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VI - 2

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Struktura transferu technologii ...............................................................................................5
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VI - 3

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VI - 4

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ZáD FLFLHOD OXE SRSU]H] ILUP\ LQ*\QLHUVNLH E G( DJHQWyZ OLFHQF\MQ\FK

= W\FK VDP\FK QLHPDO SRZRGyZ WHFKQRORJLH Z\NRU]\VW\ZDQH Z SURGXNWDFK L SURFHVDFK
E G FH Z ID]LH GRMU]DáR FL OXE VFK\áNX PRJ

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Rysunek

&\NO *\FLD SURGXNWX

5HQWRZQR ü

1950 1970 1991 8Sá\Z czasu

Telewizja czarno-ELDáD

Telewizja kolorowa

Telewizja Z\VRNLHM UR]G]LHOF]R FL

VI - 7

Rysunek

&\NO *\FLD WHFKQRORJLL

Zyski z technologii

Rekonfiguracja technologii

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] MHGQHJR

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RG VLHELH Uy*QH Z 6WDQDFK =MHGQRF]RQ\FK (XURSLH =DFKRGQLHM L Z

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Uy*QL VL ]QDF]QLH RG VLHELH SRG Z]JO GHP FHFK WDNLFK MDN LOR ü VLHG]H

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VI - 8

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Z SRUFMDFK HNRQRPLF]QLH UDFMRQDOQ\FK GOD QRZHJR URGRZLVND

•

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Z UyG NRQNXUHQFML F]\ PL G]\QDURGRZHJR ZL]HUXQNX

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Optymalny proces doboru technologii

2SW\PDOQH SRGHM FLH GR GRERUX WHFKQRORJLL RGSRZLHGQLHM GOD GDQHJR RWRF]HQLD RUD] GR
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QDMZ\*V]HM MDNR FL Z SHZQ\FK G]LHG]LQDFK

VSU] FLH DXGLR F]\ ZáyNQDFK

NRQVHNZHQFML Z\EUDQH WHFKQRORJLH PRJ E\ü WDNLH VDPH Z ]DNUHVLH URG]DMyZ Z\WZDU]DQ\FK
QD LFK SRGVWDZLH SURGXNWyZ L Z\UREyZ OHF] EDUG]R Uy*QH Z ]DNUHVLH Z\NRU]\VWDQLD
VXURZFyZ HQHUJLL RUD] LQQ\FK PDWHULDáyZ ZVDGRZ\FK ZDUXQNyZ WHFKQLF]Q\FK Z\UREyZ L
SURGXNWyZ D WDN*H Z ]DNUHVLH SDWHQWyZ ]QDNyZ KDQGORZ\FK F]\ SUDZ ]DVWU]H*RQ\FK 'R
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VSRG]LHZDü RG WZyUF\ WHFKQRORJLL SU]\ MHM SU]\VWRVRZDQLX GR ZDUXQNyZ SDQXM F\FK Z
PLHMVFX GRFHORZ\P

VI - 9

.ROHMQH HWDS\ SRND]DQH QD U\VXQNX

QLH V MHG\Q VáXV]Q GURJ L QLH VWRVXMH VL LFK Z

ND*G\FK ZDUXQNDFK RUJDQL]DFMD TXDVL U] GRZD PR*H SRGHM ü GR SURFHVX VHOHNFML Z VSRVyE
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2SLV\ZDQ\ Z QLQLHMV]\P PRGXOH HWDS WR NURN , QD U\VXQNX

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QLH V RSLVDQH Z QLQLHMV]\P PRGXOH QLHPQLHM MHGQDN QDOH*\ MH WUDNWRZDü MDNR F] ü SURFHVX
GRERUX WHFKQRORJLL

&KRFLD* WHFKQRORJLD MHVW MHGQ\P ] QDMZD*QLHMV]\FK F]\QQLNyZ SURGXNFML MHM ZDUWR ü GOD
VSRáHF]H VWZD QLH PR*H E\ü Z\UD*RQD Z WHQ VDP VSRVyE FR LQQH F]\QQLNL SURGXNFML W]Q Z
SRVWDFL RGVHWHN WDN MDN Z SU]\SDGNX NDSLWDáX F]\QV]X MDN Z SU]\SDGNX ]LHPL F]\ SR]LRPX
SáDF WDN MDN WR PD PLHMVFH Z SU]\SDGNX SUDF\ -HGQRVWNL SRPLDUX WDNLH MDN FL JáD RSáDWD
OLFHQF\MQD Z SU]\SDGNX WHFKQRORJLL SU]HND]DQHM QD ]DVDG]LH OLFHQFML QLH ]DZV]H ]H]ZDODM QD
SRUyZQDQLH VDP IDNW *H MHGQD WHFKQRORJLD MHVW RIHURZDQD ]D Z\*V] RSáDW OLFHQF\MQ QL*
LQQD SRUyZQ\ZDOQD WHFKQRORJLD QLH R]QDF]D MHV]F]H RELHNW\ZQHM Uy*QLF\ MDNR FLRZHM NWyUD
E\ SRZRGRZDáD MHM Z\*V]R ü QDG W GUXJ

'ODWHJR WH* PHWRG\ RFHQ\ WHFKQRORJLL PDM FKDUDNWHU HPSLU\F]Q\ D Z SURFHVLH W\P PRJ
E\ü EUDQH SRG XZDJ F]\QQLNL VXELHNW\ZQH

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OLFHQF\MQHM QL* WHFKQRORJLD Z ID]LH VFK\áNX

VI - 10

Rysunek 7. Zoptymalizowany proces wyboru technologii

52'2:,6.2 5<1.8 .5$-2:(*2

:\EyU SURGXNWyZ GR Z\WZRU]HQLD

NURN $

2FHQD U\QNX

Identyfikacja produktu

Rozmiar rynku

(krok B)

2V]DFRZDQLH SRWHQFMDOQ\FK VSRVREyZ LQZHVW\FML Z SURGXNFM

(krok C)

Preferowane sposoby produkcji

VXURZFH URG]DMH HQHUJLL XPLHM WQR FL LWG

(krok D)

2GSRZLHGQLH FLH*NL WHFKQRORJLF]QH

(krok E)

Potencjalni dostawcy technologii

(krok F)

:\EyU WHFKQRORJLL DOWHUQDW\ZQ\FK L RGSRZLDGDM F\FK LP (UyGHá WHFKQRORJLL

(krok G)

Ocena atrybutów technologii

(znaków handlowych, patentów itp.)

(krok H)

Sprawdzenie, czy dana technologia jest odpowiednia

Analiza ryzyka technologicznego

(krok I)

Preferowane formy transferu technologii

(joint-venture, licencja itp.)

(krok J)

$QDOL]D DNFHSWRZDOQR FL ILQDQVRZHM

NURN .

3UHIHURZDQH WHFKQRORJLH L IRUP\ SU]HM FLD

NURN /

3UHIHURZDQH VSRVRE\ ZGUR*HQLD WHFKQRORJLL

ÄSRG NOXF]´ VDPHM WHFKQRORJLL LWS

(krok M)

3UHIHURZDQH VWUDWHJLH ZHM FLD QD U\QHN L XVWDELOL]RZDQLD SR]\FML SURGXNWX

NURN 1

7ZRU]HQLH SU]HGVL ELRUVWZD WUDQVIHU WHFKQRORJLL L ZGUR*HQLH SURMHNWX

(krok O)

6WUXNWXUD ILQDQVH LWG SU]HGVL ELRUVWZD QLH V WXWDM Z\PLHQLRQH FKRü F]DVHP PRJ PLHü ZSá\Z QD Z\EyU WHFKQRORJLL

Uwaga 3URFHGXU\ Z\PLHQLRQH NXUV\Z RGQRV] VL GR Z\ERUX WHFKQRORJLL

VI - 11

7HFKQRORJLH R VWUXNWXU]H RWZDUWHM L ]DPNQL WHM

W niniejszym module za dwa podstawowe parametry oceny, czy dana technologia jest
GRSDVRZDQD GR

URGRZLVND SDQXM FHJR Z NUDMX GRFHORZ\P SU]\MPXMH VL

WR F]\ MHVW

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UR]PRZ\

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QLHPR*OLZD D* GR RVL JQL FLD SU]H] GUXJ VWURQ RNUH ORQHJR VWRSQLD SHZQR FL *H XPRZD
]RVWDQLH VILQDOL]RZDQD 3U]HG SU]HM FLHP GR RPyZLHQLD VSRVREyZ RFHQ\ WHFKQRORJLL ZDUWR
GRNRQDü QRZHM NODV\ILNDFML RGPLHQQHM QL* WD SUH]HQWRZDQD QD ZVW SLH JG]LH Z\PLHQLRQR
SL ü NDWHJRULL

WR ]QDF]\ SRG]LHOLü WHFKQRORJLH QD GZLH V]HURNLH NDWHJRULH WHFKQRORJLL R

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VI - 12

1LHPQLHM MHGQDN WHVWRZDQLH WHFKQRORJLL SRG N WHP WHJR F]\ MHVW RQD Z GDQ\FK ZDUXQNDFK
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WHM WHFKQRORJLL ,OR ü PDWHULDáX GR SU]HSURZDG]HQLD EDGDQLD D WDN*H ZLHG]D L GR ZLDGF]HQLD
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: ZLHOX

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VI - 15

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VI - 16

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Ogólne

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Cechy projektu

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Zakres dzielenia projektu na etapy.

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VI - 17

Surowce

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Inne wymagane przy produkcji media, np. woda i powietrze.

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Wykorzystanie energii, wody i surowców.

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VI - 18

.RQWUROD MDNR FL SURFHGXU\ ]DSHZQLHQLD MDNR FL

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Kwestie ekologiczne i sposoby ochrony surowców i produktów w trakcie transportu i przechowywania.

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Substancje toksyczne w procesie produkcji i w wyrobach gotowych.

Poprodukcyjna pomoc technologiczna

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VI - 19

WHFKQRORJLL GR VXURZFyZ L SDOLZ NWyUH V QLH]QDQH ZáD FLFLHORZL WHFKQRORJLL 7H URG]DMH
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VI - 20

Z\GDMQR FL WDNLFK MDN NRQVXPSFMD VXURZFyZ OXE VWDELOQR ü NDWDOL]DWRUD $QDOL]D U\]\ND
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U\]\ND WDNLH MDN DVSHNW EH]SLHF]H VWZD SXEOLF]QHJR WHFKQRORJLL QLH PRJ E\ü PLHU]RQH Z
WHQ VSRVyE 5\]\NR ILQDQVRZH PR*QD ]PLQLPDOL]RZDü OXE SRG]LHOLü SRSU]H] Z\NRU]\VWDQLH
WDNLFK PHFKDQL]PyZ MDN V\PXODFMD SURFHVX QD SR]LRPLH ODERUDWRU\MQ\P EXGRZD LQVWDODFML
SLORWD*RZHM

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]E\WQLR RG

SURGXNFML Z SRGREQ\FK ]DNáDGDFK 'RMU]DáR ü WHFKQRORJLL PR*QD SR]QDü SR W\P MDN F] VWR
Z\NXSXMH VL

QD QL

OLFHQFMH SDWU] UyZQLH* PRGXá

GRW Z\FHQ\ L PHWRG SáDFHQLD

&]DVRSLVPD EUDQ*RZH QLHU]DGNR SRGDM 7DNLH LQIRUPDFMH QD WHPDW ZD*QLHMV]\FK WHFKQRORJLL
V

F] VWR SRGDZDQH SU]H] F]DVRSLVPD EUDQ*RZH

PR*QD UyZQLH* SRSURVLü GRVWDZF

WHFKQRORJLL R OLVW OLFHQFMRELRUFyZ L GDW\ XUXFKRPLHQLD ]DNáDGyZ ]EXGRZDQ\FK QD OLFHQFML

3RWHQFMDOQH ]DJUR*HQLD GOD URGRZLVND QDWXUDOQHJR

: WHFKQRORJLDFK R VWUXNWXU]H RWZDUWHM MHM SU]\V]á\ QDE\ZFD PD PR*OLZR ü RFHQ\
SRWHQFMDOQ\FK ]DJUR*H

GOD URGRZLVND : WHFKQRORJLDFK R V\VWHPLH ]DPNQL W\P V]DQVH

RFHQ\ V

SRZD*QLH RJUDQLF]RQH .RQLHF]QH PR*H E\ü SRGSLVDQLH XPRZ\ R XMDZQLHQLX

]DVWU]H*RQ\FK LQIRUPDFML MH*HOL LVWQLHMH SRGHMU]HQLH *H WHFKQRORJLD PR*H PLHü XMHPQ\
ZSá\Z QD URGRZLVNR PRJ E\ü UyZQLH* Z\PDJDQH JZDUDQFMH OXE SLVHPQH R ZLDGF]HQLD Z
PRPHQFLH Z\ERUX WHFKQRORJLL 'RVW SQH IRUP\ RFKURQ\ SUDZQHM QLH V RSLVDQH Z QLQLHMV]\P
PRGXOH /LVWD QU

Z\PLHQLD QLHNWyUH S\WDQLD NWyUH PXVL Z]L ü SRG XZDJ

QDE\ZFD

WHFKQRORJLL

-HGQRF]H QLH ZLHOH WHFKQRORJLL R V\VWHPLH RWZDUW\P NWyU\PL ]DLQWHUHVRZDQH V

NUDMH

UR]ZLMDM FH VL

WR SRZRGXM FH SRZD*QH ]DQLHF]\V]F]HQLD WHFKQRORJLH SU]HP\VáX FL *NLHJR

PRJ FH Z\ZRáDü GX*H ]DJUR*HQLH GOD

URGRZLVND NWyUH PR*H ]RVWDü ]OLNZLGRZDQH OXE

RVáDELRQH W\ONR SU]\ X*\FLX ]DDZDQVRZDQ\FK WHFKQRORJLL

7R ]QyZ PR*H ]PLHQLü

WHFKQRORJL R VWUXNWXU]H ] ]DáR*HQLD RWZDUWHM Z SDNLHW ] HOHPHQWHP SRVLDGDM F\P EXGRZ
]DPNQL W

NWyU\ PXVL E\ü ]DQDOL]RZDQ\ Z VSRVyE XND]DQ\ SRZ\*HM

1D SU]\NáDG QLHEH]SLHF]Q\ WOHQHN D]RWX NWyU\ ]QDMGXMH VL Z JD]DFK HPLWRZDQ\FK SU]H] SLHFH GR Z\WDSLDQLD

PHWDOL PR*H ]RVWDü ]QHXWUDOL]RZDQ\ SRSU]H] ]DVWRVRZDQLH NDWDOL]DWRUD NWyU\ E G]LH HOHPHQWHP R VWUXNWXU]H
]DPNQL WHM Z WHFKQRORJLL NWyUD SRG LQQ\PL Z]JO GDPL SRVLDGD VWUXNWXU RWZDUW

VI - 21

3RGHM FLD LOR FLRZH Z RFHQLH SU]\GDWQR FL L U\]\ND WHFKQRORJLL

'RVW SQR ü ZL FHM QL* MHGQHM WHFKQRORJLL PD ZLHOH ]DOHW :LHOR ü RSFML MDN MX* E\áR WR
]DXZD*RQH ZF]H QLHM SR]ZDOD QD XQLNQL FLH Z\ERUX ÄEH] Z\ERUX´ WHQ PRGHO DOER *DGHQ
8GRVW SQLD DOWHUQDW\ZQH VSRVRE\ Z\WZDU]DQLD SURGXNWX

] NWyU\FK MHGHQ PR*H E\ü

RGSRZLHGQL GOD NUDMX GRFHORZHJR : ZLHOX EUDQ*DFK SU]HP\VáX LVWQLHMH Z GDQ\P PRPHQFLH
ZLHOH UyZQROHJá\FK U\ZDOL]XM F\FK ]H VRE WHFKQRORJLL

1DMF] VWV]H PHWRG\ GRERUX MHGQHM WHFKQRORJLL ] ZDFKODU]D RSFML WR PHWRG\ DQDOL]\
ILQDQVRZHM ]\VNX HNRQRPLF]QHJR

'RVW SQ\FK MHVW ZLHOH URG]DMyZ DQDOL]\ RG SURVWHM

DQDOL]\ ]ZURWX ] LQZHVW\FML SR EDUG]LHM VNRPSOLNRZDQH DQDOL]\ ZHZQ WU]QHM VWRS\ ]ZURWX 7H
PHWRG\ ELRU SRG XZDJ QDNáDG\ L Z\QLNL Z ]DNUHVLH NRV]WyZ L FHQ RNUHV WUZDQLD SURMHNWX
RNUHVRZH SU]HSá\Z\ IXQGXV]\ VWRS\ G\VNRQWRZH LQIODFM RUD] NLOND LQQ\FK F]\QQLNyZ 1LH
RGQRV] VL RQH MHGQDN EH]SR UHGQLR GR F]\QQLNyZ WHFKQRORJLF]Q\FK

$QDOL]D ILQDQVRZD PR*H ]PLHU]\ü QLHNWyUH HIHNW\ LOR FLRZH SU]\GDWQR FL L U\]\ND OHF] QLH
MHVW Z VWDQLH RNUH OLü ZLHOX ZD*Q\FK MDNR FLRZ\FK F]\QQLNyZ ZSá\ZDM F\FK QD WR F]\ GDQD
WHFKQRORJLD MHVW RGSRZLHGQLD Z RNUH ORQ\P URGRZLVNX IL]\F]Q\P L HNRV\VWHPLH 1LHPQLHM
MHGQDN ]\VN ILQDQVRZ\ MHVW SRGVWDZRZ\P NU\WHULXP Z ND*GHM DQDOL]LH SRUyZQDZF]HM
WHFKQRORJLL L VWDQRZL NOXF]RZ\ VSUDZG]LDQ DNFHSWRZDOQR FL

2ELHNW\ZQD PHWRGRORJLD

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]DFKRZDü ZL NV]

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U\]\NLHP

: QLQLHMV]\P PRGXOH Z FHOX XVWDOHQLD ]\VNX ILQDQVRZHJR Z\NRU]\VWXMH VL RGPLDQ SURVWHM
PHWRG\ ]ZURWX ] LQZHVW\FML 52, ± PHWRG SRUyZQ\ZDOQ\FK NRV]WyZ ûZLF]HQLH WR PD QD
FHOX QLH W\OH ]DGHPRQVWURZDQLH PHWRG\ NWyUD MHVW MX* ]QDQD OHF] SRUyZQDQLH MHM ] GZRPD
LQQ\PL PHWRGDPL RFHQ\ DOWHUQDW\ZQ\FK WHFKQRORJLL ± PHWRG\ SRUyZQ\ZDQLD SDUDPHWUyZ L
PHWRG\ V\VWHPX SXQNWRZHJR 3RQLHZD* Uy*QH DVSHNW\ WHFKQRORJLL V V]DFRZDQH SU]\ X*\FLX
Uy*Q\FK PHWRG

]DOHFD VL

X*\FLH ZV]\VWNLFK WU]HFK Z FHOX RNUH OHQLD QDMEDUG]LHM

RGSRZLHGQLHM WHFKQRORJLL ] RIHURZDQ\FK SU]\ Z\NRU]\VWDQLX LQIRUPDFML GRVWDUF]RQ\FK SU]H]
GRVWDZFyZ WHFKQRORJLL

2GELRUFD PXVL Z\EUDü WHFKQRORJL

R QLVNLP VWRSQLX U\]\ND

MHGQRF]H QLH VWDUDM F VL X]\VNDü PDNV\PDOQH XEH]SLHF]HQLH RG SU]\M WHJR U\]\ND Zá F]DM F
Z WR U\]\NR Z\ERUX QLHZáD FLZHM WHFKQRORJLL 3RWHQFMDOQLH GRVW SQH RSFMH REHMPXM XPRZ\
R XMDZQLHQLX ]DVWU]H*RQ\FK GDQ\FK JZDUDQFMH L U NRMPLH XPRZ\ MRLQW YHQWXUH SURGXNFM
G]LHORQ L VSRVRE\ SURGXNFML QD ED]LH SRGZ\NRQDZVWZD

3RUyZQ\ZDQLH WHFKQRORJLL MHVW G]LDáDQLHP X]DVDGQLRQ\P GRSLHUR SR RVL JQL FLX NURNX * QD
U\VXQNX

Z\EyU WHFKQRORJLL L GRVWDZFyZ DOWHUQDW\ZQ\FK 'R WHJR F]DVX SRWHQFMDOQ\

RGELRUFD WHFKQRORJLL G]L NL SRPRF\ NRQVXOWDQWyZ ] GDQHM EUDQ*\ E G]LH PLDá UR]H]QDQLH Z
X*\ZDQ\FK WHFKQRORJLDFK L SRSU]H] SURFHV UR]SR]QDZDQLD U\QNX E G]LH MX* PyJá
Z\HOLPLQRZDü QLHNWyUH RSFMH QD WDNLHM SRGVWDZLH MDN QLHGRVW SQR ü VXURZFD F]\ PLQLPDOQH
Z\PDJDQLD GRW\F] FH UR]PLDUX ]DNáDGX 'RWDUFLH GR NURNX * R]QDF]D UyZQLH* *H RFHQLDM F\
WHFKQRORJLH VWZRU]\á OLVW Z\EUDQ\FK RIHUW ELRU F SRG XZDJ F]\QQLN ÄSU]\ZL ]DQLD´ NWyU\
ZL *H NRQFHSFMH SU]\ ZLHFDM FH WZyUF\ WHFKQRORJLL ]H VSRVREHP Z MDNL WHFKQRORJLD E G]LH
Z\NRU]\VWDQD

VI - 22

Komparatywna metoda kalkulacji kosztów

7DEHOD

XND]XMH DQDOL] NRV]WyZ NWyUD PR*H ]RVWDü ]DVWRVRZDQD SU]\ GRERU]H WHFKQRORJLL

W\SX SU]HWZyUF]HJR

:VW SQH GDQH

NWyUH PRJ

E\ü GRVWDUF]RQH Z Uy*QHJR URG]DMX

MHGQRVWNDFK ]RVWDá\ VSURZDG]RQH GR MHGQRVWHN SLHQL *Q\FK : WDEHOL WHM MDNR SRUyZQ\ZDQH
SDUDPHWU\ ]DVWRVRZDQR ]\VN SU]HG RSRGDWNRZDQLHP

3%7

RUD] VWRVXQHN ]\VNX SU]HG

RSRGDWNRZDQLHP GR LQZHVW\FML Z URGNL WUZDáH MHGQDN*H LQQH SDUDPHWU\ UyZQLH* PRJ E\ü
SRUyZQ\ZDQH 1DOH*\ SU]\ W\P ]DXZD*\ü *H WHFKQRORJLD PR*H E\ü SRUyZQ\ZDQD WDN*H EH]
EUDQLD SRG XZDJ SDUDPHWUyZ ILQDQVRZ\FK WDNLFK MDN Z\*HM Z\PLHQLRQH NWyUH QLHZLHOH
Uy*QL

SRV]F]HJyOQ\FK

WHFKQRORJLDFK

QD]\ZD

NDONXODFM

NRV]WyZ

NRPSDUDW\ZQ\FK

-H*HOL X*\ZD VL NRPSDUDW\ZQHM PHWRG\ NDONXODFML NRV]WyZ L GHWHUPLQDQWHP Z\ERUX MHVW
VWRVXQHN 3%7 GR LQZHVW\FML Z URGNL WUZDáH QDMEDUG]LHM DWUDNF\MQD E\áDE\ WHFKQRORJLD & D
]DUD] SR QLHM WHFKQRORJLD $ 7HFKQRORJLD ( E\áDE\ QDMJRUV]\P Z\ERUHP 1L*V]H NRV]W\
RSHUDF\MQH PRJ GRGDWNRZR ZSá\Q ü QD ]ZL NV]HQLH DWUDNF\MQR FL RIHUW\ &

-H*HOL WDNLH DVSHNW\ WHFKQRORJLL MDN XPLHMVFRZLHQLH Z F\NOX *\FLD ZSá\Z QD URGRZLVNR L
HNRV\VWHP ]DJUR*HQLH EH]SLHF]H VWZD F]\ EH]SLHF]H VWZR NRQVXPHQWD V QD W\P VDP\P
SR]LRPLH GOD ZV]\VWNLFK SRUyZQ\ZDQ\FK WHFKQRORJLL WR Z SU]\SDGNX NUDMyZ Z\VRNR
UR]ZLQL W\FK JG]LH GR VXURZFyZ QLH MHVW RJUDQLF]RQ\ L NRV]W\ U\QNRZH V

NU\WHULDPL

GHF\GXM F\PL Z\*HM Z\PLHQLRQD PHWRGD MHVW RGSRZLHGQLD

: NUDMDFK UR]ZLMDM F\FK VL QDOH*\ MHGQDN Z]L ü SRG XZDJ LQQH F]\QQLNL 1D SU]\NáDG
RJUDQLF]HQLD Z KDQGOX ]DJUDQLF]Q\P PRJ

E\ü F]\QQLNLHP GHF\GXM F\P R Z\ERU]H

WHFKQRORJLL NWyUD Z\NRU]\VWXMH PDNV\PDOQLH

URGNL NUDMRZH W]Q GREUD NDSLWDáRZH OXE

VXURZFH

= NROHL RJUDQLF]HQLD Z ]DNUHVLH VXURZFyZ QDWXUDOQ\FK PRJ

]RULHQWRZDü

GHF\GHQWyZ QD WH WHFKQRORJLH Z NWyU\FK QD SU]\NáDG HQHUJLD ] HOHNWURZQL ZRGQHM PR*H
]DVW SLü SDOLZD URSRSRFKRGQH : WDNLFK ZDUXQNDFK RVRED GHF\GXM FD R Z\ERU]H WHFKQRORJLL
E G]LH VNáRQQD SRJRG]Lü VL ] Z\*V]\PL NRV]WDPL L QL*V] HIHNW\ZQR FL HNRQRPLF]Q Z
]DPLDQ ]D ]PLQLPDOL]RZDQLH Z\NRU]\VWDQLD VXURZFyZ Z\VW SXM F\FK Z QLHGRERU]H

.ROHMQ

ZDG

SRUyZQDZF]HM PHWRG\ NRV]WyZ MHVW IDNW *H QLH ELHU]H RQD SRG XZDJ

F]\QQLNyZ MDNR FLRZ\FK : W\P NLHUXQNX LG

PHWRG\ SRUyZQ\ZDQLD SDUDPHWUyZ RUD]

V\VWHPX SXQNWRZHJR

VI - 23

Tabela 3. Ilustracja komparatywnej metody kalkulacji kosztów

(w milionach USD)

technologia

5RF]QD ZDUWR ü VSU]HGD*\ SURGXNWX
,QZHVW\FMH Z URGNL WUZDáH

ZDOXWD REFD
ZDOXWD NUDMRZD
RJyáHP

4,1
6,0

10,1

3,6
7,4

11,0

3,3
6,4
9,7

6,0
5,9

11,9

2,9
5,6
8,5

6XURZFH L PDWHULDá\ SRPRFQLF]H

PLHMVFRZH
LPSRUWRZDQH
RJyáHP

0,6
1,4
2,0

0,6
1,8
2,4

0,4
1,8
2,2

0,9
1,3
2,2

0,7
1,7
2,4

Paliwa

ropopochodne
HOHNWU\F]QR ü
RJyáHP

0,6
2,2
2,8

0,7
1,8
2,5

0,5
1,2
1,7

1,4
0,7
2,1

2,4
0,5
2,9

6LáD URERF]D

UHGQLR Z\NZDOLILNRZDQD

Z\VRNR Z\NZDOLILNRZDQD
RJyáHP

0,3
0,4
0,7

0,4
0,4
0,8

0,4
0,5
0,9

0,7
0,2
0,9

0,8
0,2
1,0

Ogólne koszty operacyjne

5,5

5,7

4,8

5,2

6,3

Koszty szkolenia

0,9

0,7

0,6

0,7

Koszty konserwacji

0,4

0,5

0,4

0,6

0,5

.RV]W\ RJyOQH ]DNáDGX L SU]HGVL Z]L FLD
.RV]W NDSLWDáX RSHUDF\MQHJR
$PRUW\]DFMD

ODW

.RV]W\ WHFKQRORJLL

2SáDWD MHGQROLWD
,OR ü UDW
6WRS\ SURFHQWRZH UDW
2NUHV VSáDFDQLD UDW

-
-

0,10

1
6
6

&DáNRZLW\ NRV]W WHFKQRORJLL

0,90

1,69

2,52

1,00

3,63

Roczny koszt technologii

0,18

0,34

0,50

0,20

0,73

Roczny koszt produkcji

11,25

11,62

10,52

11,15

12,37

Zysk przed opodatkowaniem (PBT)

2,25

1,88

2,98

2,35

1,13

3%7 LQZHVW\FMH Z URGNL WUZDáH QHWWR

Metody zestawieniowe

3RQL*V]D OLVWD SRND]XMH MDN WHFKQRORJLH SU]HGVWDZLRQH Z WDEHOL

PRJ E\ü SRUyZQDQH SU]\

XZ]JO GQLHQLX RJUDQLF]H Z\VW SXM F\FK Z GDQ\P NUDMX 8VWDORQR SL ü NU\WHULyZ

•

,QZHVW\FMH Z URGNL WUZDáH Z ZDOXFLH NUDMRZHM ]RVWDM ]RSW\PDOL]RZDQH

•

2JUDQLF]HQLH ]X*\FLD JD]X

•

Ograniczenie kosztów surowców importowanych

•

2JUDQLF]HQLH ]X*\FLD HQHUJLL HOHNWU\F]QHM

=DáR*HQLD $QDOL]D GDQ\FK SDUDPHWU\F]Q\FK GRVWDUF]RQD SU]H] GRVWDZFyZ WHFKQRORJLL 6]DFXQNyZ GRNRQXMH

VL QD SR]LRPLH Z\GDMQR FL URERF]HM X]QDQ\P ]D KDQGORZR ]\VNRZQ\ GOD ILUP NRQNXUXM F\FK
Uwaga

.RV]W\ ]DSLVDQH NXUV\Z

RSDUWH QD GDQ\FK SRGDQ\FK SU]H] ZáD FLFLHOD WHFKQRORJLL OXE

RSUDFRZDQ\FK Z MHJR ILUPLH

: VLHG]LELH L ]D JUDQLF RJyáHP

3áDWQH QD SRF] WNX SLHUZV]HJR WU]HFLHJR L SL WHJR URNX

PodsWDZD GR REOLF]DQLD ]QDMGXMH VL Z ]Dá F]QLNX GR PRGXáX

&DáNRZLW\ NRV]W WHFKQRORJLL UR]áR*RQ\ QD SL ü ODW

:á F]QLH ] GHSUHFMDFM L RGVHWNDPL

VI - 24

•

0LQLPDOL]DFMD ]DSRWU]HERZDQLD QD Z\VRNR Z\NZDOLILNRZDQ VLá URERF]

=HVWDZLHQLH UyZQRZD*QH

: SLHUZV]HM L QDMSURVWV]HM ] W\FK PHWRG WHFKQRORJLH RWU]\PXM

SXQNW\ ]D VNXWHF]QR ü

QDMZ\*V] QRW ]D QDMOHSV]H VSHáQLDQLH ZDUXQNyZ ND*GHJR ] SDUDPHWUyZ QS PDNV\PDOL]DFMD
]\VNyZ ] LQZHVW\FML NUDMRZ\FK PLQLPDOL]DFMD ]X*\FLD JD]X SDOLZRZHJR -H*HOL Z WHQ VSRVyE
RFHQLP\ RGSRZLHGQLH GDQH ] WDEHOL

RWU]\PDP\ Z\QLNL MDN Z WDEHOL

7DEHOD

SRND]XMH *H WHFKQRORJLD & MHVW QDMEDUG]LHM HIHNW\ZQD Z RJUDQLF]DQLX ]X*\FLD JD]X

OHF] PD VáDEH Z\QLNL Z RJUDQLF]DQLX ]X*\FLD LPSRUWRZDQ\FK VXURZFyZ L Z\NRU]\VWDQLD
GHZL] = NROHL WHFKQRORJLD ( QDMOHSLHM VRELH UDG]L ] Z\NRU]\VWDQLHP NUDMRZ\FK URGNyZ QD
LQZHVW\FMH JRU]HM ] Z\NRU]\VWDQLHP VXURZFyZ L RV]F] GQR FL SDOLZD JD]X

&R SUDZGD SRGOLF]DQLH RFHQ ]D VNXWHF]QR ü PR*H E\ü F]\QQR FL SR*\WHF]Q

MHGQDN MHVW WR

QLHZLHOND SRPRF SU]\ UHDOLVW\F]QHM DQDOL]LH JG\* SU]\G]LHOD RQD WDN

VDP

ZDUWR ü

ZV]\VWNLP F]\QQLNRP 0R*H E\ü WR PHWRGD SU]\GDWQD EDUG]LHM GR SRUyZQ\ZDQLD Z\EUDQ\FK
ORNDOL]DFML LQZHVW\FML Z NUDMX GOD GDQHM WHFKQRORJLL QL* GR Z\ERUX MHGQHM WHFKQRORJLL VSR UyG
LFK ]HVWDZX

7DEHOD

=HVWDZLHQLH SDUDPHWUyZ WHFKQRORJLL UyZQRZD*QH

technologia
parametr

Inwestycje w walucie krajowej
Importowane surowce
Gaz paliwowy
Energia elektryczna
:\NZDOLILNRZDQD VLáD URERF]D

5
3
1

4
4
2
4

5
2
1
5
3

Razem
Ocena

9
1

=HVWDZLHQLH ZD*RQH

2 ZLHOH SR*\WHF]QLHMV]

SUDNW\N

MHVW ]HVWDZLHQLH WHFKQRORJLL SR RV]DFRZDQLX ZDJL

SDUDPHWUyZ L F]\QQLNyZ RJUDQLF]DM F\FK 7DEHOD

SRND]XMH ZDJ

SU]\SLV\ZDQ

SU]H]

VHOHNFMRQHUD WHFKQRORJLL Z NUDMX UR]ZLMDM F\P VL

GR ND*GHM ] ZF]H QLHM Z\OLF]RQ\FK

WHFKQRORJLL 1DMZ\UD(QLHM VHOHNFMRQHU XZD*D *H QDMZD*QLHMV]\P NU\WHULXP MHVW RV]F] G]DQLH
QD Z\PLDQLH ZDOXW SRWHP Z\NRU]\VWDQLH JD]X SDOLZRZHJR QDVW SQLH NRV]W\ LPSRUWRZDQ\FK
VXURZFyZ ]X*\FLH HQHUJLL HOHNWU\F]QHM L NRQLHF]QR ü Z\NRU]\VWDQLD Z\NZDOLILNRZDQHM VLá\
URERF]HM

2GSRZLHGQLH SRGOLF]HQLH Z\PDJD E\ RFHQD E\áD ]PQLHMV]DQD XáDPNRZR MH OL GZLH OXE ZL FHM WHFKQRORJLL

PDM W VDP RFHQ MDN Z SU]\SDGNX RFHQ R]QDF]RQ\FK JZLD]GN

2]QDF]D WR *H MH*HOL RFHQD Z\QRVL

WR Z

RVWDWHF]Q\P SRGOLF]HQLX E G]LH Z\QRVLü

3RGREQLH MH*HOL WU]HP WHFKQRORJLRP SU]\G]LHORQR RFHQ

RVWDWHF]QLH RFHQD E G]LH UyZQD

VI - 25

Tabela 5 Przydzielanie wagi poszczególnym parametrom technologii

Parametr

Waga

6WDáH LQZHVW\FMH Z ZDOXFLH NUDMRZHM
*D] SDOLZRZ\
,PSRUWRZDQH VXURZFH
(QHUJLD HOHNWU\F]QD
:\NZDOLILNRZDQD VLáD URERF]D

7DEHOD

SU]HOLF]D UH]XOWDW WDEHOL

] XZ]JO GQLHQLHP SU]\G]LHORQHM ZDJL :D*RQD RFHQD

GRZROQHJR SDUDPHWUX ] WDEHOL

MHVW REOLF]DQD Z QDVW SXM F\ VSRVyE

Ocena parametru w danym procesie
technologicznym

2FHQD ZD*RQD

[ SDUDPHWU ZDJL

1DMZ\*V]D RFHQD SU]\G]LHORQD
MDNLHMNROZLHN WHFKQRORJLL Z W\P
SDUDPHWU]H

1D SU]\NáDG RFHQD ZD*RQD Z\NRU]\VWDQLD JD]X SDOLZRZHJR Z WHFKQRORJLL % Z\JO GD
QDVW SXM FR

2FHQD VXELHNW\ZQD

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Tabela 6. Zestawienie subiektywne parametrów technologii

technologia
parametr

Inwestycje w walucie krajowej
Surowce importowane
Gaz paliwowy
Energia elektryczna
:\NZDOLILNRZDQD VLáD URERF]D
2FHQD ZD*RQD
=HVWDZLHQLH

7U]\ MHVW RFHQ SU]\G]LHORQ WHFKQRORJLL % ]D SDUDPHWU JD]X SDOLZRZHJR D

MHVW QDMZ\*V]

RFHQ SU]\G]LHORQ ]D WHQ SDUDPHWU WDEHOD

MHVW ZDJ SU]\]QDQ SDUDPHWURZL JD]X

SDOLZRZHJR WDEHOD

3UHIHURZDQ

WHFKQRORJL

E G]LH RF]\ZL FLH WD ] QDMZ\*V]

RFHQ

ZD*RQ

F]\OL QDMOHSLHM

Z\NRU]\VWXM FD F]\QQLNL E G FH Z QLHGRERU]H : W\P SU]\NáDG]LH Z\M WNRZR Z\GDMQ\PL
RND]Dá\ VL E\ü WHFKQRORJLH ' L ( D MH*HOL Z]L ü SRG XZDJ RJyOQH SDUDPHWU\ NRV]WyZ
SUHIHURZDQ

WHFKQRORJL

MHVW '

-HGQDN*H Z\EUDQLH WHM WHFKQRORJLL ]PQLHMV]\ ]\VNL

HNRQRPLF]QH NWyUH RIHUXM WHFKQRORJLH $ L & -HVW WR ]DWHP GHF\]MD NWyU GHF\GHQW PXVL
SRGM ü MH*HOL SRZ\*V]H SULRU\WHW\ V ]QDF] FH L PDM SU]HZD*\ü

0HWRG\ SRUyZQ\ZDQLD SDUDPHWUyZ V

SU]\GDWQH JG\ QLH]E GQH SDUDPHWU\ PRJ

]RVWDü

VNZDQW\ILNRZDQH QD UDFMRQDOQHM SRGVWDZLH L JG\ PR*QD RFHQLü ZDJ SDUDPHWUyZ -HGQDN*H
V RQH QLHVNXWHF]QH JG\ Z JU ZFKRG]L GX*D LOR ü F]\QQLNyZ MDNR FLRZ\FK

VI - 26

Metoda systemu punktowego

0HWRGD V\VWHPX SXQNWRZHJR XZ]JO GQLD F]\QQLNL MDNR FLRZH Z\PLHQLRQH QD OLVWDFK

QS F]\QQLNL URERF]H EH]SLHF]H VWZR

NWyUH QLH PRJ

E\ü SU]HGVWDZLRQH Z SRVWDFL

LOR FLRZHM 7XWDM MHGQDN*H WH* Z\VW SXMH SUREOHP VXELHNW\ZQR FL .ZHVWLD WD ]RVWDQLH
RPyZLRQD SR SU]HGVWDZLHQLX PHWRG\ V\VWHPX SXQNWRZHJR

7DEHOD

LOXVWUXMH PHWRG L SU]HGVWDZLD URG]DMH F]\QQLNyZ MDNR FLRZ\FK NWyUH QLHUD] PXV]

E\ü RFHQLDQH 2EHMPXMH WR QDVW SXM FH F]\QQR FL

•

Wypisanie kluczowych parametrów oceny i jasne zdefiniowanie jej kryteriów.

•

Przydzielenie przez selekcjonera wagi w w\VRNR FL

QDMZD*QLHMV]HPX MHJR ]GDQLHP

SDUDPHWURZL SDUDPHWURZL RGQLHVLHQLD

•

Przydzielenie przez selekcjonera innym parametrom wagi w porównaniu do parametru
RGQLHVLHQLD

E G

RQH ] GHILQLFML PQLHMV]H QL*

7ZRU]\ WR VNDO

V\VWHPX

SXQNWDF\MQHJR

•

-HGQD WHFKQRORJLD ]RVWDMH SU]\M WD ]D WHFKQRORJL RGQLHVLHQLD 0R*H WR E\ü GRZROQD ]
EUDQ\FK SRG XZDJ WHFKQRORJLL

•

1DVW SQLH Z\NRU]\VWXM F VNDO

SXQNWDFML

VHOHNFMRQHU VWDUD VL

Z\VWDZLü ND*GHPX

SDUDPHWURZL WHFKQRORJLL RFHQ

SU]\G]LHODM F PDNV\PDOQ

LOR ü SXQNWyZ GOD GDQHJR

SDUDPHWUX MH*HOL WHFKQRORJLD GRVNRQDOH VSHáQLD RF]HNLZDQLD VHOHNFMRQHUD L RGSRZLHGQLR
PQLHM Z UD]LH JG\ WHFKQRORJLD MHVW PQLHM SU]\GDWQD 7ZRU]\ WR ZHUW\NDOQ\ NRPSRQHQW
RFHQ\

•

0DM F Z WHQ VSRVyE RFHQLRQ WHFKQRORJL RGQLHVLHQLD SRUyZQXMH VL GR QLHM ZV]\VWNLH
LQQH WHFKQRORJLH SDUDPHWU SR SDUDPHWU]H L SU]\G]LHOD RFHQ

1LHNWyUH WHFKQRORJLH PRJ

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7DN SRZVWDMH KRU\]RQWDOQ\

NRPSRQHQW RFHQ\

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RVWDWHF]QH ]HVWDZLHQLH

: WDEHOL

VHOHNFMRQHU WHFKQRORJLL SU]\G]LHOLá QDMZL NV] LOR ü SXQNWyZ F]\VWR FL SURGXNWX

]DSHZQH PDM F QD XZDG]H PR*OLZR FL HNVSRUWRZH -HVW WR SDUDPHWU RGQLHVLHQLD 3R]RVWDáH
F]\QQLNL ZHGáXJ ZD*QR FL WR

•

$VRUW\PHQW SURGXNWyZ SRZLQLHQ E\ü WDN V]HURNL MDN WR PR*OLZH

•

=E\W V]W\ZQH ZDUXQNL WHFKQLF]QH VXURZFD $ QLH V SR* GDQH

•

,VWRWQD MHVW FHQD VXURZFD % ] GRVWDZ

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•

8*\FLH V\VWHPyZ SU]HWZyUF]\FK Z\NRU]\VWXM F\FK Z\VRNLH FL QLHQLH SRZLQQR E\ü
]PLQLPDOL]RZDQH

•

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•

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]PLQLPDOL]RZDQH

•

Koszt utylizacjL RGSDGyZ QLH SRZLQLHQ E\ü QLHSRWU]HEQ\P REFL *HQLHP GOD RGELRUF\
WHFKQRORJLL

•

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•

3RGHMPRZDQLH GHF\]ML Z ]DNáDG]LH PXVL VL

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PLHVL F\

0HWRGD WD SRZLQQD E\ü X*\ZDQD ] ]DFKRZDQLHP SHZQHM GR]\ RVWUR*QR FL JG\* LVWQLHMH
PR*OLZR ü *H VHOHNFMRQHU SU]\G]LHOL ]E\W ZLHOH SXQNWyZ PDáR ZD*QHPX SDUDPHWURZL

VI - 27

1LHZáD FLZLH RV G]RQD ZDJD QD VNDOL V\VWHPX SXQNWDF\MQHJR PR*H Z ]QDF]Q\P VWRSQLX
ZSá\Q ü QD RJyOQ RFHQ

F]\ GDQD WHFKQRORJLD MHVW RGSRZLHGQLD

Tabela 7. Metoda systemu punktacji

technologia

SDUDPHWU ZHGáXJ ZD*QR FL

6NDOD

V\VWHPX

SXQNWDFML

7HFKQRORJLD

RGQLHVLHQLD

,,,

Parametry produktu

&]\VWR ü
$VRUW\PHQW

:NáDG VXURZFRZ\

6XURZLHF $
6XURZLHF %

=X*\FLH

.DWDOL]DWRU

%H]SLHF]H VWZR

:\VRNLH FL QLHQLH
VXEVWDQFMH WRNV\F]QH

&]\QQLNL URGRZLVNRZH

&KáRG]HQLH

FLHNL

=DVWRVRZDQLH

.UDMRZH ILUP\ EXGRZODQH

3U]\M FLH VL WHFKQRORJLL

&]DV

405

Ocena w metodzie podwójnej oferty

:LHOH DJHQFML NUDMyZ UR]ZLMDM F\FK VL Z\NRU]\VWXMH PHWRG

NWyU PR*QD E\ QD]ZDü PHWRG

SRGZyMQHM RIHUW\ : PHWRG]LH WHM JUXSD Z\EUDQ\FK OLFHQFMRGDZFyZ SU]HGVWDZLD VZRMH RIHUW\
Z GZyFK RVREQ\FK F] FLDFK 3LHUZV]D RIHUWD ± RIHUWD WHFKQLF]QD ± RNUH OD RIHUW Z ]DNUHVLH
VNXWHF]QR FL F]\QQLNyZ WHFKQRORJLF]Q\FK D GUXJD ± RIHUWD ILQDQVRZD OXE KDQGORZD ± RSLVXMH
VWDáH NRV]W\ LQZHVW\F\MQH L WHFKQRORJLF]QH SDNLHWX WHFKQRORJLL 2IHUW\ V IRUPXáRZDQH SU]\
SRPRF\ NZHVWLRQDULXV]D SU]\JRWRZDQHJR SU]H] SRWHQFMDOQHJR QDE\ZF

Z UD]LH SRWU]HE\ ]

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GRVW SQH VXURZFH 7HFKQRORJLH UR]SDWU\ZDQH V RGG]LHOQLH SU]H] VSHFMDOLVWyZ ILQDQVRZ\FK L
GHF\GHQWyZ ] SXQNWX ZLG]HQLD KDQGORZHJR L EL]QHVRZHJR

: WHJR W\SX SURFHVLH

SU]HWDUJRZ\P GR DQDOL]\ RIHUW\ WHFKQLF]QHM V]F]HJyOQLH SU]\GDM

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SR]RVWDZLHQLHP

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PHWRG\

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NRPSDUDW\ZQ\FK

: FHOX GRNRQDQLD RFHQ\ Z VSRVyE SURSRQRZDQ\ Z QLQLHMV]\P PRGXOH SRWU]HEQH MHVW
X]\VNDQLH RG ZáD FLFLHOD VSRUHM LOR FL LQIRUPDFML L GDQ\FK R WHFKQRORJLL =D]Z\F]DM MHVW WR

:\*V]D RFHQD Z NROXPQLH R]QDF]D *H WHFKQRORJLD MHVW EOL*V]D VSHáQLHQLD NU\WHULyZ RFHQ\ XVWDQRZLRQ\FK GOD

GDQHJR SDUDPHWUX

Brak danych w czasie przeprowadzania analizy.

:\QLN QLHNRPSOHWQ\ ]H Z]JO GX QD EUDN GDQ\FK

VI - 28

PR*OLZH JG\ DQDOL]XM F\ WHFKQRORJL MHVW Z VWDQLH SU]HNRQDü SDUWQHUyZ *H PD SRZD*QH
]DPLDU\ L *H MHGQD ] RIHURZDQ\FK WHFKQRORJLL ]RVWDQLH Z NR FX SU]\M WD 0HWRG\ RFHQ\
Z\NRU]\VWXM

LQIRUPDFMH NWyUH ZáD FLFLHOH WHFKQRORJLL V

]D]Z\F]DM VNáRQQL SU]HND]Dü

SRWHQFMDOQ\P QDE\ZFRP :áD FLFLHO WHFKQRORJLL PXVL PLHü SHZQR ü *H ILUPD RFHQLDM FD
WHFKQRORJL ÄRGURELáD OHNFMH´ L NURN + QD U\VXQNX

]RVWDá RVL JQL W\

SubiektywnR ü WHVWyZ

-DN ]D]QDF]RQR ZF]H QLHM L MDN Z\QLND ] PHWRG ]HVWDZLHQLRZ\FK L PHWRG\ V\VWHPX SXQNWDFML
Z DQDOL]LH PR*H SRMDZLü VL SHZLHQ VWRSLH VXELHNW\ZQR FL ]DUyZQR Z GRERU]H SDUDPHWUyZ
MDN L SU]\G]LHODQLX RFHQ 1D V]F] FLH LVWQLHMH NLOND PHWRG VWDW\VW\F]Q\FK VSUDZG]DM F\FK
VWRSLH VXELHNW\ZQR FL DQDOL]\ 0RJ RQH E\ü Z\NRU]\VWDQH GR RFHQ\ GRERUX SDUDPHWUyZ
SU]\G]LHODQLD RFHQ OXE GR RE\GZX W\FK G]LDáD QDUD] 'ZLH QDMSURVWV]H PHWRG\ SU]\WRF]RQH
V SRQL*HM

1DOH*\ ]ZUyFLü XZDJ

H Z FHOX ]DSHZQLHQLD PDNV\PDOQHM RELHNW\ZQR FL RFHQ\

WHFKQRORJLL GRERUX SDUDPHWUyZ XVWDOHQLD ZDJL W\FK SDUDPHWUyZ L SXQNWyZ QD VNDOL QLH
SRZLQQ\ GRNRQ\ZDü WH VDPH RVRE\ 'REyU SDUDPHWUyZ RUD] XVWDODQLH LFK ZDJL SRZLQQR E\ü
GRNRQ\ZDQH SU]H] F]áRQNyZ NLHURZQLFWZD OXE ]HVSRá\ PDM FH GR ZLDGF]HQLH Z ]DNUHVLH
WHFKQLF]Q\FK L HNRQRPLF]Q\FK DVSHNWyZ WHFKQRORJLL 3R]ZROL WR Z\HOLPLQRZDü MHGHQ ] NLONX
F]\QQLNyZ VXELHNW\ZQ\FK ZáD FLZ\FK GOD WHJR W\SX G]LDáD

7HVW ZVSyáF]\QQLND NRUHODFML NROHMQR FL 6SHDUPDQD

*yUQD F] ü WDEHOL

XND]XMH RFHQ SL FLX WHFKQRORJLL $ ( GRNRQDQ SU]H] GZLH MHGQRVWNL

RFHQLDM FH 3 L 4 =ELH*QR ü RFHQ\ PR*H ]RVWDü SU]HWHVWRZDQD SU]\ SRPRF\ ZVSyáF]\QQLND
NRUHODFML NROHMQR FL 6SHDUPDQD 5

6 ( • D

)

R =1 - ------------------
N(N

– N)

gdzie D

Uy*QLFD Z RFHQDFK D 1 LOR ü RFHQLDQ\FK WHFKQRORJLL :VSyáF]\QQLN NRUHODFML

MHVW UyZQ\

JG\ RFHQ\ V MHGQDNRZH D ± JG\ V SU]HFLZQH :\QLNL ]DZDUWH V Z GROQHM

F] FL WDEHOL

Tabela 8. 7HVW ZVSyáF]\QQLND NRUHODFML NROHMQR FL 6SHDUPDQD NRUHODFMD VáDED

technologia

Ocena P

Ocena Q

5y*QLFD RFHQ '

:VSyáF]\QQLN NRUHODFML NROHMQR FL 5 ™'

: 12 = 0,40

VI - 29

&KRFLD* RFHQ\ QLH Uy*QL VL RG VLHELH GLDPHWUDOQLH SR]LRP ]ELH*QR FL MHVW GR ü QLHSRP\ OQ\
GOD Z\ERUX WHFKQRORJLL -H*HOL RFHQ\ ]RVWDM Z\VWDZLRQH WDN MDN Z WDEHOL

SRZVWDMH EDUG]LHM

DNFHSWRZDOQ\ Z]yU ]ELH*QR FL

Tabela 9. Test ZVSyáF]\QQLND NRUHODFML NROHMQR FL 6SHDUPDQD NRUHODFMD PRFQD

technologia

Ocena P

Ocena Q

5y*QLFD RFHQ '
D

:VSyáF]\QQLN NRUHODFML UDQJRZHM 5 • D

: 4 = 0,80

3U]\MPXM F *H MHGQRVWNL GRELHUDM FH SDUDPHWU\ ]URELá\ WR Z RGSRZLHGQL VSRVyE QLVNLH
SR]LRP\ NRUHODFML ZVND]XM

H SDUDPHWU\ PXV] ]RVWDü ]GHILQLRZDQH GRNáDGQLHM FKRü QLH

]DZV]H PXVL WR E\ü PR*OLZH :VSyáF]\QQLN 6SHDUPDQD RJUDQLF]D VL GR WHVWRZDQLD GDQ\FK
Z ]DNUHVLH W\ONR GZyFK SDUDPHWUyZ 2 LOH ]ELH*QR ü QLH MHVW EDUG]R Z\VRND WHFKQRORJLH QLH
PRJ

E\ü RFHQLRQH ZáD FLZLH 0R*QD MHGQDN*H Z\NRU]\VWDü EDGDQLD WU]HFLHM MHGQRVWNL

RFHQLDM FHM L SRUyZQDü UH]XOWDW\ Z SDUDFK

$ %

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NWyUDNROZLHN SDUD RFHQLDM FD WHFKQRORJLH X]\VNXMH Z\VRNL ZVSyáF]\QQLN NRUHODFML /HSV]\
HIHNW PR*H GDü MHGQDN SRGHM FLH SU]HGVWDZLRQH SRQL*HM

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Gdy PDP\ GR F]\QLHQLD ] ZL FHM QL* GZRPD MHGQRVWNDPL RFHQLDM F\PL WHFKQRORJLH
SUDNW\F]QLHMV]

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:VSyáF]\QQLN ]JRGQR FL : MHVW Z\UD*RQ\ QDVW SXM F\P Z]RUHP

[ 6

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m

– n)

*G]LH P OLF]ED RFHQLDM F\FK Q LOR ü RFHQLDQ\FK WHFKQRORJLL 6 VXPD NZDGUDWyZ Uy*QLF
SRPL G]\ ]DQRWRZDQ VXP RFHQ D RF]HNLZDQ VXP KLSRWH] ]HURZ\FK : ZDKD VL RG

GOD

RFHQ UR]ELH*Q\FK GR

GOD GRVNRQDáHM ]JRGQR FL

: WDEHOL

WHFKQRORJLH $ ( V

RFHQLRQH SU]H] V]H ü MHGQRVWHN RFHQLDM F\FK 2FHQD WD

Z\ND]XMH Z\VRNL VWRSLH ]JRGQR FL

'ODWHJR WH* PR*QD X]QDü *H RFHQ\ á F]QH WZRU]

SUDZG]LZ\ UDQNLQJ WHFKQRORJLL ] SXQNWX ZLG]HQLD W\FK SDUDPHWUyZ

-H*HOL VSRMU]Hü

RGG]LHOQLH QD Z\QLNL X]\VNDQH ]D SRPRF

SLHUZV]HM L GUXJLHM PHWRG\ WR PRJ

RQH

RG]ZLHUFLHGODü MHG\QLH SU]\SDGNRZ ]JRGQR ü OXE QLH]JRGQR ü SRPL G]\ RFHQLDM F\PL EH]
]DVDGQHM SRGVWDZ\ $E\ VWZLHUG]Lü F]\ WDNL SU]\SDGHN U]HF]\ZL FLH PD PLHMVFH QDOH*\
Z\NRQDü GRGDWNRZH WHVW\ VWDW\VW\F]QH

,VWQLHMH V]HUHJ áDWZLHMV]\FK QDU] G]L GR RNUH OHQLD

VWRSQLD ]JRGQR FL

Patrz M. J. Moroney, „Facts and Figures” (Penguin Books 1956)

VI - 30

Tabela 10. %DGDQLH ZVSyáF]\QQLND ]JRGQR FL GOD VSyMQR FL VWDW\VW\F]QHM

technologia

2FHQLDM F\
P

2JyáHP
6XPD RFHQ

UHGQLD KLSRWH] ]HURZ\FK

.ZDGUDW Uy*QLF SRPL G]\ VXP RFHQ L
VSRG]LHZDQ\P Z\QLNLHP KLSRWH] ]HURZ\FK
6XPD NZDGUDWyZ Uy*QLF 6

=áR*RQR ü WHFKQRORJLF]QD L WUDQVIHU WHFKQRORJLL

Koncepcja

: SRZ\*V]HM G\VNXVML ]DáR*RQR *H MH*HOL Z\EUDQD WHFKQRORJLD VSHáQLD XVWDORQH NU\WHULD
WHFKQLF]QH L HNRQRPLF]QH WR MHVW RQD RGSRZLHGQLD L PR*H ]RVWDü SU]HQLHVLRQD GR NUDMX
GRFHORZHJR ] NUDMX VZRMHJR SRFKRG]HQLD Z NWyU\P GRW G IXQNFMRQRZDáD

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PR*OLZR ü SU]\VWRVRZDQLD WHFKQRORJLL GR PQLHMV]\FK

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GR PQLHMV]\FK ]DVREyZ

MHM ]JRGQR ü ] SHZQ\PL NU\WHULDPL MDNR FLRZ\PL

PR*OLZR ü ]DSHZQLHQLD VHUZLVX ]H Z]JO GX QD EUDN GRVW SQR FL RNUH ORQ\FK XPLHM WQR FL Z
QRZ\P URGRZLVNX LWG 6 WR ZDUXQNL ZD*QH OHF] QLHUD] QLHZ\VWDUF]DM FH GOD VNXWHF]QHJR L
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WUDQVIHURZDQHM WHFKQRORJLL Z NRQWHN FLH ]áR*RQR FL WHFKQRORJLF]QHM

zarówno w kraju

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LQWHQV\ZQR FL Z\NRU]\VWDQLD WHFKQRORJLL Z FHOX X]\VNDQLD ]GROQR FL SURGXNF\MQHM L
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VSRVREyZ X*\W\FK GR MHM RSUDFRZDQLD UR]SRZV]HFKQLHQLD XVWDELOL]RZDQLD L RFKURQ\ :
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XVáXJ NWyUH ]PQLHMV]DM FL *DU FRG]LHQQHM SUDF\ XPR*OLZLDM Z\*V]\ NRPIRUW L Z\JRG
SR]RVWDZLDM ZL FHM F]DVX QD Z\SRF]\QHN L UR]U\ZN

LWG -DN ]DWHP ZLGDü Z\VRNL SR]LRP

WHFKQRORJLF]QHM ]áR*RQR FL RG]ZLHUFLHGOD Z\VRN MDNR ü *\FLD

'R ZLDGF]HQLH SRND]XMH *H R LOH Z GZyFK Uy*Q\FK URGRZLVNDFK SHZQH FHFK\ ]HZQ WU]QH
QLH V SRGREQH WR ZLHOH NRU]\ FL PLNURHNRQRPLF]Q\FK NWyUH E\á\ X]\VNLZDQH G]L NL GDQHM
WHFKQRORJLL Z NUDMX SRFKRG]HQLD QLH E G]LH RVL JDOQ\FK Z NUDMX GRFHORZ\P ,QQ\PL VáRZ\
Z SU]HFLZLH VWZLH GR ZRG\ WHFKQRORJLD QLH SU]HSá\ZD áDWZR ]H URGRZLVND R Z\VRNLP
SR]LRPLH GR GUXJLHJR R QLVNLP SR]LRPLH

81,'2 X*\ZD WHUPLQX Ä]áR*RQR ü WHFKQRORJLF]QD´ QD NLOND VSRVREyZ L SU]\MPXMH Uy*QH SRGHM FLD GR MHM

DQDOL]\ %LEOLRJUDILD QLQLHMV]HJR PRGXáX RGQRVL VL GR QLHNWyU\FK SXEOLNDFML 81,'2 Z W\P REV]DU]H 3RGHM FLH
Z QLQLHMV]\P PRGXOH Uy*QL VL Z NLONX PLHMVFDFK RG W\FK Z\PLHQLRQ\FK Z ELEOLRJUDILL MDNR *H VNXSLD VL
EDUG]LHM QD SURFHVLH WUDQVIHUX WHFKQRORJLL

VI - 31

Infrastruktura technologiczna

=áR*RQR ü WHFKQRORJLF]QD JRVSRGDUNL UR]ZLMD VL VWRSQLRZR 1D NR FX WHJR SURFHVX UR]ZRMX
QDMZD*QLHMV]H NRPSRQHQW\ ]áR*RQR FL WHFKQRORJLF]QHM SU]HMDZLDM QD ]HZQ WU] QD SU]\NáDG
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0,90

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0,40

0,33

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