Title Title Title Title Title

ABAP Basic Functions

3-ABAP 4_6 Basic Functions.1

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ABAP Basic Functions

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List of Topics

• Objectives

• Terminology and GUI Enhancements

• ABAP Editor/Debugger

• Internal Table Types

• Open SQL Enhancements

• Runtime Errors

ABAP Basic Functions

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Module Map

•

Objectives

• Terminology and GUI Enhancements

• ABAP Editor/Debugger

• Internal Table Types

• Open SQL Enhancements

• Runtime Errors

ABAP Basic Functions

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Learning Objectives

• Review terminology and GUI changes in 4.6

• Understand internal table enhancements

– Hashed versus Sorted tables

• Review changes in Open SQL

– Joins

– Clauses

– Sub-queries

• Learn new error catching technique

ABAP Basic Functions

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Module Map

• Objectives

•

Terminology and GUI Enhancements

• ABAP Editor/Debugger

• Internal Table Types

• Open SQL Enhancements

• Runtime Errors

ABAP Basic Functions

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Release 3.0

Release 4.6

Terminology Changes

• ABAP/4 Development

Workbench

• Object Browser

• ABAP/4 Editor

• ABAP/4 Dictionary

• ABAP/4 Query

• Function Library

• Field Strings

• ABAP Workbench

• Object Navigator

• ABAP Editor

• ABAP Dictionary

• ABAP Query

• Function Builder

• Program Structures

ABAP Basic Functions

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Refresh

Object

List

Favorite

Close

Browse

Object

Menu

Workbench GUI

Enhancements

ABAP Basic Functions

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Module Map

• Objectives

• Terminology and GUI Enhancements

•

ABAP Editor/Debugger

• Internal Table Types

• Open SQL Enhancements

• Runtime Errors

ABAP Basic Functions

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ABAP Workbench

Enhancements

• As of release 4.6 the enjoy

ABAP Workbench is

available

– Redesigned with an

emphasis on usability,

and simplified

navigation

• The following tools are

displayed within the work

area:

– ABAP Dictionary

– Class Builder

– ABAP Editor

– Function Builder

– Screen Painter

– Menu Painter

– Text Element

Maintenance

ABAP Basic Functions

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ABAP Editor Enhancements

• As of release 4.0 the following settings are available in the Settings

menu of the ABAP Editor:

– Compress/decompress code blocks

– Setting case of code to KEYWORD LARGE

– The “Edit Locally” option

ABAP Basic Functions

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Edit Control Mode

• As of release 4.6 the Edit Control Mode allows for

editing in the front-end using the ABAP Editor

• ABAP source code is transferred to the front-end

for editing

• Edit Control mode can be used to maintain the

following objects:

– ABAP programs (ABAP Editor)

– Method implementations (Class Builder)

– Function module source code (Function

Builder)

– Screen flow logic (Screen Painter)

– Type groups (ABAP Dictionary)

ABAP Basic Functions

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Singl

Step

Continu

Next Page

Execute

Debugger GUI

Enhancements

ABAP Basic Functions

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Create Watchpoint

Debugger

• New functions have been added to the debugger in

release 4.0 making it easier to use

ABAP Basic Functions

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Breakpoints

• By clicking on the Breakpoints pushbutton, a

scrollable display of the breakpoints defined in the
program is displayed

• Can set up to 30 breakpoints

ABAP Basic Functions

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Watchpoints

• Watchpoint processing in the debugger has been significantly

improved

• It is now possible to define multiple watchpoints, attach conditions to

them and link two or more watchpoints using a relational operator

ABAP Basic Functions

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Modification Assistant

• The Modification Assistant offers support in the

following areas:

– Customizing

– Personalization

– Customer exits

– Customer developments

• These tools are all supported by

corresponding tools such as the IMG,
Business Add-Ins, transaction CMOD and the
development environment

• Modifications made to those ABAP Workbench

objects not supported by the Modification
Assistant are logged and displayed in an overview

ABAP Basic Functions

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Module Map

• Objectives

• Terminology and GUI Enhancements

• ABAP Editor/Debugger

•

Internal Table Types

• Open SQL Enhancements

• Runtime Errors

ABAP Basic Functions

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Summary of Changes

• In previous releases there was only one type of

internal table

• As of release 4.6 there are three types of

internal tables

– Standard

– Sorted

– Hashed

• The type of table used determines the way in

which the entries in the table are accessed by
the system

ABAP Basic Functions

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Table Types

• Standard tables are the same tables available in release

3.x

– The time for key access to entries is in linear relation

to the number of entries in the table

• Sorted tables are ones that are always sorted correctly

– The time for key access to entries is in logarithmic

relation to the number of entries in the table

• Hashed tables contain records that all have a unique key

– The time for key access to entries is constant

regardless of the number of entries in the table.

– Key access can only be used to read entries in a

hashed table

– Index operations are not allowed

ABAP Basic Functions

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Line Type

Key Sequence

Uniqueness Attribute

Index Access

Key Access

0007

)

Properties of Internal Tables

ABAP Basic Functions

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Table Types

Uniqueness

UNIQUE| NON-UNIQUE

UNIQUE

Access Time
For n Entries

Predominantly
Key

NON-UNIQUE

Predominantly
Index

Remains Constant
(O(1))

Key Only

Increases Logarithmically
(O(log(n))

Increases Linearly
(O(n))

Hash Function

Binary Srch

Table Scan

Access Using

Key Access

Hashed

Sorted

Standard

ABAP Basic Functions

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DATA:  <itab> TYPE SORTED TABLE of <linetype>
       WITH [UNIQUE | NON-UNIQUE] <keydef>
       [INITIAL SIZE <n>] [WITH HEADER LINE].

REPORT …
TYPES:  BEGIN OF line_type,
        f1, f2,
        END OF line_type.
DATA:   tab1 TYPE SORTED TABLE OF line_type WITH UNIQUE KEY f1
        WITH HEADER LINE.

tab1-f1 = ‘Y’. Tab1-f2 = ‘1’. INSERT TABLE tab1.
tab1-f1 = ‘X’. Tab1-f2 = ‘1’. INSERT TABLE tab1.
tab1-f1 = ‘A’. Tab1-f2 = ‘1’. INSERT TABLE tab1.

READ TABLE tab1 WITH TABLE KEY f1 = ‘A’.

LOOP AT tab1.
WRITE:/ tab1-f1, tab1-f2.
ENDLOOP.

Sorted Table Example

ABAP Basic Functions

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DATA:  <itab> TYPE HASHED TABLE of <linetype>
       WITH [UNIQUE | NON-UNIQUE] <keydef>
       [INITIAL SIZE <n>] [WITH HEADER LINE].

REPORT …
TYPES:  BEGIN OF line_type,
        f1, f2,
        END OF line_type.
DATA:   tab1 TYPE HASHED TABLE OF line_type WITH UNIQUE KEY f1
        WITH HEADER LINE.

tab1-f1 = ‘Y’. Tab1-f2 = ‘1’. INSERT TABLE tab1.
tab1-f1 = ‘X’. Tab1-f2 = ‘1’. INSERT TABLE tab1.
tab1-f1 = ‘A’. Tab1-f2 = ‘1’. INSERT TABLE tab1.

READ TABLE tab1 WITH TABLE KEY f1 = ‘A’.

SORT tab1 by f1.
LOOP AT tab1.
WRITE:/ tab1-f1, tab1-f2.
ENDLOOP.

Hashed Table Example

ABAP Basic Functions

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TYPES: BEGIN OF line_type,
f1, f2, f3,
END OF line_type.

DATA: tab1 TYPE STANDARD TABLE OF line_type WITH KEY f1 f2,
wa type line_type.

wa-f1 = 'B'.
wa-f2 = '5'.
wa-f3 = '12.45'.

READ TABLE tab1 FROM wa INTO wa.
READ TABLE tab1 WITH TABLE KEY f1 = 'B'

f2 = '5' INTO wa.

WA before read

WA after read

Work area WA

Internal Table tab1

Using the Key in the READ

Statement

ABAP Basic Functions

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Summary of Internal Table

Operations

ABAP Basic Functions

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Ranges Table Types

ABAP Basic Functions

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Module Map

• Objectives

• Terminology and GUI Enhancements

• ABAP Editor/Debugger

• Internal Table Types

•

Open SQL Enhancements

• Runtime Errors

ABAP Basic Functions

3-ABAP 4_6 Basic Functions.28

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Summary of Changes

• Inner Join: introduced in release 3.1h

– SAP creates a temporary table containing

combinations of lines from the database tables whose
values meet the logical condition specified using the
ON<condition>

– This uses the where condition to produce a set of

results

• Left Outer Join: introduced in release 4.0

– LOJ contains combinations of lines from the tables

whose values meet the logical condition specified in
the ON<condition> clause (join condition)

– The lines in the left-hand table that do not meet the

condition are appended to the end of the result set

– The result depends on whether the condition is

specified in the ON or the WHERE clause

ABAP Basic Functions

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SELECT <fieldlist> INTO <target>
  FROM <dbtab1> AS <alias1>
  INNER JOIN <dbtab2> AS <alias2>
  ON <alias1>~<field1> = <alias2>~<field1>
  AND <alias1>~<field2> = <alias2>~<field2>
  AND …
  WHERE …
ENDSELECT.

REPORT …
SELECT t1~carrid t1~connid t2~customid INTO (carrid, connid, custid)
  FROM sflight AS t1
  INNER JOIN sbook AS t2
  ON t1~carrid = t2~carrid
  WHERE t1~connid = t2~connid
  AND t1~fldate = t2~fldate.
    WRITE:/ carrid, connid, custid
ENDSELECT.

Inner Join

ABAP Basic Functions

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Inner Join

ABAP Basic Functions

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SELECT <fieldlist> INTO <target>
  FROM <dbtab1> AS <alias1>
  LEFT OUTER JOIN <dbtab2> AS <alias2>
  ON <alias1>~<field1> = <alias2>~<field1>
  AND <alias1>~<field2> = <alias2>~<field2>
  AND …
  WHERE …
ENDSELECT.

REPORT …
SELECT t1~carrid t1~connid t2~customid INTO (carrid, connid, custid)
  FROM sflight AS t1
  LEFT OUTER JOIN sbook AS t2
  ON t1~carrid = t2~carrid
  WHERE t1~connid = t2~connid
  AND t1~fldate = t2~fldate.
    WRITE:/ carrid, connid, custid
ENDSELECT.

Left Outer Join

ABAP Basic Functions

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Having Clause

• As of release 4.6 the HAVING keyword provides

new functionality to transfer the selection
criteria from the application program to the
database server

• Only information that meets the selection

criteria is returned to the application server
from the database

ABAP Basic Functions

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SELECT <fieldlist> INTO <target>
  FROM <dbtab1>
  WHERE <field1> = <val1>
  GROUP BY <field2>
  HAVING <expression>
        …
ENDSELECT.

REPORT …
SELECT connid count(*) SUM( luggweight )
    INTO (connid, counter, luggweight) FROM sbook
    WHERE carrid = ‘LH’ AND fldate = ‘19991231’
    GROUP BY connid.
  IF luggweight > 100
    WRITE:/ connid, counter, luggweight.
  ENDIF.
ENDSELECT.

SELECT connid count(*) SUM( luggweight )
    INTO (connid, counter, luggweight) FROM sbook
    WHERE carrid = ‘LH’ AND fldate = ‘19971129’
    GROUP BY connid.
    HAVING SUM( luggweight ) > 100.
  WRITE:/ connid, counter, luggweight.
ENDSELECT.

Having Clause

ABAP Basic Functions

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SELECT <field list> INTO <target list>

FROM <dbtab1> AS <alias1>
WHERE <field1> IN
( SELECT <field1> FROM <dbtab2>
WHERE <field1> = <alias1>~<field1> )

ENDSELECT.

Sub-Select Clause

• Sub-queries were introduced in release 4.0 to provide

a more efficient method of performing complex select
statements

– Select records at database layer

– Data transferred to program is significantly

reduced

ABAP Basic Functions

3-ABAP 4_6 Basic Functions.35

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Module Map

• Objectives

• Terminology and GUI Enhancements

• ABAP Editor/Debugger

• Internal Table Types

• Open SQL Enhancements

•

Runtime Errors

ABAP Basic Functions

3-ABAP 4_6 Basic Functions.36

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CATCH Keyword

• As of release 4.0 the CATCH keyword is

available for processing runtime errors

• The CATCH…ENDCATCH block allows the

programmer to catch ABAP runtime errors and
assign these to a SY-SUBRC

• This functionality allows errors to be reported

in a controlled manner (rather than a short
dump)

ABAP Basic Functions

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DATA: int type I,

char(3) type C value ‘ABC’.

[…..]

CATCH SYSTEM-EXCEPTIONS
                CONVERSION_ERRORS = 1.
  […..]
  MOVE char TO int. “MOVE keyword to trigger CATCH
    […..]
ENDCATCH.

IF SY-SUBRC = 1.
WRITE: / ‘Conversion error has occurred’.
ENDIF.

CATCH Keyword

•

To code the first part of a CATCH…ENDCATCH block it is necessary to
code CATCH SYSTEM - EXCEPTIONS and specify one of the following:

– Error Class
– Specific error ID
– OTHERS, which traps all catchable runtime errors

ABAP Basic Functions

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Module Review

• Objectives

• Terminology and GUI Enhancements

• ABAP Editor/Debugger

• Internal Table Types

• Open SQL Enhancements

• Runtime Errors

Document Outline