and Atmospheric Phenomena. New
York: C. Scribner Co., 1871, 238−9. Correct quote: "...from the combustion of a steel wire burned in a flask
full of oxygen...."

17. "Notes." Nature, 19 (November 21, 1878): 59−62, at 61. Correct quote: "...resembled steel...."

18. "A tempered steel meteorite." Nature, 49 (February 15, 1894): 372.

19. "Meteoric iron and artificial steel." Nature, 79 (November 5, 1908): 20. For the original article: Frederick
Berwerth. "Steel and meteoric iron." Journal of the Iron and Steel Institute, 75 (1907): 37−51.

20. "Reputed meteorite." Essex Naturalist, 14 (January 1907): 272−3.

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Chapter XXIV

WE shall have an outcry of silences. If a single instance of anything be disregarded by a System −− our own
attitude is that a single instance is a powerless thing. Of course our own method of agreement of many
instances is not a real method. In Continuity, all things must have resemblances with all other things.
Anything has any quasi−identity you please. Some time ago conscription was assimilated with either
autocracy or democracy with equal facility. Note the need for a dominant to correlate to. Scarcely anybody
said simply that we must have conscription: but that we must have conscription, which correlates with
democracy, which was taken as a base, or something basically desirable. Of course between autocracy and
democracy nothing but false demarcation can be drawn. So I can conceive of no subject upon which there
should be such poverty as a single instance, if anything one pleases can be whipped into line. However, we
shall try to be more nearly real than the Darwinites who advance concealing coloration as Darwinism, and
then drag in proclaiming luminosity, too, as Darwinism. I think the Darwinites had better come in with us as
to the deep−sea fishes −− and be sorry later, I suppose. It will be amazing or negligible to read all the
instances now to come of things that have been seen in the sky, and to think that all have been disregarded.
My own opinion is that it is not possible, or very easy, to disregard them, now that they have been brought
together −− but that, if prior to about this time we had attempted such as assemblage, the Old Dominant
would have withered our typewriter −− as it is the letter "e" has gone back on us, and the "s" is
temperamental.

"Most extraordinary and singular phenomenon," North Wales, Aug. 26, 1894; a disk from which projected an
orange−colored body that looked like "an elongated flatfish," reported by Admiral Ommanney (Nature,
50−524); disk from which projected a hook−like form, India, about 1838; diagram of it given, disk about size
of the moon, but brighter than the moon, visible about twenty minutes; by G. Pettit, in Prof. Baden−Powell's
Catalogue (Rept. Brit. Assoc., 1849); very brilliant hook−like form, seen in the sky at Poland, Trumbull Co.,
Ohio, during the stream of meteors, of 1833; visible more than an hour: also, large luminous body, almost
stationary "for a time," shaped like a square table, Niagara Falls, Nov. 13, 1833 (Amer. Jour. Sci.,
1−25−391); something described as a bright white cloud, at night, Nov. 3, 1886, at Hamar, Norway; from it
were emitted rays of light; drifted across the sky; "retained throughout its original form" (Nature, Dec. 16,
1886−158); thing with an oval nucleus, and streamers with dark bands and lines very suggestive of structure;
New Zealand, May 4, 1888 (Nature, 42−402); luminous object, size of full moon, visible an hour and a half,
Chili, Nov. 5, 1883 (Comptes Rendus, 103−682); bright object near sun, Dec. 21, 1882 (Knowledge, 3−13);
light that looked like a great flame, far out at sea, off Ryook Phyoo, Dec. 2, 1845 (London Roy. Soc. Proc.,
5−627); something like a gigantic trumpet, suspended, vertical, oscillating gently, visible five or six minutes,
length estimated at 425 feet, at Oaxaca, Mexico, July 6, 1874 (Sci. Am. Supp., 6−2365); two luminous
bodies, seemingly united, visible five or six minutes, January 3, 1898 (La Nature, 1898−1−127); thing with a
tail, crossing moon, transit half a minute, Sept. 26, 1870 (London Times, Sept. 30, 1870); object four or five
times size of the moon, moving slowly across sky, Nov. 1, 1885, near Adrianople (L'Astronomie, 1886−309);
large body, colored red, moving slowly, visible 15 minutes, reported by Coggia, Marseilles, Aug. 1, 1871
(Chemical News, 24−193); details of this observation, and similar observation by Guillemin, and other
instances by de Fonville (Comptes Rendus, 73−297, 755); thing that was large and that was stationary twice
in seven minutes, Oxford, Nov. 19, 1847, listed by Lowe (Rec. Sci., 1−136); grayish object that looked to be
about three and a half feet long, rapidly approaching the earth at Saarbruck, April 1, 1826; sound like
thunder; object expanding like a sheet (Amer. Jour. Sci., 1−26−133; Quar. Jour. Roy. Inst., 24−488); report
by an astronomer, N.S. Drayton, upon an object duration of which seemed to him extraordinary, duration
three−quarters of a minute, Jersey City, July 6, 1882 (Scientific American, 47−53); object like a comet, but
with proper motion of 10 degrees an hour; visible one hour; reported by Purine and Glancy from the Cordoba
Observatory, Argentine, March 14, 1916 (Scientific American, 115−493); something like a signal light,
reported by Glaisher, Oct. 4, 1844; bright as Jupiter, "sending out quick flickering waves of light" (Year
Book of Facts, 1845−278).(1)

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I think that with the object known as Eddie's "comet," passes away the last of our susceptibility to the
common fallacy of personifying. It is one of the most deep−rooted of the positivist illusions −− that people
are persons. We have been guilty too often of spleens and spites and ridicules against astronomers, as if they
were persons, or final unities, individuals, completenesses, or selves −− instead of indeterminate parts. But,
so long as we remain in quasi−existence, we can cast out illusion only with some other illusion, though the
other illusion may approximate higher to reality. So we personify no more −− but we super−personify. We
now take into full acceptance our expression that Development is an Autocracy of Successive Dominants −−
which are not final −− but which approximate higher to individuality or self−ness, than do the human
tropisms that irresponsibly correlate to them.

Eddie reported a celestial object, from the Observatory at Grahamstown, South Africa. It was in 1890. The
New Dominant was only heir presumptive then, or heir apparent but not obvious. The thing that Eddie
reported might as well have been reported by a night watchman, who had looked up through an unplaced
sewer pipe.

It did not correlate.

The thing was not admitted to Monthly Notices. I think myself that if the Editor had attempted to let it in −−
earthquake −− or a mysterious fire in his publishing house.

The Dominants are jealous gods.

In Nature, presumably a vassal of the new god, though of course also plausibly rendering homage to the old,
is reported a comet−like body, of Oct. 27, 1890, observed at Grahamstown, by Eddie. It may have looked
comet−like, but it moved 100 degrees while visible, or one hundred degrees in three−quarters of an hour. See
Nature, 43−89, 90.(2)

In Nature, 44−519, Prof. Copeland describes a similar appearance that he had seen, Sept. 10, 1891.(3) Dreyer
says (Nature, 44−541), that he had seen this object at the Armagh Observatory.(4) He likens it to the object
that was reported by Eddie. It was seen by Dr. Alexander Graham Bell, Sept. 11, 1891, in Nova Scotia.(5)

But the Old Dominant was a jealous god.

So there were different observations upon something that was seen in November, 1883. These observations
were Philistines in 1883. In the Amer. Met. Jour., 1−110, a correspondent reports having seen an object like a
comet, with two tails, one up and one down, Nov. 10 or 12, 1883.(6) Very likely this phenomenon should be
placed in our expression upon torpedo−shaped bodies that have been seen in the sky −− our data upon
dirigibles, or super−Zeppelins −− but our attempted classifications are far from rigorous −− or are mere
gropes. In the Scientific American, 50−40, a correspondent writes from Humacao, Porto Rico, that, Nov. 21,
1883, he and several other −− persons −− or persons, as it were −− had seen a majestic appearance, like a
comet.(7) Visible three successive nights: disappeared then. The Editor says that he can offer no explanation.
If accepted, this thing must have been close to the earth. If it had been a comet, it would have been seen
widely, and the news would have been telegraphed over the world, says the Editor. Upon page 97 of this
volume of Scientific American, a correspondent writes that, at Sulphur Springs, Ohio, he had seen "a wonder
in the sky," at about the same date.(8) It was torpedo−shaped, or something with a nucleus, at each end of
which was a tail. Again the Editor says that he can offer no explanation: that the object was not a comet. He
associates it with the atmospheric events general in 1883. But it will be our expression that, in England and
Holland, a similar object was seen in November, 1882.

In the Scientific American, 40−294, is published a letter from Henry Harrison, of Jersey City, copied from
the N.Y. Tribune: that upon the evening of April 13, 1879, Mr. Harrison was searching for Brorsen's comet,

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when he saw an object that was moving so rapidly that it could not have been a comet.(9) He called a friend
to look, and his observation was confirmed. At two o'clock in the morning this object was still visible. In the
Scientific American Supplement, 7−2885, Mr. Harrison disclaims sensationalism, which he seems to think
unworthy, and gives technical details: he says that the object was seen by Mr. J. Spencer Devoe, of
Manhattenville.(10)

1. Erasmus Ommanney. "Extraordinary phenomenon." Nature, 50 (September 27, 1894): 524. For an earlier
report of a similar observation at Gloucester, of the above phenomenon observed at Llanberis, Wales: John
W. Earle. "A remarkable meteor." Nature, 50 (September 6, 1894): 452. Baden Powell. "A catalogue of
observations of luminous meteors." Annual Report of the British Association for the Advancement of
Science, 1849, 1−53, at 2, 44. The name is G. Pettitt, not Pettit. Denison Olmsted. "Observation on the
meteors of November 13th, 1833." American Journal of Science, s.1, 25 (1834): 363−411, at 391. "Notes."
Nature, 35 (December 16, 1886): 157−9, at 159. "Notes." Nature, 42 (August 21, 1890): 401−3, at 403. Nil
Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld. "Analyse d'une poussière cosmique sur les Crodillères, près San Fernando (Chili)."
Comptes Rendus, 103 (October 18, 1886): 682−6. J.E. Gore. "Bright star near the sun." Knowledge, 3
(January 5, 1883): 13. This article refers to an earlier report: Knowledge, 2 (December 29, 1882): 489, c.v.
"Science and art gossip." "Extracts of letters from Captain Williams...." Proceedings of the Royal Society of
London, 5, 627. "Ryook Phyoo," in British Aracan, is now identified as Kyaukpyu, Myanmar (Burma). The
flame was believed to be either a volcano or a large ship on fire; but, no volcanic eruptions are known in this
area at this time, and apparently no ships were reported lost. "An aerial meteorite." Scientific American
Supplement, 6 (1878): 2365. "Bolide extraordinaire." Nature (Paris), 1898, 1 (January 22): 127. "Meteor."
London Times, September 30, 1870, p.9 c.4. The object was observed to move from Vega to Epsilon Lyrae,
not across the Moon. "Bolides ou foudre en boule?" Astronomie, 5 (1886): 309. "Extraordinary meteor seen
at Marseilles." Chemical News, 24 (October 20, 1871): 193. For the original articles: Coggia. "Bolide
extraordinaire observé à Marseille." Cosmos: Les Mondes, 25 (September 28, 1871): 716−7. Coggia.
"Observation d'un bolide faite à l'Observatoire de Marseille." Comptes Rendus, 73 (1871): 397. Not only did
Coggia's bolide travel slowly, it stopped in the constellation of Capricorn before changing the direction of its
movement. W. De Fonvielle. "Sur quelques apparitions analogues à celles du bolide de Marseille." Comptes
Rendus, 73 (1871): 513−4. The records of observations of meteors cited by De Fonvielle include: one of 45
seconds duration, on September 4, 1848, by Lowe, at Nottingham; one of 150 seconds duration, on February
5, 1850, by W.H. Weekes, (as "Welkes"); one of more than 60 seconds duration, on the night of August
10−11, 1849, by Lowe, (as "Laude"), at Nottingham; and, one of 450 seconds duration, on July 9, 1686, by
Kirch, at Leipzig. The meteor observed by Lowe on September 4, 1848, left a "streak of blue light," and this
trail was indicated to have "lasted 3/4 min. before it finally vanished." None of the meteors observed by
Lowe, at Nottingham, and by W.R. Birt, at Bethnal Green, London, during the meteor shower of August
10−11, 1849, were said to persist for a minute; however, both observers noted that second meteors appeared
to follow the same path as the first meteor observed as long as two minutes or as little as a few seconds later;
for example, Birt reports: "b No. 5. Within a very short interval, I should say less than a minute, another
meteor, of precisely the same size and exhibiting precisely the same characters in every respect, not one
excepted, appeared just beyond the point of disappearance of b No. 4. Its path appeared to be a prolongation
of that of b No. 4, and it disappeared in exactly the same manner...." Baden Powell. "A catalogue of
observations of luminous meteors." Annual Report of the British Association for the Advancement of
Science, 1849; 1−53, at 14, 25−9, 48−53. At Sandwich, Kent, on February 5, 1850, Weekes observed a
meteor, which was stationary in the sky west of Orion and which grew from a speck of light to a "red−hot
iron ball" with about a third of the moon's diameter; the meteor appeared "stationary at first, for 1 min. 45
secs., till explosion, after which main body slowly moved horizontally for 45 secs."; though the path of the
"main body" was parallel to the horizon to the east, a shower of fiery red fragments "descended
perpendicularly to the earth"; and, this "brillliant shower of variegated fire" remained visible "fully 3 minutes
after the primary body had disappeared." Baden Powell. "On observations of luminous meteors." Annual
Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, 1851; 1−52, at 2−3, 38. Halley writes, of
Gottfreid Kirch's observation, thus: "And though the Observer says of it, immotus perstitit per

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semi−quadrantem horæ; 'tis not to be understood that it kept its Place like a Fixt Star, all the time of its
Appearance; but that it had no very remarkable progressive motion." Edmund Halley. "An account of several
extraordinary meteors or lights in the sky." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, 29
(October−December 1714; n.341): 159−64, at 163. Am. Guillemin. "Sur deux observations qui paraissent
offrir quelque analogie avec celle du météore signalé récemment par M. Coggia." Comptes Rendus, 73
(1871): 755−6. Guillemin provides no duration nor the date of an object seen over Paris in 1853; and, he
claims "a globe of fire" was observed over Kilkenny, Ireland, for an hour, on December 26, 1737. However,
the date of this observation was December 5, 1737, (not December 26); on this date, a red−coloured auroral
display was observed across much of Europe, from Italy to Scotland; and, it is described thus: "This same
Phænomenon was of great Extent in the Northern Parts of Europe; and at Kilkenny in Ireland, was seen
somewhat like a Globe of Fire suspended in the Air for near space of an Hour; which then bursting, spread
Flames around on every Side." Thomas Stack. "An account of a book intitled, Observationes de Aere Morbis
Epidemicis...." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, 40 (December 1738; n.451):
429−40, at 437−8. "A collection of the observations of the remarkable red light seen in the air on Dec. 5,
1737, sent from different places to the Royal Society." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of
London, 41 (January−March 1741; n.459): 583−606. E.J. Lowe. "Meteors, or falling stars." Recreative
Science, 1 (1860): 130−8, at 136. Denison Olmsted. "Observation on the meteors of November 13th, 1833."
American Journal of Science, s.1, 26 (1834): 132−74, at 133. "Remarkable meteoric phenomenon, described
by Chladni." Quarterly Journal of the Royal Institute of Great Britain, n.s., 2, 288. N.S. Drayton. "A supposed
meteor." Scientific American, n.s., 47 (July 22, 1882): 53. "Comet or meteor?" Scientific American, n.s., 115
(December 2, 1916): 493. The object was observed by Perrine, (not Purine), and Glancy on May 4, 1916, not
on March 14. "Astronomical puzzle." Timb's Year−Book of Facts in Science and Art, 1843, 278−9.

2. "A new comet(?)" Nature, 43 (November 27, 1890): 89−90. "A new comet." London Times, November 24,
1890, p. 6 c. 2.

3. Ralph Copeland. "A rare phenomenon." Nature, 44 (September 24, 1891): 494. Fort gives the reference to
three subsequent reports of the phenomenon on September 10 and 11. "A rare phenomenon." Nature, 44
(October 1, 1891): 519.

4. "A rare phenomenon." Nature, 44 (October 8, 1891): 541.

5. Alexander Graham Bell. "A rare phenomenon." Nature, 45 (November 26, 1891): 79.

6. Jacob Rice. Letter. American Meteorological Journal, 1 (July 1884): 110.

7. "A remarkable phenomenon seen in Porto Rico." Scientific American, n.s., 50 (January 19, 1884): 40. The
correspondent wrote from Humacas, Puerto Rico, not from Humacao.

8. "A remarkable phenomenon seen at Sulpur Springs, Ohio." Scientific American, n.s. 50 (February 16,
1884): 97. Correct quote: "...a wonder of the sky...."

9. "A curious astronomical phenomenon." Scientific American, n.s., 40, 294. "A curious phenomenon." New
York Tribune, April 17, 1879, p. 2 c. 3. The object was observed on the night of April 12−13, 1879.

10. Henry Harrison. "The curious astronomical phenomenon." Scientific American Supplement, 7 (June 21,
1879): 2884−5.

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Chapter XXV

A FORMATION having the shape of a dirigible." It was reported from Huntington, West Virginia (Scientific
American, 115−241).(1) Luminous object that was seen July 19, 1916, at about eleven p.m. Observed
through "rather powerful field glasses," it looked to be about two degrees long and half a degree wide. It
gradually dimmed, disappeared, reappeared, and then faded out of sight. Another person −− as we say: it
would be too inconvenient to hold to our intermediatist recognitions −− another person who observed this
phenomenon suggested to the writer of the account that the object was a dirigible, but the writer says that
faint stars could be seen behind it. This would seem really to oppose our notion of a dirigible visitor to this
earth −− except for the inconclusiveness of all things in a mode of seeming that is not final −− or we suggest
that behind some parts of the object, thing, construction, faint stars were seen. We find a slight discussion
here. Prof. H. M. Russell thinks that the phenomenon was a detached cloud of aurora borealis. Upon page 369
of this volume of the Scientific American, another correlator suggests that it was a light from a blast furnace
−− disregarding that, if there be blast furnaces in or near Huntington, their reflections would be
commonplaces there.(2)

We now have several observations upon cylindrical−shaped bodies that have appeared in this earth's
atmosphere: cylindrical, but pointed at both ends, or torpedo−shaped. Some of the accounts are not very
detailed, but out of the bits of description my own acceptance is that super−geographical routes are traversed
by torpedo−shaped super−constructions that have occasionally visited, or that have occasionally been driven
into this earth's atmosphere. From data, the acceptance is that upon entering this earth's atmosphere, these
vessels have been so racked that had they not sailed away, disintegration would have occurred: that, before
leaving this earth, they have, whether in attempted communication or not, or in mere wantonness or not,
dropped objects, which did almost immediately violently disintegrate or explode. Upon general principles we
think that explosives have not been purposely dropped, but that parts have been racked off, and have fallen,
exploding like the things called "ball lightning." May have been objects of stone or metal with inscriptions
upon them, for all we know, at present. In all instances, estimates of dimensions are valueless, but ratios of
dimensions are more acceptable. A thing said to have been six feet long may have been six hundred feet long:
but shape is not so subject to the illusion of distance.

Nature, 40−415:(3)

That, Aug. 5, 1889, following a violent storm, an object that looked to be about 15 inches long and 5 inches
wide, fell, rather slowly, at East Twickenham, England. It exploded. No substance from it was found.

L'Année Scientifique, 1864−54:(4)

That, Oct. 10, 1864, M. Leverrier had sent to the Academy three letters from witnesses of a long luminous
body, tapering at both ends, that had been seen in the sky.

In Thunder and Lightning, p. 87, Flammarion says that on Aug. 20, 1880, during a rather violent storm, M. A.
Trécul, of the French Academy, saw a very brilliant yellowish−white body, apparently 35 to 40 centimeters
long, and about 25 centimeters wide.(5) Torpedo−shaped. Or a cylindrical body, "with slightly conical ends."
It dropped something, and disappeared in the clouds. Whatever it may have been that was dropped, it fell
vertically, like a heavy object, and left a luminous train. The scene of this occurrence may have been far from
the observer. No sound was heard. For M. Trécul's account, see Comptes Rendus, 103−849.(6)

Monthly Weather Review, 1907−310:(7)

That, July 2, 1907, in the town of Burlington, Vermont, a terrific explosion had been heard throughout the

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city. A ball of light, or a luminous object, had been seen to fall from the sky −− or from a torpedo−shaped
thing, or construction, in the sky. No one had seen this thing that had exploded fall from a larger body that
was in the sky −− but if we accept that at the same time there was a larger body in the sky −−

My own acceptance is that a dirigible in the sky, or a construction that showed every sign of disrupting, had
barely time to drop −− whatever it did drop −− and to speed away to safety above.

The following story is told, in the Review, by Bishop John S. Michaud:

"I was standing on the corner of Church and College Streets, just in front of the Howard Bank, and facing
east, engaged in conversa− tion with Ex−Governor Woodbury and Mr. A. A. Buell, when, without the
slightest indication, or warning, we were startled by what sounded like a most unusual and terrific explosion,
evidently very nearby. Raising my eyes, and looking eastward along College Street, I observed a
torpedo−shaped body, some 300 feet away, stationary in appearance, and suspended in the air, about 50 feet
above the tops of the buildings. In size it was about 6 feet long by 8 inches in diameter, the shell, or covering,
having a dark appearance, with here and there tongues of fire issuing from spots on the surface, resembling
red−hot, unburnished copper. Although stationary when first noticed, this object soon began to move, rather
slowly, and disappeared over Dolan Brothers' store, southward. As it moved, the covering seemed rupturing
in places, and through these the intensely red flames issued."

Bishop Michaud attempts to correlate it with meteorological observations.

Because of the nearby view this is perhaps the most remarkable of the new correlates, but the correlate now
coming is extraordinary because of the great number of recorded observations upon it. My own acceptance is
that, upon Nov. 17, 1882, a vast dirigible crossed England, but by the definiteness−indefiniteness of all things
quasi−real, some observations upon it can be correlated with anything one pleases.

E. W. Maunder, invited by the Editors of the Observatory to write some reminiscences for the 500th number
of their magazine, gives one that he says stands out (Observatory, 39−214).(8) It is upon something that he
terms "a strange celestial visitor." Maunder was at the Royal Observatory, Greenwich, Nov. 17, 1882, at
night. There was an aurora, without features of special interest. In the midst of the aurora, a great circular disk
of greenish light appeared and moved smoothly across the sky. But the circularity was evidently the effect of
foreshortening. The thing passed above the moon, and was, by other observers, described as "cigar−shaped,"
"like a torpedo," "a spindle," "a shuttle." The idea of foreshortening is not mine: Maunder says this. He says:
"Had the incident occurred a third of a century later, beyond doubt everyone would have selected the same
simile −− it would have been `just like a Zeppelin.'" The duration was about two minutes. Color said to have
been the same as that of the auroral glow in the north. Nevertheless, Maunder says that this thing had no
relation to auroral phenomena. "It appeared to be a definite body." Motion too fast for a cloud, but "nothing
could well be more unlike the rush of a great meteor." In the Philosophical Magazine, 5−15−318, J. Rand
Capron, in a lengthy paper, alludes throughout to this phenomenon as an "auroral beam," but he lists many
observations upon its "torpedo−shape," and one observation upon a "dark nucleus" in it −− host of most
confusing observations −− estimates of heights between 40 and 200 miles −− observations in Holland and
Belgium.(9) We are told that according to Capron's spectroscopic observations the phenomenon was nothing
but a beam of auroral light. In the Observatory, 6−192, is Maunder's contemporaneous account.(10) He gives
apparent approximate length and breadth at twenty−seven degrees and three degrees and a half. He gives
other observations seeming to indicate structure −− "remarkable dark marking down the center."

In Nature, 27−84, Capron says that because of the moonlight he had been able to do little with the
spectroscope.(11)

Color white, but aurora rosy (Nature, 27−87).(12)

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245

Bright stars seen through it, but not at the zenith, where it looked opaque. This is the only assertion of
transparency (Nature, 27−87). Too slow for a meteor, but too fast for a cloud (Nature, 27−86). "Surface had a
mottled appearance" (Nature, 27−87).(13) "Very definite in form, like a torpedo" (Nature, 27−100).(14)
"Probably a meteoric object" (Dr. Groneman, Nature, 27−296).(15) Technical demonstration by Dr.
Groneman, that it was a cloud of meteoric matter (Nature, 28−105).(16) See Nature, 27−315, 338, 365, 388,
412, 434.(17)

"Very little doubt it was an electric phenomenon" (Proctor, Knowledge, 2−419).(18)

In the London Times, Nov. 20, 1882, the Editor says that he had received a great number of letters upon this
phenomenon. He publishes two.(19) One correspondent describes it as "well−defined and shaped like a
fish...extraordinary and alarming." The other correspondent writes of it as "a most magnificent luminous
mass, shaped somewhat like a torpedo."

1. Walter H. Eagle. "An unusual aurora." Scientific American, n.s., 115 (September 9, 1916): 241. Correct
quotes: "The formation, having the shape...," and, "...rather powerful field glass...."

2. Elmer Harrold. "Another explanation." Scientific American, n.s., 115 (October 21, 1916): 369.

3. A.T. Hare. "Globular lightning." Nature, 40 (August 29, 1889): 415.

4. "Les pierres tombées du ciel. −− Aérolithe du 14 mai 1864." Année Scientifique et Industrielle, 9 (1864):
39−59, at 54.

5. Nicholas Camille Flammarion. Thunder and Lightning. 87. The observation was made on August 25, 1880,
not on August 20.

6. A. Trécul. "Rappel de l'observation d'une matière incandescente, en fusion, tombée d'un nuage orageux; à
l'occasion de la dernière note de M. St. Meunier." Comptes Rendus, 103 (1886): 848−50. For the original
report: A. Trécul. "Cas remarquable de tonnerre en boule; éclairs diffus voisons de la surface du sol."
Comptes Rendus, 92 (1881): 775−7.

7. William H. Alexander. "A possible case of ball lightning." Monthly Weather Review, 35 (July 1907):
310−11. Correct quote: "...the shell or cover having a dark appearance...."

8. E. Walter Maunder. "A strange celestial visitor." Observatory, 39 (1916): 213−4.

9. J. Rand Capron. "The auroral beam of November 17, 1882." Philosophical Magazine, s.5, 15 (1883):
318−39, at 320−324, 328. Torpedo−shape is not quoted, as such; and, the "dark nucleus" was observed by
William Munro, at Chatham.

10. E. Walter Maunder. "The auroral beam of 1882, November 17." Observatory, 6 (1883): 192−3. The
breadth given was twenty−three−and−a−third degrees. Correct quote: "Prof. Oudemans noticed a remarkable
dark marking, 10 in length, down its centre...."

11. "The magnetic storm and aurora." Nature, 27 (November 23, 1882): 82−7, at 84.

12. "The magnetic storm and aurora." Nature, 27 (November 23, 1882): 82−7, at 87, c.v. "A.S.P."

13. "The magnetic storm and aurora." Nature, 27 (November 23, 1882): 82−7; at 87, c.v. W. Makeig Jones; at
86, c.v. Stephen H. Saxby; at 87, c.v. John L. Dobson.

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246

14. "The aurora." Nature, 27 (November 30, 1882): 99−100, at 100, c.v. Alfred Batson.

15. H.J.H. Groneman. "Remarks on and observations of the meteoric auroral phenomenon of November 17,
1882." Nature, 27 (January 25, 1883): 296−8, at 296.

16. H.J.H. Groneman. "The true orbit of the auroral meteoroid of November 17, 1882." Nature, 28 (May 31,
1883): 105−7.

17. "The aurora of November 17, 1882." Nature, 27 (February 1, 1883): 315. Stephen H. Saxby. "Meteor of
November 17." Nature, 27 (February 8, 1883): 338. H. Dennis Taylor. "Meteor of November 17." Nature, 27
(February 15, 1883): 365. H.J.H. Groneman. "The auroral meteoric phenomenon of November 17, 1882."
Nature, 27 (February 22, 1883): 388. "The auroral meteoric phenomenon of November 17, 1882." Nature, 27
(March 1, 1883): 412−3. H. Dennis Taylor. "The meteoroid of November 17, 1882." Nature, 27 (March 8,
1883): 434.

18. "The aurora." Knowledge, 2 (November 24, 1882): 419−20.

19. "Meteor." London Times, November 20, 1882, p.6 c.6.

Chapter XXVI

NOTES and Queries, 5−3−306:(1)

About 8 lights that were seen in Wales, over an area of about 8 miles, all keeping their own ground, whether
moving together perpendicularly, horizontally, or over a zigzag course. They looked like electric lights −−
disappearing, reappearing dimly, then shining as bright as ever. "We have seen them three or four at a time
afterward, on four or five occasions."

London Times, Oct. 5, 1877:(2)

"From time to time the West Coast of Wales seems to have been the scene of mysterious lights....And now
we have a statement from Towyn that within the last few weeks lights of various colors have frequently been
seen moving over the estuary of the Dysynni river, and out to sea. They are generally in a northerly direction,
but sometimes they hug the shore, and move at a high velocity for miles toward Aberdovey, and suddenly
disappear."

L'Année Scientifique, 1877−45:(3)

Lights that appeared in the sky, above Vence, France, March 23, 1877; described as balls of fire of dazzling
brightness; appeared from a cloud about a degree in diameter; moved relatively slowly. They were visible
more than an hour, moving northward. It is said that eight or ten years before similar lights or objects had
been seen in the sky, at Vence.

London Times, Sept. 19, 1848:(4)

That, at Inverness, Scotland, two large, bright lights that looked like stars had been seen in the sky:
sometimes stationary, but occasionally moving at high velocity.

L'Année Scientifique, 1888−66:(5)

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247

Observed near St. Petersburg, July 30, 1880, in the evening: a large spherical light and two smaller ones,
moving along a ravine: visible three minutes; disappearing without noise.

Nature, 35−173:(6)

That, at Yloilo, Sept. 30, 1886, was seen a luminous object the size of the full moon. It "floated" slowly
"northward," followed by smaller ones close to it.

"The False Lights of Durham."

Every now and then in the English newspapers, in the middle of the nineteenth century, there is something
about lights that were seen against the sky, but as if not far above land, oftenest upon the coast of Durham.
They were mistaken for beacons by sailors. Wreck after wreck occurred. The fishermen were accused of
displaying false lights and profiting by wreckage. The fishermen answered that mostly only old vessels,
worthless except for insurance, were so wrecked.

In 1866 (London Times, Jan. 9, 1866) popular excitement became intense.(7) There was an investigation.
Before a commission, headed by Admiral Collinson, testimony was taken. One witness described the light
that had deceived him as "considerably elevated above ground." No conclusion was reached: the light were
called "the mysterious lights." But whatever the "false lights of Durham" may have been, they were
unaffected by the investigation. In 1867, the Tyne Pilotage Board took the matter up. Opinion of the Mayor
of Tyne −− "a mysterious affair."(8)

In the Report of the British Association, 1877−152, there is a description of a group of "meteors" that
traveled with "remarkable slowness."(9) They were in sight about three minutes. "Remarkable," it seems is
scarcely strong enough: one reads of "remarkable" as applied to a duration of three seconds. These "meteors"
had another peculiarity; they left no train. They are described as "seemingly huddled together like a flock of
wild geese, and moving with the same velocity and grace of regularity."

Jour. Roy. Astro. Soc. of Canada, Nov. and Dec., 1913:(10)

That, according to many observations collected by Prof. Chant, of Toronto, there appeared, upon the night of
Feb. 9, 1913, a spectacle that was seen in Canada, the United States, and at sea, and in Bermuda. A luminous
body was seen. To it there was a long tail. The body grew rapidly larger. "Observers differ as to whether the
body was single, or was composed of three or four parts, with a tail to each part." The group, or complex
structure, moved with a "peculiar, majestic dignified deliberation." "It disappeared in the distance, and
another group emerged from its place of origin. Onward they moved, at the same deliberate pace, in twos or
threes or fours." They disappeared. A third group, or a third structure, followed.

Some observers compared the spectacle to a fleet of airships: others to battleships attended by cruisers and
destroyers.

According to one writer:

"There were probably 30 or 32 bodies, and the peculiar thing about them was their moving in fours and threes
and twos, abreast of one another; and so perfect was the lining up that you would have thought it was an
aerial fleet maneuvering after rigid drilling."

Nature, May 25, 1893:(11)

A letter from Capt. Charles J. Norcock, of the H. M. S. Caroline:

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248

That, upon the 24th of February, 1893, at 10 p. m., between Shanghai and Japan, the officer of the watch had
reported "some unusual lights."

They were between the ship and a mountain. The mountain was about 6,000 feet high. The lights seemed to
be globular. They moved sometimes massed, but sometimes strung out in an irregular line. They bore
"northward," until lost to sight. Duration two hours.

The next night the lights were seen again.

They were, for a time, eclipsed by a small island. They bore north at about the same speed and in about the
same direction as the speed and direction of the Caroline. But they were lights that cast a reflection: there was
a glare upon the horizon under them. A telescope brought out but few details: that they were reddish, and
seemed to emit a faint smoke. This time the duration was seven and a half hours.

Then Capt. Norcock says that, in the same general locality, and at about the same time, Capt. Castle, of the H.
M. S. Leander, had seen lights. He altered his course and had made toward them. The lights had fled from
him. At least, they had moved higher in the sky.

Monthly Weather Review, March, 1904−115:(12)

Report from the observations of three members of his crew by Lieut. Frank H. Schofield, U. S. N., of the U.
S. S. Supply:

Feb. 28, 1904. Three luminous objects, of different sizes, the largest having an apparent area of about six
suns. When first sighted, they were not very high. They were below clouds of an estimated height of about
one mile.

They fled, or they evaded, or they turned.

They went up into the clouds below which they had, at first, been sighted.

Their unison of movement.

But they were of different sizes, and of different susceptibilities to all forces of this earth and of the air.

Monthly Weather Review, Aug., 1898−358:(13)

Two letters from C. N. Crotsenburg, Crow Agency, Montana:

That, in the summer of 1896, when this writer was a railroad postal clerk −− or one who was experienced in
train−phenomena −− while his train was going "northward," from Trenton, Mo., he and another clerk saw, in
the darkness of a heavy rain, a light that appeared to be round, and of a dull−rose color, and seemed to be
about a foot in diameter. It seemed to float within a hundred feet of the earth, but soon rose high, or "midway
between horizon and zenith." The wind was quite strong from the east, but the light held a course almost due
north.

Its speed varied. Sometimes it seemed to outrun the train "considerably." At other times it seemed to fall
behind. The mail clerks watched until the town of Linville, Iowa, was reached. Behind the depot of this town,
the light disappeared, and was not seen again. All this time there had been rain, but very little lightning, but
Mr. Crotsenburg offers the explanation that it was "ball lightning."

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249

The Editor of the Review disagrees. He thinks that the light may have been a reflection from the rain, or fog,
or from leaves of trees, glistening with rain, or the train's light −− not lights.

In the December number of the Review is a letter from Edward M. Boggs −− that the light was a reflection,
perhaps, from the glare −− one light, this time −− from the locomotive's fire box, upon wet telegraph wires
−− an appearance that might not be striated by the wires, but consolidated into one rotundity −− that it had
seemed to oscillate with the undulations of the wires, and had seemed to change horizontal distance with the
varying angles of reflection, and had seemed to advance or fall behind, when the train rounded curves.(14)

All of which is typical of the best quasi−reasoning. It includes and assimilates diverse data: but it excludes
that which will destroy it:

That, acceptably, the telegraph wires were alongside the track beyond, as well as leading to Linville.

Mr. Crotsenburg thinks of "ball lightning," which, though a sore bewilderment to most speculation, is usually
supposed to be a correlate with the old system of thought: but his awareness of "something else" is expressed
in other parts of his letters, when he says that he has something to tell that is "so strange that I should never
have mentioned it, even to my friends, had it not been corroborated...so unreal that I hesitated to speak of it,
fearing that it was some freak of the imagination."

1. A.R. "Strange lights in Wales." Notes and Queries, s.5, 3 (April 17, 1875): 306. Correct quote: "We have
seen three at a time afterwards on four or five occasions."

2. "Mysterious lights." London Times, October 5, 1877, p.10 c.2. Correct quote: "...in a northern direction...."

3. "Éclairs en boule observés à Vence, en Provence." Année Scientifique et Industrielle, 21 (1877): 45−6.

4. "Astronomical discovery." London Times, September 19, 1848, p. 4 c. 5.

5. "Éclairs en boule à Saint−Pétersbourg." Année Scientifique et Industrielle, 32 (1888): 66−7.

6. Thomas Higgin. "Electrical phenomenon." Nature, 35 (December 23, 1886): 173. Correct quote:
"...northwards."

7. "False lights of the Durham coast." London Times, January 9, 1866, p. 10 c. 2. Correct quotes:
"...considerably elevated above the land," "...these mysterious lights...," and, "false lights on the Durham
coast."

8. "The alleged false lights." London Times, January 1, 1868, p. 10 c. 5. "The alleged false lights." London
Times, January 6, 1868, p. 5 c. 5. Mr. Hutchinson, of Whitburn, (not the Mayor of Tyne), "said it was a very
mysterious affair." "The alleged false lights off Whitburn." London Times, January 15, 1868, p. 4 c. 2.

9. Glaisher et al. "Report on observations of luminous meteors during the year 1876−77." Annual Report of
the British Association for the Advancement of Science, 1877, 98−193, at 152. The meteors fell on December
21, 1876, along a path from Kansas to Pennsylvania and Western New York. Correct quote: "A remarkable
feature of the meteoric group was the slowness of its apparent motion; while it was variously estimated, most
of the observers think that its time of flight could not have been less than three minutes."

10. C.A. Chant. "Further information regarding the meteoric display of February 9, 1913." Journal of the
Royal Astronomical Society of Canada, 7 (November and December, 1913): 438−47. No observations at sea
are reported in this article. The following quotations come from a previous article: C.A. Chant. "An

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250

extraordinary meteoric display." Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada, 7 (May and June,
1913): 145−215, at 147−8, 206. Correct quotes: "Some observers state that the body was single, some that it
was composed of two distinct parts and others that there were three parts, all travelling together and each
followed by a long tail...," "Before the astonishment aroused by this first meteor had subsided, other bodies
were seen coming from the north−west, emerging from precisely the same place as the first one." The "one
writer" was J.G. MacArthur, in Toronto, who wrote: "There were 30 or 32 bodies, and the peculiar thing
about them was their moving in fours, three and twos, abreast of one another, and so perfect was the lining up
you would have thought it was an aerial fleet manuvring after rigid drilling."

11. Chas. J. Norcock. "An atmospheric phenomenon in the North China Sea." Nature, 48 (May 25, 1893):
76−7. The observation was made on February 24, 1893, at 32 58' N., 126 33' E., south of Cheju Do (Quelpart
Island); and, the mountain was Halla San (Mount Auckland). Correct quote: "They bore north (magnetic)...."

12. Frank H. Schofield. "Remarkable meteors." Monthly Weather Review, 32 (March 1904): 115.

13. "Ball lightning." Monthly Weather Review, 26 (August 1898): 358. Correct quotes: "...midway between
the horizon and the zenith," "It was so very strange...," and, "...some freak of my imagination."

14. "Not ball lightning." Monthly Weather Review, 26 (December 1898): 565.

Chapter XXVII

VAST and black. The thing that was poised, like a crow over the moon.

Round and smooth. Cannon balls. Things that have fallen from the sky to this earth.

Our slippery brains.

Things like cannon balls have fallen, in storms, upon this earth. Like cannon balls are things that, in storms,
have fallen to this earth.

Showers of blood.

Whatever it may have been, something like red−brick dust, or a red substance in a dried state, fell at
Piedmont, Italy, Oct. 27, 1814 (Electric Magazine, 68−437).(1) A red powder fell, in Switzerland, winter of
1867 (Pop. Sci. Rev., 10−112)−−(2)

That something, far from this earth, had bled −− super−dragon that had rammed a comet −−

Or that there are oceans of blood somewhere in the sky −− substance that dries, and falls in a powder −−
wafts for ages in powdered form −− that there is a vast area that will some day be known to aviators as the
Desert of Blood. We attempt little of super−topography, at present, but Ocean of Blood, or Desert of Blood
−− or both −− Italy is nearest to it −− or to them.

I suspect that there were corpuscles in the substance that fell in Switzerland, but all that could be published in
1867 was that in the substance there was a high proportion of "variously shaped organic matter."(3)

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251

At Giessen, Germany, in 1821, according to the Report of the British Association, 5−2, fell a rain of a
peach−red color.(4) In this rain were flakes of a hyacinthine tint. It is said that this substance was organic: we
are told that it was pyrrhine.

But distinctly enough, we are told of one red rain that it was of corpuscular composition −− red snow, rather.
It fell, March 12, 1876, near the Crystal Palace, London (Year Book of Facts, 1876−89; Nature, 13−414).(5)
As to the "red snow" of polar and mountainous regions, we have no opposition, because that "snow" has
never been seen to fall from the sky: it is a growth of micro−organisms, or of a "protococcus," that spreads
over snow that is on the ground. This time nothing is said of "sand from the Sahara." It is said of the red
matter that fell in London, March 12, 1876, that it was composed of corpuscles −−

Of course:

That they looked like "vegetable cells."

A note:

That nine days before had fallen the red substance −− flesh −− whatever it may have been −− of Bath County,
Kentucky.

I think that a super−egoist, vast, but not so vast as it had supposed, had refused to move to one side for a
comet.

We summarize our general super−geographical expressions:

Gelatinous regions, sulphurous regions, frigid and tropical regions: a region that has been Source of Life
relatively to this earth: regions wherein there is density so great that things from them, entering this earth's
thin atmosphere, explode.

We have had a datum of explosive hailstones. We now have support to the acceptance that they had been
formed in a medium far denser than the air of this earth at sea−level. In the Popular Science News, 22−38, is
an account of ice that had been formed, under great pressure, in the laboratory of the University of
Virginia.(6) When released, and brought into contact with ordinary air, this ice exploded.

And again the flesh−like substance that fell in Kentucky: its flake−like formation. Here is a phenomenon that
is familiar to us: it suggests flattening, under pressure. But the extraordinary inference is −− pressure not
equal on all sides. In the Annual Record of Science, 1873−350, it is said that, in 1873, after a heavy
thunderstorm in Louisiana, a tremendous number of fish scales were found, for a distance of forty miles,
along the banks of the Mississippi River: bushels of them picked up in single places: large scales that were
said to be of the gar fish, a fish that weighs from five to fifty pounds.(7) It seems impossible to accept this
identification: one thinks of a substance that had been pressed into flakes or scales. And round hailstones with
wide thin margins of ice irregularly around them −− still, such hailstones seem to me more like things that
had been stationary: had been held in a field of thin ice. In the Illustrated London News, 34−546, are
drawings of hailstones so margined, as if they had been held in a sheet of ice.(8)

Some day we shall have an expression which will be, to our advanced primitiveness, a great joy:

That devils have visited this earth: foreign devils: human−like beings, with pointed beards: good singers: one
shoe ill−fitting −− but with sulphurous exhalations, at any rate. I have been impressed with the frequent
occurrence of sulphurousness with things that come from the sky. A fall of jagged pieces of ice, Orkney, July
24, 1818 (Trans. Roy. Soc. Edin., 9−187).(9) They had a strong sulphurous odor. And the coke −− or the

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252

substance that looked like coke −− that fell at Mortrée, France, April 24, 1887: with it fell a sulphurous
substance.(10) The enormous round things that rose from the ocean, near the Victoria.(11) Whether we still
accept that they were super−constructions that had come from a denser atmosphere and, in danger of
disruption, had plunged into the ocean for relief, then rising and continuing on their way to Jupiter or Uranus
−− it was reported that they spread a "stench of sulphur." At any rate, this datum of proximity is against the
conventional explanation that these things did not rise from the ocean, but rose far away above the horizon,
with illusion of nearness.

And the things that were seen in the sky July, 1898: I have another note. In Nature, 58−224, a correspondent
writes that, upon July 1, 1898, at Sedberg, he had seen in the sky −− a red object −− or, in his own wording,
something that looked like the red part of a rainbow, about 10 degrees long.(12) But the sky was dark at the
time. The sun had set. A heavy rain was falling.

Throughout this book, the datum that we are most impressed with:

Successive falls.

Or that, if upon one small area, things fall from the sky, and then, later, fall again upon the same small area,
they are not products of a whirlwind, which though sometimes axially stationary, discharges tangentially −−

So the frogs fell at Wigan. I have looked that matter up again. Later more frogs fell.

As to our data of gelatinous substance said to have fallen to this earth with meteorites, it is our expression
that meteorites, tearing through the shaky, protoplasmic seas of Genesistrine −− against which we warn
aviators, or they may find themselves suffocating in a reservoir of life, or stuck like currants in a blanc mange
−− that meteorites detach gelatinous, or protoplasmic, lumps that fall with them.

Now the element of positiveness in our composition yearns for the appearance of completeness.
Super−geographical lakes with fishes in them. Meteorites that plunge through these lakes, on their way to this
earth. The positiveness in our make−up must have expression in at least one record of a meteorite that has
brought down a lot of fishes with it −−

Nature, 3−512:(13)

That, near the bank of a river, in Peru, Feb. 4, 1871, a meteorite fell. "On the spot, it is reported, several dead
fish were found, of different species." The attempt to correlate is −− that the fishes "are supposed to have
been lifted out of the river and dashed against the stones."

Whether this be imaginable or not depends upon each one's own hypnoses.

Nature, 4−169:(14)

That the fishes were found among the fragments of the meteorite.

Popular Science Review, 4−126:(15)

That one day, Mr. L. Le Gould, an Australian scientist, was traveling in Queensland. He saw a tree that had
been broken off close to the ground. Where the tree had been broken was a great bruise. Near by was an
object that "resembled a ten−inch shot."

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253

A good many pages back there was an instance of overshadowing, I think. The little carved stone that fell at
Tarbes is my own choice as the most impressive of our new correlates. It was coated with ice, remember.
Suppose we should sift and sift and discard half the data in this book −− suppose only that one datum should
survive. To call attention to the stone of Tarbes would, in my opinion, be doing well enough, for whatever the
spirit of this book is trying to do. Nevertheless, it seems to me that a datum that preceded it was slightingly
treated.

The disk of quartz, said to have fallen from the sky, after a meteoric explosion:

Said to have fallen at the plantation Bleijendal, Dutch Guiana: sent to the Museum of Leyden by M. van
Sypesteyn, adjutant to the Governor of Dutch Guiana (Notes and Queries, 2−8−92).(16)

And the fragments that fall from super−geographic ice fields: flat pieces of ice with icicles on them. I think
that we did not emphasize enough that, if these structures were not icicles, but crystalline protuberances, such
crystalline formations indicate long suspension quite as notably as would icicles. In the Popular Science
News, 24−34, it is said that in 1869, near Tiflis, fell large hailstones with long

protuberances.(17) "The most remarkable point in connection with the hailstones, is the fact that, judging
from our present knowledge, a very long time must have been occupied in their formation." According to the
Geological Magazine, 7−27, this fall occurred May 27, 1869.(18) The writer in the Geological Magazine says
that of all theories that he had ever heard of, not one could give him light as to this occurrence −− "these
growing crystalline forms must have been suspended a long time" −−

Again and again this phenomenon:

Fourteen days later, at about the same place, more of these hailstones fell.

Rivers of blood that vein albuminous seas, or an egg−like composition, in the incubation of which this earth
is a local center of development −− that there are super−arteries of blood in Genesistrine: that sunsets are
consciousness of them: that they flush the skies with northern lights sometimes: super−embryonic reservoirs
from which life−forms emanate −−

Or that our whole solar system is a living thing: that showers of blood upon this earth are its internal
hemorrhages −−

Or vast living things in the sky, as there are vast living things in the oceans −−

Or some one especial thing: an especial time: an especial place. A thing the size of the Brooklyn Bridge. It's
alive in outer space −− something the size of Central Park kills it −−

It drips.

We think of ice fields above this earth: which do not, themselves, fall to this earth, but from which water does
fall −−

Popular Science News, 35−104:(19)

That, according to Prof. Luigi Palazzo, head of the Italian Meteorological Bureau, upon May 15, 1890, at
Messignadi, Calabria, something the color of fresh blood fell from the sky.

This substance was examined in the public−health laboratories of Rome.

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It was found to be blood.

"The most probably explanation of this terrifying phenomenon is that migratory birds (quails or swallows)
were caught and torn in a violent wind."

So the substance was identified as birds' blood −−

What matters it what the microscopists of Rome said −− or had to say −− and what matters it that we point
out that there is no assertion that there was a violent wind at the time −− and that such a substance would be
almost infinitely dispersed in a violent wind −− that no bird was said to have fallen from the sky −− or said to
have been seen in the sky −− that not a feather of a bird is said to have been seen −−

This one datum:

The fall of blood from the sky −−

But later, in the same place, blood again fell from the sky.

1. Fort marked "X" in the margin next to this paragraph to indicate the error in the serial, being the Eclectic
Magazine, not the "Electric Magazine." Edwin Dunkin. "Colored rain and snow." Eclectic Magazine, 68,
435−40, at 437.

2. "Meteoric dust in snow." Popular Science Review, o.s., 10 (1871): 112.

3. "Meteoric dust among snow." Chemical News, 22 (November 25, 1870): 262. "Notes." Nature, 2 (June
30,1870): 168−9, at 169.

4. Charles Daubeny. "Report on the present state of our knowledge...." Annual Report of the British
Association for the Advancement of Science, 1836, 1−95, at 2.

5. "Red snow near London." Timb's Year−Book of Facts in Science and Art, 1876, 89. "Notes." Nature, 13
(March 23, 1876): 413−5, at 415. According to these articles, the red snow was discovered already on the
ground, and no one had seen it fall.

6. "Explosive ice." Popular Science News, 22, 38.

7. "Alleged shower of fish scales." Annual Record of Science and Industry, 1873, 350−1.

8. "Remarkable hailstorm." Illustrated London News, 34 (June 4, 1859): 546.

9. Patrick Neill. "Notice respecting a remarkable shower of hail which fell in Orkney on the 24th of July
1818." Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, 9, 187−99.

10. "Societies and academies." Nature, 36, 117−20, at 119, under "Academy of Sciences," (Paris). "Note sur
un coup de foudre." Comptes Rendus, 104 (May 23, 1877): 1473−8.

11. James Glaisher et al. "Report on observations of luminous meteors, 1860−1861." Annual Report of the
British Association for the Advancement of Science, 1861, 1−44, at 30. See back to chapter 21 for the
account.

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255

12. A.J.K. Martyn. "Monochromatic rainbow." Nature, 58 (July 7, 1898): 224. The observation was made at
Sedbergh, (not Sedberg).

13. "Notes." Nature, 3 (April 27, 1871): 511−3, at 512.

14. "Notes." Nature, 4, 167−70, at 169. The date given for this event, at Pichicani, Peru, was February 12,
1871; and, the note states: "Similar phenomena had been observed near Huacochullo and Atucachi."

15. "An enormous aërolite...." Popular Science Review, o.s., 4 (1865): 126−7. "Le Gould" is the only name
given in this article, and he is not identified as being an Australian scientist.

16. J.H. Van Lennep. "Celtic remains in Jamaica." Notes and Queries, s.2, 8 (July 30, 1859): 91−3, at 92. The
plantation was located at Bleijendaal, Dutch Guiana, not at Bleijendal; and, the object was sent to the Leyden
Museum of Antiquities.

17. "Extraordinary hailstones." Popular Science News, 24, 34. The hail was said to have fallen at
"Bjeloi−Kliutsch," located twenty miles southwest to Tbilisi (Tiflis), Georgia, on June 9, 1867.

18. "On some remarkable forms of hailstones recently observed in Georgia," (extracted from a letter by
Straatsrath Abich). Geological Magazine, 7, 27−9. The second fall was that of June 9, 1869, thirteen days
later. Correct quote: "The growing crystalline mass must have been suspended for a long time in a very cold
stratum of aqueous vapour before it reached the earth."

19. "A rain of bird blood." Popular Science News, 35 (May 1901): 104.

Chapter XXVIII

NOTES and Queries, 7−8−508:(1)

A correspondent who had been to Devonshire writes for information as to a story that he had heard there: of
an occurrence of about thirty−five years before the date of writing:

Of snow upon the ground −− of all South Devonshire waking up one morning to find such tracks in the snow
as had never before been heard of −− "clawed footmarks" or "an unclassifiable form" −− alternating at huge
but regular intervals with what seemed to be the impression of the point of a stick −− but the scattering of the
prints −− amazing expanse of territory covered −− obstacles, such as hedges, walls, houses, seemingly
surmounted −−

Intense excitement −− that the track had been followed by huntsmen and hounds, until they had come to a
forest −− from which the hounds had retreated, baying and terrified, so that no one had dared to enter the
forest.

Notes and Queries, 7−9−18:(2)

Whole occurrence well−remembered by a correspondent: a badger had left marks in the snow: this was
determined, and the excitement had "dropped to a dead calm in a single day."

Notes and Queries, 7−9−70:(3)

That for years a correspondent had had a tracing of the prints, which his mother had taken from those in the

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256

snow in her garden, in Exmouth: that they were hoof−like marks −− but had been made by a biped.

Notes and Queries, 7−9−253:(4)

Well remembered by another correspondent, who writes of the excitement and consternation of "some
classes." He says that a kangaroo had escaped from a menagerie −− "the footprints being so peculiar and far
apart gave rise to a scare that the devil was loose."

We have had a story, and now we shall tell it over from contemporaneous sources. We have had the later
accounts first very largely for an impression of the correlating effect that time brings about, by addition,
disregard and distortion. For instance, the "dead calm in a single day." If I found that the excitement did die
out rather soon, I'd incline to accept that nothing extraordinary had occurred.

I found that the excitement had continued for weeks.

I recognize this as a well−adapted thing to say, to divert attention from a discorrelate.

All phenomena are "explained" in terms of the Dominant of their era. This is why we give up trying really to
explain, and content ourselves with expressing. Devils that might print marks in snow are correlates to the
third Dominant back from this era. So it was an adjustment by nineteenth−century correlates, of human
tropisms, to say that the marks in the snow were clawed. Hoof−like marks are not only horsey but devilish. It
had to be said in the nineteenth century that those prints showed claw−marks. We shall see that this was
stated by Prof. Owen, one of the greatest biologists of his day −− except that Darwin didn't think so.(5) But I
shall give reference to two representations of them that can be seen in the New York Public Library. In
neither representation is there the faintest suggestion of a claw−mark. There never has been a Prof. Owen
who has explained: he has correlated.

Another adaptation, in the later accounts, is that of leading this discorrelate to the Old Dominant into the
familiar scenery of a fairy story, and discredit it by assimilation to the conventionally fictitious −− so the idea
of the baying, terrified hounds, and forest like enchanted forests, which no one dared enter. Hunting parties
were organized, but the baying, terrified hounds do not appear in contemporaneous accounts.

The story of the kangaroo looks like adaptation to needs for an animal that could spring far, because marks
were found in the snow on roofs of houses. But so astonishing is the extent of snow that was marked that
after a while another kangaroo was added.(6)

But the marks were in single lines.

My own acceptance is that not less than a thousand one−legged kangaroos, each shod with a small horseshoe,
could have marked that snow of Devonshire.

London Times, Feb. 16, 1855:(7)

"Considerable sensation has been caused in the towns of Topsham, Lympstone, Exmouth, Teignmouth, and
Dawlish, in Devonshire, in consequence of the discovery of a vast number of foot tracks of a most strange
and mysterious description."

The story is of an incredible multiplicity of marks discovered in the morning of Feb. 8, 1855, in the snow, by
the inhabitants of many towns and regions between towns. This great area must of course be disregarded by
Prof. Owen and the other correlators. The tracks were in all kinds of unaccountable places: in gardens
enclosed by high walls, and up on the tops of houses, as well as in the open fields. There was in Lympstone

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257

scarcely one unmarked garden. We've had heroic disregards but I think that here disregard was titanic. And,
because they occurred in single lines, the marks are said to have been "more like those of a biped than of a
quadruped" −− as if a biped would place one foot precisely ahead of another −− unless it hopped −− but then
we have to think of a thousand, or of thousands.

It is said that the marks were "generally 8 inches in advance of each other."

"The impression of the foot closely resembles that of a donkey's shoe, and measured from an inch and a half,
in some instances, to two and a half inches across."

Or the impressions were cones in incomplete, or crescentic basins.

The diameters equaled diameters of very young colts' hoofs: too small to be compared with marks of
donkey's hoofs.

"On Sunday last the Rev. Mr. Musgrave alluded to the subject in his sermon and suggested the possibility of
the footprints being those of a kangaroo, but this could scarcely have been the case, as they were found on
both sides of the Este. At present it remains a mystery, and many superstitious people in the above towns are
actually afraid to go outside their doors after night."

The Este is a body of water two miles wide.(8)

London Times, March 6, 1855:(9)

"The interest in this matter has scarcely yet subsided, many inquiries still being made into the origin of the
footprints, which caused so much consternation on the morning of the 8th ult. In addition to the
circumstances mentioned in the Times a little while ago, it may be stated that at Dawlish a number of persons
sallied out, armed with guns and other weapons, for the purpose, if possible, of discovering and destroying
the animal which was supposed to have been so busy in multiplying its footprints. As might have been
expected, the party returned as they went. Various speculations have been made as to the cause of the
footprints. Some have asserted that they are those of a kangaroo, while others affirm that they are the
impressions of the claws of some large birds driven ashore by stress of weather. On more than one occasion
reports have been circulated that an animal from a menagerie had been caught, but the matter at present is as
much involved in mystery as ever it was."

In the Illustrated London News, the occurrence is given a great deal of space. In the issue of Feb. 24, 1855, a
sketch is given of the prints.(10)

I call them cones in incomplete basins.

Except that they're a little longish, they look like prints of hoofs of horses −− or, rather, of colts.

But they're in a single line.

It is said that the marks from which the sketch was made were 8 inches apart, and that this spacing was
regular and invariable "in every parish." Also other towns besides those named in the Times are mentioned.
The writer, who had spent a winter in Canada, and was familiar with tracks in snow, says that he had never
seen "a more clearly defined track." Also he brings out the point that was so persistently disregarded by Prof.
Owen and the other correlators −− that "no known animal walks in a line of single footsteps, not even man."
With these wider inclusions, this writer concludes with us that the marks were not footprints. It may be that
his following observation hits upon the crux of the whole occurrence:

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258

That whatever it may have been that had made the marks, it had removed, rather than pressed, the snow.

According to his observations the snow looked "as if branded with a hot iron."

Illustrated London News, March 3, 1855−214:(11)

Prof. Owen, to whom a friend had sent drawings of the prints, writes that there were claw−marks. He says
that the "track" was made by "a" badger.

Six other witnesses sent letters to this number of the News. One mentioned, but not published, is a notion of a
strayed swan. Always this homogeneous−seeing −− "a" badger −− "a" swan −− "a" track. I should have listed
the other towns as well as those mentioned in the Times.(12)

A letter from Mr. Musgrave is published.(13) He, too, sends a sketch of the prints. It, too, shows a single line.
There are four prints, of which the third is a little out of line.

There is no sign of a claw−mark.

The prints look like prints of longish hoofs of a very young colt, but they are not so definitely outlined as in
the sketch of Feb. 24th, as if drawn after disturbance by wind, or after thawing had set in. Measurements at
places a mile and a half apart, gave the same inter−spacing −− "exactly eight inches and a half apart."

We now have a little study in the psychology and genesis of an attempted correlation. Mr. Musgrave says: "I
found a very apt opportunity to mention the name `kangaroo' in allusion to the report then current." He says
that he had no faith in the kangaroo−story himself, but was glad "that a kangaroo was in the wind," because it
opposed "a dangerous, degrading, and false impression that it was the devil."

"Mine was a word in season and did good."

Whether it's Jesuitical or not, and no matter what it is or isn't, that is our own acceptance: that, though we've
often been carried away from this attitude controversially, that is our acceptance as to every correlate of the
past that has been considered in this book −− relatively to the Dominant of its era.

Another correspondent writes that, though the prints in all cases resembled hoof marks, there were indistinct
traces of claws −− that "an" otter had made the marks. After that many other witnesses wrote to the News.
The correspondence was so great that, in the issue of March 10th, only a selection could be given.(14) There's
"a" jumping−rat solution and "a" hopping−toad inspiration, and then someone came out strong with an idea
of "a" hare that had galloped with pairs of feet held close together, so as to make impressions in a single
line.(15)

London Times, March 14, 1840:(16)

"Among the high mountains of that elevated district where Glenorchy, Glenlyon and Glenochay are
contiguous, there have been met with several times, during this and also the former winter, upon the snow,
the tracks of an animal seemingly unknown at present in Scotland. The print, in every respect, is an exact
resemblance to that of a foal of considerable size, with this small difference, perhaps, that the sole seems a
little longer, or not so round; but as no one has had the good fortune as yet to have obtained a glimpse of this
creature, nothing more can be said of its shape or dimensions; only it has been remarked, from the depth to
which the feet sank in the snow, that it must be a beast of considerable size. It has been observed also that its
walk is not like that of the generality of quadrupeds, but that it is more like the bounding or leaping of a horse
when scared or pursued. It is not in one lo− cality that its tracks have been met with, but through a range of at

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259

least twelve miles."

In the Illustrated London News, March 17, 1855, a correspondent from Heidelberg writes, "upon the
authority of a Polish Doctor of Medicine," that on the Piashowa−gora (Sand Hill) a small elevation on the
border of Galicia, but in Russian Poland, such marks are to be seen in the snow every year, and sometimes in
the sand of this hill, and "are attributed by the inhabitants to supernatural influences."(17)

1. R.H. Busk. "Phenomenal footprints in snow, S. Devon." Notes and Queries, s.7, 8 (December 28, 1889):
508−9. The alternating impression was likened to the mark of a "crutch−stick." Correct quote: "...a clawed
foot−mark of unclassifiable form...."

2. D. "Phenomenal footprints in snow, S. Devon." Notes and Queries, s.7, 9 (January 4, 1890): 18. Correct
quote: "...dropped to dead calm...."

3. R.H. Busk. "Phenomenal footprints in snow, S. Devon." Notes and Queries, s.7, 9 (January 25, 1890): 70.

4. L.L.K. "Phenomenal footprints in the snow." Notes and Queries, s.7, 9 (March 29, 1890): 253. There is no
mention herein of "some classes."

5. Although Richard Owen was "the leading comparative anatomist" of his time, his principal faults were said
to be his dishonesty and pettiness. Darwin was hopeful Owen would support his evolutionary arguments,
when On the Origin of Species was published; yet, Owen wrote one of the most critical reviews of this work,
("Darwin on the Origin of Species." Edinburgh Review, 11 (April 1860): 487−532), and became Darwin's
"bitter enemy." In a discussion upon his critics, in 1867, Darwin told Roland Trimen: "The internal evidence
made me almost sure that only Owen could have written it; but when I taxed him with the authorship and he
absolutely denied −− then I was quite certain." In the "Historical Sketch" added to the third and later editions
of Darwin's book, Owen was severely criticized: "I also gave some extracts from a correspondence between
Professor Owen and the Editor of the London Review, from which it appeared manifest to the Editor as well
as to myself, that Professor Owen claimed to have promulgated the theory of natural selection before I had
done so; and I expressed my surprise and satisfaction at this announcement; but as far as it is possible to
understand certain recently published passages (Ibid. vol. iii p. 798) I have either partially or wholly again
fallen into error. It is consolatory to me that others find Professor Owen's controversial writings as difficult to
understand and to reconcile with each other, as I do." Charles Darwin. The Origin of Species by Means of
Natural Selection. 6th ed. New York: Rand, McNally Co., 1872, xviii. Edward Bagnall Poulton. Charles
Darwin and the Origin of Species. New York: Longmans, Green, and Co., 1909, 26−9. David L. Hull.
Darwin and His Critics. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1973, 171−215.

6. Rev. G.M. Musgrave wrote: "In the course of a few days a report was circulated that a couple of kangaroos
had got loose from a private menagerie (Mr. Fische's, I believe) at Sidmouth." No effort was apparently made
by the foremost proponent of the kangaroo theory to confirm that such an escape had occurred. "Professor
Owen on the foot−marks in the snow in Devon." Illustrated London News, 26 (March 3, 1855): 214.

7. "Extraordinary occurrence." London Times, February 16, 1855, p. 9 c. 4. Correct quotes: "...in the south of
Devon, in consequence of the discovery of a vast number of foot−marks...," "...more like that of a biped than
a quadruped...," "...generally eight inches...," "...closely resembled that of a donkey's shoe, and measured
from an inch and a−half to (in some instances) two and a−half...," and, "...found on both sides of the estuary
of the Exe."

8. The name of the river is Exe, (not Este).

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260

9. "The mysterious footprints in Devonshire." London Times, March 6, 1855, p. 9 c. 3. Correct quotes: "...in
The Times a little while since...," "...so busy in multiplying its footmarks," "...some large bird driven on
shore...," and "...from a menagery has been caught...."

10. "Foot−marks on the snow, in Devon." Illustrated London News, 26 (February 24, 1855): 187. Correct
quotes: "Neither does any known animal walk in a line...," and, "...as if cut with a diamond or branded with a
hot iron...."

11. "Professor Owen on the foot−marks in the snow in Devon." Illustrated London News, 26 (March 3,
1855): 214. Owen called the marks "foot−prints," not the "track" of a badger. The singular "a" is quoted only
with Owen's badger explanation, though single animals are implied in the explanations as Fort indicates.
Correct quotes: "...exactly eight inches and a half," (apart), "...the name of kangaroo, in allusion...," and,
"Still, mine was a word in due season, and did good."

12. The towns from the London Times and Illustrated London News include: Bicton, Budleigh Salterton,
Clyst St. George (or, Clyst St. Mary), Dawlish, Exmouth, Kenton, Luscombe, Lympstone, Newton Abbot,
Teignmouth, Topsham, Torquay, Totnes, Withycombe Raleigh, and Woodbury. Numerous other locations in
Devonshire, between Budleigh Salterton, Exeter, and Torquay, reported the tracks, in contemporary accounts;
but, Busk's inquiries also yielded late reports that these were also observed in Weymouth, Dorsetshire, and in
Lincolnshire. R.H. Busk. "Phenomenal footprints in snow, S. Devon." Notes and Queries, s.7, 9 (January 25,
1890): 70.

13. "G.M.M.," of Withecombe, was the Rev. G.M. Musgrave, the Vicar of Exmouth.

14. "The foot−marks in the snow, in Devon." Illustrated London News, 26 (March 10, 1855): 238.

15. This latter explanation was apparently made regarding another set of tracks reported by the Inverness
Courier, from Scotland, (not from Devonshire), in which "probably a hare or polecat" crossed field at a
gallop, then slackened it pace to a trot, then sat down in the snow to reveal "distinct impressions of its four
feet."

16. "Singular animal." London Times, March 14, 1840, p. 5 c. 6. Correct quotes: "...Glenlyon, and
Glenlochay...," "The print of the foot in every respect...," "...the foot sunk in the snow...," "...it has been
observed also, that its walk is not like the generality of quadrupeds, but that it is more like the bounding or
limping of a hare when not scared or pursued," "in one locality only...," and, "...at least 12 miles...."

17. C.C.C. "Foot−prints in the snow." Illustrated London News, 26 (March 17, 1855): 251. The location
published as "Piasho wa−göra" is uncertain; however, Piaskowa−góra would translate in Polish as "Sand
Mountain," and a location by this name is located to the west of Lodz, in what was then Russian Poland.
Correct quotes: "...Polish Doctor in Medicine...," and, "It is universally attributed by the inhabitants to
supernatural influence."

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