CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION 4

DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT

• XF3U-1 and SBU Corsair

• Beisel Designs

• Request for Proposals

• The Competition

• The XF4U-1

• Requirement Changes

• Corsair Assembly

• F4U-1 Production Inspection and Carrier Trials

• Engines

• Fuselage/Body

• Wings and Undercarriage

• Internal Armament

TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS

• Production Models and Operational Conversions

OPERATIONAL HISTORY

• Guadalcanal

• Boyington & Blackburn

• Fighter-Bombers

• Corsairs and Carriers

• Okinawa

• Royal Navy Corsairs

• Royal New Zealand Air Force

• Corsairs over Korea

• French Corsairs

• Latin American Bent Wing Birds

CONCLUSION 60

APPENDICES 61

SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY

INDEX 64

INTRODUCTION

The Vought F4U Corsair is considered one of the greatest fighters of World
War II, excelling in its overall performance and adaptability to a variety of
missions. While production of other comparable piston-engine fighters
ended after World War II, the United States Navy and Marine Corps
continued to have faith in the “bent wing bird” and procured new versions
of the Corsair from Vought. Although designed in the late 1930s, the last
Corsair came off the Vought production line in December 1952. The Corsair
was introduced into combat at a crucial juncture in the Pacific campaign,
giving the Allies an advantage over Japan’s legendary Mitsubishi A6M Type
Zero fighter and gaining the ability to fight on their own terms. One of the
greatest testaments to the Corsair’s primacy came not from Mr. Rex B.
Beisel, considered the father of the Corsair, but from the chief engineer of
the A6M Zero fighter, Dr Jiro Horikoshi, who said: “The Corsair was the
first single-engine fighter which clearly surpassed the Zero in performance.”
The F4U received hundreds of design changes, improving the breed over
time; this allowed the Corsair to maintain an edge over the best Japanese

production fighters throughout the war. The Corsair’s issues with carrier
operations were eventually solved, and the F4U was later chosen as the
standard carrier fighter over the Grumman F6F Hellcat. By war’s end the
Corsair was credited with destroying 2,140 Japanese aircraft in air-to-air
combat while losing 189, giving the Corsair an impressive 11:1 air-to-air kill
ratio against the Japanese.

The air-to-air engagements tell only part of the story. The Corsair’s

contribution as a fighter-bomber is even more impressive. The F4U was not
designed nor intended to replace aircraft like the Douglas SBD Dauntless and
SB2C Curtiss Helldiver on the decks of US Navy carriers, but the Corsair’s
ability to perform as a precision dive bomber nearly equaled that of the SBD
Dauntless, considered one of the best naval dive bombers of the war. This
should have come as little surprise, since Vought had vast experience in
building scout bombers from the early Corsair biplanes and the SB2U
Vindicator, from which the F4U traced its lineage. The F4U Corsair could
carry more ordnance than the Douglas SBD, Grumman TBF Avenger, or the
Curtiss SB2C Helldiver. The last model to see action during World War II, the
F4U-4, had a maximum bomb load of 4,000lbs, comparable to the standard
bomb load carried by Boeing B-17 Flying Fortresses on long-range missions
over Europe.

VOUGHT F4U CORSAIR

During the Korean War, the Corsair

once again demonstrated its worth,
flying the majority of all US Navy and
Marine Corps close-air support
missions. The Corsair’s ruggedness
and reliability played a major role in
the success of the Marine Corps close-
air support system. As the war
progressed, two new variants were
produced to deal with the harsh
conditions and combat faced in Korea:
the F4U-5NL, an all-weather or
winterized night fighter which
incorporated de-icing equipment, and
the AU-1 low-level ground-attack
variant with additional armor and

hard points. Although the Corsair was
no longer considered as nor expected
to serve as an air superiority fighter,
Corsair pilots still managed to down
enemy fighters, including the formidable MiG-15 (the only other piston-

engine fighter to bring down a MiG-15 during the war was a Hawker Sea
Fury). Interestingly, it was not the Grumman F9F Panther that would produce
the Navy’s only ace of the Korean War, but the veteran Corsair.

The Corsair’s enviable combat record continued after the Korean War.

The French Aeronavale chose to purchase a new version of the Corsair over
designs like the Grumman Bearcat and the Hawker Sea Fury. French
Aeronavale squadrons flew both AU-1s on loan from the US Navy and F4U-7
Corsairs purpose-built for French service during the First Indochina War.
French Corsairs would see action in Algeria, Tunisia, and during Operation
Musketeer (the Suez Crisis) in 1956. It was not until 1969 that the Corsair
saw its dramatic end in combat. During the 100 Hours’ War between
El Salvador and Honduras, Corsairs on both sides saw service as fighter-
bombers. Near the end of this conflict, a Honduran Corsair pilot shot down
a Cavalier F-51D Mustang and two Goodyear-built Corsairs. This last
recorded engagement between piston-engine fighters in combat concluded
a legendary era of military aviation.

DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT

The United States Navy began testing the first Corsair (bureau number
A-7221) at Anacostia Naval Air Station on March 18, 1926. The test plane
was not the F4U that comes to mind at the mention of the word Corsair but
an observation aircraft (O2U), and the first of many Vought designs to carry
the name that would become renowned. The O2U was given its nickname
by Chance Vought in honor of his family’s past ventures of building sailing
ships. It was one of the first aircraft in the Navy to have a company
nickname, a tradition that continues today. A revolutionary air-cooled Wasp
R-1340 radial engine built by Pratt & Whitney powered the Corsair. The
fuselage was streamlined and built from welded steel tubing. This
combination allowed the Corsair to set multiple speed and altitude world

The cannon-equipped F4U-4B
saw combat for the first time
on July 3, 1950. Sixteen
Corsairs from VF-53 and
VF-54 were launched from the
USS Valley Forge (CV-45)
during the initial US Navy
strike of the Korean War. This
F4U-B Corsair from VF-54
prepares to launch from the
“Happy Valley” in late 1950.
(National Archives)

records in its class. The O2U had flying qualities similar to contemporary
single-seat pursuit aircraft. Internal armament consisted of a single .30cal
fixed machine gun located in the top wing, a first for a US Navy aircraft.
The observation seat located at the rear of the aircraft incorporated a
flexible gun mount capable of carrying up to two .30cal machine guns.
Vought built a total of 132 O2U Corsairs, including two prototypes for the
Navy, Coast Guard, and Marine Corps at the company’s Long Island NY
facility. Chance Vought produced four separate models (O2U-1, 2, 3 and 4).
The company also received orders from 13 foreign nations who operated
the Corsair biplanes. The Corsair saw considerable action in Nicaragua with
the Marines, most notably as the aircraft used by Marine aviator Lieutenant
Christian Schilt to evacuate 18 wounded Marines in Quilali and thereby
receive the Medal of Honor.

The O2U’s success led to the creation of a two-seat fighter prototype,

the XF2U-1. It featured an enclosed cowling that would be featured on later
models of the Corsair. The sole prototype met the Bureau of Aeronautics

requirements. However, ongoing O2U production slowed the development
and in the end the Navy decided against the Vought two-seater aircraft.
The next aircraft to carry the Corsair name was the Vought O3U. Similar to
the O2U-4 in many respects, the O3U was the first complete aircraft to be
tested in Langley Field’s full-scale wind tunnel on May 27, 1931. The model

entered naval service as an observation aircraft and Marine Corps use as
a scout plane. Officials changed the aircraft’s designation to SU-1 to better
reflect its mission. The O3U-2 incorporated some significant changes,
including a new R-1690 Pratt & Whitney Hornet engine, updated cockpit,
and the elimination of the scarf ring mounts in the observer’s seat. Later
models relied on both Hornet and Wasp engines, and the final variant,
the O3U-6, saw the inclusion of an enclosed cockpit.

XF3U-1 and SBU Corsair

In 1932, the Navy’s Bureau of Aeronautics revisited the idea of procuring
a two-seat fighter and released requirements for bids from the aviation
industry. The Navy selected both Douglas and Vought to each build a single
prototype. Vought’s prototype, the XF3U-1, was designed by newly hired
Rex Buren Beisel, who later led a team to create the F4U. The first flight of

the XF3U-1 took place in May 1933.
Powered by a Pratt & Whitney R-1535
Twin Wasp Jr engine, with a fully
enclosed cowling and an enclosed
cockpit, the aircraft’s performance was
similar to single-seat fighters. Aware that

the Navy might abandon the two-seat
fighter project, Vought pushed the idea
of testing the XF3U-1 as a scout aircraft
to replace SU Corsairs. The Bureau of
Aeronautics agreed to test the aircraft in
the scout role. When the Navy’s two-seat
fighter project was shelved, the Bureau
of Aeronautics requested that Vought
modify the XF3U-1 into a prototype
scout bomber.

The F4U Corsair’s ancestory
traces back to one of Rex
Beisel’s early designs at
Vought, the SBU-1 Corsair.
The SBU-1 was originally
developed as a two-seat
fighter designated the XF3U-1.
The Navy later requested the
aircraft be modified into a
scout-bomber. Vought instead
built a new airframe and used
parts from the XF3U-1 to
create the XSBU-1. The SBU
Corsair was the last biplane
to be produced by Vought.
(NMNA)

Vought decided to build an entirely new aircraft, though with components

from the XF3U-1 in order to keep within the Navy’s requirement.
The aircraft, named the XSBU-1 Corsair, retained the same bureau number
as the XF3U-1. The XF3U-1 took on a new bureau number and mission as
a test aircraft. The design team developed larger and stronger wings,
increased internal fuel capacity, and streamlined the fuselage. The new scout
bomber incorporated a controllable pitch propeller and a cowling design
tested by the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA). One
of the more innovative features was the use of adjustable cowl gills, which
improved airflow over the cylinders. The SBU-1 Corsair was the first
production aircraft to incorporate cowl gills/flaps. The cowl gills aided

the SBU-1 in exceeding 200mph in level flight, a first for its class. Cowl flaps
eventually became standard on most air-cooled radial engine designs. The
SBU-1 Corsair was armed with two .30cal machine guns, one fixed and one
moveable, and was capable of carrying a single 500lb bomb. The Navy
ordered 84 SBU-1 Corsairs, receiving the first aircraft in November 1935.
An additional 40 SBU-2 aircraft entered Navy service later. The SBU Corsairs
remained in service with the Naval Reserves until 1941.

Beisel Designs

The US Navy sought to procure all-new scout and torpedo bombers at the
end of 1934. Beisel, now the chief engineer at Vought, proposed a monoplane
design with retractable landing gear, a first for the company. It became
the SB2U Vindicator. The Navy officials met the XSB2U with some
skepticism. Some officers within the Bureau of Aeronautics believed
monoplane designs were ill-suited for carrier operations. Due to this concern,
Vought would receive a second contract to build a prototype biplane to
compete for the Navy’s new scout bomber requirement. The biplane,

FATHER OF THE CORSAIR

Rex Buren Beisel was born in San Jose, California, on October 24, 1893. Beisel, the
only child of a coal miner, lived the majority of his youth in Cumberland, Washington.
His family lived in a tent near the mine until they earned enough money to move
into a small wooden house. By the age of 16, Beisel started working in the same
local mine. He saved the wages he earned working various jobs, and with some
help from his family was able to enroll at the University of Washington. Continuing
to work various part-time jobs in order to pay for school, Beisel graduated from the
University of Washington with a Bachelor of Science degree in engineering in 1916.

His test scores on a government entrance examination earned him a draftsman

position with the United States Navy’s Bureau of Construction and Repair. He later
held the position of aeronautical mechanical engineer. His design work varied from
wings to seaplane hulls. Moving through the ranks, in 1921 he advanced to project
engineer in the design of the Navy’s first single-seat fighter designed for ship-borne
use, designated the TS-1. The aircraft was built by the Navy’s Naval Aircraft Factory,
and later license-built by Curtiss Aeroplane & Motor Company.

Beisel left the Bureau of Aeronautics to work for Glenn Curtiss, where he

gained his first experience with dive-bomber designs like the Curtiss F8C Helldiver.
From there, he went to work for the Spartan Aircraft Company as vice-president of
engineering. In 1931, after a short period with Spartan, Beisel was hired by Chance
Vought as the assistant chief engineer. His work on the XF3U-1 prototype, SBU-1 Scout
Bomber, aided the company during difficult financial times. In 1934, Beisel received
multiple awards for co-writing “Cowling and Cooling of Radial Air-Cooled Aircraft
Engines.” This also helped earn him a promotion to chief engineer at Vought.

a  heavily modified SBU Corsair,
was  designated the XSB3U. The
biplane incorporated an even more
streamlined engine cowling than the
SBU, retractable landing gear, and a
Pratt & Whitney R-1535 engine. In
April 1936, the Navy flew
comparison tests between Vought’s
two prototypes at Anacostia Naval
Air Station.. The tests demonstrated
the monoplane’s superiority over the
biplane design. The same engine
powered both prototypes, and even
though the  monoplane was heavier
than the biplane it was 15mph faster

than the biplane prototype. The Navy requested Vought halt all work on

the XSBU-3. Vought received an order for 54 examples of the SB2U-1 in
October 1936, with the first being delivered to the Navy in December 1937.
The following year the Navy ordered 58 SB2U-2s, and in 1940 ordered 57
of the final variant, the, the first in the series to use the name Vindicator.

The majority of SB2U-3 Vindicators were delivered to the Marines.

Marine Vindicators were at Ewa during the attack on Pearl Harbor, and saw
action against the Japanese during the Battle of Midway in June 1942. Of the
170 built at the Stratford Connecticut plant, only one survived for display
purposes: SB2U-2 (BuNo 1378), the last SB2U delivered to the Navy, resides
at the National Museum of Naval Aviation in Pensacola, Florida.

Request for Proposals

In February 1938, the United States Navy’s Bureau of Aeronautics released
a request for proposals to the aviation industry for a carrier-borne fighter of
both single-engine and twin-engine designs. The performance requirements set
forth by the Navy for the new single-engine fighter were well beyond the reach
of the day’s production aircraft. This common practice forced the aircraft
industry to respond with innovative designs rather than just updated versions
of past models. Chief Engineer Rex Beisel headed up the team that submitted
Vought’s design proposal. Vought submitted two designs on April 8, 1938,
which were both aimed towards the single-engine request, and both were
projected to be powered by Pratt & Whitney radial engines. The V-166A was
proposed to be powered by an R-1830 Twin Wasp and the V-166B powered

by the prototype XR-2800 Double Wasp air-cooled radial engine producing
1,850 horsepower. Although the proposal drew upon past Vought designs
(including features such as its 90-degree gear rotation, empennage, and folding
wings mechanism), it was unlike anything Vought had built previously.

The Competition

Four companies besides Vought submitted proposals. These included
Grumman, Curtiss, Brewster Aeronautical Corporation, and Bell. Grumman
submitted proposals for both the single- and twin-engine requirements,
winning the later. Their single engine submission was an updated version of
the Wildcat, powered by an R-2600 engine. Brewster’s proposals aimed at the

A three-ship formation of
SB2U-1 Vindicators assigned
to the USS Saratoga fly in
formation over the High
Sierras. Prior to the F4U
Corsair, Rex Beisel led in the
development of the SB2U
Vindicator and the OS2U
Kingfisher. The Vindicator was
the Navy’s first carrier-based
monoplane dive bomber.
(NMNA)

Navy’s single engine requirement, and
their designs had the option to be
powered by either an R-2600 or
XR-2800 engine. Curtiss offered up a
navalized version of the P-36 Mohawk,
with an option to be powered by the
R-1830 Twin Wasp or an R-2600 engine.
Bell submitted a unique design based on
the P-39 Airacobra. Their proposal was
the only design to be powered by a
liquid-cooled Allison V-1710 engine.

After evaluation by the Bureau of

Aeronautics, the Navy found Vought’s
V-166B submission the best overall
proposal to meet their single-engine
requirement. On June 11, 1938, Vought received an order to build a single

prototype based on the V-166B proposal. The Navy designated it the XF4U-1.
The Navy was still interested in both the Brewster and Bell proposals and
authorized both companies to build a single prototype each. Brewster failed
to deliver due to internal issues, but Bell completed a navalized version of
their P-39 named the XFL-1 Aero Bonita. The aircraft featured conventional

landing gear for the time, instead of the P-39’s tricycle gear, and a larger wing
with folding mechanisms. The XFL’s performance fared poorly against the
XF4U-1, however, and the Navy lost interest in the project. The Navy’s
original goals succeeded; proposals based on older designs were less attractive
than a new design. Vought, which had not delivered a single-seat fighter
to the Navy since its FU series in the 1920s, was back to building fighters.

The XF4U-1

Beisel’s design team strove to combine the strongest power plant available with
the smallest fuselage and most streamlined airframe; Vought did so in hopes of
meeting the Navy’s most important requirement, “speed, speed, and more
speed!” To streamline the aircraft, Vought utilized advanced techniques,
including spot-welding and flush-riveting to minimize drag. To maximize

The XF4U-1, BuNo 1443, set a
world speed record for a
single engine fighter, reaching
405mph on October 1, 1940.
The prototype’s armament
consisted of one .50cal and
one .30cal machine gun, both
firing out of the engine
cowling, and one .50cal in
each wing. A small
compartment in each wing
housed antiaircraft bombs
intended for use against
enemy bomber formations.
(NMNA)

Vought test pilot Boone T.
Guyton, seen at Stratford,
Connecticut, in 1942, prepares
for a flight in a F4U-1. Early
production model F4U-1s had
framed canopies (also called a
bird cage); later F4U-1s were
fitted with a raised piece of
plexiglass incorporated into
the top of the bird-cage
canopy to house a rearview
mirror. (NMNA)

power from the XR-2800, the
XF4U-1 utilized a 13-foot 4-inch
diameter three-bladed hydromatic
aluminum propeller built by
Hamilton Standard. The size of the
propeller, the largest fitted to a
single-engine fighter at that time,
required an innovative approach
to the shape of the wing, one that
took Vought engineers countless
hours to develop. Beisel chose an
inverted gull wing, allowing
enough ground clearance for the
propeller while providing the
XF4U-1 with shorter main landing
gear than with a more traditional

wing design. An additional benefit
to the inverted gull wing design
was its 90-degree orientation
position to the fuselage, permitting
the least amount of aerodynamic

drag while eliminating the need for wing fairings. The landing gear retracted
aft within the wing knuckles, allowing the wings to be folded vertically, similar
to the Vindicator. The streamlined circular cross section of the engine was
accomplished by utilizing Beisel’s advanced work into cooling methods. The
design incorporated the air intakes for the supercharger and oil cooler within
the leading edge of the wings. The XF4U-1 had fully enclosed main landing
gear and retracting tail wheel and arrestor hook to minimize drag.

The Corsair prototype featured the world’s most powerful radial engine

of the time, the Pratt & Whitney XR-2800 Double Wasp. The XR-2800
engine was a radial design that had 18 cylinders set in two rows (nine each).
The engine was air-cooled and utilized a two-stage, two-speed supercharger.
The prototype XF4U-1 (BuNo 1443) was the first of many US aircraft to be
powered by a Double Wasp engine (other notable fighters include the Republic
P-47 Thunderbolt and the Grumman F6F Hellcat). The XF4U-1 was
originally powered by an R2800-2, and later fitted with an R-2800-4
powerplant that produced 1,850 horsepower at takeoff.

The XF4U-1 had an armament arrangement consistent with the original

Navy requirement: four machine guns (one .30cal machine gun and one
.50cal firing out of the engine cowling through the prop arc, and one .50cal
in each wing). The XF4U-1 also had compartments in each wing to house
small antiaircraft bombs, which were intended for use against enemy
bomber formations.

Chance Vought’s chief test pilot, Lyman Bullard, flew the prototype

Corsair (BuNo 1443) for the first time on May 29, 1940. Bullard had
experienced a problem during the inaugural flight as the elevator trim tabs
came loose in flight, but he made an uneventful landing back at Bridgeport
with a number of VIPs in the crowd, and the elevator trim tabs were
redesigned. Two test pilots, Bullard and Boone Guyton, would put the
XF4U-1 through its paces prior to the Navy’s acceptance trials. On July 9,
1940, Guyton flew the XF4U-1 for the first time; two days later the prototype
was involved in a crash under the controls of the new test pilot. While testing

Vought’s engineers strove to
design a streamlined airframe
around the world’s most
powerful powerplant, Pratt &
Whitney’s XR-2800. To
maximize the power of the
new engine, the Corsair
required a 13-foot-4-inch
diameter Hamilton Standard
three-bladed hydromatic
aluminum propeller. (National
Museum of the Marine Corps)

the XF4U-1, Guyton ran into some bad weather and inadvertently ran low
on fuel, forcing him to make an emergency landing on a golf course and
causing serious damage to the sole prototype. It took three months to piece
it back together. Testing the XF4U-1 continued. One improvement that took
a considerable amount of time was restructuring the ailerons to give the
Corsair better roll rates. Vought’s persistence in finding the right size paid off,
as the Corsair had tremendous roll rates even at high speeds. The bent wing
bird nearly killed Guyton a second time during spin testing. Prior to the test,
BuNo 1443 was fitted with an emergency chute in the tail. During the test
Guyton was unable to get the Corsair out of a flat spin; Bullard reminded
him to use the emergency chute over the radio, and with the chute deployed
Guyton was able to recover and fly another day. Guyton would later go on
to fly the first production F4U-1 Corsair off the assembly line, and he became
indispensably linked to the Corsair. On October 1, 1940, Bullard set a world
speed record in the XF4U-1 when he reached 405mph in level flight, a first
for a single-engine fighter.

Requirement Changes

The Navy was so impressed with Vought’s prototype that a formal request
was issued to Chance Vought to build a production model on November 28,
1940. This was followed by an order for 584 examples of the new fighter on
June 30, 1941, designated F4U-1. The Navy’s requirement changed
dramatically due to lessons being learned in Europe. This meant the addition
of armor protection, self-sealing fuel tanks, and a heavier armament in
the production model. The additional requirements would drastically change
the appearance of the production-model Corsair from its prototype. The
internal bomb compartments located in each wing were removed from the
production model and the main armament was changed to six .50cal machine
guns, three in each wing. The armament change displaced the fuel cells
located in the wings, so the fuel cells were consolidated into one main fuel
cell placed in the forward fuselage between the engine and the cockpit,
making it necessary to move the cockpit three feet aft. Placing the main fuel
tank (237 gallons) in the forward fuselage lengthened the Corsair’s nose to

12 feet in front of the cockpit. This adversely affected the pilot’s forward and
downward view, making it difficult to conduct a carrier landing. The first
production F4U-1 Corsair (BuNo 02153) was flown on June 25, 1942. The
first production F4U-1s were delivered to the Navy in July of the same year.

Corsair Assembly

Vought reconfigured its Kingfisher assembly line at its Stratford plant to
build the new Corsairs. The line needed to be completely reorganized and
simplified for a less experienced workforce. Each Corsair was assembled
from eight main assemblies, while the company subcontracted out multiple
sub-assemblies. The main assemblies included the powerplant, three separate
fuselage assemblies (forward, center, and aft), two wing assemblies (inner
wing and outer wing), landing gear, and tail surfaces. The main beam was the
keystone of the Corsair design. It had three sections of its own and was made
from aluminum alloy to ensure lightness and strength. The main beam had
to withstand heavy loads and formed the foundation for the inner wing
section, giving the Corsair its inverted gull wing shape. The main beam

also supported a variety of other
components, such as the main landing
gear, the lower engine mount fittings,
intercoolers, and the catapult hooks.
The main beam was a complicated
design, produced at a time when
skilled labor was leaving the work
force to go off to war. To ease
production of the main beam, Vought
built specially-designed drill and
assembly jigs.

The Corsair assembly line was

formed utilizing three lines, two loop
lines and one final assembly line
that ran the length of the plant. With
a total of 71 assembly stations,

technicians at each station had a set

time to complete their work. The inner loop joined the middle and aft
fuselage sections. The outer loop joined the inner wing section and the
forward fuselage. These two U-shaped assembly lines ended a short distance
from the start of the final assembly line. The final assembly started with the

forward fuselage and wing section to ensure this area was still relatively
accessible. The cockpit was installed, as well as electrical and hydraulic
systems. The next stage joined the aft fuselage section to the forward
section utilizing bolts, and also added the powerplant, outer wings, and
landing gear. The canopy, gear doors, induction system, armor, and main
fuel cell followed. The hydraulic system was checked to include wing folding,
oil-cooler doors, cowl flaps, and landing-gear retraction. Once all the checks
and tests were completed the aircraft was towed from the plant to adjacent
Bridgeport Airport for flight tests. Vought’s team of test pilots grew as
production increased. Each Corsair had to be flight-tested; these checks
would typically take two hours to complete, which was done prior to the
plane’s release to a naval aviator for delivery.

F4U-1 Production Inspection and Carrier Trials

A series of flight tests were carried out by the Navy starting in July 1942
to determine the Corsair’s performance and handling characteristics, and
to ascertain if the aircraft was suitable for service use. The initial production
Corsair BuNo 02153 was the first aircraft involved with the tests, and was
flown from Stratford, Connecticut to Anacostia Naval Air Station, District
of Columbia, on July 21 1942, for preliminary tests. A second Corsair, BuNo

CORSAIR PROFILES

1. F4U-1 BuNo 02153, Stratford, Connecticut, 15 July 1942
This Corsair was the first production model
2. F4U-1A BuNo 17744, of VMF-214, Maj Gregory Boyington, Vella Lavella,
23 December 1943
3. F4U-1A BuNo 50341, Corsair II, JT537, of 1836 Sqn, Sub Lt Donald J. Sheppard,
HMS Victorious, May 1945
4. FG-1D BuNo 76236, Corsair IV, KD658, of 1841 Sqn, Sub Lt Robert H. Gray,
HMS Formidable, 1945

F4U-1 Corsairs on the final
assembly line at the Vought-
Sikorsky plant, December 23,
1942. Subcontracted Corsairs
built by the Brewster
Aeronautical Corporation
were assembled in Johnsville,
Pennsylvania, while Corsairs
built by Goodyear Aircraft
Corporation were produced
on assembly lines in Akron,
Ohio. (NMNA)

02155, was used for the majority of
performance tests and was delivered
to Anacostia in April 1943. Corsair
(BuNo 02555) was utilized to carry
out drop-tank tests to aid in increasing
the range of the fighter. Multiple
Corsairs from the earliest production
to modified-clipped wing F4Us and
F4U-1D fighter-bomber variants were
involved with these tests that lasted
until September 1944.

On September 25, 1942, the eighth

Corsair off the production line (BuNo
02160) took part in the initial carrier
landing trials. Vought representatives
were on board the escort carrier USS

Sangamon CVE-26, positioned in the Chesapeake Bay, to witness the trial.
Pilot Lieutenant Commander Sam Porter was the first to attempt a carrier
landing. During his four landings and takeoffs, he noted several complications
with the Corsair. The pilot had poor visibility from the cockpit while on
approach, and leaking hydraulic fluid from the cowl flap actuators and

engine oil splattered the windscreen. The short tail wheel raised the aircraft’s
nose significantly while taxiing, limiting the pilot’s view of his surroundings
and hindering directional control on the ground. Due to its rigid landing gear
oleos, the Corsair had a tendency to bounce on landing. The Corsair also had
an undesirable stall characteristic at approach speeds. The port wing would
stall before the starboard wing due to the torque of the engine. This was
especially apparent during carrier approaches.

Vought engineers wasted no time trying to alleviate the Corsair’s carrier

issues. They reduced the landing bounce over time by experimenting with
pressure levels in the oleos struts. To improve visibility, Vought batted down
the top three cowl flaps to eliminate fluid on the windscreen and raised the
tail wheel six inches. Every solution developed by engineers was recorded in
a master change log, used by all three companies producing Corsairs (Vought,
Brewster, and Goodyear). On October 3, 1942, before all discrepancies had
been fixed, the Navy’s first operational Corsair squadron, VF-12, took
delivery of its first F4U-1 Corsair. Led by Lieutenant Commander Joseph C.
Clifton, VF-12 pilots qualified with the Corsair during carrier operations
aboard the USS Saratoga. Adoption of the new Corsair proved costly, as the
squadron lost 14 pilots in training accidents. The squadron would exchange
their Corsairs for Grumman F6F Hellcats due to the lack of Corsair parts
and logistics within the carrier fleet. VF-12 would eventually see Corsairs
operating from carriers, but it would be while operating in conjunction with
the Royal Navy, who deemed the Corsair fit for duty aboard their carriers
well before the US Navy.

The Royal Navy’s Fleet Air Arm (FAA) flew three types of US-built

carrier-based fighters during World War II. The first type acquired was the
Grumman Wildcat (known as the Martlet in British service) in July 1940. In
1941, the Lend Lease Act allowed the FAA to acquire contemporary US
carrier-based fighters. The FAA eventually acquired both the Vought F4U
Corsair and Grumman Hellcat. Squadron Number 1830 (No 1830)
completed conversion training in the US first among British units and received

Armorers inspect an F4U-1’s
port machine guns prior to a
boresighting test. The
aircraft’s tail section has been
lifted off the ground by a field-
constructed apparatus built
from coconut logs. This F4U-
1, named “Bubbles,” was
assigned to VMF-213 while on
Guadalcanal. (National
Archives)

new F4U-1As (known as Corsair IIs). The
squadron’s pilots developed a method to tame
the Corsair’s visibility limitations while
approaching a carrier. The pilot executed a
gradual turn while on final approach instead of
the traditional straight in approach. This allowed
the pilot to see the carrier up until the last second,
when the pilot would level the wings and cut the
throttles once over the deck. The technique
developed by the British was later emulated by
both USN and USMC squadrons.

Engines

Production F4U-1 Corsairs were powered by a Pratt & Whitney R-2800-8
engine, producing 2,000 horsepower at takeoff. The R-2800-8 was equipped
with an auxiliary supercharger that could operate at two speeds with three
different settings: neutral, low, and high. When in neutral, the R-2800-8
performed like a single-stage engine: when in high or low the intake air is
compressed in two stages. The intake air is compressed by the auxiliary
blower, then cooled by the intercooler. It is then sent through the main stage
blower before entering the cylinders. Neutral is used for low altitudes, low
gear for medium altitudes, and high gear for high altitudes. The engine’s
power was transmitted through the use of a 13-foot 4-inch diameter three-
bladed constant-speed Hamilton-Standard Hydromatic propeller.

Late-model F4U-1As were fitted with an R-2800-8W (W designating

water injection) powerplant that introduced water injection for an additional
burst of power for a limited time. Known as war emergency power, or WEP,
this innovation was devised by Pratt & Whitney for the Army Air Force’s
Republic P-47 Thunderbolt to give the large fighter additional power in

a dogfight. With multiple Navy and Marine aircraft utilizing the R-2800 as a
powerplant, it was easy to see how the Navy became interested. The water
injection system allowed for higher manifold pressures, permitting the engine
to reach 2,700rpm. Engaging the water injection system was simple: a small
safety wire stopped the throttle handle from advancing completely (or the last

⁄

of an inch). In an emergency, the pilot just advanced the throttle handle

completely to full open, breaking the wire and engaging the system. When the
throttle was in any other position other than full throttle, the system would
automatically turn off. A green warning light in the cockpit would flash after
two minutes and remain on while the throttle was in the full open position.
This feature was first incorporated on late production F4U-1s.

Operational Corsair Powerplants

Pratt & Whitney

Powerplant

Horsepower at
takeoff & RPM

Aircraft

Blades

Hamilton Standard

Propeller # and size

R-2800-8

R-2800-8W

2,000/2,700

F4U-1/F4U-2/FG-1/F3A-1/

F4U-1A/F4U-1D/F4U-1C

(3)

#6501/6443 size 13ft,4in

#6501A-0 size 13ft,1in

R-2800-18W

2,100/2,800

F4U-4/F4U-4B/F4U-4P/F4U-7

(4)

#6501A-0 size 13ft,2in

R-2800-42W

2,100/2,800

F4U-4/F4U-4B

(4)

#6501A-0 size 13ft,2in

R-2800-32W

2,300/2,800

F4U-5/F4U-5N/F4U-5NL/
F4U-5P

(4)

#6637A-0 size 13ft,2in

R-2800-83WA

2,300/2,800

AU-1

(4)

#6837A-0 size 13ft,2in

An F4U-1 from VF-17 catches
a wire on board the USS
Bunker Hill (CV-17) during a
carrier landing on July 11,
1943. Pilots from VF-17
successfully completed their
carrier qualifications but were
ordered to operate as a land-
based squadron when sent
into combat. (NMNA)

Propeller

All three United Aircraft
Corporation subsidiaries,
Vought-Sikorsky, Pratt &
Whitney and Hamilton
Standard, contributed to the
success of the Corsair.
H a m i l t o n S t a n d a r d ’s
propeller design was just as
important to the prototype
Corsair as the XR-2800
powerplant. The prototype
Corsair utilized a constant
speed propeller (with three
blades), meaning that as the
engine built up power, the
pitch of the propeller blades

changed through the use of a hydraulically-operated prop governor. As the
manifold pressure climbed, the angle of the propeller blades would increase
to allow the propeller to remain at a constant rpm and operate at its
greatest efficiency while decreasing drag. Hamilton Standard propellers
fitted to Corsairs would evolve over time, as did the F4U. Newer designs

from the company allowed for smaller propeller diameters in late model
F4U-1s even though these variants saw an increase in power. The hydromatic
four-blade propeller employed on the F4U-4 had a diameter of 13 feet
2 inches. The propeller fitted to the F4U-5 had thinner blade tips to deal
with the new model’s increased speed, and the hub design was also
reinforced to deal with the change in thrust axis.

Fuselage/Body

The Corsair’s body was made of pre-stressed aluminum panels, much of
which was spot-welded onto the frame. Internal stiffeners strengthened the
joints, minimizing the use of rivets that caused parasitic drag. Radial engine
designs like the R-2800 incurred high drag penalties due to the engine’s large
cross section. In an effort to reduce drag, Beisel’s team designed a streamlined
fuselage that conformed behind the cowling of the R-2800. The all-metal
fuselage housed the Corsair’s 237-gallon self-sealing main fuel tank, a
single-seat cockpit, and the radio compartment. Provisions were made for
a 160-gallon drop-tank below the fuselage. Corsair cockpit layouts saw
numerous changes throughout the aircraft’s production life. The majority of
Corsairs had no floorboards. Instead, pilots had two leg rails, providing

a clear line of sight to a small bombing window at the bottom of the fuselage.
This window was a holdover from the prototype, intended to aid the pilot in
bombing enemy aircraft formations. Vought discarded the rails and bombing
window and incorporated a standard floorboard with the F4U-4.

Wings and Undercarriage

The Corsair’s most recognizable feature was its inverted gull wing design.
A conventional wing design would have required tall main landing gear to

An early-production Goodyear
FG-1 Corsair (BuNo 13078)
assigned to VMF-323. This
aircraft was involved in a
landing accident in September
1943. Early Corsairs were very
unforgiving, earning the
aircraft the nickname “Ensign
Eliminator.” The aircraft’s stall
characteristics on approach,
bounce on landing, and brute
power of the R-2800 could
easily overwhelm a pilot in
training. (National Archives)

give the propeller enough ground clearance. This was not acceptable for
multiple reasons. The aircraft was designed as a Navy fighter, so
consequently its gear needed to withstand the rigors of carrier landings. Tall
gear tended to produce a large bounce during carrier landings. The main
gear was situated at the wing’s lowest point to keep it as short as possible.
It was attached to the main beam or wing spar and retracted rearward, with
the wheel struts rotating 90 degrees into a fully-enclosed wheel well in the
inner wing or wing knuckles. The main gear was also designed to be used
as a dive brake. A dive-brake control on the left sub instrument panel
allowed the pilot to lower the main gear while keeping the tail wheel
stowed. The dive brakes needed to be set prior to reaching 225 knots (due
to air load limits on the extending mechanism). In the event of complete
hydraulic failure, the main gear could be extended with a CO

system,

while a spring system would lower the tail wheel.

The Corsair utilized a non-laminar flow wing, built around the NACA

2415 airfoil. This airfoil permitted sufficient lift at slow speeds (needed
during carrier approaches) without hindering the aircraft’s high-speed
performance. The Corsair’s wingspan measured 41 feet, giving the bent
wing bird 314 square feet of total wing area. The wings were connected to
the fuselage at 90-degree angles for smooth air flow between the fuselage
and the wing surfaces. The outer wing (past the wing knuckle or inner
wing) housed the Corsair’s armament as well as internal wing tanks on the
F4U-1. To protect the 62-gallon wing tanks from gunfire, these tanks
incorporated a CO

vapor dilution system, making the atmosphere above

the fuel inert. The F4U-1D had the internal wing tanks removed and
incorporated positions for multiple external fuel tanks (two 150-gallon
drop tanks on each inner wing position and one 175-gallon tank carried on
the centerline). Later Corsairs would retain the dry wing for ease of
maintenance. Interestingly, the Corsair’s wing used a mix of materials, most
of which was aluminum, although the outer wing panels were covered in
fabric and the ailerons were built out of plywood covered in fabric for their
protection (metal ailerons were tested, but never made it to production).
The F4U-5 was the first production model to replace the fabric outer wing
panels with metal panels. However, the F4U-5 still utilized fabric-covered

moving surfaces.

An F4U-1D (BuNo 82332) from
VMA-322 “Fighting
Gamecocks” on the newly-
captured Kadena Airfield,
Okinawa. VMF-322 was one of
three Corsair squadrons
assigned to Marine Aircraft
Group 33 (MAG-33) operating
from Kadena Airfield in the
early stages of Operation
Iceburg. The squadron’s lead
element was sent ashore on
April 3, 1945, where their LST
(LST 599) was hit by a
kamikaze attack, wounding
several squadron members.
(National Archives)

Corsairs utilized hydraulically-controlled slotted wing flaps. These were

designed to aid the pilot during combat maneuvering at speeds up to
175 knots. At low speeds, with the flaps set at 20 degrees, the increase in lift
decreased the aircraft’s turning radius. Corsairs also incorporated what was
known as a “blow up” feature. This feature ensured that the flaps would
automatically retract when under excessive air loads, and once the airspeeds
were reduced the flaps would automatically return to their previous setting.
In case the blow-back system was inoperative, full flaps were limited to
130 knots indicated.

The Corsair exhibited normal stall warnings in most phases of flight.

Prior to a stall, the pilot would experience tail buffeting and a nose-high
attitude of the aircraft. It was important for a Corsair pilot to recover from
a stall before the aircraft entered into a spin. According to the F4U-1 Pilot's
handbook, after a few full turns of a spin the forces required to recover the
aircraft become extremely difficult. The Corsair’s spin characteristics were
such that pilots were not permitted to intentionally spin a F4U-1. Technical

Order 30-44, Model F4U-1, F4U-2, FG-1, and F3A-1 Airplane, Restrictions
on Maneuvering, was published to enforce this rule. A series of spin tests
proved it was possible to recover an F4U-1 after four spins in either
direction in a clean configuration, and after one full spin in the landing
configuration if the proper actions were taken. Engineers incorporated a

stall-warning light atop the main instrument panel. This gave the pilot
some initial warning of an impending stall when in the landing configuration.
The Corsairs had hydraulically-controlled folding wings. The wings could
be folded and unfolded automatically from the cockpit when the engine
was running. The wings folded vertically, giving the Corsair a height of 16
feet 1 inch in the folded position.

Internal Armament

Standard internal armament for Corsairs during World War II featured six
Browning AN/M2 light barrel .50-caliber machine guns, with three in each
wing. The F4U-2 night-fighter version of the Corsair had a total of five AN/
M2 .50cal machine guns, three in the port wing and two in the starboard
wing. One .50cal gun was removed from the starboard wing of the F4U-2 to
make room for installation of the radar’s wave-guide. The pilot charged the
six .50cals hydraulically from within the cockpit. Each wing-gun compartment
had a combustion heater, activated from within the cockpit. Vought produced
200 F4U-1Cs that carried four AN/M2 20mm cannons. One of the drawbacks
to the four 20mm cannon arrangement was that there was no provision to
charge the cannons from within the cockpit. The F4U-1C was the only

MAIN CORSAIR WEAPONS

1. .50cal machine gun installation
2. M2 20mm cannon assembly
3. M3 (T-31) 20mm cannon assembly
4. General Purpose Bombs. The types used were the AN-M30A1 100lb bomb; AN-M57A1
250lb bomb; AN-M64A1 500lb bomb; AN-M65A1 1,000lb bomb; AN-M66A2 2,000lb bomb.
Illustrated is the 500lb AN-M64A1.
5. 11.75in. Tiny Tim air-to-ground rocket
6. 5in. High Velocity Aircraft Rocket (HVAR)
7. 6.5in. Anti-Tank Aircraft Rocket (ATAR)

cannon version of the Corsair produced during World War II. After the war,
Vought produced 297 F4U-4B Corsairs, originally designated F4U-4C, and
armed with two M3 20mm cannons in each wing. The four M3 20mm
cannons found on the F4U-4B became the standard armament for production
F4U-5, AU-1, and F4U-7s.

Corsair X Planes

Designation

Bureau Numbers

Qty

Model

Converted

Purpose or Program

XF4U-1

1443

N/A

F4U Corsair Prototype

XF4U-2

02153

(F4U-1)

Night-Fighter Conversion

XF4U-3

17516, 49664, 02157

(F4U-1)

High-Altitude Interceptor

XF4U-1C

50277

(F4U-1)

Cannon-Equipped

F4U-4X

49763, 50301

(F4U-1)

F4U-4 Prototype

XF4U-4

80759 thru 80763

N/A

First ﬁve production F4U-4 aircraft

XF4U-5

97296, 97364, 97415

F4U-4

F4U-5 Prototype

XF4U-6

124665

F4U-5N

AU-1 Prototype

XF2G-1

13471, 13472,

14691 thru 14695

FG-1

F2G Prototype

TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS

Production Models and Operational Conversions

F4U-1
The first production F4U-1 Corsair (BuNo 02153) was flown on June 25,
1942. It was powered by a Pratt & Whitney R-2800-8 engine with a two-
stage, two-speed supercharger. This gave the production model a top speed
of 415mph in level flight. The F4U-1 cockpit layout was spacious in
comparison to other Navy fighters. The lack of a floorboard contributed
to the perception of open space. The early model proved to have several
problems, however. The low seat position and framed (birdcage) canopy
restricted the pilot’s view. In response, engineers modified the canopy on
the second production run, installing a small bubble window atop the
birdcage for the purpose of relocating a rearview mirror. Second, hydraulic

fluid from the cowl flap actuators and engine oil splattered the windscreen.
Vought service bulletin No. 155 resolved this problem by changing the cowl
flap mechanisms from hydraulic to mechanically operated. The service
order also batted down the top three cowl flaps. Next, the F4U-1 revealed
a tendency to bounce due to the rigid landing gear oleos. Finally, and most
significantly, the F4U-1 Corsairs exhibited poor stall characteristics at
approach speeds. Abruptly adding full throttle to correct the stall could
lead to a worse situation known as a torque roll (inverting the aircraft due
to the thrust of the engine). An unusual and inexpensive fix became
apparent when the first production F4U-1(BuNo 02153) underwent
conversion to the XF4U-2 night-fighter model. The aircraft was fitted with
a mock radome on the right wing, and during testing pilots noticed a much
more pronounced stall warning on approach than with the standard F4U-1.
This would lead to incorporating a small spoiler on later models. To help
pilots avoid the stall at approach speeds while flying the F4U-1, a stall
warning light was installed in F4U-1 cockpits.

F4U-1 Production

Total Built

F4U-1

F4U-1A

2,814

733

2,081

Bureau Numbers

F4U-1

02153 through 02736

03802 through 03841

17392 through 17455

18122 through 18166

F4U-1A (late production)

17456 through 18121

18167 through 18191

49660 through 50349

55784 through 56483

FG-1 and F3A-1
Vought expanded its factory in Stafford, but the factory’s production
capacity could not fulfill the Navy’s requirement for F4U-1s. The US Navy
contracted two companies to co-produce Corsairs to increase production
numbers. The first was Brewster Aeronautical Corporation. Brewster had
built the first monoplane fighter delivered to the US Navy, the F2A Brewster
Buffalo. The Navy awarded Brewster a contract to license-build Corsairs
on November 1, 1941. Unfortunately, the company struggled to produce
aircraft due to mismanagement and labor issues. The problems continued
to a point where the company defaulted on other contracts. The Navy took
delivery of the first F3A-1 Corsair (BuNo 04515) in March 1943. Brewster

produced 735 examples of the F3A-1 from their Johnsville, Pennsylvania
plant before going out of business in 1944.

The second company, Goodyear Aircraft Corporation, received approval

to license-build Corsairs in December 1941. The first Goodyear Corsair
(designated FG-1 BuNo 12992) was test flown on February 25, 1943 and
delivered to the Navy the same month. Although Goodyear was the second
company selected, it was the first to produce a license-built version of the
Corsair. This occurred nearly a month before Brewster. Goodyear built 377
Corsairs in their Akron, Ohio plant in 1943 alone.

Major Gregory J.
Weissenberger, the
commanding officer of VMF-
213 “The Hellhawks,” is seen
climbing into his F4U-1 to
lead another mission from
Guadalcanal. His Corsair
(BuNo 02288) was started by
ground personnel. (NMNA)

A number of FG-1s were built with non-folding wings in order to improve

performance by reducing the aircraft’s weight with the added benefit of
minimizing complexity. Two separate methods were used to create the fixed
wing FG-1s. The first and easiest method was to not install the wing-folding
mechanisms while the FG-1s were on the production line. The second option
was to remove the folding mechanisms in the field using a kit. This could be
done for Vought and Brewster Corsairs as well, but was a bit more difficult.
On Dec 6, 1943, the Bureau of Aeronautics issued guidance on weight-
reduction measures for the F4U-1, FG-1, and F3A. Corsair squadrons
operating from land bases were authorized to remove catapult hooks,
arresting hook, and associated equipment, which eliminated 48 pounds of
unnecessary weight. Some of the parts were turned back into the supply
system for other units, while others would be stored as loose equipment and
could later be reinstalled.

FG-1 and F3A-1 Production

Goodyear-built

Brewster-built

2,010

735

Bureau Numbers

FG-1

12992 through 14685

76139 through 76148

F3A-1

04515 through 04774

08550 through 08797

11067 through 11293

F4U-1A (Unofficial Designation)
The F4U-1A designation emerged as an unofficial designation used to
distinguish late-production F4U-1 aircraft that incorporated major design
changes from the original F4U-1. Changes included the installation of a
6-inch stall strip on the outer starboard wing, which improved the
asymmetrical stall characteristics. A fix to the Corsair’s oleo strut issues
reduced the aircraft’s bounce on landing. The Corsair’s poor visibility while

taxiing also received due
attention. Vought engineers
lengthened the tail-wheel strut
and installed an adjustable seat

for better forward visibility. The
F4U-1A incorporated a wider
blown-glass canopy with two
reinforcing bars and a simplified
windscreen instead of the
birdcage canopy and rear-view
windows. Additional cockpit
improvements included a new
instrument panel, armored
headrest, lengthened control
stick, improved rudder/brake
pedals, and a new gun sight.
The first Corsair to receive the
modifications was BuNo 02557,
which was used as a test bed.
The first production aircraft

This F4U-1A known as “Ole’
122” by members of VMF-111
holds a unique place in World
War II aviation history as it is
the only aircraft known to
have received an official
citation during the war.
Operating from the Gilbert
and Marshall Islands, the
aircraft set a record for
reliability. The F4U-1A flew
100 missions without turning
back for mechanical
problems, constituting 400
flight hours and over 80,000
miles on the same engine.
(National Archives)

incorporating the improvement was BuNo 17647. The F4U-1A’s range was
also increased with the ability to carry a single centerline drop tank, or a
centerline bomb rack, starting with BuNo 17930.

Late-production run F4U-1As received a new version of the Pratt &

Whitney Double Wasp engine, the R-2800-8W. This engine had the capability
to utilize water injection in an emergency, thereby increasing horsepower by
250hp for five minutes. The first F4U-1A powered by an R-2800-8W with
water injection was BuNo 55910. All subsequent F4U-1As received the new
engine. Goodyear Corsairs, along with their Brewster siblings, received the
new powerplant starting with FG-1 (BuNo 13992) and F3A-1 (BuNo 11208).

Clipped Wing Corsairs
Vought designated Corsairs destined for the Royal Navy’s Fleet Air Arm
(FAA) as F4U-1Bs. Goodyear and Brewster built Corsairs as FG-1B and
F3A-1B respectively. The first Corsairs supplied to the Royal Navy were
Vought-built F4U-1s. These aircraft, delivered in May 1943, were given the

designation of Corsair I by the British Air Commission. Both maintainers
and pilots from the FAA converted to the Corsair at Quonset Point Naval
Air Station, Rhode Island. The FAA’s experience with adapting former Royal
Air Force aircraft for carrier operations eased their efforts in making the
Corsair fit for carriers. One issue that affected its use aboard RN carriers

was the Corsair’s wing-folding mechanism. The Corsair’s wings
folded vertically above the cockpit, giving the aircraft a stowed height of
16 feet 1 inch. British carrier hangar decks had exactly 16 feet of height
clearance (due to Royal Navy carriers having armored flight decks, a
feature that would be invaluable during the latter stages of World War II).
The British replaced the standard wing tips from the Corsair with wooden
fillets. The fillet would be placed on wing station 149. By placing the fillet
on an already established wing station, the modification had little impact
on an already busy production line. The wing modification reduced the
length of each wing by 8 inches, thereby giving the British Corsairs better
roll rates. The first Corsair to be delivered with the clipped wing
modification was Brewster-built BuNo 17952, known as the Corsair III in
British service. Of the 735 Brewster Corsairs built, 430 found their way into
the Royal Navy inventory. The 94 F4U-1 Corsairs built by Vought for British
use were retrofitted with the clipped wing modification.

F4U-1D / FG-1D
The F4U-1D was purposely built as a fighter-bomber from the factory.
It kept the F4U-1A’s original armament of six .50cal machine guns, and
offered new provisions to carry up to eight unguided rockets on the outer
wings (four on each wing) and two pylons for either napalm, 1,000lb
bombs, or drop tanks on the wing knuckles. It also retained a centerline
pylon (for drop tanks or bombs). The aircraft was powered by an R2800-8W
Double Wasp engine. Unlike the F4U-1C, which was only produced by
Vought, the F4U-1D model was built by Goodyear as well, designated as
the FG-1D. The F4U-1D models saw service before their cannon-equipped
sibling, the F4U-1C. During the production run, the F4U-1D was eventually
fitted with a smaller diameter propeller (of 13 feet 1 inch instead of the
standard 13 feet 4 inch propeller), starting with BuNo 57356. Another
production-line modification was the addition of a cutout step in the
starboard flap, allowing easier access for the pilot.

The first ten F4U-1Ds off the production line, starting with BuNo 50350

(FAA serial JT-555), were delivered to the Fleet Air Arm. The first F4U-1D
delivered to the Navy was BuNo 50360, which has been mistakenly reported
as the first production F4U-1D in some accounts. The first D model entered
Navy inventory on April 22, 1944. This version saw combat in the Marshall
Islands through the end of the war. The Royal New Zealand Air Force fielded
45 FG-1Ds as well.

F4U-1D / FG-1D (C Models included)

Built

1,685/1,997

Bureau Numbers

F4U-1D/C

50350 through 50659

57084 through 57983

82178 through 82852

FG-1D

67055 through 67099

76149 through 76739

87788 through 88453

92007 through 92701

F4U-1C
Early on, Vought experimented with upgrading the Corsair’s armament from
six .50cal machine guns to four 20mm cannons. The first cannon-equipped
prototype (BuNo 50277), designated the XF4U-1C, flew in August 1943.
Vought produced 200 cannon-equipped Corsairs from the F4U-1D
production line. The F4U-1C featured four AN-M2 20mm cannons (two in
each wing), with a total of 924 rounds. The cannons were based on the
Hispano-Suiza .404. Additionally, the C model had two pylons on each wing,
capable of carrying up to four 5-inch rockets in total.

VMF-311 was the first Marine squadron to put the new cannon-equipped

F4U-1C into combat. On January 6, 1945, 19 F4U-1Cs from the squadron

bombed and strafed Wotje Atoll in the Marshall Islands. Three Marine
squadrons (VMF-311, VMF-441, and VMF-314) and two Navy squadrons,
VF-84 and VF-85, operated the F4U-1C during Operation Iceberg, the battle
for Okinawa. The F4U-1C was met with mixed reviews from the pilots. The
M2 cannons could not be recharged from inside the cockpit and they had a
slow rate of fire, making them difficult to use in aerial engagements. On the
other hand, the F4U-1C’s cannons were extremely effective against ground
targets, using a mix of standard and armor-piercing shells. The F4U-1C
model paved the way for later cannon versions of the Corsair after the war.

A mix of FG-1D and F4U-1D
Corsairs from VMF-323, the
“Death Rattlers,” seen after
delivering napalm and rockets
on Kushi Dake ridge, June 10,
1945. The ridge in central
Okinawa served as a strong
point in the Japanese
defensive. (Note: the leading
aircraft has two hung rockets.)
(National Archives)

F4U-1P
A handful of F4U-1D Corsairs were converted to serve as photo-
reconnaissance aircraft during the later stages of the war; these aircraft
would serve operationally in both the USMC and USN. The Navy had an
interest in converting 60 Corsairs for the photo-reconnaissance role prior to
the initial production of the F4U-1. Vought provided the US Navy with
drawings and a mockup of the camera installation. The Navy converted the
aircraft itself in order not to disrupt Vought’s production line. The aircraft
designated as F4U-1P utilized a remotely-controlled camera installed in the
lower rear-section of the fuselage with a single ventral window. The camera
mount carried a single camera; however, the mount could accommodate
various types of aerial cameras to include the K-17, K-18, K-21, and F-56.

F4U-1C Production

Built

200

Bureau Numbers

57657 through 57659

57777 through 57791

57966 through 57983

82178 through 82189

82260 through 82289

82370 through 82394

82435 through 82459

82540 through 82582

82633 through 82639

82740 through 82761

F4U-2 Night Fighter
The United States Navy Bureau of Aeronautics forwarded a proposal for a
night-fighter version of the Corsair to the Vought-Sikorsky Aircraft Division
on November 8, 1941. Vought, in conjunction with the Massachusetts
Institute of Technology and the Sperry Gyroscope Company, proceeded with
the project to create a night fighter out of the Corsair. Vought laid the
foundation for the aircraft by building a full-scale mockup. Vought foresaw
delays with producing the new model as the company was hard pressed with
the production of the F4U-1 and had a crowded engineering department.
The Bureau of Aeronautics remained undeterred and instituted a plan to have
the Naval Aircraft Factory (NAF) in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania build the
night-fighter version of the Corsair. The NAF would eventually modify 32
Corsairs from the F4U-1 production line, including the first production

This F4U-1C, assigned to
VMF-311 “Hells Belles,” was
photographed at Yontan
Airfield during the battle of
Okinawa, April 1945. The
squadron’s first air-to-air kill
took place over Okinawa on
April 7, 1945. The F4U-1C was
the only cannon variant of the
Corsair used during World
War II. (National Museum of
the Marine Corps)

Corsair (BuNo: 02153). The
modification program was named
Project Roger. Vought, in full
cooperation with the Navy, supplied
NAF with preliminary sketches of the
wing, instrument panel, and radio
compartment modifications needed to
create the F4U-2. Subsequently,
Squadron VMF (N)-532 modified two
additional Corsairs into night fighters
in the field. At least one fleet-modified
F4U-2 utilized a late-production
F4U-1s airframe with a bubble canopy.

The most noticeable external

difference between the F4U-1 and the
F4U-2 was the airborne interception

radar, mounted in a radome on the
starboard wing’s leading edge. The
standard armament of three M2
machine guns per wing was reduced to

two on the starboard side of the F4U-2 to accommodate the wave-guide. To

power the radar, a 60-amp generator was installed. A small air scoop located
on the starboard side of the fuselage cooled the generator. Exhaust dampeners
were utilized to conceal the engine’s exhaust at night. The standard Corsair
high-frequency radio was replaced in favor of VHF radio, with a whip
antenna atop the fuselage behind the cockpit. A second whip antenna was
installed below the fuselage for use with an Identify Friend or Foe (IFF)
system. The antenna was located aft of the bombing window. The F4U-2 had
a radio altimeter with two additional antennas located on the aircraft’s belly
for night carrier landings. Internal changes were numerous, and included a
new instrument panel, instrumentation lighting, radar-controlled sights, and
an IFF radar beacon. Both an autopilot/maneuvering pilot were also tested.

One of only two field-modified
F4U-2s is seen taking off from
the deck of the USS Windham
Bay (CV-92). VMF(N)-532
converted two F4U-1As into
night fighters in the field at
Roi Island. (NMNA)

A detachment of F4U-2
Corsair night fighters from
VF(N)-101 prepare to launch
from the USS Enterprise
(CV-6) for a raid against Truk,
February 1944. The
detachment operated from
the USS Enterprise from
Jan–July 1944 and was
credited with destroying five
enemy aircraft, with two
probables. (National Archives)

The first F4U-2 (which happened also to be the first production F4U-1) took
to the skies in its modified form on January 7, 1943. On October 31, 1943
an F4U-2 pilot from VF(N)-75, Lt Hugh D. O’Neill, Jr was credited with the
first successful (ground-vectored) night interception of the Pacific War,
shooting down a Japanese Betty bomber. Three squadrons eventually flew the
night-fighter version of the Corsair in combat during the course of the World
War II, VF(N)-75, VF(N)-101 and VMF(N)-532.

F4U-2 Production

Naval Aircraft Factory/ Conversions

Fleet Conversions

Total

Bureau Numbers

F4U-1 Conversions

02153, 02243, 02421, 02432, 02434, 02436, 02441,
02534, 02617, 02622, 02624, 02627, 02632, 02641,
02672, 02673, 02677, 02681, 02682, 02688, 02692,
02708, 02709, 02710, 02731, 02733, 03811, 03814,
03816, 17412, 17418, 17423

F4U-2 Fleet Conversions

17473, 02665

F2G Super Corsairs (Wasp Major)
A program to combine Pratt & Whitney’s most powerful radial engine, the
R-4360 Wasp Major, with the Corsair began in March of 1943. Vought loaned
a single F4U-1 (BuNo 02460) to Pratt & Whitney for use as a test bed. The
Navy decided to have Goodyear develop the combination further in order to
keep production at Vought running smoothly. Goodyear designated the new
aircraft as the F2G. Goodyear planned to build two separate versions, one for
land-based operations and one for carrier operations. The land-based version,
designated F2G-1, still incorporated folding wings, which could only be
folded manually. The F2G-2, built for carrier operations, had both
hydraulically-operated folding wings and arresting gear. There were armament
differences between the two variants as well. The F2G-1 was armed with four
.50cal machine guns while the carrier-based version had six.

One of only two F2G-1s left in
existence, this aircraft (BuNo
88458) finished third in a trio
of Super Corsairs that won
the 1949 Thompson Trophy.
The aircraft was restored in
its original racing colors by
owner Bob Odegaard. Mr
Odegaard was later killed in
an accident involving an
F2G-1 (BuNo 88463) on
September 7, 2012. (Pima Air
& Space Museum Collection)

Several Corsairs coming off the Goodyear assembly line supported

the test program. Seven preproduction aircraft were utilized as test beds
and given XF2G designations. External differences between the F2G and
standard production Corsairs were apparent. First, the F2G series utilized
a bubble canopy (similar to the Republic P-47D Thunderbolt and the North
American P-51D Mustang). Second, the aircraft’s vertical stabilizer was
a foot taller than the standard Corsair and incorporated a split rudder.
Third, the R-4360 Wasp Major engine extended the nose and had the air
scoop situated on top of the cowling toward the back of the engine. Only
ten were built (five F2G-1s and another five F2G-2s) due to the cancellation
of the program. Many of the Super Corsairs would end up in private hands,
finding new careers as pylon racers. The most notable race results came in
1947 and 1949. Cook Cleland flew an F2G-2 Super Corsair BuNo 88463
to win the Thompson Trophy in 1947. The 1949 Thompson Trophy race
saw all three podium positions taken by F2G Corsair pilots, with Cleland
taking first for a second time.

F2G Production

Production

10 built

Bureau Numbers

F2G-1

F2G-2

88454 through 88458

88459 through 88463

XF4U-3 and FG-3
Vought was awarded a contract to convert three F4U Corsairs into high-
altitude interceptors. The Corsairs were to be fitted with Pratt & Whitney
XR-2800-16 engines, a four-bladed Hamilton Standard propeller, and a
Birmann type turbo-supercharger. The four-bladed propeller and air-intake
scoop utilized for the turbo-supercharger (situated centerline past the engine
cowling) made the XF4U-3 easily distinguishable from other Corsairs.
The first flight of the XF4U-3A took place on March 26, 1944, and the
aircraft in question was a converted F4U-1 BuNo 17516. The second
prototype (designated XF4U-3B) converted from an F4U-1A (BuNo 49664)
was powered by an R-2800-14W engine due to delays at Pratt & Whitney

with the R-2800-16 engine. During testing the XF4U-3 showed promise, as
the aircraft attained 480mph at 40,000 feet. A third Corsair BuNo 02157
was selected for the program, but crashed shortly after being converted. The
Navy wanted to limit Vought’s involvement with the project in order for the
company to concentrate on the new F4U-4 production for the war effort. The
conversion project would be given to the Naval Aircraft Modification Unit
(NAMU) located in Johnsville, PA. NAMU converted 27 FG-1D aircraft into
turbo-supercharged Corsairs designated FG-3s. The last FG-3 was struck
from the United States Navy’s inventory in 1949.

FG-3 Production

Production

27 converted from FG-1D

Bureau Numbers

FG-3

76450, 76708,92252, 92253, 92283, 92284, 92300,
92328, 92232, 92338, 92341, 92344, 92345, 92354,
92359, 92361, 92363, 92364, 92367, 92369, 92382
through 92385, 92429, 92430, 92440

F4U-4
The F4U-4 represented the first major production change at Vought. Prior
to this, the F4U-1 had been effectively upgraded through a system of master
changes. One of the identifying features on the new Corsair was a four-
bladed Hamilton-Standard propeller with a diameter of 13ft 1in. Early
model F4U-4s were powered by the new “C” series Pratt & Whitney
R-2800-18W (water-injected) engine, featuring forged cylinder heads. Some
late model F4U-4s used the R-2800-42W. The original powerplant
(R-2800-18W) produced 2,100 horsepower at takeoff. The engine produced
more horsepower at takeoff and at critical altitudes than the older R-2800-8
or “B” series engines. The water injection system was essentially the same,
with a notable difference being the inclusion of a thumb latch on the
throttle instead of the earlier safety wire. The engine used an electric starter
without a cartridge breech. Covering the powerplant was a redesigned
cowling featuring a new auxiliary-stage air-duct entrance (or chin scoop)
at the bottom of the nose cowl. The cowl flaps were redesigned to be larger

and fewer in number. As a result, the F4U-4 possessed five cowl flaps on
each side instead of the 15 found on F4U-1s.

The fuel system differed significantly from past Corsairs. The F4U-4 had

one main self-sealing fuel cell of 230 gallons (7 gallons less than the F4U-1).
As with late model F4U-1s, Vought eliminated the wing tanks, giving the

F4U-4 a dry wing. However, the new Corsair also had provisions to carry
two drop tanks, one on each inner wing pylon. No provisions were made for
a centerline drop tank, nor was there a reserve for the main tank. A warning
light indicated when 50 gallons remained in the tank.

The F4U-4 had a completely redesigned cockpit, featuring a more efficient

instrument panel that reduced the pilot’s workload. A shortened control
stick, simplified controls on both the right and left shelves set in a reclined
position, and revised rudder pedals for maximum pilot comfort were
introduced. The new cockpit was designed with pilot comfort in mind and
included a cigar lighter, a new armored seat with armrests, and for the first
time, a floorboard instead of foot rails (also known as foot troughs). The
addition of a floorboard had multiple benefits, as it prevented objects from

An F4U-4 (BuNo 81066) of
VMF-212 taxies on Kadena
Airfield, Okinawa, in
preparation for a close air
support mission. Marine
Aircraft Group-14 (MAG-14)
received new F4U-4 Corsairs
during the closing stages of
World War II. VMF-212 was
the first Marine squadron to
operate the F4U-4 in combat.
(National Archives)

falling out of reach and reduced the chance of a hydraulic leak entering
the cockpit. Additional armor protection was added as well as a flat bullet-
proof windscreen. The new Corsair came with a blown canopy (with no
reinforcement bars) for better visibility, carried over from late model
F4U-1Ds. Vought replaced the bombing window with an access door large
enough for maintenance personnel to enter. Cockpit access from outside the
aircraft was also made easier with the addition of a fuselage step, cowl panel
grip and a flap step.

The XF4U-4 prototype made its first flight on April 19, 1944. The new

Corsair posted a top speed of 446mph in level flight. The first Marine Aircraft
Group to receive the F4U-4 was MAG-14 in May 1945. The group
familiarized themselves with the new model in the Philippines campaign
before moving to Okinawa during the latter stages of Operation Iceberg.
The production run of the F4U-4 ended in 1947, with a total of 2,357 built.
The production run included three subvariants based on the F4U-4, two of
which would see frontline service. These included 297 F4U-4Bs (armed with

four M3 20mm cannons (two in each wing), and nine photo-reconnaissance
versions (designated F4U-4P). Two F4U-4s (BuNo 97361 and 80764) were
converted as night fighters and designated F4U-4Ns. These aircraft armed
with the standard six .50cal machine guns were used as test-beds for later
night-fighter variants of the Corsair.

F4U-4 Production

Production 2,357

built

Bureau Numbers (all variants included)

62915 through 63071

80764 through 82177

96752 through 97531

F4U-4B
The F4U-4B armament differed from the standard F4U-4. The standard
F4U-4 used six .50cal machine guns (three in each wing), while the F4U-4B
version utilized four M3 (T-31) cannons (two in each wing). The new M3
cannons were far superior to those used by the first cannon-equipped F4U-1C
during World War II. Other armament differences included the use of Mk9
rocket launchers (capable of carrying four rockets or bombs per wing).
Damage occurred to the flaps during the initial rocket-firing trials, so in
order to remedy this the first two launchers on each side closest to the inner
wing were staggered. Several unofficial sources over the years have claimed
that the F4U-4B served in combat during World War II, but this would seem

unlikely as the accelerated service tests of the armament installation for
F4U-4Bs took place in June through December of 1946. According to US
Navy aircraft history cards, the cannon-equipped F4U-4Bs saw Navy
squadron service in 1946, followed by Marine squadrons in 1947. Vought
produced 297 cannon-equipped F4U-4Bs, many of which would see action
with the Navy and Marine Corps during the Korean War. All operational
Corsair variants following the F4U-4B were armed with the M3 cannons.

F4U4, BuNo 82050, VF32 , THOMAS J. HUDNER JR, DECEMBER 1950

This is the Corsair flown by Lt (JG) Hudner, USMC. Hudner was awarded the Medal of Honor
for his attempt to rescue his crashed squadronmate Jessie L.Brown, who was shot down
behind enemy lines in Korea.

F4U-4P
Eleven of the F4U-4Bs were
later converted into photo-
reconnaissance aircraft.
These aircraft were fitted
with a single K-18 aerial
camera with a 24-inch focal
length. The camera was
positioned aft of the cockpit
on a pivot point, allowing the
pilot to take photographs
from three positions from
within the aircraft’s fuselage:
one port oblique camera
window, one starboard
oblique camera window, and

one vertical camera window
located at the bottom. The
K-18 aerial camera had both
manual and automatic
control settings utilizing an

intervalometer. A camera control panel was placed on the starboard console
of the cockpit. The K-18’s camera was originally designed for vertical shots,
but the camera was capable of taking low-altitude oblique shots as well.
The F4U-4Ps retained their M3 20mm cannons for defensive purposes.
This allowed the photo model Corsairs to participate in strikes prior to
conducting their photo runs for battle-damage assessments.

F4U-5
On February 6, 1946, Vought received a contract from the United States
Navy to build a new variant of the Corsair, designated the F4U-5. The new
aircraft was powered by a Pratt & Whitney R-2800-32W with an automatic
variable two-speed supercharger and water injection system. This engine was
capable of producing 2,300 horsepower at takeoff. Two F4U-4 Corsairs and
one cannon-equipped F4U-4B (BuNo 97296, 97364, and 97415) were later
converted as prototypes. The first prototype, BuNo 97296, flew on July 3,
1946. However, the aircraft experienced an engine failure a few days later,
killing Vought test pilot Dick Burroughs. The F4U-5 incorporated a mass of
automated controls, including blower controls, cowl, oil cooler, and
intercooler flaps. Vought redesigned the engine cowling for better efficiency.
Two air inlets were positioned at four and eight o’clock on the lower cowling,
thereby increasing the air flow to the twin blowers. The engine section was
approximately 10 inches longer than the F4U-4 and mounted down thrust.
The forward shift in the center of gravity gave the F4U-5 better longitudinal
stability over the F4U-4. The longer nose did not impede the pilot’s vision
since the F4U-5’s nose tilted three degrees down, improving forward visibility.

The F4U-5 was the first Corsair model to have all-metal outer wing

panels. The variant featured a fully enclosed tail wheel and arrestor hook,
reducing aerodynamic drag. The empennage of the F4U-5 utilized spring
tabs on the rudder and elevator, making the Corsair easier to handle.
Fabric was still used to cover the elevator and rudder and to protect the
plywood ailerons. The F4U-5 had its cockpit updated to lessen the workload

Ordnancemen aboard the USS
Philippine Sea (CV-47) load a
AN-M64A 500lb high-explosive
general-purpose bomb on to a
F4U-4B prior to a strike
against targets in North
Korea, September 5, 1950.
(National Archives)

of the pilot, featuring a newly-designed seat with armrests, increased leg
room, a heated cockpit, and even a cigarette lighter with ashtray. The oxygen
system was changed to a console-mounted configuration. The ability to
jettison the canopy in previous models was replaced in favor of a compressed
air canopy emergency opening system. Additionally, Vought introduced a
large access door on the starboard side behind the cockpit to improve access
for maintenance procedures.

Pilot access was also improved with the addition of a telescopic step on

the starboard side. Vought designed the step to extend and retract with the
tail wheel. The arresting hook was also interconnected to the tail wheel, using
a mechanical latching device over the hydraulic system used in previous
models. The F4U-5’s fire-control system (Mark 6 Mod.0) utilized a Mark 8
gyroscopic lead computing gun sight, which could be switched for effective
use for both the four M3 (T-31) 20mm cannons and rockets. Vought
incorporated electric heating for the cannons and pitot tube to enable high-
altitude operations.

The first production F4U-5 took off on its maiden flight on October 1,

1947. The United States Marine Corps and US Navy received their first
deliveries of F4U-5s in 1948. The F4U-5’s automation was met with mixed
reviews from the fleet. However, the aircraft’s improved performance was
much appreciated. The F4U-5 was the fastest Corsair produced in quantity,

with a maximum speed of 470mph, a maximum rate of climb of 3,780 feet
per minute, and a service ceiling of 41,400 feet.

F4U-5 Production

Production 223

built

Bureau Numbers

121793 through 122066

122153 through 122206

123144 through 123203

124441 through 124560

124665 through 124724

F4U-5N
The F4U-5N was a night-fighter version of the F4U-5. It incorporated an
X-band search and intercept (AN/APS-19 and 19A) radar. The scanner and
receiver transmitter were stationed on the starboard wing, similar to the
original Corsair night fighter, the F4U-2. The F4U-5N was equipped with an
Eclipse-Pioneer P-1 automatic pilot. Located on the right-hand console or
shelf, the autopilot could be overridden by the pilot through manipulation
of the aircraft’s standard controls. Vought also added an AN/APN-1 radio
altimeter with an adjustable radar scope in the center of the instrument
panel. This circular radar scope displayed blips to represent potential
contacts. The AN/APS-19A radar had four modes: intercept, aim, search,

and beacon. The intercept mode could detect an aircraft within 20 miles.
Once within 1,500 yards of an enemy aircraft, the radar’s aim mode would
provide the pilot with a firing solution. The radar could also discern IFF
data for the pilot. The search mode could detect surface targets from up
to 100 miles away, while the beacon mode could assist in navigation.

External differences from the F4U-5 included a streamlined radar pod

mounted on the starboard wing, and metal flame dampeners to conceal
engine exhaust. The armament was the standard F4U-5 configuration of four

M3 cannons. However, the gun sight was changed to a Mark 20 illuminated
sight. For night-fighter gunnery training purposes the F4U-5N had three
retro-reflector devices (trihedral prisms): one on the upper surfaces of each
wing tip and a third located on the tail cone. The prisms were used in
conjunction with a light projector and the gun camera of the pursuing
aircraft. If the reflectors (of the target aircraft) reflected back at the pilot
firing, he knew he was on target. The F4U-5N first saw service in 1949, with
214 produced.

F4U-5N Production

Production 214

built

Bureau Numbers

Prototype

Production

124665

129318 through 129417

133833 through 133843

F4U-5NL
The frigid operating conditions encountered during the Korean War
highlighted the need for a winterized variant of the F4U-5N. The result was
the F4U-5NL. This new version incorporated de-icing boots on the leading
edges of the wings as well as boots for the vertical and horizontal stabilizers.
Additionally, Vought added de-icing systems to the windscreen and de-icing
shoes to the propeller blades. In all, Vought delivered 101 winterized Corsairs.
Among these, 29 were originally F4U-5N models that were modified to the
NL standard.

F4U-5NL Production

Production 101

built

Bureau Numbers

124504 through 124522

124524 through 124560

124665 through 124709

CORSAIR PROFILES

1. F4U-4B, BuNo, 97503, of VF-53, USS Valley Forge, CV-45, Korea, July 1950
2. AU-1, BuNo 129417, of VMA-212, Korea, 1953
3. F4U-5N, BuNo 124453, of VC-3 Det 1, Lt Guy Pierre Bordelon, Korea, 1953
4. F4U-5N, FAH-609, of Fuerza Aerea Hondurena, Maj Fernando Soto Henriquez, Toncontin,
Honduras, 1969

This F4U-5N assigned to
VMF(N)-513 “The Flying
Nightmares” is loaded with
napalm and a variety of high-
explosive general-purpose
bombs at Pusan West (K-1)
South Korea, 1951. VMF(N)-
513 was the first Marine
squadron to operate from
land bases within South Korea
during the war. The squadron
played a pivotal role during
the battle for the Pusan
perimeter. (NMNA)

F4U-5P
Another subvariant of the F4U-5 used
by the Navy and Marine Corps was the
photo-reconnaissance version F4U-5P.
The first built was BuNo 122167, with
30 aircraft being built altogether. An
external feature of the F4U-5P was a
streamlined blister within the vertical
stabilizer to house a compass transmitter.
The F4U-5P had a similar camera layout
to the F4U-4P, featuring three camera
windows, positioned aft of the cockpit,
with electrically closable doors. The
camera was remotely controlled from
the cockpit and had multiple position
settings, allowing the pilot to select the

direction of his approach to the
objective. After the pilot selected the

camera position, the camera would automatically lock and illuminate a light
on the console indicating the camera was in position and the camera door
was open. Three different types of cameras were compatible with the F4U-5P:

the standard K-18-24 (used in the older F4U-4P), the K-17-12, and K-17-24.

The first F4U-5Ps entered squadron service in 1948. The first combat

action for the type was on July 3, 1950. On that date, Marine Corps F4U-5Ps
from HEDRON 1 Detachment aboard the USS Valley Forge took photos
of the first US Navy strike of the Korean War. This battle damage assessment
mission was also the first combat mission flown by Marine Corps aircraft
during the war.

F4U-5P Production

Production 30

built

Bureau Numbers

121804 and 121936

121956 through 121957

121977 through 121978

122019 through 122022

122045 through 122048

122062 through 122065

122167 through 122174

F4U-6/AU-1
During the Korean War, the Navy developed an interest in procuring a
dedicated low-level attack variant of the Corsair for use by Marine squadrons.
The harsh realities of fighting in Korea prompted the need for a Corsair with
upgraded communications, additional armor protection, and an increased
bomb load. The Navy contracted Chance Vought to build a version of the
Corsair specifically for the close-support mission. An F4U-5N (BuNo
124665) was modified by Vought, becoming the first prototype XF4U-6.
Originally designated as the F4U-6, the aircraft was later re-designated the
AU-1. The A in the designation stood for attack. The AU-1 utilized a single-
stage, two-speed, manually-controlled, supercharged R-2800-83WA engine
for optimal low-level performance. The AU-1’s engine nose cowling kept the

An F4U-5N night fighter from
VC-3 detachment aboard
the USS Valley Forge (CV-45)
during the ship’s second
deployment to Korea in 1951.
The snow-covered Corsair is
loaded with four general-
purpose bombs. Korea’s
frigid winters ultimately
resulted in an improved
version of the F4U-5N,
the-F4U-5NL, incorporating
de-icing equipment.
(National Archives)

general shape of the F4U-5. Vought, however, sealed over the auxiliary stage
inlets scoops found on the F4U-5. Other visual distinctions were two large
antenna masts associated with the AU-1’s AN/ARC-27 radio. The AN/ARC-
27 system was an Ultra High Frequency (UHF) AM radio with 1,750
frequency channels and 18 preset channels. The masts were located just aft
of the cockpit atop the fuselage.

In addition to the standard F4U-5 armor, the AU-1 received armor

provisions for the pilot’s floor, seat, and main fuel tank. The F4U-5’s
vulnerable oil coolers (located in the wing air inlets) were relocated into an
accessory station in the wing root. The intercooler door found on the F4U-5
served as the oil cooler door. The AU-1 featured four M3 20mm cannons,
similar to the F4U-5, carrying a total of 924 rounds. Vought designed the
AU-1 to carry a maximum bomb load of 8,200lb (besting the AD-1
Skyraider’s maximum payload by 200lb). Each wing had positions for five
Aero 14A racks capable of carrying either bombs (up to 500lb each) or
rockets. During testing of the AU-1, pilots found the Aero 14A rack/launchers

to be adequate for dropping bombs. However, when firing rockets, they
assessed that damage could occur to the rack, ailerons, and flaps. The AU-1
was similar to the F4U-5 in having positions for external fuel tanks or bombs
on the inner wing or wing knuckle. The centerline position used a Mk-51
bomb rack capable of carrying a 2,000lb bomb. Two additional Mk-51

bomb racks could be carried on each inner wing station, bearing up to
1,600lb each. Armament testing recommended reducing the number of
20mm rounds from 924 to 910.

The AU-1’s powerplant produced 2,300 horsepower on takeoff, equaling

that of the F4U-5. However the engine was purposely built with the low
altitude regime in mind, sacrificing the high-altitude performance of earlier
models for increased payload. During testing the R-2800-83WA engine
would surge while operating above 20,000 feet.

Reported performance figures vary on the AU-1. Some sources deemed

the AU-1 the slowest of all Corsair models produced, with a top speed of
238mph at 9,500 feet. While the 238mph figure comes directly from the
standard aircraft characteristic (SAC) data, it is only correct while the aircraft
is configured as a bomber. In this configuration, the AU-1 would be carrying
a bomb load of 4,600lb plus a 150-gallon drop tank. The same SAC report
shows a max speed of 298mph at 19,700 feet while in the attack configuration
(eight HVAR and two 150-gallon drop tanks). This may help discern why
primary sources like Capt Bernard W. Peterson’s Short Straw, in which he
describes the AU-1 performance with high marks, varies in comparison to
multiple secondary sources.

This F4U-5P Corsair (BuNo
122159) assigned to Marine
Photo Reconnaissance
Squadron One (VMJ-1) sits on
the ramp at Pohang (K-3)
South Korea, December 1952.
The squadron was activated in
February 1952 to consolidate
all Marine photo-
reconnaissance assets in
theater. (National Archives)

Vought produced 111 AU-1 Corsairs. The first flight of a production

AU-1 took place on January 31, 1952. In October 1952, the last AU-1 was
delivered to the Marine Corps. The first squadron to take the “Able Uncle”
into combat was VMA-212 “The Devil Cats.” During the Korean War, two
squadrons would operate the AU-1 model of the Corsair: VMA-212 and later
VMA-323 “Death Rattlers.”

AU-1 Production

Production

111 built

Bureau Numbers

129318 through 129417

133833 through 133843

F4U-7
The F4U-7 was the last model in the Corsair line. The US Navy procured 94
examples of the F4U-7 from Chance Vought’s Dallas plant and supplied them
to the French through the Mutual Defense Assistance Program (MDAP). The
aircraft were even assigned standard US Navy bureau numbers. Following
World War II, French forces found themselves fighting communist Viet Minh
in an attempt to salvage their former colonial assets in the conflict known as
the Indochina War. At the start of the hostilities the French Aeronavale
(Naval aviation) had operated a fleet of antiquated aircraft including Douglas
Dauntlesses and Supermarine Seafires. These types were later replaced by
Curtiss SB2C Helldivers and F6F Hellcats. The French needed an aircraft
better suited to handle close-air support missions over Indochina. The French
Aeronavale was offered a range of capable aircraft to replace its aging fleet.
Both the Grumman F8F Bearcat and the Hawker Sea Fury were looked at,
but the French opted instead for the Corsair. The French Navy for the first
time in years had procured a brand-new aircraft built exclusively to fit their

current needs.

F4U-7 Production

Production 94

built

Bureau Numbers

133652 through 133731

133819 through 133832

An AU-1 (BuNo 129359)
assigned to VMA-212 named
“Miss Penny.” The aircraft was
named in honor of a squadron
member’s three-year-old
daughter who was suffering
from polio. Her father, 1st Lt
Frank A. Nelson, went
missing in action while flying
a mission over North Korea.
(Marine Corps Historical
Division)

The first flight of the F4U-7 took place on July 2, 1952. Production ended in
December of the same year. The F4U-7 combined the ruggedness and payload
of the AU-1 airframe with the powerplant of the F4U-4 (utilizing an R-2800-
18W engine in place of the AU-1s R-2800-83WA). Other differences included
a new cowling with an air intake and duct along the bottom and a
reconfiguration of the oil cooler and the installation of intercoolers. The new
Corsair was a unique combination of past Corsair designs. The slanted-nose
arrangement of the F4U-5 gave the French Corsair improved forward
visibility, and the armament, armor and load capacity of the close-air-support
focused AU-1 rounded out the F4U-7. More importantly, the French
Aeronavale was supplied with plenty of spares, equipment, and tooling to
support four squadrons.

Corsair Production

Base Model

Vought

Goodyear

Brewster

F4U-1

4,699

FG-1

4,007

F3A-1

735

F4U-4

2,357

F4U-5

568

AU-1

111

F4U-7

Total 7,830

4,017

735

Grand Total

12,571

Note: All sub-variant and X models are included within the base model ﬁgures, but an additional 11
Corsairs are not included (the ten limited production F2Gs and the original XF4U-1).

Corsair Speciﬁcations

Variant

F4U-1

FG-1

F3A-1

F4U-4

FG-1D

F4U-5

AU-1

F4U-7

Powerplant

Horsepower

R2800-8

2,000hp

R2800-18W

2,100hp

R2800-32W

2,300hp

R2800-83WA

2,300hp

R-2800-18W

2,100hp

Length

Wingspan

Height

Wing Area

33ft 4in

41ft

16ft 1in

314sq ft

33ft 8in

41ft

14ft 9in

314sq ft

33ft 6in

41ft

14ft 9in

314sq ft

34ft 1in

41ft

14ft 10in

314sq ft

34ft 6in

41ft

14ft 9in

314sq ft

Max Speed

417mph

19,900ft

446mph

26,200ft

470mph

26,800

438mph

9,500ft

446mph

26,200ft

Max Ceiling

36,900ft

41,500ft

41,400ft

22,000ft

41,500ft

Weight

Empty

Gross

8,982lb

14,000lb

9,205lb

14,670lb

9,683lb

14,106lb

9,835lb

19,400lb

9,205lb

14,670lb

Range/Miles

1,015 miles

1,005 miles

1,120 miles

N/A

1,005 miles

Internal
Armament

6x .50cal

4x M3 20mm 4x M3 20mm

4x M3 20mm

Ammunition

2,400

924

984

Variant Summary

Model Designations

Brief Description

Company

F4U-1

Carrier-based ﬁghter

Vought

FG-1

Carrier-based ﬁghter

Goodyear

F3A-1

Carrier-based ﬁghter

Brewster

F4U-1A

Modiﬁed F4U-1 (unofﬁcial)

Vought

F4U-1B

Company designation for FAA Corsairs

Vought

F4U-1D

Carrier-based ﬁghter-bomber

Vought

F4U-1C

Fighter-bomber/20mm cannon

Vought

F4U-1P

Photo-reconnaissance conversion

Vought

F4U-1WM

Test aircraft, Wasp Major powerplant

Vought

FG-1D

Carrier-based ﬁghter-bomber

Goodyear

FG-1E (proposed)

Night-ﬁghter variant of FG-1D

Goodyear

FG-1K (proposed)

Drone variant of FG-1D

Goodyear

F4U-2

Night-ﬁghter conversions F4U-1/1A

Vought/NAF

FG-3

FG-1D with turbo-supercharged engine

Goodyear

F4U-4

Carrier-based ﬁghter-bomber

Vought

FG-4

Goodyear-built F4U-4 (terminated on line)

Goodyear

F2G-1

Land-based ﬁghter (Wasp Major)

Goodyear

F2G-1D

Fighter-bomber variant of F2G-1 (Wasp Major)

Goodyear

F2G-2

Carrier-based ﬁghter (Wasp Major)

Goodyear

F4U-4B

Carrier-based ﬁghter-bomber/20mm cannon

Vought

F4U-4E (proposed)

Night ﬁghter-bomber variant of F4U-4

Vought

F4U-4K (proposed)

Drone variant of F4U-4

Vought

F4U-4N

Night-ﬁghter variant of F4U-4

Vought

F4U-4P

Photo-reconnaissance variant of F4U-4

Vought

F4U-5

Carrier-based ﬁghter

Vought

F4U-5N

Night-ﬁghter variant of F4U-5

Vought

F4U-5NL

Winterized night-ﬁghter variant of F4U-5

Vought

F4U-5P

Photo-reconnaissance variant of F4U-5

Vought

F4U-6

AU-1’s original designation, later changed

Vought

AU-1

Low-level attack variant

Vought

F4U-7

Fighter-bomber (French Aeronavalle)

Vought

FAA Designations

Corsair I

Carrier-based ﬁghter, F4U-1, standard wing

Vought

Corsair II

Carrier-based ﬁghter, F4U-1, clipped wing

Vought

Corsair III

Carrier-based ﬁghter, F3A-1, clipped wing

Brewster

Corsair IV

Carrier-based ﬁghter, FG-1D, clipped wing

Goodyear

The first production Goodyear
F2G-1 Super Corsair (BuNo
88454) is seen at the Navy Air
Test Center (NATC) Naval Air
Station Patuxent River
Maryland, May 1947. Only ten
Super Corsairs were
produced. This example is on
display at the Museum of
Flight in Seattle, Washington.
(NMNA)

OPERATIONAL HISTORY

Guadalcanal

The first operational squadron to receive the F4U-1 Corsair was VMF-124,
led by Major William E. Gise. On February 12, 1943, this squadron took the
Corsair on its first combat mission. Flying from Henderson Field,
Guadalcanal, VMF-124 pilots escorted a PBY Catalina on a rescue mission.
On the 14th, the Marines of VMF-124 engaged their adversaries in air-to-air
combat for the first time. The group was attacked by nearly 50 Zeros. The
Japanese shot down all four P-38 Lightnings, which were providing top
cover, and destroyed two Corsairs, including one which collided head-on
with a Zero. Two PB4Ys and two P-40s were also brought down. The mission
would later be known as the Saint Valentine’s Day Massacre.

The pilots of VMF-124 began to realize their aircraft’s advantages

over the Zero in later engagements. 1st Lt Kenneth A. Walsh (a former
enlisted pilot) was part of that first mission and discussed the tactics
developed thereafter:

The F4U could outperform the Zero in every aspect except slow speed maneuverability
and slow speed rate of climb. Therefore, you avoided getting slow when combating
the Zero. It took time, but eventually we developed tactics and employed them very
effectively. When we were accustomed to the area, and knew our capabilities, there
were instances when the Zero was little more than a victim.

On April 1, Walsh was credited with his first aerial victory. Corsairs from
VMF-124 were flying a combat air patrol over Baroku; the CAP mission was
uneventful and the F4Us were relieved by P-38s. Soon after, Zeros attacked
the P-38s, unaware of the Corsairs nearby that now turned back to get into
the fight. As they returned, a Zero passed directly in front of the Corsairs.

MEDAL OF HONOR CITATION, FIRST LIEUTENANT KENNETH A. WALSH, USMC

For extraordinary heroism and intrepidity above and
beyond the call of duty as a pilot in Marine Fighting
Squadron 124 in aerial combat against enemy Japanese
forces in the Solomon Islands area. Determined to thwart
the enemy’s attempt to bomb Allied ground forces and
shipping at Vella Lavella on August 15 1943, 1st Lt Walsh
repeatedly dived his plane into an enemy formation
outnumbering his own division 6 to 1 and, although his
plane was hit numerous times, shot down two Japanese
dive bombers and one fighter. After developing engine
trouble on August 30 during a vital escort mission, 1st Lt
Walsh landed his mechanically disabled plane at Munda,
quickly replaced it with another, and proceeded to rejoin
his flight over Kahili. Separated from his escort group
when he encountered approximately 50 Japanese Zeros,
he unhesitatingly attacked, striking with relentless fury
in his lone battle against a powerful force. He destroyed
4 hostile fighters before cannon shellfire forced him to
make a dead-stick landing off Vella Lavella where he was
later picked up. His valiant leadership and his daring skill
as a flier served as a source of confidence and inspiration

to his fellow pilots and reflect the highest credit upon the
US Naval Service.

Marine Lieutenant Kenneth A. Walsh, seen in the cockpit of
an F4U-1 Corsair on Guadalcanal, 1943. Lt Walsh, a former
enlisted pilot, became the first Corsair ace of the war and the
first Corsair pilot to earn the Medal of Honor. Walsh ended
the war with 21 kills, earning his last victory in an F4U-4 over
Okinawa. (Note the rearview mirror inside the raised portion of
the canopy and the tape forward of cockpit to prevent the fuel
cell from leaking). (Flying Leatherneck Museum Collection)

Walsh’s wingman, Lt Dean B. Raymond, splashed the Zero. Soon afterward,
a second Zero was spotted above their position. Walsh got behind the
unsuspecting Zero pilot and set the enemy aircraft on fire before the Zero
dived towards the sea. Walsh was credited with destroying two Zeros and a
Val during the engagement. Within six months of the Corsair’s introduction
to combat, eight Marine fighter squadrons were operating the bent wing bird.

On May 13, 1943, Walsh brought down three more Zeros, making him

the first Corsair ace; however, VMF-124 lost its commander, Major Gise, in
the same action. The high-scoring Corsair pilot of the day was Captain
Archie Donahue of VMF-112, who downed four aircraft. The final daylight
raids over Guadalcanal took place in June 1943. On the 7th, Marines from
VMF-112 destroyed seven enemy fighters at a cost of four Corsairs (all but
one pilot was recovered). The last daylight raid was made on June 16, when
Marine Corsair squadrons shot down a total of eight enemy aircraft while
losing one of their own. The dominance of the F4U in air-to-air combat was
being felt by the Japanese. On June 30, 1943, Corsairs from multiple

squadrons provided cover during the New Georgia landings. Marine Corsairs
claimed 58 enemy aircraft that day for the loss of three pilots and four
Corsairs. VMF-121 alone accounted for 19 enemy aircraft.

Boyington & Blackburn

VMF-214 Blacksheep
Guadalcanal became home for multiple Corsair squadrons, many of which
were finishing up their combat tours. This brought about a shortage of Corsair
squadrons in theater, although there were plenty of F4U Corsairs and pilots
awaiting assignments on Espiritu Santo in the New Hebrides. One of these

MEDAL OF HONOR CITATION, MAJOR GREGORY
BOYINGTON, USMC

For extraordinary heroism and valiant devotion to duty as
Commanding Officer of Marine Fighting Squadron 214 in
action against enemy Japanese forces in the Central
Solomons Area from September 12 1943 to January 3
1944. Consistently outnumbered throughout successive
hazardous flights over heavily defended hostile territory,
Major Boyington struck at the enemy with daring and
courageous persistence, leading his squadron into
combat with devastating results to Japanese shipping,
shore installations and aerial forces. Resolute in his
efforts to inflict crippling damage on the enemy, Major
Boyington led a formation of 26 fighters over Kahili on
October 17 and, persistently circling the airdrome where
60 hostile aircraft were grounded, boldly challenged the
Japanese to send up planes. Under his brilliant command,
our fighters shot down 20 enemy craft in the ensuing
action without the loss of a single ship. A superb airman
and determined fighter against overwhelming odds, Major
Boyington personally destroyed 26 of the many Japanese
planes shot down by his squadron and, by his forceful
leadership, developed the combat readiness in his
command which was a distinctive factor in the Allied
aerial achievements in this vitally strategic area.

Major Gregory Boyington, the commanding officer of
VMF-214 “Blacksheep” taxies his F4U-1A BuNo 17883
on The strip at Vella Lavella after scoring a kill on December
7, 1943. Boyington’s legendary antics on the ground
sometimes overshadow the fact he was a daring leader and
brilliant tactician in the air. Boyington helped perfect the
fighter sweep, and earned the Navy Cross and the Medal of
Honor for his actions. (National Archives)

pilots was Major Gregory Boyington, a veteran combat pilot who had flown
with the American Volunteer Group in China and who was anxious to get
back into the fight. Due to the shortage of available Corsair squadrons, he
was allowed to create an ad hoc squadron from the mix of combat veterans,
experienced pilots, and replacement pilots waiting to be picked up. Major
Boyington and his squadron of orphaned pilots were reassigned VMF-214’s
designation; members of VMF-214 originally wanted to name the squadron
Boyington’s Bastards, however the name Blacksheep was chosen, conveying
the same meaning. Boyington led their first mission 14 September 14, 1943,
escorting Army Air Force B-24 Liberators targeting Bougainville. Notorious
for wild antics on the ground, Boyington’s disdain for discipline disappeared
when in the air, where he was in his natural element; he was known to have
great vision, and was a decisive leader who understood and preached tactics.
The squadron’s 26 pilots flew combat missions for six straight weeks against
Bougainville while operating mostly from Munda, New Georgia.

On their second tour, Rabaul was the target. The squadron had 38

assigned pilots and flew mostly F4U-1A models, although a few early
production F4U-1 birdcage birds were still on hand. The squadron operated
out of Vella Lavella, but staged missions out of multiple bases, including
Empress Bay, Bougainville. The Blacksheep’s commander led the first fighter
sweep against Rabaul on December 17, 1943. Boyington challenged the

Japanese to come up and fight by taunting them over the radio. On this
mission few enemy fighters came up to fight. After this mission Boyington
decreased the size of the fighter sweep formations, making them easier to
manage and gaining better results. VMF-214, along with other squadrons,
crippled fortress Rabaul, a hornet’s nest of Japanese aerial activity. Boyington
was credited with 22 air-to-air victories during his two tours as commander.
The only Corsair pilot to score more aerial victories was First Lieutenant
Robert M. Hanson, who was one of Boyington’s Marines until later being
reassigned to VMF-215. More importantly, Boyington developed effective
tactics for fighter operations in theater for future use. As a squadron,
VMF-214 flew over 200 combat missions, was credited with 94 air-to-air
victories, and produced nine aces. During that time, it reported 12 pilots
missing in action (MIA) (including Boyington, who was shot down on
January 3, 1944, and spent the rest of the war as a POW) and another six
wounded in combat. The squadron’s operational losses amounted to one
pilot injured, an admirable record for any squadron.

MEDAL OF HONOR CITATION, FIRST LIEUTENANT ROBERT M. HANSON, USMC

For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk
of his life and above and beyond the call of duty as
Fighter Pilot attached to Marine Fighting Squadron 215
in action against enemy Japanese forces at Bougainville
Island, November 1, 1943; and New Britain Island,
January 24, 1944. Undeterred by fierce opposition,
and fearless in the face of overwhelming odds,
First Lieutenant Hanson fought the Japanese boldly
and with daring aggressiveness. On November 1, while
flying cover for our landing operations at Empress
Augusta Bay, he dauntlessly attacked six enemy
torpedo bombers, forcing them to jettison their
bombs and destroying one Japanese plane in the action.

Cut off from his division while deep in enemy territory
during a high cover flight over Simpson Harbor on
January 24, First Lieutenant Hanson waged a lone
and gallant battle against hostile interceptors as
they were orbiting to attack our bombers and,
striking with devastating fury, brought down four
Zeros and probably a fifth. Handling his plane
superbly in both pursuit and attack measures, he
was a master of individual air combat, accounting for
a total of 25 Japanese aircraft in this theater of war.
His personal valor and invincible fighting spirit were
in keeping with the highest traditions of the United
States Naval Service.

VF-17 Jolly Rogers
One of the most influential Corsair squadrons
to see action during World War II was the
Navy’s VF-17 “The Jolly Rogers,” commanded
by Lieutenant Commander John T. Blackburn.
Blackburn believed the Corsair was a better
fighter than the Hellcat, and tried desperately
to prove to the Navy that the Corsair could
operate safely from a carrier. The squadron
began carrier qualifications in March 1943
aboard the USS Charger in the Chesapeake
Bay. Flying early production F4U-1s, the
squadron qualified without suffering a single

casualty. In July, the squadron took part in the USS Bunker Hill’s shakedown
cruise. The squadron received new F4U-1As prior to going aboard the Bunker
Hill in September 1943. VF-17’s maintenance officer, Lt Butch Davenport,

worked closely with Vought representatives to iron out most of the bugs.
Many of the fixes on the modified airplanes came by way of this squadron’s
hard work and close cooperation with Vought.

Blackburn received word en route to Pearl Harbor that his unit would

operate as a land-based squadron due to logistical reasons. The squadron

began combat operations from Ondonga on October 27, 1943 and later
moved to Bougainville. On November 11, the squadron covered the carriers of
Task Group 50.3 as they launched strikes against shipping around Rabaul. As
planned, once their relief arrived, half of the formation landed aboard the USS
Bunker Hill, while the other half landed aboard the USS Essex. The Corsairs
re-armed, refueled, and returned to covering the Task Group before heading
for home without a single loss of a Corsair while operating from the flattops.
This event helped silence doubts that the Corsair could operate from carriers.
VF-17 was credited with creating a tactic called “Roving High Cover,” in
which four to six experienced Corsair pilots would fly out ten minutes ahead
of an Allied strike formation; sitting at 32,000 feet, the Corsairs would pounce
on the Japanese fighters as they formed up to take on the main formation.

The Jolly Rogers had an even greater impact as the first squadron to

operate the Corsair as a fighter-bomber. Utilizing field-improvised bomb
racks, the squadron’s first attempt to use 500lb bombs took place on
February 26, 1944. Eight Corsairs led by Blackburn bombed a presumed
cathouse frequented by Japanese officers on Rabaul. The mission leveled
multiple structures and left the cathouse smoking. Blackburn admittedly filed
a fictitious after-action report, but regardless of this, his squadron helped
establish the Corsair’s long and successful career as a fighter-bomber. By the
end of its tour, VF-17 was credited with destroying 156 aircraft in air-to-air
combat and had a dozen aces within its ranks. The squadron took pride in
accounting for every aircraft it escorted and ship for which it flew cover.

Fighter-Bombers

The first Marine squadron to utilize the Corsair as a fighter-bomber was
VMF-111. The Central Pacific had little in the way of air-to-air engagements,
although many of the bypassed islands remained a threat to Allied aircraft as
they still had vast anti-aircraft installations. The Marines of VMF-111 had
created improvised bomb racks for their F4U-1s at around the same time as

The Navy’s highest-scoring
Corsair ace belonged to the
famous VF-17 “Jolly Rogers
squadron.” Lt(JG) Ira Kepford
scored 16 kills while flying
with the VF-17. Here BuNo
55995 was photographed after
February 19, 1944, as
Kepford’s last aerial victories
with the squadron had already
been placed on his aircraft’s
impressive scoreboard.
(National Archives)

the Jolly Rogers. VMF-111’s first
bombing mission took place on March
18, 1944. Eight Corsairs took off from
their base at Makin loaded with one
1,000lb bomb each for use against
Japanese anti-aircraft sites on Milles
Island. The Marines continued to
experiment with the Corsair as a
fighter-bomber and proved it could be
used as a dive-bomber, making dives
at up to 85-degree angles effectively
and safely. When the F4U-1D fighter-
bomber version of the Corsair
made its debut in the Central Pacific,
the ordnance loads increased
exponentially. Renowned aviator Charles A. Lindbergh, a technical

representative for Vought, travelled to the Pacific to study the performance
of fighter aircraft under combat conditions. Lindbergh saw no better way of
doing this than actually flying combat sorties. He experimented with the new
F4U-1D model to see if it could carry a 4,000lb bomb load. After bombing
a radio station on Wotje Atoll on September 2 with a 3,000lb bomb load,

Lindbergh took off with a 2,000lb bomb loaded on the centerline rack and
one 1,000lb bomb on each inner wing rack the next day. He successfully
delivered the 4,000lb of bombs to an anti-aircraft site on Wotje Atoll. At the
time, this was the largest bomb load carried by a single-engine fighter,
equaling that of a North American B-25 Mitchell’s standard bomb load. In
September 1944, Corsairs from VMF-114 supported the landings on Peleilu.
Corsairs from the squadron dropped napalm during close-air support
missions, aiding ground forces in taking the island. Both fused and unfused
napalm canisters were dropped; the unfused napalm canisters allowed
Marines on the ground to ignite them with standard infantry weapons.

In late 1944, Marine Corsairs were relegated to neutralizing Japanese

forces on bypassed islands. Admiral Halsey foresaw a better use of these
assets in the Philippines and discussed his idea with General MacArthur.
Squadrons from MAG-12 (VMF-115, 211, 218, and 313) were ordered to
the Philippines in due course and began combat operations from Tacloban
on December 5, 1944. At the start, the Corsairs were used in the fighter role
and concentrated on antishipping and occasionally flying close air support.
By the end of the campaign the Corsairs of MAG-12 were being used mostly
for close air support missions. The Corsairs had both VHF and MHF radios,
making the F4U an easy fit into the close air support role. Their first CAS
mission, in support of the Army’s 41st Division’s landings on Basilan Island,
began on March 16, 1945.

Corsairs and Carriers

In January 1944, a detachment of F4U-2s from VF(N)-101 became the first
US Corsairs to operate regularly from an American aircraft carrier. The night
fighters went aboard the USS Enterprise from January to July 1944. The
Corsairs participated in both daylight raids and night-time intercept missions.
By the end of their commitment, they had five confirmed kills and nearly as
many probables without the loss of a single Corsair in combat. Other Marine

F4U-1A Corsairs from
VMF-224 carry a single
1,000lb GP bomb each on
a field-adapted centerline
rack while on a strike mission
against Japanese bases in the
Marshalls. Multiple squadrons
figured out ways to configure
the F4U-1A as a fighter/
bomber around the same
time. As the war progressed,
manufactured bomb racks
replaced earlier field
adaptions. After-action
reports list VF-17 as the first
Corsair squadron to record
dropping bombs in combat
in February 1944.
(National Archives)

Corsair units followed as their leadership fought
to place Marine squadrons aboard escort carriers
(CVEs). The advent of the Japanese kamikaze
tactics would hasten their arrival as two VMF
squadrons were placed aboard fast carriers
(CVs). The need to get Corsair fighter-bombers
on carrier decks became a priority for the Navy,
and ten Marine squadrons were temporarily
stationed on five CVs. Another interesting project
involving Marine Corsairs on carriers was
Project Crossbow, in which Marines flying F4U-
1Ds tested the new 11.75-inch Tiny Tim rocket.

The F4U-1Ds were planned to be used against German V-1 sites. The plan
was canceled for multiple reasons, mostly due to inter-service rivalry. Corsairs
would fire the new rocket in combat in Okinawa and later in Korea.

The first Marine Corsair squadrons to operate off the CVs were VMF-124

and 213, both led by the senior squadron commander Lt Col William
Millington. The squadrons boarded the USS Essex on December 28, 1944,
and by the end of January 1945 the Marines had flown combat missions over
Okinawa, Indochina, and Hong Kong. Prior to the landings on Iwo Jima,
three more fast carriers joined the Essex (USS Bennington, Bunker Hill and

Wasp) with two VMF Corsair squadrons assigned to each. Marine aviators
flying F4U-1Ds and FG-1Ds put on an impressive display in support of the
initial landings on Iwo Jima on February 19, 1945. The Corsairs conducted
strafing passes starting at Suribachi and passed 200 yards ahead of the assault
troops, flying above 600 feet in order to stay clear of the naval bombardment.
During the fighting, Task Force 58 left Iwo Jima to conduct raids against
Chichi Jima and later Honshu, taking the Marine squadrons with them.

Okinawa

On April 1, 1945, the United States Tenth Army, comprised of US Army and
Marine Corps assault divisions, landed on the Hagushi beaches during
Operation Iceberg (the invasion of Okinawa). Within a few hours, ground

Capt Lee M. Quay of VMA-332
lands his F4U-4B Corsair on
the deck of the USS Bairolko
(CVE-115), completing his
100th combat mission, on
July 27, 1953. On the day the
armistice was signed, the
squadron flew 15 combat
sorties. VMA-332 received
a mix of F4U-4 and F4U-4B
Corsairs from VMA-312.
The squadron repainted
the familiar checkerboard
markings on the engine cowl
with red polka dots. (NMNA)

F4U1D, BuNo 57584, OF VMF312, KADENA OKINAWA, 10 MAY 1945

While conducting a combat air patrol ten miles north of Kadena Airfield, Capt Kenneth
L. Reusser, the division leader, observed vapor trails at 35,000 feet. Capt Reusser received
permission to investigate, and his division started to climb. Two Corsairs in his formation
could not climb any higher, but Capt Reusser and his wingman, 1st Lt Robert Klingman (flying
F4U-1D, BuNo 57584), continued to climb. At 38,000 feet they intercepted a Kawasaki Ki-45
“Nick” and turned into it, forcing the enemy aircraft to turn north. As the Corsairs chased the
Nick, they noticed it was outrunning them. Trying to give chase, they both fired off half their
ammunition to lighten their aircraft. Reusser was the first to get within firing range; he fired
his remaining ammo at the Nick, setting the right engine on fire and damaging the right wing.
Lt Klingman attempted to fire but discovered that his guns had frozen at altitude. As the Nick
continued to hold its course, Reusser stayed on the Nick’s wing, distracting the Japanese
pilot. Klingman decided to use his propeller to bring the aircraft down. As the Nick’s gunner
was firing at him, Klingman chewed off part of the rudder. Klingman would make two more
passes tearing off the rudder completely as well as the right stabilizer; this caused the Ki-45
to lose control, crashing into the water. Klingman’s propeller was damaged, and while losing
engine power he executed a dead stick landing back at Kadena without incident. His engine
and wings took hits from the Nick’s gunner, and pieces of the Nick’s tail-wheel were found
in his Corsair’s engine cowling.

forces had taken Kadena Airfield and, soon after, Yontan Airfield. On April 7,
the runway on Yontan was considered ready for fighter operations, followed
by Kadena on the 9th. Marine aviators relocated from the carriers to the two
airfields. Corsairs based on both Kadena and Yontan airfields conducted
combat air patrols to defend the Fifth Fleet from kamikaze attacks. During
the Japanese defense of the Ryukyu island chain, the Imperial Japanese Navy
and Army Air Force coordinated their efforts and launched a total of ten
mass kamikaze attacks, known as kikusui attacks, against the Allied fleet
from 5 April to 22 June, 1945. Close air support missions were primarily
assigned to squadrons on the carriers (both Navy and Marine Corps). Once
the kamikaze raids became less frequent, the land-based Corsairs flew CAS
missions as well. Marine Corsairs were credited with destroying 436 enemy
aircraft in air-to-air combat, many of which were kamikaze aircraft.

Land-Based Corsairs over Okinawa

Squadrons

Assigned MAG &
Original Airﬁeld

Aerial Victories

Corsair Variants

VMF-224 MAG-31

Yontan

F4U-1D/FG-1D

VMF-311

MAG-31 Yontan

F4U-1C

VMF-441

MAG-31 Yontan

F4U-1D/C

VMF-312

MAG-33 Kadena

59.5

F4U-1D/FG-1D

VMF-322

MAG-33 Kadena

F4U-1D/FG-1D

VMF-323

MAG-33 Kadena

124.5

F4U-1D/FG-1D

VMF-113

MAG-22 Ie Shima

F4U-1D/FG-1D

VMF-314

MAG-22 Ie Shima

F4U-1D/C

VMF-422

MAG-22 Ie Shima

F4U-1D/FG-1D

VMF-212

MAG-14 Kadena

F4U-4

VMF-222

MAG-14 Kadena

F4U-4

VMF-223

MAG-14 Kadena

F4U-4

Royal Navy Corsairs

On December 25, 1943, the Fleet Air Arm’s No. 1830 squadron landed its
Corsairs aboard the HMS Illustrious en route to the Indian Ocean, effectively
beginning sustained carrier operations for the F4U nearly nine months prior
to the United States Navy. In March 1944, the HMS Illustrious’s two Corsair
squadrons, nos. 1830 and 1833, took part in sweeps against Japanese forces
in the Bay of Bengal, becoming the first Corsair squadrons to operate in
combat from an aircraft carrier.

On April 3, Corsairs from No. 1834 and 1836 squadrons participated in

Operation Tungsten, a Fleet Air Arm raid to destroy the German battleship
Tirpitz moored at Kafjord. FAA Corsairs operating from HMS Victorious
were used as top cover for the pre-dawn strike, but met no enemy air

opposition. The operation only managed to damage the German dreadnought,
however. Operation Goodwood would be the final FAA attempt to destroy
the Tirpitz, in which Corsairs participated. Two FAA Corsair squadrons,
No. 1841 and No. 1842, flew top cover for the unsuccessful attacks.

On April 19, 1944, Corsair squadrons (No. 1830 and No. 1833) on board

HMS Illustrious alongside aircraft from USS Saratoga took part in Operation
Cockpit, targeting Japanese oil refineries and facilities on Sabang Island.
Thirteen Corsairs would provide escort for FAA Barracudas while Hellcats
from VF-12 escorted SBD Dauntlesses to the target. The FAA Corsairs took

out a dozen Japanese aircraft on the ground. Additional FAA Corsair
squadrons followed with the arrival of HMS Victorious.

On July 25, the FAA Corsairs were back in action as a dozen ships from

Task Force 69 shelled the Japanese naval facilities on Sabang Island. FAA
Corsairs provided both top cover for the task force and also aerial spotting
to help adjust the naval gunfire. It was after the bombardment that British
Corsairs finally met the enemy in the air. Corsair IIs from HMS Illustrious
drew first blood for the FAA Corsairs; pilots from No. 1830 squadron
destroyed three Zeros, followed by their sister squadron, No. 1833,
claiming two more Zeros and a Ki-21 Sally. HMS Victorious’s No. 1838
claimed one Zero in the engagement. Additionally, a few of the Royal Navy
Corsairs had cameras installed and were used for photo-reconnaissance
and battle-damage assessments.

On October 19, 1944, Royal Navy Corsairs from HMS Victorious tangled

with the Japanese. Corsairs from No. 1834 found enemy opposition over the
Nicobar Islands. One Canadian FAA pilot, Lieutenant Leslie D. Durno,

claimed three of the four Oscars shot down by No. 1834 squadron; two
Corsairs were lost in the action. On January 4, No. 1843 and No. 1836
squadrons were participating in a raid against refineries on Pangkalan
Brandan when enemy aircraft were encountered. Sub Lieutenant D. J.
Sheppard (another Canadian flyer) of No. 1836 claimed his first two Oscars,

while Lt Leslie Durno would also add to his score, claiming two shared kills.
Seven aircraft in total were brought down by HMS Victorious’s Corsair
squadrons without losing a Corsair. Eight aircraft were brought down on
January 24 when the FAA aircraft participated in Operation Meridian One
(a strike against refineries on Pladjoe, Sumatra). Four Corsair squadrons
from both HMS Illustrious and Victorious were involved, flying both top
cover and strafing and flak suppression missions. Sub Lt Sheppard claimed
his third kill while Royal Marine aviator Major R. C. Hay brought down a
Ki-43 and a Ki-44. One Corsair was shot down in air-to-air combat and
another seven were destroyed from other causes. Five days later the FAA
executed a raid against refineries on Soeni Gerong. On this day, Major Hay
was coordinating the strike when he was jumped by Japanese fighters.
Sheppard came to assist, and both pilots claimed one aircraft each. This was
Hay’s fifth kill of the war (three of which were made in a Corsair), making
him the sole Royal Marine ace of the war.

Corsairs from HMS Formidable, Illustrious, and Victorious saw action

at Sakishima in March, and in April participated in Operation Iceberg over
Okinawa. The FAA Corsairs flew CAP missions and had knocked down
five enemy aircraft by mid-month. Royal Navy carriers would not escape
the kamikaze threat unscathed; however, when hit by the suicide aircraft,
their armored decks limited the damage to the ship (aircraft on deck were
another matter). On May 4, 1945, the FAA had its own Corsair ace when
Lt Sheppard earned his fifth kill by shooting down a Japanese DY4 Judy.
On August 9, 1945, the last FAA Corsair air-to-air kill was recorded,
making a total of nearly 50 in three years of service. It was on this day that
FAA Corsair pilot Lt Robert Hampton Gray earned the Victoria Cross
(posthumously) while leading an attack on Japanese shipping around
Onagawa Wan, Honshu. Antiaircraft fire from the ships hit his aircraft, but
he continued on and released his bombs, which struck the Japanese
ship Amakusa, sinking it. The young Canadian flyer was one of two FAA
pilots to earn the Victoria Cross. A memorial was raised in Japan honoring

the then-enemy pilot’s courage. Corsairs did not remain long in FAA service,
however. Due to the lend-lease agreement, if the FAA retained the leased
aircraft they would have to pay for them; therefore most of the clipped-
wing Corsairs were destroyed.

Royal New Zealand Air Force

In May 1944, the Royal New Zealand Air Force transitioned from the
venerable Curtiss P-40 to the Vought F4U Corsair. By September 1945, the
RNZAF had received a total of 424 Corsairs under the lend-lease program.
Variants flown by the RNZAF included Vought-built F4U-1As, F4U-1Ds,
and Goodyear-built FG-1Ds. Prior to receiving the Corsairs, the P-40 pilots
had shot down a total of 99 aircraft. By the time the RNZAF started to
convert to the F4U, most of the Japanese air activity around the northern
Solomons from the earlier years had vanished. During the later stages of the
war, the RNZAF was tasked with harassing bypassed islands. To manage this
task the Corsairs were based all over the South Pacific. The RNZAF Corsairs
were primarily for ground support missions. Escort and combat air patrols
were flown, but with little chance of seeing Japanese aircraft. The RNZAF
established 13 Corsair squadrons, numbered 14 through 26.

In all, the RNZAF lost 155 Corsairs of the 424 total received during the

lend-lease program. Out of the 155 lost, only 17 were directly attributed to
enemy action. The rest were operational and training losses. Number 14

Squadron would later serve in Japan for two-and a-half years on occupation
duty. The squadron possessed two dozen FG-1Ds, operating from both
Iwakuni and Bofu Japan. The unit’s occupational duty came to a close in
October 1948. Only a small number of Corsairs were ever returned to the
USN, the majority being scrapped at the Rukuhia boneyard in New Zealand.

The remaining Goodyear aircraft assigned to No. 14 Squadron were towed
into a circle at Bofu and set ablaze.

Corsairs over Korea

On June 25, 1950, North Korea invaded its neighbor to the south. The United
States Navy responded by sending the USS Valley Forge to the region. After
being readied for action, the Essex-class carrier launched her first strikes
against North Korean airfields and rail yards located at Pyongyang on July 3,

1950. The strike consisted of F9F
Panthers, AD-1 Skyraiders, and 16
F4U-4B Corsairs from VF-53 and VF-54;
loaded with rockets, and the Corsairs hit
their targets without losing an aircraft.
Marine F4U-5P Corsairs from
HEDRON-1, Detachment onboard the

USS Valley Forge conducted battle-
damage assessments of the initial strike
on the same day. The first US Navy close
air support mission was flown on July
22 in support of the Eighth Army. This

was followed by an emergency CAS
mission flown three days later; both
missions had limited success. Problems

A Naval Reserve F4U-4 flown
by Lt Robert Pitner from
VF-791 seen after attacking a
bridge southwest of Wonson,
Korea (background), 1951.
VF-791 was stationed at NAS
Memphis prior to being
mobilized on July 20, 1950.
VF-791 and her sister
squadron VF-884 were the
first Reserve Corsair
squadrons to see combat in
Korea, while serving aboard
the USS Boxer (CV-21).
(NMNA)

emerged from disparities in radio equipment, maps, and also the definition of
what close air support was in the first place. During the initial CAS mission,
Navy Corsair pilots tried repeatedly to contact the Joint Operations Center
(JOC) and USAF Mosquito aircraft operating as forward air controllers to no
avail. Frustrated, the Corsairs and Skyraiders hunted targets on their own.

On August 3, 1950, the first Marine Corps offensive action of the war

commenced. Eight Marine F4U-4Bs from VMF-214 launched from the USS
Sicily at 1630, led by the squadron’s executive officer, Major Robert P. Keller.
The Corsairs executed napalm and strafing runs against troops in Chinju
and Sinban-ni. The Blacksheep would soon be joined by VMF-323, “The
Death Rattlers,” who commenced combat sorties on August 6 from the deck
of the USS Badoeng Strait (CVE-116). Both Corsair squadrons were assigned
to Marine Air Group 33 (MAG-33) and continued their strikes in an effort
to relieve pressure on General Walker’s Eighth Army.

Close Air Support
The close air support situation saw a dramatic change with the entrance of the
1st Provisional Marine Brigade into the Korean War. The Marines were well
trained in the use of combined arms, including utilizing close air support to its
fullest. Corsair squadrons assigned to MAG-33 and later MAG-12 of the 1st
Marine Air Wing were at a high state of readiness, and well-versed in their role

to provide close air support prior to the war. The Navy-Marine CAS system
had little red tape, allowing Corsair pilots to respond within a few minutes of
being called. When not called upon by Marine units, the Corsairs furnished
CAS for the Eighth Army and other UN forces, although Marine ground units
had priority. Soldiers fighting alongside the Marines were amazed by the
response times, accuracy, and proximity at which the CAS missions took place.
As one Army Regimental Commander, Col Paul F. Freeman (USA), stated:

The Marines on our left were a sight to behold. Not only was their equipment superior
or equal to ours, but they had squadrons of air in direct support. They used it like
artillery. It was ‘Hey, Joe—this is Smitty—Knock the left off that ridge in front of Item
Company.’ They had it day and night. It came off nearby carriers, and not from Japan
with only 15 minutes of fuel to accomplish the mission.

In August alone, USN and Marine Corsairs flew 6,575 combat hours. During
the Battle of the Pusan Perimeter, Corsair squadrons from MAG-33 flew
1,511 sorties, with 995 of these being urgent CAS missions (Aug 3–Sept 14).
In preparation for the upcoming Inchon landing, photo-reconnaissance
missions were flown by F4U-5P Corsair pilots. Corsairs from VMF-214 and
323, as well as Navy Corsairs and Skyraiders from Task Force 77, decimated
Inchon prior to the landings. All three Marine Corsair squadrons, alongside
Navy Corsair squadrons, provided CAS during the landing. On September 18,
ground forces took Kimpo Airfield; once the airfield was ready, additional
Corsair Squadrons from MAG-12 arrived from Japan (VMF-212 and VMF-
312). Marine Corsair squadrons moved north in support of the 1st Marine
Division, operating from Wonsan and later from Yonpo Airfield in
North Korea. The close air support system faced its greatest test in November
and December 1950, as Chinese troops intervened. Both Marine and Navy
Corsair squadrons played a crucial role in the 1st Marine Division’s successful
breakout from the Chosin Reservoir. The following is one day’s account from
VMF-312’s diary:

On the first flight in the morning Major
Avant and a flight of six planes worked
with Devastate Baker Xray (a Marine R5D)
in the Chosin Reservoir area and accounted
for 200 hundred enemy troops killed, three
buildings destroyed, and two trucks and
one boat knocked out. All armament was
expended on all flights during this day.
Major Davis acted as Lovelace Playboy 1
and worked as a tactical air coordinator,
directed 17 planes at the Chosin Reservoir.
Capt Delong and his flight of four worked
with Oxwood Playboy (TACA), and Capt

Tery and his wingman worked with Splitseam Playboy (TACA) both flights hitting troop
concentrations with results undetermined. Major Parker and his flight of four worked
with Burner 14, a forward air controller, at Huksu-ri with the Third Army Division.
This flight accounted for one tank, and two small vehicles. LtCol Cole (VMF-312’s
Commanding Officer) acted as a tactical air coordinator, in the afternoon, directing
carrier AD’s (Skyraiders) and Corsairs into targets for three hours.

(VMF-312 Historical Diary, Dec 4, 1950)

Marine Tactical Air Control Parties (TACP) were placed at the battalion level
all the way up to brigade HQs. Weather permitting, Corsairs would keep a
continuous orbit over the division during daylight hours, with night fighters
from VMF(N)-513 operating after dark. Corsair pilots utilized multi-channel
radios to stay in contact with ground units. Corsair pilots acted as Tactical
Air Coordinator Airborne (TACA, usually a two-ship formation) controlling
strikes, utilizing 3.5-inch white phosphorus rockets to mark targets.

Medal of Honor over Chosin
The first African-American naval aviators for both the United States Navy
and later the United States Marine Corps flew Corsairs during the Korean
War. Ensign Jesse L. Brown, the first black naval aviator in US history, flew
F4U-4s with VF-32 early in the Korean conflict. Brown was strafing Chinese

troops near the Chosin Reservoir on December 4, 1950 when his aircraft
(BuNo 97231) was brought down by enemy small-arms fire. Lieutenant
Junior Grade (JG) Thomas J. Hudner flew over the downed aircraft and
noticed that Brown was alive and trapped in the cockpit. Brown’s legs had

FIRST MARINE OFFENSIVE STRIKE, KOREA, F4U4B (BuNo 60367), VMA214,
USS SICILY (CVE118) AUG 1950.

This F4U-4B Corsair BuNo 60367 assigned to VMF-214 waits to be launched from the deck
of the USS Sicily CVE-118. On August 3, 1950, aviators from the Blacksheep Squadron of
World War II fame successfully landed all 24 of their Corsairs on board the USS Sicily.
Major Robert P. Keller, Executive Officer of the Blacksheep Squadron, was briefed shortly
after coming on board and would lead the Blacksheep on their first combat mission since
World War II. Eight of the squadron’s Corsairs were immediately refueled and armed with
a full complement of HVARs and one incendiary bomb each. At 1630, the Corsairs started
launching from the Sicily’s catapults in one minute intervals to take part in the first Marine
airstrike of the Korean War. They headed towards their assigned target location in the
southwest sector of Chinju. Aviators from VMF-214 successfully struck troop concentrations
within the village, flattened buildings, and started numerous fires throughout the area without
the loss of a single Corsair.

This F4U-5NL Corsair (BuNo
124525) assigned to
VMF(N)-513 “Flying
Nightmares” is armed with
a mix of 6½-inch antitank
aircraft rockets, incendiary
bombs, and a Mk 77 napalm
tank. A close inspection of
this Corsair reveals the de-
icing equipment on the
propeller blades and leading
edges of the wings and
stabilizers. VMF(N)-513 flew
a mix of night fighters during
the Korean War including
Corsairs, Grumman Tiger
Cats, and Douglas Sky
Knights. (NMNA)

become entangled in the damaged instrument panel. Minutes later Lt (JG)
Hudner purposely crashlanded his aircraft (BuNo 82050) near the crash site
of Brown’s Corsair and attempted to pull him out. Unable to free Brown, Lt
Hudner called for a rescue helicopter. A Marine helicopter landed shortly
thereafter with an axe and a fire extinguisher, as Hudner had requested. The
pilots attempted to free Brown for 45 minutes in vain. Since the helicopter
could not operate at night, there was nothing the pilots could do to save
Brown (who by then was unconscious due to the severity of his wounds).
Both Corsairs were later destroyed in an air strike in order to keep what was
left of the crashed airframes out of enemy hands. Brown earned the
Distinguished Flying Cross (posthumously); Lt (JG) Hudner earned the

Congressional Medal of Honor for his selfless actions. Hudner never gave up

on getting Brown out of North Korea; in July
2013 he visited Pyongyang in an attempt to gain
permission to return to Chosin to locate Jesse
Brown’s remains and return them to the US.

Corsairs in Air-to-Air Combat over Korea
The Corsair’s first aerial victory during the
Korean War occurred on September 4, 1950.
Radar on board the USS Valley Forge picked up
a contact heading from the Russian naval base at
Port Arthur, Manchuria, towards the Task Force.
A division of F4U-4B Corsairs was vectored
towards the contact, after which the radar
operator observed the contact split in two, with a

MEDAL OF HONOR CITATION, LIEUTENANT JUNIOR GRADE THOMAS J. HUDNER JR, USN

For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his
life above and beyond the call of duty as a pilot in Fighter
Squadron 32, while attempting to rescue a squadron
mate whose plane, struck by antiaircraft fire and trailing
smoke, was forced down behind enemy lines. Quickly
maneuvering to circle the downed pilot and protect him
from enemy troops infesting the area, Lt (JG) Hudner
risked his life to save the injured flier who was trapped
alive in the burning wreckage. Fully aware of the extreme
danger in landing on the rough mountainous terrain and
the scant hope of escape or survival in subzero
temperature, he put his plane down skillfully in a
deliberate wheels-up landing in the presence of enemy
troops. With his bare hands, he packed the fuselage with
snow to keep the flames away from the pilot and
struggled to pull him free. Unsuccessful in this, he
returned to his crashed aircraft and radioed other
airborne planes, requesting that a helicopter be
dispatched with an ax and fire extinguisher. He then
remained on the spot despite the continuing danger from
enemy action and, with the assistance of the rescue pilot,
renewed a desperate but unavailing battle against time,
cold, and flames. Lt (JG) Hudner’s exceptionally valiant
action and selfless devotion to a shipmate sustain and
enhance the highest traditions of the US Naval Service.

President Harry S. Truman presents Lt (JG) Thomas J.
Hudner Jr of VF-32 with the Congressional Medal of Honor
for his actions on December 4, 1950. Hudner intentionally
crashlanded his Corsair near the downed aircraft of his flight
leader, Ensign Jesse Brown, in order to try to free the aviator
from the wreckage. (USN)

Ordnancemen aboard the USS
Bunker Hill (CV-17) rearm an
F4U-1D with HVAR rockets
prior to a mission over
Okinawa. The F4U-1D and the
Goodyear-built FG-1D were
the first purpose-built fighter/
bomber versions of the F4U
Corsair. (National Archives)

second aircraft turning back towards Port Arthur while the first
aircraft continued on course. The VF-53 Corsairs intercepted a
Soviet Navy Douglas A-20 only 30 miles out from the fleet. After
spotting the Corsairs, the Soviet pilot dived and changed direction,
heading toward North Korea. Lt (JG) Richard E. Downs, the division
leader, continued to follow the intruder when the A-20’s gunner
opened fire. Downs reported back to the USS Valley Forge that the
A-20 was firing on them, and received permission to fire. Downs
fired but was out of position. Down’s wingman, Ensign Edward V.
Laney Jr, opened up with his four 20mm cannons and brought down
the A-20.

The first Corsair aerial victory for the Marine Corps during the

Korean War took place on April 21, 1951, when former World War
II ace Captain Phillip DeLong (assigned to VMF-312) led a division
on an armed reconnaissance mission. DeLong launched from the USS
Bataan at 0540. Each Corsair in his division was armed with a 500lb

bomb, drop tank, six HVARs (high velocity aircraft rocket) and two
100lb bombs. Two Corsairs from DeLong’s division were detached
to escort a rescue helicopter to pick up a downed aviator. DeLong
and his wingman, Lt Harold D. Daigh, continued on with their
mission. Daigh spotted four enemy aircraft at 5,000 feet; the silver-and-green

camouflaged Yaks failed to see Daigh and attacked DeLong instead. DeLong’s
aircraft was hit, and he executed a “split S” manuever. Daigh went after them
and found himself behind the third aircraft with the fourth now at his
7 o’clock. Daigh executed a 360-degree climbing turn, positioned himself
behind two Yaks, and opened fire. He then attacked a Yak from 4 o’clock; the
Yak’s starboard wing broke off. A Yak crossed in front of DeLong’s nose from
left to right. He fired, sending the Yak out of control. He spotted Daigh
chasing a Yak and noticed a second one about to gain position on Daigh’s tail.
DeLong radioed for Daigh to climb. Daigh turned sharp to port as the Yak
overshot his position, then fired from below, scoring hits on the Yak, which
was left smoking. DeLong then went after the lead Yak. The enemy pilot tried
to evade him as DeLong scored hits, causing the plane to smoke. The enemy
pilot went into a split S, but DeLong followed him and continued to put
.50cal rounds into the fleeing Yak. The pilot bailed out and was seen landing
in the ocean. DeLong radioed to have the rescue helicopter that was sent to
pick up the downed Corsair pilot to come and pick up the Yak pilot. DeLong
had smoke in the cockpit and Daigh’s engine was giving him trouble. They
both jettisoned their ordnance and landed back on the Bataan without
incident. DeLong was credited with two Yak-9s and Daigh with one Yak-9
confirmed and one probable.

The first Marine Corsair kill at night during the Korean War was claimed

by Capt Don L. Fenton of VMF(N)-513 “Flying Nightmares.” On July 12,
1951, Capt Fenton was flying a F4U-5N when he was vectored towards
a slow-flying bogey. Capt Fenton made visual contact with a Polikarpov
Po-2, better known as “Bed-check Charlie,” at 3,000 feet. Fenton opened up
on the Po-2 from a range of 1,000 feet and observed the rear gunner returning
fire as the right wings of the Po-2 disintegrated, followed by the fuselage
exploding. On June 7, 1952, 1st Lt John W. Andre from the same squadron
took off for an armed reconnaissance mission at 2125. The following
shooting down of a Yak made him an ace with his combined score from his
earlier victories in World War II:

The first African-American
Marine Corps pilot, 2nd Lt
Frank E. Petersen Jr, seen
climbing out of an AU-1
Corsair. Petersen holds the
distinction of not only
becoming the first African-
American Marine Corps
aviator but the first African-
American to command a
Marine Corps flying squadron
(VMFA-314, during the
Vietnam conflict). He later
became the first black general
officer in the Corps. Petersen
was assigned to VMA-212 in
April 1953, one of only two
Marine squadrons equipped
with the AU-1 Corsair during
the later stages of the Korean
War. Petersen flew 64 combat
missions in the AU-1, and
earned the Distinguished
Flying Cross and six air
medals. (Marine Corps
Historical Division)

I was making a run under flares on a convoy of trucks, I was at an altitude of 400 feet,
course 270 degrees, speed 210 knots. A firing run was made on me by an enemy plane
from the rear with tracers passing over my left wing, under the plane, and over the right
wing. The enemy plane then passed me to starboard with an overtaking speed of 30-40
knots. He pulled up and to the right and I was able to get a silhouette of him against
the sky about 3 o’clock. It was a single engine inline fighter-type aircraft, it appeared to
be dark brown in color. I fired two bursts and flames immediately appeared from the
underside of the plane, forward below the wings. The enemy plane seemed to try to pull
up, but instead dove down and disappeared.

MiG-15 Kill
On September 10, 1952, Captain Jessie G. Folmar led a division of VMA-312
Corsairs from the USS Sicily on a strike mission; their target was 300 North
Korean Army troops located four miles from the city of Chinamppo, on the
south side of the Taedong River. Two Corsairs were tasked to cover a downed
pilot, splitting Folmar’s division. Folmar and his wingman proceeded to the
target area but saw no enemy activity. They were in a weave formation three
miles from Sock-To Island at 10,000 feet when Folmar spotted a pair of
MiG-15s positioning themselves for a pass against the two Corsairs. Folmar
turned into the MiGs while at the same time increasing power and jettisoning
his ordnance. He reported that they were being attacked by MiGs over the
guard channel, and had his wingman, Lt Willie L. Daniels, tighten up his
defense. Folmar spotted a second pair of MiGs at his 8 o’clock position and
turned in to them; the MiGs opened fire but missed. Folmar reverse-banked
to the right and turned inside one of the MiGs, which then attempted to
climb away. Folmar had him in his sights and gave him a five-second burst

from his F4U-4B’s (BuNo 62927) four 20mm cannons, scoring hits on the
left side of the MiG-15’s fuselage. Folmar witnessed the MiG starting to
smoke; as the plane nosed over, the pilot ejected. Folmar and Daniels resumed
their defensive weave when they spotted four more MiGs joining the fight.
Folmar decided it was time to get out of there. He radioed Daniels and the

two executed a 35-degree diving turn to port. Daniels saw a MiG on Folmar’s
tail; the MiG was able to score hits on Folmar’s port wing, tearing off nearly
four feet and gutting the top of it. Folmar bailed out soon after, transmitting
his SAR (search and rescue) distress signal. The MiGs headed for home soon
after an AA barrage opened up over Sock-To Island. Folmar was rescued
after being in the water for eight minutes. Lt Daniels was able to get back to
the USS Sicily with no damage to his Corsair. Folmar and Daniels had taken
on eight MiG-15s and came away with each side losing one aircraft.

The Sole Navy Ace
Two F4U-5N pilots, Lt Guy P. Bordelon Jr and Lt (JG) Ralph Hopson, deployed
from the USS Princeton to Kimpo Airfield near Seoul and later to Pyongtaek
while working with Air Force controllers in June 1953. The pair of F4U-5N
Corsairs from VC-3 Det 3 were utilized to patrol the UN frontlines against
North Korean People’s Air Force (NKPAF) nuisance raids. During his short
assignment, Bordelon was credited with destroying two Yak-18s and three
La-11 fighters during three separate missions. On each of the three missions,
Bordelon was flying BuNo 124453, named ANNIE-MO for his wife.

The first mission took place during the early morning hours of June 30.

When Bordelon and Hopson were vectored towards a hostile contact, Bordelon
identified the contact as a Yak-18, a two-seat trainer used on night intrusions.

The aircraft’s rear gunner opened fire in the wrong
direction and Bordelon proceeded to destroy the Yak
with his 20mm cannons. On the same mission,
Boredelon’s wingman had a malfunctioning radar,
leaving Bordelon by himself when a second intruder
was detected. Bordelon identified the second aircraft
as another Yak-18 and brought it down. A few days
later, Bordelon found himself in a similar situation; this
time the contacts were identified by Bordelon as
La-11s. It was on July 16 that the last aerial victory
for a USN Corsair would take place, when Bordelon
scored his final victory over a La-11, making him the
sole Navy ace of the Korean War and the only non-jet
ace. Bordelon earned the Navy Cross for his actions;
his Corsair, ANNIE-MO, did not fare as well. An Air
Force Reservist crashlanded BuNo 124453 soon after.

The Air Force pilot survived; the aircraft was struck from the inventory.

French Corsairs

The 14.F Flotille based at Karouba Air Base, Tunisia was the first squadron
to receive the brand new F4U-7 on January 15 1953; however, the first
Corsair type to see combat action with the French was not the F4U-7. On
April 17, 1954, the squadron’s personnel were deployed to Da Nang without
their aircraft. The USS Saipan delivered 14.F Flotille’s new aircraft the
following day. Twenty-five veteran Marine AU-1 Corsairs, having formerly
seen action during the Korean War, were to be used while the squadron
awaited their F4U-7s. Of the 25 AU-1s delivered, however, only one was
considered serviceable. In two days, maintenance personnel had 16 aircraft
at Tourane ready to fly to Bach Mai Air Base. 14.F Flotille supported troops
fighting during the collapse of Dien Bien Phu. On May 7, French forces at
Dien Bien Phu surrendered to the Viet Minh, yet strike missions continued.
On May 26, the squadron lost its first pilot to combat action; a second pilot
was brought down on July 7. Combat missions ceased on July 21, 1954 after

an international agreement was signed between Ho Chi Minh and the
Republic of Vietnam, splitting the region.

During the two months of combat over Indochina, only two Corsairs were

destroyed, with half a dozen others being damaged. The Corsair pilots from
14.F built an impressive combat record, dropping over 1.5 million pounds of
bombs, firing over 300 rockets, and expending 70,000 20mm rounds. The
AU-1 Corsairs were later returned to the US Navy. The French Navy obtained
57 additional AU-1s in 1957 and another dozen in 1958 when they became
available. In 1956 the Lafayette returned to South Vietnam with Grumman
TBF Avengers and Corsairs from 15.F Flotille onboard. These aircraft carried
out the last mission over Vietnam for the French Aeronavale.

French Corsair squadrons also saw combat against Algerian guerillas,

starting in 1956, and limited action in Tunisia in 1961. Flotilles 14.F and 15.F
played a significant role during the Suez Crisis, after the nationalization of the
Suez Canal by Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser. French F4U-7 Corsairs
were painted with black and yellow recognition stripes on the wings and
fuselage prior to combat operations. The French Corsairs represented
one-quarter of the carrier strike force involved in the conflict, with 36 aircraft

The Navy’s sole ace of the
Korean War, Lt Guy P.
Bordelon Jr, stands next to
his F4U-5N Corsair (BuNo
124453) named “ANNIE-MO”
for his wife. Bordelon would
destroy five enemy aircraft
while flying this aircraft. His
Corsair was later scrapped
after being involved in a
accident while being flown
by an Air Force Reservist.
(Note the flame dampeners
to conceal engine exhaust).
(USN)

available. On November 3, 1956, Corsairs launched
from the carriers Arromanches and Lafayette to attack
Cairo airport. During combat operations that lasted
from November 1–7, only one F4U-7 was lost to combat
action; BuNo 133711 was hit by antiaircraft fire over
Cairo, killing L. V. Antoine Lancrenon, the squadron
commander of 14.F. A second Corsair, BuNo 133728,
was lost in a landing accident, although the pilot
survived. F4U-7 Corsairs would continue to serve the
French Aeronavale until the type’s official retirement on
September 28, 1964.

Latin American Bent Wing Birds

Honduras
The Honduran Air Force, or Fuerza Aerea Hondurena
(FAH), was the first of three Latin American militaries

to purchase Corsairs as part of the US Military Assistance Program. After the
Korean War, Marine and Navy Corsairs started to become available in
sufficient numbers. The Corsairs had a distinct advantage over other US types:
due to continued production of the Corsair, many of the aircraft were relatively
new, with fewer flying hours on them than other World War II-era aircraft. The
Honduran government purchased a total of ten Corsairs in its initial order
(four F4U-5N and six F4U-5NL night fighters). The Corsairs gained a solid
reputation and were well-suited to deal with the hot climate and rugged terrain
in Honduras. The Corsairs were less complicated to maintain and could
outperform the older P-38s and P-63s already in FAH service. By 1959, the
number of F4U-5 models available had dwindled, since Argentina had
purchased 16 prior to Honduras’s second order. As a result, the Honduran
government purchased nine older F4U-4s, all delivered by 1961.

Argentina
Argentina purchased ten Corsairs through the US Military Assistance
Program in 1956. All of the Corsairs were night fighters: four F4U-5Ns and
six F4U-5NLs, delivered by 1957. The Corsairs were known as Privateers in
Argentine service and were purchased for use by the Comando de Aviación
Naval Argentina (COAN) in May 1956. In 1957, Argentina purchased
another 16 F4U-5s and F4U-5NLs, most in flying condition, with a few
utilized as spares. The Argentine Corsairs were formed into a single squadron,
2a Escuadra Aeronaval de Combate (later redesignated 2a Ecuadrilla

Aeronaval de Ataque). The COAN Corsairs were
received prior to Argentina’s purchase of the ARA
Indepencia (formerly HMS Warrior) in 1958. The
ARA Indepencia was Argentina’s first aircraft carrier.
Corsairs from 2a Escuadra Aeronaval Ataque started
operating from the Indepencia in June 1959, prior to
the ship’s official commissioning. When not operating
from the carrier, the Corsairs were stationed on land
bases. Many of the Argentinian F4U-5N and F4U-
5NLs retained their night-fighter equipment. The
COAN Corsairs could be utilized for both combat air
patrols and ground support missions, but never

The F4U-7 was the last of the
F4U Corsair line, built
specifically for the French
Aeronavale. The aircraft was
essentially an AU-1 airframe
with the engine from the
F4U-4. This paired armor
protection and payload
carrying options similar to
the AU-1 with the reliability
and high-altitude performance
of the F4U-4s R-2800-18W
powerplant. (NMNA)

An F4U-5 (foreground) and an
F4U-5NL (background) from
the 2a Ecuadrilla Aeronaval de
Ataque wearing vastly
different paint schemes.
Corsairs were known as
Privateers while in service
with Argentina. The Comando
de Aviación Naval Argentina
(COAN) flew Corsairs from
both shore bases and the
aircraft carrier ARA
Indepencia. (Argentina)

actually saw combat. The Comando de Aviación
Naval Argentina disbanded its lone Corsair
squadron in early 1966 and used the surviving
airframes for training purposes.

El Salvador
In 1957 the El Salvadoran Air Force (Fuerza
Aerea Salvadorena) followed Honduras’s and
Argentina’s lead in procuring Corsairs through
MAP. The FAS applied for F4U-5s, but Honduras
(and later Argentina) had taken the majority of
these late-model Corsairs, leaving El Salvador
with few choices. In June 1957, the Fuerza Aerea
Salvadorena purchased 20 Goodyear FG-1Ds, as there were sufficient numbers
of this model to create a squadron. Of the 20 Corsairs, 15 were flyable, while
the remaining five were to be used as spares. The FAS flew all 20 FG-1Ds and

gave each its own unique serial number, designated FAS-201 through FAS-220.
All of the Corsairs were assigned to the Escuadrilla de Caza, based at San
Miguel. The FAS purchased five more Corsairs to try to slow the cannibalization
rate; however, these F4U-4s had little in common with the older Goodyear
aircraft. The Corsairs flew with the FAS until the summer of 1971. The older

FG-1Ds were eventually replaced with Cavalier F-51D Mustangs IIs. Both of
these types would see combat against the Honduran Air Force during the 100
Hours’ War.

The 100 Hours’ War
The 100 Hours’ War (also known as the Soccer War) between El Salvador
and Honduras was more complex than most press accounts of the time
reported. Long-stemming economic, immigration, and political issues
between the two countries came to a head during the summer of 1969. The
war was labeled “The Soccer War” as tensions increased during a series of
World Cup qualification matches between the two countries. On July 14,
1969, El Salvador initiated its attack with a series of air raids against
Honduran cities. This was followed by El Salvadoran ground troops crossing
the border into Honduras to take the town of Nacaome. A lone FAS C-47,
used as a makeshift bomber, attacked the Honduran city of Toncontin.
Honduran Air Force Corsairs were scrambled too late to catch the C-47 as
darkness fell upon them. The Honduran F4U-5N Corsairs lacked standard
night-fighter equipment, as most of it was removed well prior to the conflict.

Corsairs from both countries were used as fighter-bombers. On July 16,

El Salvadoran troops occupied Nueva Ocotepeque. As soldiers continued
their advance, they were assisted with close air
support missions flown by a pair of FAS
Goodyear Corsairs. On the 17th, a three-ship
formation of HAF Corsairs lead by Major
Fernando Soto Henriquez set off to attack
enemy artillery positions. Soto, an experienced
pilot with over 400 hours in the Corsair, had
the group check their cannons. One of the F4U-
5Ns had a malfunction and Soto ordered the
pilot to return to Toncontin. As the pilot was
returning to base, he was jumped by two FAS

A Goodyear FG-1D, serial FAS-
213 (BuNo 92618), of the
Fuerza Aerea Salvadorena is
being loaded with napalm.
FAS Corsairs would have the
misfortune of being victims in
the last air-to-air engagement
between piston-engine
fighters. (Fuerza Aerea
Salvadorena Museum)

This Vought F4U-5N (formerly
BuNo 122179) is being ferried
to the United States after
being sold by the Fuerza
Aerea Hondurena (FAH) in
1979 to Hollywood Wings. The
FAH sold eight of the nine
flyable Corsairs in their
inventory. The one flyable
Corsair retained by the FAH
was serial FAH-609 that
downed three Salvadorian Air
Force aircraft in the 100
Hours’ War. (NMNA)

Cavalier Mustangs. With his cannons jammed, the pilot radioed for help.
Soto and his wingman heard the call, jettisoned their bombs, and rushed back
to their endangered comrade. The lead FAS Mustang failed to score any hits
on the F4U-5N. Soto spotted the Mustang pressing his attack and opened
fire, scoring hits on the Mustang’s fuselage. His wingman attacked the second
F-51D. The pilot attempted to evade Soto, entering a diving turn below 800
feet. Soto followed, still firing at the Mustang, hitting the fuselage and wing.
Soto managed to hit the engine, starting a fire. The F-51D (FAS-404) crashed
into the woods. The second Mustang was able to evade Soto’s wingman.

All three Honduran pilots made it back to their base. With their F4U-5Ns

rearmed and refueled, they launched to eliminate an enemy artillery piece in
the same area as their initial mission. The F4U-5N that had the earlier cannon
malfunction was turned back a second time for the same reason. Nearing
their target, Soto spotted a pair of FAS FG-1D Corsairs heading for home.
He decided to pursue them, against standing orders not to cross into El
Salvador. He scored hits on one of the Goodyears (FAS-204), forcing its pilot

to bail out. The second FG-1D pilot was able to score hits on Soto’s F4U-5N.
Soto, utilizing the power advantage of the F4U-5N, was able to pull away
and get behind the FG-1D (FAS-203). He opened fire, hitting the fuselage and
cockpit of the FG-1D. Continuing his pursuit, he scored hits on the wings and
the fuselage, sparking a massive explosion. This marked the last air-to-air

engagement of piston-engine fighters in history. The war continued on for
one more day until a ceasefire was established on July 18, 1969.

CONCLUSION

For a pre-World War II aircraft design to continue to see front-line service
and to be produced in numbers well into the jet age speaks volumes about
Vought’s innovative design. The Corsair continued to set records throughout
its career, from being the first single-engine aircraft to surpass 400mph, to
having the longest production run of any piston-engine fighter in history.
The Corsair was one of the first ship-borne fighters to outperform its land-
based counterparts, similar to its archrival, the Mitsubishi A6M Zero.
World War II aircraft are typically measured on the merits of their
performance, lethality, durability, technological advances, and the number
produced. The F4U Corsair would score well in any of these categories, but
when one takes into consideration categories usually left out of the equation

like longevity, mission diversity, adaptability, and timeliness, the Corsair is
tough to beat. Also, head-to-head comparisons usually fail to take into
account penalties incurred when an aircraft is designed to land and take off

from a carrier: heavier gear, wing-folding
mechanisms, and the limitations imposed on
the aircraft’s design by the carrier’s own
dimensions. The Fleet Air Arm seemed to
understand this issue first hand, operating
naval adaptions of the Hawker Hurricane and
Supermarine Spitfire; both were truly great
fighters, but lacked the design attributes to be
considered great naval fighters.

The Corsair was not the fastest aircraft, nor

was it the most maneuverable of the World War

An F4U-4 Corsair (BuNo
97369) on display at the
National Museum of the
Marine Corps in Triangle,
Virginia. The Marine Corps
Air-Ground Museum acquired
the Corsair in 1975. The
aircraft was restored in 2004
and placed on exhibit in the
Museum’s Leatherneck gallery
in 2006. (Author’s Collection)

II-era fighters. What the bent-wing bird gave
the Allies was the most capable naval fighter of
the war, in terms of both performance and
adaptability. The United States Navy (who initially
kept Corsairs off its carriers in 1943) later chose
the F4U Corsair over the highly respected
Grumman F6F Hellcat as the standard carrier
fighter. This had a lot to do with the Corsair’s
performance as a fighter-bomber, something that
both the Navy and Marine Corps still have within
their inventories under different names (light-strike
or multirole fighters) today. Corsairs could carry
more ordnance than most World War II twin-
engine bombers, and could fight their way in and
out of the target area unescorted. The Corsair’s
availability during the Korean War saved countless lives on the front; in some

of the most extreme operating locations, the Corsair could stay on station
longer and could carry a heavier payload than the early Navy jets. As a
testament to the Corsair’s longevity, the last recorded Corsair air-to-air
engagement took place at the same time as the Apollo 11 mission to the moon.

APPENDICES

Appendix A

Combat Operational Corsair Squadrons World War II

United States Marine Corps (USMC)

Royal Navy (Fleet Air Arm)

VMF-111/112/113/114/115

No. 1830

VMF-121/122/123/124/155

No. 1833

VMF-211/212/213/214/215

No. 1834

VMF-216/217/218/221/222

No. 1836

VMF-223/224/225/251/311

No. 1841

VMF-312/313/314/321/322

No. 1842

VMF-323/351/422/441/451

No. 1838

VMF-452/511/512/513

VMF(N)-532

Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF)

VMBF-231/331/333

No. 14

United States Navy (USN)

No. 15

VF-5/10/17/84/85

No. 16

VBF-1/6/10/83/85/86/88/94

No. 17

VF(N)-75/101

Appendix B

Top 10 USMC/USN Corsair Aces

Name

Squadron Aerial

Victories

Lt Robert M. Hanson

VMF-214/215

Maj Gregory Boyington

VMF-214

Capt Kenneth A. Walsh

VMF-124/222

Capt Donald N. Aldrich

VMF-215

Capt Wilbur J. Thomas

VMF-213

18.5

A pilot of an F4U-1D folds his
Corsair’s wings aboard the
USS Essex (CV-9) after a strike
mission against Kyushu,
March 18, 1945. The USS
Essex had three Corsair
squadrons at the time,
including the first Marine
squadrons to operate from a
CVE during the war, VMF-124
and VMF-213. (NMNA)

Lt Ira C. Kepford

VF-17

Capt Harold L. Spears

VMF-215

Capt Edward O. Shaw

VMF-213

14.5

Capt Philip C. DeLong

VMF-212/312

13.5

LCDR Roger R. Hedrick

VF-17/84

Note: All victories noted were accomplished while ﬂying Corsairs: some pilots had additional kills
while ﬂying other types of aircraft.

Appendix C

USMC/USN Corsair Squadrons in Korea

USMC Squadrons

Corsair Types

Tail Codes

VMF/VMA-214

F4U-4/B

VMF/VMA-323

F4U-4/B, AU-1

VMF-311

F4U-4B

VMF/VMA-312

F4U-4/B

VMF(N)-513

F4U-5N, F4U-5NL

VMF/VMA-212

F4U-4/B, F4U-5, F4U-5N, AU-1

VMJ-1

F4U-5P

VMA-332

F4U-4/B

Note: Some squadrons used a mixture of aircraft types. For example, VMF(N)-513 also ﬂew Grumman
Tigercats and Douglas Skyknights along with Corsairs. Also, headquarters and maintenance
squadrons also had various Corsair types assigned.

Corsair Variants by Squadron

Squadrons

Corsair Types

USN VF Squadrons 53,54, 871,23,63,64,65,24,44,
783,874,74,32,33,884,144,874, 713, 192,193, 821,871,
152, 653,194,92,113,114,94

F4U-4, F4U-4B

VC Squadron Detachments 3, 4, 62, 61

F4U-5N/NL, F4U-5P, F4U-4P

Appendix D

Post World War II Aerial Victories

Date

Squadron

Aircraft
Flown

Pilot

Weapon

Enemy Aircraft
Destroyed

Number

4/09/50

VF-53

F4U-4B

Ens Edward V. Laney Jr.

20mm

A-20*

21/4/51

VMF-312

F4U-4

Lt Harold D. Daig

.50cal

Yak-9

21/4/51

VMF-312

F4U-4

Capt Phillip C. DeLong

.50cal

Yak-9

12/7/51

VMF(N)-513

F4U-5N

Capt Donald L. Fenton

20mm

Po-2

7/6/52

VMF(N)-513

F4U-5N

Lt John W. Andre

20mm

Yak-9

10/09/52 VMA-312

F4U-4B

Capt Jesse G. Folmar

20mm

MiG-15

30/6/53

VC-3 DET D

F4U-5N

Lt Guy P. Bordelon Jr

20mm

Yak-18

1/7/53

VC-3 DET D

F4U-5N

Lt Guy P. Bordelon Jr

20mm

La-11*

16/7/53

VC-3 DET D

F4U-5N

Lt Guy P. Bordelon Jr

20mm

La-11*

17/7/69

FAH

F4U-5N

Capt Ferdinand Soto

20mm

F-51D

17/7/69

FAH

F4U-5N

Capt Ferdinand Soto

20mm

FG-1D

*Note: Ofﬁcial Navy records state that an Il-4 was destroyed on September 4, 1950 instead of a
Douglas A-20 Boston. USN records also state Lt Guy Bordelon shot down three Po-2s instead of
La-11 ﬁghters. The pilot stated the aircraft in these three encounters were La-11s.

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INDEX

Figures in bold refer to illustrations.

air-to-air kill ratio 4
AN/M2 20mm cannons 18, 24
AN/M2 .50cal machine guns 18
Anacostia Naval Air Station 5, 8, 12, 14
Andre, 1st Lieutenant 55–56
Argentina 559
armament 9, 10, 11, 18–20, B (18, 19), 23,

24, 27, 30, 32, 33–34, 37, 45

assembly 11–12
AU-1 variant 5, 20, D (34, 35), 36–38, 38

Badoeng Strait, USS 51
Beisel, Rex B. 4, 7, 8
Blackburn, Lieutenant Commander John T. 44
Bordelon, Lieutenant Guy Pierre D (34, 35),

56–57, 57

Bougainville 43, 44
Boyington, Major Gregory A (12, 13), 42–43
Brewster Aeronautical Corporation 8, 9, 12,

21, 23

Brown, Jessie L. C (30, 31), 52–54
Bullard, Lyman 10–11
Bunker Hill, USS 15, 44, 54

Charger, USS 44
Cleland, Cook 28
clipped wing Corsairs 23
Close Air Support (CAS) missions 51–52
cockpit 11, 16, 20, 22, 29–30, 32–33

Daigh, Lieutenant Harold D. 55
DeLong, Captain Phillip 55
design and development 5–40
Downs, Lieutenant Richard E. 55

El Salvador 59
engines

Pratt & Whitney R-1340 5
Pratt & Whitney R-1535 6–7, 8
Pratt & Whitney R-1690 6
Pratt & Whitney R-1830 8
Pratt & Whitney R-2800-8 15, 20
Pratt & Whitney R-2800-8W 23
Pratt & Whitney R-2800-18W 29, 39
Pratt & Whitney R-2800-32W 32
Pratt & Whitney R-2800-83WA 37
Pratt & Whitney R-4360 27
Pratt & Whitney XR-2800 8, 10, 10
Pratt & Whitney XR-2800-16 28

Enterprise, USS 26, 45
Essex, USS 44, 46, 61

F2G Super Corsairs (Wasp Major) 27,

27–28, 40

F3A-1 variant 21–22
F3A-1B variant 23
F4U-1 variant 20–21
F4U-1A variant 22, 22–23
F4U-1C variant 18–20, 24, 25
F4U-1D/FG-1D variant 23–24, 24
F4U-1P variant 25
F4U-2 variant 18, 25–27, 26
F4U-4 variant 29, 29–30, C (30, 31)
F4U-4B variant 5, 20, 30, 32, D (34, 35)
F4U-4C variant 20
F4U-4P variant 32

F4U-5 variant 20, 32–33
F4U-5N variant 33–34, 34, D (34, 35)
F4U-5NL variant 5, 34
F4U-5P variant 36, 37
F4U-6 variant 36–38
F4U-7 variant 5, 20, 38–39
FG-1 variant 21–22
FG-1B variant 23
FG-3 variant 28
Formidable, HMS A (12, 13), 49
fuselage 16

Gise, Major William 41, 42
Goodyear Aircraft Corporation 5, 12, 16, 21,

23, 27, 28

Gray, Lieutenant Robert Hampton A (12, 13),

Guadalcanal 21, 41–42
Guyton, Boone T. 9, 10–11

Hanson, 1st Lieutenant Robert M. 43
Henriquez, Major Fernando Soto 59–60
Honduras 58
Hudner, Lieutenant J. G. C (30, 31),

52–54

Illustrious, HMS 48–49
Indochina War (1946–54) 5, 38, 57
Iwo Jima 46

Klingman, 1st Lieutenant Robert E (46, 47)
Korean War (1950–53) 5, 5, 30, C (30, 31),

32, 34, 34, D (34, 35), 36, 37, 38, 38, 50,
50–57, 52, F (52, 53)

Laney Jr., Ensign Edward V. 55
Lend Lease Act 14, 50

M3 20mm cannons 20, 30, 32, 33, 34, 37
Marshall Islands 24, 45
Midway, Battle of (1942) 8
Mutual Defense Assistance Program (MDAP)

National Advisory Committee for

Aeronautics (NACA) 7

Nicaragua 6

O2U observation aircraft 5–6
O3U observation aircraft 6
Okinawa (1945) 17, 24, 24, 25, 29, 30,

46–48, E (46, 47), 49

100 Hours’ War (1969) 5, 59–60
Operation Cockpit (1944) 48–49
Operation Goodwood (1944) 48
Operation Iceberg (1945) 17, 24, 25, 30,

46–48, E (46, 47), 49

Operation Meridian One (1945) 49
Operation Musketeer (1956) 5
Operation Tungsten (1944) 48
operational history

Corsairs and carriers 45–46
ﬁghter-bombers 44–45
First Indochina War (1946–54) 5, 38, 57
Korean War (1950–3) 5, 5, 30, C (30, 31),

32, 34, 34, D (34, 35), 37, 38, 38, 50,
50–57, 52, F (52, 53)

Latin American Corsairs 58–60

100 Hours’ War (1969) 5, 59–60
Royal Navy Corsairs 48–50
Royal New Zealand Air Force (RNZAF) 50
Suez Crisis (1956) 5, 57–58
World War II (1939–45) 4, 21, 22, 24,

24, 25, 26, 27, 29, 30, 41–50, 45, E
(46, 47), 61

Pearl Harbor, attack on (1941) 8
Philippines, the 30, 45
Princeton, USS 56–57
production models and operational

conversions 20–40

Project Roger 26
propeller 16, 23, 28, 29

Rabaul 43, 44
radar 26, 33
Reusser, Captain Kenneth E (46, 47)
rocket launchers 30, 37
Royal Navy Fleet Air Arm (FAA) 14–15, 23,

48–50

Royal New Zealand Air Force (RNZAF) 24, 50

Saint Valentine’s Day Massacre 41
Sangamon, USS 14
Saratoga, USS 8, 14, 48
SB2U Vindicator 4
Sheppard, Sub Lieutenant Donald J.

A (12, 13), 49

Sicily, USS 51, F (52, 53), 56
Suez Crisis (1956) 5, 57–58

technical speciﬁcations 20–40
test ﬂights 9, 10–11, 12–14

undercarriage 16–18

Valley Forge, USS 5, D (34, 35), 36, 50, 54
Victorious, HMS A (12, 13), 48–49

weapons see armament
wings 11, 16–18, 22, 23, 27, 32, 34
World War II (1939–45) 4, 22, 26, 27, 61

attack on Pearl Harbor (1941) 8
Battle of Midway (1942) 8
Bougainville 43, 44
Guadalcanal 21, 41
Iwo Jima 46
Marshall Islands 24, 45
Nicobar Islands 49
Okinawa (1945) 17, 24, 24, 25, 29, 30,

46–48, E (46, 47), 49

Operation Cockpit (1944) 48–49
Operation Goodwood (1944) 48
Operation Meridian One (1945) 49
Operation Tungsten (1944) 48
the Philippines 30, 45
Rabaul 43, 44
Sabang Island 49
Sakishima 49

XF2U-1 prototype 6
XF3U-1 prototype 6–7
XF4U-1 Corsair 9, 9–11
XF4U-3 variant 28
XR-2800 prototype 16
XSB3U Corsair 8

Key

1. Spinner

2. Hamilton Standard constant-speed propeller

3. Nose cowl inlet

4. Pratt & Whitney R-2800-18W Double Wasp

5. Cowl ﬂ aps

6. Supercharger housing

7. Main landing gear/dive brakes

8. M3 (T31) 20mm cannons

9. Pitot tube

10. Plywood/fabric covered aileron (with trim tab and balance tab)

11. Flaps (center and inboard)

12. Fuselage fuel cell (self-sealing)

13. Armored ﬂ oor (cockpit)

14. Antenna

15. Tail wheel

16. Arrester hook

17. Elevator (fabric covered)

18. Rudder (with rudder trim tab)

19. Aerial masts

20. Radio compartment

21. Center bulkhead

22. Pilot’s headrest

23. Canopy (rearward sliding)

24. Armored glass (interior)

25. Instrument panel

VOUGHT F4U7, BuNo 133722, FLOTILLE 15.F.22, AERONAVALE, NOVEMBER 1956

This F4U-7 came off the Vought assembly line on December 14, 1952, and was accepted by the French
Aeronavale in February 1953 at NAS Oceana, Virginia. The aircraft was assigned to 15F Flotille and ﬂ ew
combat missions from the French carrier Arromanches during the Suez Crisis. It continued to serve with
multiple squadrons including 17F and 14F Flotille, and then was used for instructional purposes, after which
it was stored in a warehouse at Toulon until 1973. At that point, Gary Harris, an airline pilot, was given
permission by the French Government to purchase the F4U-7 with the promise that it would be displayed in
French Aeronavale colors. Harris had the aircraft restored to ﬂ ying condition in 1977, and painted in colors
similar to what the aircraft wore during the Suez Crisis. The aircraft was sold in 1982, and resold in 1996.
The F4U-7 currently resides at the Tillamook Air Museum, Oregon.

First published in Great Britain in 2014 by Osprey Publishing,

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

I would like to thank the following individuals for their contribution
towards this volume: Dr. Ian Spurgeon, military historian; Mr. Steve
Smith, curator of the Flying Leatherneck Museum; Mr. Stephen Ove,
353d Special Operations Group, historian; Mr. Ben Kristy, aviation
curator for the National Museum of the Marine Corps (NMMC); Carrier
Bowers, museum specialist, NMMC; Mr. Mitch Garringer, head of the
Restoration Department at the NMMC; Kara Newcomer, historian,
Marine Corps History Division, Historical Reference Branch; Mr. Chris
Ellis, Archives & Special Collections Branch, Library of the Marine
Corps, Marine Corps History Division; Lt Col Robert Pekarek (USAF); Mr.
Nate Patch, Archivist, National Archives, College Park; and the exhibit
staff of the USS Midway Museum. Also, I would like to thank my family
for their patience with me while writing this volume. Any errors found
within this volume are the sole responsibility of the author.

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