Part Two:
Positions of
lips and tongue
Consonants vs.
Vowels
Place and
manner of
articulation
Part Two:
Positions of
lips and tongue
Consonants vs.
Vowels
Place and
manner of
articulation
Lip positions:
1.close
(as in Spanish [v]) – sufficiently close together
for friction to occur in between
2.spread
– enough far apart, no friction; yet being
quite close and spread (see)
3.neutral
– relaxed, lowering of the lower jaw
4.open position
– held wide apart without any
marked rounding (as in card)
5.close rounded
- tightly pursed, as in French doux
6.open rounded
– wide apart but rounded with a
slight projection (as in got)
Tongue:
1.the most flexible of all organs
2.described when at rest:
a.part lying behind upper teeth – tip
b.part lying opposite hard palate – front
c.part lying opposite soft palate – back
3.tongue moves: front is the highest part in see
back is the highest part in who
tongue lying low and flat for ah
Various parts of the tongue may articulate
with:
1.tip, blade, rims may articulate with teeth as for
[voiced or voiceless th]
2.or with the alveolar ridge [t, d, s, z, n]
3.the front may articulate against or near the hard
palate: palatalization [sh, zh]
4.the back of the tongue may form an obstruction [k,
g,ng]
Articulatory description of sounds:
1. The nature of airstream (pulmonic / non-pulmonic;
egressive / ingressive).
2. The action of the vocal cords (voiced / voiceless).
3. The position of the soft palate (nasal, oral, nasalized
[not in English]).
4. The position of the movable organs of the mouth.
Vowel / consonant difference:
Consonants – edges of syllables, vowels – centres of syllables
Vowels – no closure in the mouth, no friction
Vowels are: median – air escapes over the middle of the
tongue
oral – not nasal
continuant – excluding plosives or stops [p, b,
t, d, k]
voiced (always) – the vocal folds vibrate
(consonants
may be either voiced
or voiceless).
But there are the so-called semivowels:
[j] and [r] and [w] are consonants from a phonological
perspective (occur at the edges of syllables) but phonetically
are like vowels (no friction, median, oral, continuant]
Consonants – how they can be described:
1. nature of airstream (pulmonic / non-pulmonic)
2. egressive/ingressive
3. voiced/voicless
4. position of the soft palate (oral / nasal?)
5. where is the friction / point of contact? – place of articulation
6. what is the nature of the friction/point of contact – manner of
articulation
Thus [z]: pulmonic, egressive, voiced, oral, alveolar, fricative
[b]: pulmonic, egressive, voiced, oral, bilabial, plosive
[f]: pulmonic, egressive, voiceless, oral, labio-dental, fricative
Schematic presentation of where English consonants are
pronounced
– places of articulation.
Places of articulation (consonants only):
1.bilabial
:
/p/ /b/ /m/
2.labiodental
:
/f/ /v/
3.dental
:
/
3/
[voiceless] and
/
T/
[voiced]
4.alveolar
:
/t/ /d/ /s/ /z/ /n/ /l/
5.post-alveolar
: tip (and rims) articulate with the rear part of the
alveolar ridge as in
English /r/
in red
6.retroflex
: tip of the tongue is curled backwards and articulates
with the hard palate immediately after the alveolar ridge, as in
American English /r/
in red
7.palato-alveolar
: the blade or the tip and blade of the tongue
articulate with the alveolar ridge and there is also a raising of the
front of the tongue towards the hard palate:
/S/ /Z/ /tS/ /dZ/
8.palatal
: front of the tongue articulates with the hard palate, like
the
/j/
in
que
ue or the advanced
/g/
in the French pronunciation of
gui
de
9.velar
: back of the tongue articulates with the soft palate
/k/
/
g/
/
N/
10.uvular
: back of the tongue articulates with uvula as in French
/r/
in
r
ouge
11.glottal
: obstruction or narrowing causing friction but not
vibration between the vocal folds
/h/
or the glottal stop
/
?/
Manners of articulation of English consonants:
Place (horizontal) and manner (vertical) of articulation of English
consonants.
Manner of Articulation (consonants only):
Complete closure
1.
PLOSIVE
consonants – complete closure, air pressure builds up, can be
released explosively.
/p/ /b/ /t/ /d/ /k/ /g/ /?/
2.
AFFRICATE
consonants
– complete closure at some point in the mouth, air
pressure builds up, but the release (separation of the organs of speech) is slow.
/tS/ /dZ/
3.
NASAL
consonants – complete closure in the mouth, soft palate is
lowered, air released through the nose.
/m/ /n/ /
N/
Intermittent
(przerywane)
closure
1.
TRILL
consonant – series of rapid, intermittent closures made by the
tongue on a firm surface (hard palate), as in Polish
/r/
2.
FLAP
consonant – single tap made by the tongue on a firm surface, as
in AmE be
tt
er.
/â/
Partial closure
•
LATERAL
consonant – partial closure made at some point in the
mouth, air escapes on one or both sides of the point of contact.
/l/
Narrowing
1.
FRICATIVE
consonants – two organs of speech are close enough for
the air to be released with audible friction.
/f/ /v/ /s/ /z/ /
S/ /Z/ /3/
/
T/
/
h/
SEMIVOWELS
– the narrowing is present, but not close enough to
produce friction.
/w/ /j/ /r/
Vowel / consonant difference (once more –
revision):
Consonants – edges of syllables, vowels – centres of syllables
Vowels – no closure in the mouth, no friction
Vowels are: median – air escapes over the middle of the
tongue
oral – not nasal
continuant – excluding plosives or stops [p, b,
t, d, k]
voiced (always) – the vocal folds vibrate
(consonants
may be either voiced
or voiceless).
But there are the so-called semivowels:
[j] and [r] and [w] are consonants from a phonological
perspective (occur at the edges of syllables) but phonetically
are like vowels (no friction, median, oral, continuant]
The reference points against which all vowels can be described
(positioned).
(Cardinal) Vowel Scale
Diphtongs against the Cardinal Vowel Scale
– the glides of vowels