plik

(

baptised

26 February

1564;

died

May

1593)

was

English

dramatist

poet

and

translator

the

Elizabethan

era

Marlowe

was

the

foremost

Elizabethan

tragedian

until

his

mysterious

early

death.

Marlowe

greatly

influenced

William Shakespeare

, who was born in

the same year as Marlowe and who rose to
become the eminent Elizabethan playwright after
Marlowe's death. Marlowe's plays are known for
the

use

blank

verse

and

their

overreaching

protagonists

The Tragicall History of the Life and Death of
Doctor Faustus, commonly referred to simply

*7 – 1485 MIDDLE AGES
-medieval poetry- Robin Hood, Unquiet Grave,
King Arthur, Canterbury Tales
-medieval drama – Everyman
*1485-1625 RENAISSANCE
-drama- Marlowe – Faustus
Shakespeare
-poetry- sonnets
*1625-1776 puritan/restoration/august age

To His Coy Mistress

is a

metaphysical

poem

written by the

author and

statesman

Andrew Marvell

(1621

–1678) The

poem is written in

iambic tetrameter

and rhymes

in couplets. The speaker of the poem addresses

a woman who has been slow to respond to his

sexual advances.

n the first stanza he describes how

he would love her if he were to be unencumbered by the

constraints of a normal lifespan. He could spend centuries

admiring each part of her body and her resistance to his

advances (i.e., coyness) would not discourage him. In the

second stanza, he laments how short human life is. Once

life is over. METAPHYSICAL POEM - Their style was

characterized by

wit

and metaphysical conceits

—far-

fetched or unusual

similes

metaphors

, such as

Andrew Marvell

’s comparison of the soul with a drop of

dew; in an expanded epigram format, with the use of

simple verse forms, octosyllabic couplets, quatrains or

stanzas in which length of line and rhyme scheme enforce

the sense.

WIT is a form of intellectual

humor

, and

is the ability to say or write things that are clever

and usually funny.

A wit is a person skilled at

making clever and funny remarks.

Forms of wit

include the quip and repartee

Andrew Marvell

(31 March 1621

– 16 August

1678) was an

sells his soul to the devil

metaphysical poet

and

politician who sat in the

House of Commons

various times between 1659 and 1678. As a

metaphysical poet, he is associated with

John

Donne

and

George Herbert

. He was a colleague

and friend of

John Milton

BATTER MY HEART -

The speaker begins by asking God (along with Jesus

and the Holy Ghost; together, they are the Trinity that

makes up the Christian "three-personed God") to

attack his heart as if it were the gates of a fortress

town. The speaker wants God to enter his heart

aggressively and violently, instead of gently. Then, in

as Doctor Faustus, is a play by

Christopher

Marlowe

, based on the

Faust

story, in which a

man

for power and

knowledge. Doctor Faustus was first published in
1604, eleven years after Marlowe's death and at
least twelve years after the first performance of
the play.

A novel

is a book of long

narrative

literary

prose

The genre has historical roots both in the fields of

the

medieval

and early

modern

r omance

and in the

tradition of the

novella

. The latter supplied the present

generic term in the late 18th century.

Further definition of the genre is historically difficult. The

construction of the narrative, the

plot

, the way

reality

created in the works of

fiction

, the fascination of

the

character

study, and the use of language are usually

discussed to show a novel's artistic merits. Most of these

requirements were introduced in the 16th and 17th

centuries, in order to give fiction a justification outside the

field of factual

history

Literary realism most often refers to the trend,
beginning with certain works of

nineteenth-

century French literature

and extending to late-

nineteenth- and early-twentieth-century authors
in various countries, towards depictions of
contemporary life and society "as they were." In
the spirit of general "

realism

," Realist authors

opted for depictions of everyday and banal
activities and experiences, instead of a
romanticized or similarly stylized
presentation.

Jorge Luis Borges

, in an essay

entitled "The Scandinavian Destiny", attributed
the earliest discovery of Realism in literature to
the Northmen in the Icelandic Sagas, although it
was soon lost by them along with the continent of
North America.

Jonathan Swift (30 November 1667

– 19

October 1745) was an

, political

(first

for the

Whigs

, then for the

Tories

), poet and

cleric who became

Dean

St Patrick's

Cathedral, Dublin

Travels into Several Remote Nations of the

World, in Four Parts. By Lemuel Gulliver, First

a Surgeon, and then a Captain of Several

Ships, better known simply as Gulliver's

Travels (1726, amended 1735), is a novel

Irish

writer and clergyman

Jonathan

Swift

(also known as Dean Swift

) that is both

line 5, the speaker explicitly likens himself to a

captured town. He tries to let God enter, but has

trouble because the speaker's rational side seems to

be in control.

John DONNE 1572

–1631) was an English

poet, satirist, lawyer and Protestant priest. He is

considered the pre-eminent representative of

the

metaphysical poets

. His works are noted for their

strong, sensual style and include

sonnets

, love poetry,

religious poems,

translations,

songs, satires and

. His poetry is noted for its

vibrancy of language and inventiveness of

metaphor

especially compared to that of his contemporaries.

Donne's style is characterised by abrupt openings and

various paradoxes, ironies and dislocations.

JOHNY MILTON -

(1608

–1674) was an

English poet,

polemicist

, a scholarly

man of

letters

, and a civil servant for the

Commonwealth

(republic) of England

under

Oliver Cromwell

. He

wrote at a time of religious flux and political
upheaval, and is best known for his

PARADISE LOST -

by the 17th-century English poet

John Milton

. It was

originally published in 1667 in ten books, with a total of

over ten thousand individual lines of

verse

. A second

edition followed in 1674, changed into twelve books (in

the manner of the division of

Virgil

Aeneid

) with minor

revisions throughout and a note on the versification.

The

poem concerns the

Biblical

story of the

Fall of Man

: the

temptation of

by the

and their expulsion from the

Garden of Eden

Milton's purpose, stated in Book I, is to "justify the ways of

God to men."

Paradise Lost is often considered one of

the greatest literary works in the English language

.BLANK VERSE-

poetry

written in

unrhymed

iambic pentameter

. It has been

described as "probably the most common and
influential form that English poetry has taken
since the sixteenth century.

*AUGUSTAN AGE

– 1688-1744

Alexander Pope (21 May 1688

– 30 May 1744)

was an 18th-century English poet, best known for
his satirical verse and for his translation
of

Homer

. Famous for his use of the

heroic

couplet

, HEROIC COUPLET is a traditional form

for

poetry

, commonly used

for

epic

and

narrative poetry

; it refers to poems

constructed from a sequence of rhyming pairs
of

iambic pentameter

lines. The rhyme is

always

masculine

. Use of the heroic couplet was

first pioneered by

Geoffrey Chaucer

the

Legend of Good Women

and the

Canterbury

Tales

The Rape of the Lock

is a

mock-

satire

on human nature and a

parody

of the

"travellers' tales" literary sub-genre. It is Swift's

best known full-length work, and a classic

English literature

The book became popular as soon as it was

published (

John Gay

wrote in a 1726 letter to

Swift that "It is universally read, from the cabinet

council to the nursery"

The Battle of the Books

); since then, it has never

been out of print.

Possibly one of the reasons for the book's classic

status is that it can be seen as many things to

many different people. Broadly, the book has

three themes:

 a satirical view of the state of European

government, and of petty differences

between religions.

 an inquiry into whether men are inherently

corrupt or whether they become corrupted.

 a restatement of the older "ancients versus

moderns" controversy previously addressed

by Swift in

ROMANTICISM



Characteristics of Romantic Poets

Beauty of the Supernatural: British Romantics believed

something existed beyond the physical world. The Spirit

world, according to Romantics, had unleashed its power and

inspiration to overthrow tyranny in government and in

literature. Unlike the American Romantics who wrote of

ghosts, demonic cats, and rope-gnawing rats, British

Romanticism's treatment of the supernatural excluded horror

and the macabre and focused on supernatural energy and

beauty.

Championing of the Individual: Revolution in Europe

brought to light the importance of the individual. Ordinary

people now became the subject of lofty language. British

Romanticism attempted to free itself from traditional forms

and subjects.

The Importance of Nature: The poet, according to the

Romantics, is only at peace when in nature; moreover, while

in nature, the poet intervened with the great Universal Mind.

Romantic poets made frequent use of personification with

nature, ascribing human traits to daffodils, fields, streams,

and lakes. Nature, in essence, became emotionally

expressive.

The Dangers of Technology: A natural consequence of

celebrating nature was a disdain for technology and

heroic

narrative poem

written by

Alexander Pope

, first

published anonymously in Lintot's Miscellany in May 1712

in two

cantos

(334 lines), but then revised, expanded and

reissued under Pope's name on March 2, 1714, in a

much-expanded 5-canto version (794 lines). The final

form was available in 1717 with the addition of Clarissa's

speech on good humour.

MOCK HEROIC, mock-

epic or heroi-comic works are
typically

satires

parodies

that mock common

Classical stereotypes of

heroes

and heroic

literature. Typically, mock-heroic works to insert
the heroic work by either putting a fool in the role
of the hero or by exaggerating the heroic
qualities to such a point that they become
absurd.

The Way of the World

is a play written by

English

playwright

W illiam Congreve

. It premiered in 1700

in the

theatre

Lincoln's Inn Fields

London

. It is widely

regarded as being one of the best

Restoration

comedies

written and is still performed sporadically to this

day. The play is based around the two lovers Mirabell and

Millamant (originally famously played by

John

Verbruggen

and

Anne Bracegirdle

). In order for the two to

get married and receive Millamant's full

dowry

, Mirabell

must receive the blessing of Millamant's aunt, Lady

Wishfort. Unfortunately, she is a very bitter lady, who

despises Mirabell and wants her own nephew, Sir Wilful,

to wed Millamant. Other characters include Fainall who is

having a secret affair with Mrs. Marwood, a friend of Mrs.

Fainall's, who in turn once had an affair with Mirabell.

Waitwell is Mirabell's servant and is married to Foible,

Lady Wishfort's servant. Waitwell pretends to be Sir

Rowland and, on Mirabell's command, tries to trick Lady

Wishfort into a false engagement.

WILLIAM CONGREVE 1670-1729

Congreve

was born in

Bardsey, West Yorkshire

, England

(near

Leeds

). His parents were William Congreve

(1637

–1708) and his wife, Mary (née Browning;

1636?

–1715); a sister was buried in London in

1672. He spent his childhood in Ireland, where
his father, a

Cavalier

, had settled during the reign

Charles II

. Congreve was educated at

; there he met

who would be his friend for the remainder of his
life. Upon graduation, he matriculated in
the

Middle Temple

London

to study law, but

felt himself pulled toward literature, drama, and
the fashionable life. Artistically, he became a
disciple of

John Dryden

She Stoops to Conquer

comedy

Irish

author

Oliver Goldsmith

that was first

performed in London in 1773. The play is a favourite for

study by

English literature

and theatre classes in Britain

and the United States. It is one of the few plays from the

18th century to have an enduring appeal, and is still

industrialism.



Major Early Romantic Poets

The following share characteristics of Romantic poets:

William Blake (1757-1827): Blake's poetry dwelt upon his

divine vision and rebelled against traditional poetic forms

and techniques. He created his own mythological world with

man as the central figure. His more famous poems

include The Lamb, The Tyger, The Chimney

Sweeper, and The Clod and the Pebble. What makes Blake's

poem especially attractive for teaching in high school is he

often wrote two poems with the same title--one poem

negative and one poem positive, excellent for compare and

contrast writing.

William Wordsworth (1770-1850): The most famous of

the British Romantics, Wordsworth is considered the nature

poet. He revolutionized poetic subjects, focusing on

ordinary people in rustic settings. He, in addition, wrote

about and considered the poet as superior to all other

writers. His most famous poems include I Wandered Lonely

as a Cloud, We are Seven, and I Travelled Among Unknown

Men. Most high school literature textbooks have at least one

poem by Wordsworth.



Later Romantic Poets

The following share characteristics of later Romantic poets:

Lord Byron (1788-1824): Lord Byron enjoyed unmatched

popularity. Byron's most famous creations are his dark

heroes, called Byronic heroes, who, in fact, were not heroes

at all, but stood out from ordinary humans as larger than life.

The Byronic hero brooded, possessed insatiable appetites

and incredible strength, rebelled against societal norms, and

forced upon himself exile. Byron's most famous works

include Don Juan and Childe Harold's Pilgrimage. Lord

Byron is generally reserved for university level literature

courses and is rarely found in high school anthologies.

Percy Bysshe Shelley (1792-1822): Like all Romantics,

Shelley was a radical non-conformist. He campaigned for

social justice, even marrying the daughter of Mary

Wollstonecraft, an English leader in the women's rights

movement. His wife would later write Frankenstein. His

most famous poems include Mutability, Ozymandias,

and

Ode to the West Wind.

John Keats

(1795-1821): Perhaps the most popular

Later Romantic poet, Keats accomplished great things

during his short life. His Ode to a Nightingale,

Ode on a

Grecian Urn,

and Ode on Melancholy find their way

into anthologies throughout the English speaking world.

Keats considered contact with poets as a threat to his

independence and therefore shunned his contemporaries.

regularly performed today. It has been adapted into a film

several times, including in 1914 and 1923.

Oliver Goldsmith (10 November 1730

– 4 April

1774) was an

Anglo-Irish

writer and poet, who is

best known for his novel

The Vicar of

Wakefield

(1766), his pastoral poem The

Deserted Village (1770), and his plays

(1768) and

(1771, first performed in 1773). He also

wrote

An History of the Earth and Animated

Nature

. He is thought to have written the classic

children's tale

The History of Little Goody Two-

Shoes

, the source of the phrase "goody two-

shoes".

DANIEL DEFOE -

1659

–1661 to 24 April

1731), born Daniel Foe, was an English trader, writer,

journalist, and

pamphleteer

, who gained fame for his

novel

Robinson Crusoe

. Defoe is notable for being one of

the earliest proponents of the

novel

, as he helped to

popularise the form in Britain and along with others such

Richardson

, is among the founders of the

novel

. A prolific and versatile writer, he wrote more than

500 books, pamphlets and journals on various topics

(including politics, crime, religion, marriage, psychology

and the supernatural). He was also a pioneer of

Robinson Crusoe

is a novel

that was first published in

1719.

Epistolary

confessional

, and

didactic

form, the book is a fictional autobiography of the

title character (whose real name is Robinson

Kreutznaer)

—a

castaway

who spends 28 years

on a remote tropical island near

Trinidad

encountering

cannibals

, captives, and mutineers

before being rescued.The story was perhaps

influenced by

Alexander Selkirk

, a Scottish

castaway who lived for four years on the Pacific
island called "Más a Tierra" (in 1966 its name
was changed to

Robinson Crusoe Island

), Chile.

Blank verse is

written in unrhymed

It has been described as "probably

the most common and influential form that
English poetry has taken since the sixteenth
century"

and

Paul Fussell

has claimed that

"about three-quarters of all English poetry is in
blank verse."

[3]

The Tyger

" is a poem by the English poet

William

Blake

. It was published as part of his collection

Songs of

Experience

in 1794 (see

1794 in poetry

). It is one of

Blake's best-known and most analyzed poems. The

Cambridge Companion to William Blake (2003) calls it

"the most anthologized poem in English."

[1][2]

Most modern anthologies have kept Blake's choice of the

archaic spelling "tyger". It was a common spelling of the

word at the time but was already "slightly archaic"

[3]

when

he wrote the poem; he spelled it as "tiger"

elsewhere,

and many of his poetic effects "depended on

subtle differences of punctuation and of spelling."

[4]

Thus,

his choice of "tyger" has usually been interpreted as being

for effect, perhaps to render an "exotic or alien quality of

the beast",

[5]

or because it's not really about a "tiger" at all,

but a metaphor.