Speaking in front of
Speaking in front of
an audience
an audience
The rules of public speaking and the
The rules of public speaking and the
art of convincing –
art of convincing –
Adopted from Yaniv Zaid
Adopted from Yaniv Zaid
-http://www.yanivzaid.com/main.asp?
-http://www.yanivzaid.com/main.asp?
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Speech and convincing as
Speech and convincing as
everyday tools
everyday tools
We all need to do in on an everyday basis
We all need to do in on an everyday basis
It is an integral part from most subjects at
It is an integral part from most subjects at
school, work, and life
school, work, and life
Efficiency in performing a task – People will
Efficiency in performing a task – People will
perform better if they understand the
perform better if they understand the
importance and need of the task
importance and need of the task
Increase motivation
Increase motivation
Using simple explanation and allocating a
Using simple explanation and allocating a
small amount of time you may resolve
small amount of time you may resolve
many issues that might come up.
many issues that might come up.
Convincing in the 21
Convincing in the 21
st
st
century
century
Rules have changed.
Rules have changed.
People are exposed to vast volumes of
People are exposed to vast volumes of
information
information
You need to maximize your message in a
You need to maximize your message in a
minimized amount of time.
minimized amount of time.
•
Example – On a televised interview, the interviewee has
Example – On a televised interview, the interviewee has
an uninterrupted amount of time of between 2 -3
an uninterrupted amount of time of between 2 -3
minutes.
minutes.
•
Can you get your point across in such a short amount of
Can you get your point across in such a short amount of
time?
time?
Remember, the audience has a choice,
Remember, the audience has a choice,
they
they
don’t have to sit and listen to you !
don’t have to sit and listen to you !
Preparing the speech
Preparing the speech
Preparation is the key.
Preparation is the key.
Before making the speech, find out:
Before making the speech, find out:
Who is your audience?
Who is your audience?
•
Information about the audience and its needs is
Information about the audience and its needs is
power, use it !
power, use it !
•
Find out whom are the people that you are going to
Find out whom are the people that you are going to
be speaking to.
be speaking to.
•
Your audience might change even if your lecture stays
Your audience might change even if your lecture stays
the same
the same
•
Match your speech to the level of the audience.
Match your speech to the level of the audience.
•
People from all levels would like the speaker to talk to
People from all levels would like the speaker to talk to
them in their level.
them in their level.
Preparing the speech
Preparing the speech
What will your audience like?
What will your audience like?
Get the same point across but in different
Get the same point across but in different
formats matching the audience’s needs
formats matching the audience’s needs
The younger the audience, the more
The younger the audience, the more
activities you will need to keep them
activities you will need to keep them
interested.
interested.
What is your point?
What is your point?
Every speech must have a point that will
Every speech must have a point that will
make the audience understand what is the
make the audience understand what is the
point of your speech.
point of your speech.
Preparing the speech
Preparing the speech
Find out how many people you are
Find out how many people you are
going to be talking to.
going to be talking to.
Find out the time allocated for your
Find out the time allocated for your
speech.
speech.
Study the subject matter in details.
Study the subject matter in details.
Building the definition
Building the definition
Define the topic and key terminology
Define the topic and key terminology
In every discussion define the content of the
In every discussion define the content of the
discussion from the get go.
discussion from the get go.
A speaker that defines the terminology has a big
A speaker that defines the terminology has a big
advantage over other speakers and is convincing
advantage over other speakers and is convincing
powers have grown.
powers have grown.
In order to convince you need to be understood.
In order to convince you need to be understood.
Definitions improve understanding.
Definitions improve understanding.
Definitions are essential. Without them the
Definitions are essential. Without them the
discussion is going to be superficial and
discussion is going to be superficial and
ineffective.
ineffective.
The definition must be simple and
The definition must be simple and
understandable. It will not reduce the point of
understandable. It will not reduce the point of
your argument by using simple definitions.
your argument by using simple definitions.
Defining the proposition
Defining the proposition
A good proposition will be made out of 3
A good proposition will be made out of 3
parts:
parts:
What is the proposition?
What is the proposition?
Why do I suggest this proposition?
Why do I suggest this proposition?
•
Define the problem you are trying to solve in current
Define the problem you are trying to solve in current
situation
situation
•
Without presenting the problem we cant discuss the
Without presenting the problem we cant discuss the
solution
solution
•
When you have a small proposition to define a huge
When you have a small proposition to define a huge
problem
problem
How to implement the proposition
How to implement the proposition
The point of the speech is first to
The point of the speech is first to
get the audience to listen, then to
get the audience to listen, then to
convince them !
convince them !
The more you know about your
The more you know about your
audience, its opinions, the issues on
audience, its opinions, the issues on
their minds, the better you will be able
their minds, the better you will be able
to chose the point of contradiction that
to chose the point of contradiction that
will convince more of the audience.
will convince more of the audience.
Every discussion is an straggle between
Every discussion is an straggle between
many points of contradiction where each
many points of contradiction where each
side is pulling towards the point that is
side is pulling towards the point that is
more comfortable to him.
more comfortable to him.
Selecting your arguments
Selecting your arguments
For every argument presented there is
For every argument presented there is
an equal counter argument.
an equal counter argument.
While choosing your arguments, think
While choosing your arguments, think
about the counterarguments that might
about the counterarguments that might
be brought up by your opponent.
be brought up by your opponent.
Before you dismiss an argument, find
Before you dismiss an argument, find
three good things to say about it
three good things to say about it
3 Is the magic number of arguments.
3 Is the magic number of arguments.
More then 3 will loose its effectivness.
More then 3 will loose its effectivness.
How to choose your argument
How to choose your argument
points?
points?
The points should support you
The points should support you
conflict point!
conflict point!
The points should cover many
The points should cover many
subjects and not just one specific
subjects and not just one specific
topic
topic
How to develop your points –
How to develop your points –
Analysis in a short time frame
Analysis in a short time frame
Do not display an argument if you can not
Do not display an argument if you can not
explain it.
explain it.
An analysis is being made using facts and
An analysis is being made using facts and
examples
examples
FACTS
FACTS
Do not make up statistics under any
Do not make up statistics under any
circumstances!
circumstances!
If you don’t have facts that support your point,
If you don’t have facts that support your point,
do not present any facts
do not present any facts
Examples – The ideal situation for maximum
Examples – The ideal situation for maximum
effectiveness of your point is to bring one or
effectiveness of your point is to bring one or
two examples for each argument.
two examples for each argument.
Time Management
Time Management
There are two facts about time
There are two facts about time
management:
management:
You cant control the time you are born
You cant control the time you are born
or your time of death.
or your time of death.
Every thing between these points is
Every thing between these points is
negotiable.
negotiable.
Time Management
Time Management
Time is a valuable resource and
Time is a valuable resource and
should be handled properly.
should be handled properly.
Time limit exists even if it is not
Time limit exists even if it is not
defined. Limit the time of your speech
defined. Limit the time of your speech
even if you are note required to.
even if you are note required to.
Control your time, otherwise someone
Control your time, otherwise someone
else is going to control YOUR time.
else is going to control YOUR time.
Tools to assist you with time
Tools to assist you with time
management
management
While preparing for your speech, time
While preparing for your speech, time
yourself and break the speech into parts.
yourself and break the speech into parts.
Define the important points and
Define the important points and
concentrate on them.
concentrate on them.
Match your speech to your audience
Match your speech to your audience
Every speaker is measured by its added
Every speaker is measured by its added
value
value
Addressing previous speakers should not be
Addressing previous speakers should not be
more then a 3
more then a 3
rd
rd
of your speech.
of your speech.
Time Management
Time Management
Organized speech.
Organized speech.
If you talk for less amount of time but your
If you talk for less amount of time but your
speech is more organized, the audience will
speech is more organized, the audience will
understand you better.
understand you better.
Fast talking
Fast talking
If you are a fast talker, you must be organized.
If you are a fast talker, you must be organized.
Emphasize the important points by speaking
Emphasize the important points by speaking
slowly.
slowly.
Fast talking is possible when your audience is
Fast talking is possible when your audience is
familiar with the subject matter.
familiar with the subject matter.
How to be an organized
How to be an organized
speaker
speaker
Organization will assist the audience
Organization will assist the audience
understand our speech.
understand our speech.
Organized speech will assist the
Organized speech will assist the
speaker with the presentation by
speaker with the presentation by
dividing the speech, manage time
dividing the speech, manage time
and avoiding confusion if the speech
and avoiding confusion if the speech
was stopped for answering
was stopped for answering
questions.
questions.
How to be an organized
How to be an organized
speaker
speaker
There are two principles for
There are two principles for
organized speech:
organized speech:
Clear structure
Clear structure
Clear paper
Clear paper
How to be an organized
How to be an organized
speaker
speaker
Clear Structure
Clear Structure
Opening
Opening
•
Define your proposal
Define your proposal
•
Present the purpose of your proposal
Present the purpose of your proposal
•
Define the conflict point and an overview of
Define the conflict point and an overview of
your arguments
your arguments
Body – Presenting your arguments
Body – Presenting your arguments
Conclusion – A brief summery of the
Conclusion – A brief summery of the
main points of your speech
main points of your speech
How to be an organized
How to be an organized
speaker
speaker
Clear paper – Use a sheet of paper to
Clear paper – Use a sheet of paper to
assist you with your speech
assist you with your speech
Under no circumstances read from
Under no circumstances read from
the paper. It should be used as an aid
the paper. It should be used as an aid
only.
only.
Use one sheet of paper and organize
Use one sheet of paper and organize
it in the same manner that the
it in the same manner that the
speech is organized
speech is organized
Using Humor during your
Using Humor during your
speech
speech
Start the speech strong and end it strong
Start the speech strong and end it strong
How to use humor at the beginning of
How to use humor at the beginning of
the speech:
the speech:
Make fun of the situation your are at
Make fun of the situation your are at
If there is a common motif in your audience
If there is a common motif in your audience
make fun of it but be careful not to offend.
make fun of it but be careful not to offend.
Start your speech by presenting the previous
Start your speech by presenting the previous
speaker in a humorous light but to make the
speaker in a humorous light but to make the
discussion to a personal match.
discussion to a personal match.
Using Humor during your
Using Humor during your
speech
speech
If you are a “funny” person with a
If you are a “funny” person with a
good sense of humor, use it.
good sense of humor, use it.
Do not make the humor the main
Do not make the humor the main
point of the discussion
point of the discussion
It is recommended to use several
It is recommended to use several
jokes at the right time and place.
jokes at the right time and place.
If you are not a “Funny” speaker,
If you are not a “Funny” speaker,
don’t try to force it.
don’t try to force it.
How to keep the audience
How to keep the audience
interested
interested
Keep it on the same level as your
Keep it on the same level as your
audience
audience
Identify – Help the audience identify with
Identify – Help the audience identify with
your side
your side
Interact – A good speaker create interaction
Interact – A good speaker create interaction
with the audience and build trust
with the audience and build trust
In order to keep the audience
In order to keep the audience
interested, make sure they understand !
interested, make sure they understand !
How to keep the audience
How to keep the audience
interested
interested
Use everyday, real life examples
Use everyday, real life examples
Using visual aids
Using visual aids
Handouts, computer presentation,
Handouts, computer presentation,
slides, video clips
slides, video clips
Visual aids are interesting and can
Visual aids are interesting and can
transfer your point across.
transfer your point across.
How to answer questions
How to answer questions
Allow the audience to ask questions at a
Allow the audience to ask questions at a
point that is convenient for you.
point that is convenient for you.
Keep the number of questions during the
Keep the number of questions during the
presentation low. (appr. 1 q/4 minutes of
presentation low. (appr. 1 q/4 minutes of
speech)
speech)
Do not show that you don’t know the answer
Do not show that you don’t know the answer
Do not read out of a paper
Do not read out of a paper
Explain better – be aware of the audiences
Explain better – be aware of the audiences
response.
response.
Do not ignore any question.
Do not ignore any question.
How to ask questions
How to ask questions
Get to the point
Get to the point
Write down the question prior to asking
Write down the question prior to asking
(especially if it is in a foreign language)
(especially if it is in a foreign language)
Ask the question in between topics.
Ask the question in between topics.
Do not divulge ideas by asking questions
Do not divulge ideas by asking questions
Do not ask rhetorical questions
Do not ask rhetorical questions
If the person in front of you seem secure
If the person in front of you seem secure
but does not say much , tire him with
but does not say much , tire him with
questions
questions
How to deal with
How to deal with
disturbances
disturbances
Mutual respect with the audience is
Mutual respect with the audience is
key
key
Talk to them on their level
Talk to them on their level
Avoid offending the audience
Avoid offending the audience
Keep calm ! In an emotional discussion
Keep calm ! In an emotional discussion
the one who keeps calm and stays
the one who keeps calm and stays
logical wins
logical wins
Stick to the time allocated.
Stick to the time allocated.
How to deal with
How to deal with
disturbances
disturbances
Concentrate on the ones who are not
Concentrate on the ones who are not
convinced
convinced
Concentrating on the ones that are convinced
Concentrating on the ones that are convinced
and ignoring the ones who are not , will not
and ignoring the ones who are not , will not
convince them more, but will make them start
convince them more, but will make them start
doubting.
doubting.
3 ways to deal with “chronic” disturbance
3 ways to deal with “chronic” disturbance
Ignore them
Ignore them
Ask them to stop , show the audience you are in
Ask them to stop , show the audience you are in
control
control
Confront them
Confront them
Presentation and stance
Presentation and stance
When speaking to an audience, it is
When speaking to an audience, it is
better to stand then to sit
better to stand then to sit
Stand tall not bent
Stand tall not bent
Move around and/or in between the
Move around and/or in between the
audience
audience
Better not to hold anything in your
Better not to hold anything in your
hands while talking
hands while talking
You your hands, but don’t over do it.
You your hands, but don’t over do it.
Keep calm – assume you own the stage
Keep calm – assume you own the stage
Presentation and stance
Presentation and stance
Look Fresh
Look Fresh
“
“
Transmit” energy and excitement during your
Transmit” energy and excitement during your
speech, any day , any time
speech, any day , any time
The audience is your “customer” it wants to
The audience is your “customer” it wants to
see you at your best.
see you at your best.
Dress – Match the dress to the audience
Dress – Match the dress to the audience
Tone & Speech
Tone & Speech
Volume – Speak laud enough to be heard but
Volume – Speak laud enough to be heard but
not to laud to intimidate.
not to laud to intimidate.
Facial expressions should match your point as
Facial expressions should match your point as
much as possible.
much as possible.
Stay involved as much as possible
Stay involved as much as possible
What not to do during a
What not to do during a
speech
speech
Do not speak from your gut , get over excited
Do not speak from your gut , get over excited
or shout.
or shout.
The best way to fight emotions is to present facts.
The best way to fight emotions is to present facts.
In emotional discussion the calm presenter will
In emotional discussion the calm presenter will
always appear better.
always appear better.
Do not show lack of confidence
Do not show lack of confidence
Always present self confidence
Always present self confidence
If you are not portraying confidence in your point,
If you are not portraying confidence in your point,
the audience will surly not going to.
the audience will surly not going to.
Appear fully confident in your point
Appear fully confident in your point
What not to do during a
What not to do during a
speech
speech
Never present anything that is damaging
Never present anything that is damaging
about yourself
about yourself
Do not present weaknesses as a person or a
Do not present weaknesses as a person or a
speaker
speaker
Believe in yourself
Believe in yourself
If you are presenting with a partner
If you are presenting with a partner
Do not barge into each other's speech
Do not barge into each other's speech
Do not contradict each other
Do not contradict each other
Do not whisper to one another while other
Do not whisper to one another while other
people are talking.
people are talking.
Concluding your speech
Concluding your speech
The conclusion’s purpose is to remind the
The conclusion’s purpose is to remind the
audience your speech in the best possible way.
audience your speech in the best possible way.
Time limitation – Allow time for the conclusion
Time limitation – Allow time for the conclusion
Repeat the main points in an organized
Repeat the main points in an organized
manner
manner
Repeat the conflict point, your suggestions and your
Repeat the conflict point, your suggestions and your
main points.
main points.
Do not repeat the whole speech just the main points
Do not repeat the whole speech just the main points
The conclusion should point out the bottom line of
The conclusion should point out the bottom line of
each point and how they supported your claim.
each point and how they supported your claim.
Even if you talked fast throughout the speech, the
Even if you talked fast throughout the speech, the
conclusion should be slow.
conclusion should be slow.
Review either chronologically or by subject.
Review either chronologically or by subject.