Introduction to linguistics

2014-05-06

Lecture 11: Computational linguistics

Sources

• Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman, Nina

Hyams. 2003. An introduction to language.

– Chapter 9: Humans and Computers.

•

http://view.byu.edu/

(a collection of various

corpora)

Language and computers

• Computational linguistics (CL)

– a subfield of

linguistics and computer science.

• It describes the interactionof human language

and computers.

• It overlaps with the field of

artificial

intelligence

(AI), a branch of computer science

aiming at computational models of human
cognition.

The scope of CL

• CL includes the computer performing:

– The analysis of written text and spoken discourse.
– The translation of text and speech from one

language to another.

– The use of human languages for communication

between computers and people.

– The modelling and testing of linguistic theories.

Text analysis

• Computers prove really helpful when handling

texts. They allow to:

– manipulate data easily and rapidly (searching,

sorting, etc.);

– process data accurately and consistenlty;
– automatically annotate data, i.e. to add notes to a

text.

Corpora

• CORPUS

– (from Latin

corpus

, 'body'; pl.

corpora) traditionally indicates a collection of
texts, esp. complete and self-contained, e.g.

The Corpus of Anglo-Saxon Verse

• In linguistics and lexicography – a body of

texts, utterances, or other specimens
considered more or less representative of a lg
and stored as an electronic database.

2014-05-06

Corpora

• Some purposes that corpora serve:

– collection of examples for linguists;
– data resource for lexicographers;
– instruction material for language teachers and learners;
– training material for natural language processing (NLP).

• Applications of corpora:

– training of speech recognizers;
– training of statistical part-of-speech taggers and parsers;
– training of example-based and statistical machine;
– translation systems.

Corpus linguistics

• Corpus linguistics

– the study of language as

expressed in samples (corpora) of "real world"

text.

• For linguistic purposes, corpora can help

investigate such questions as:

– What is the order of different types of adjectives in

English?

– With what frequency do older speakers in the

midwest use cool?

– What do you say in English:

think about

think on

• According to Google (06.05.2014):

think about

4,200,000,000 results;

think on

- 3,880,000,000 results.

An example of a corpus

• BNC

(on-line since 1995) is a collection of a

about 100 million word samples of written
and spoken lg from various sources.

– It is designed to represent a wide cross-section of

current British English.

– Single words or phrases can be looked up:

• http://www.natcorp.ox.ac.uk/

Plain corpora

• Some corpora are

plain

– i.e. without any

information about the text:

– e.g. Project Gutenberg texts were produced by

scanning.

– Then the texts were converted into a collection of

public domain e-books.

– As of March 2014, Project Gutenberg claimed over

45,000 items in its collection.

•

http://www.gutenberg.org/

(free e-books)

•

https://archive.org/details/gutenberg

(archive)

Corpora and Machine Translation

• Corpora provide actual lg tokens or extract

translation equivalents for Machine
Translation programs.

• Machine Translation (MT)

– a subfield of

computational linguistics that investigates the
use of software to translate text or speech
from one natural language to another.

2014-05-06

Machine translation

• Translation is hard for a computer.
• The computer has to:

– ‟understand” source text;
– Convert it into target language;
– Generate correct target text.

• The procedure looks simple but, in fact, it is a

complex cognitive operation:

– Many translation problems require real-world

knowledge and intuitions about the meaning of the
text.

Understanding the source text

• Lexical ambiguity

– At morphological level:

• Ambiguity of word vs stem+ending (

tower, flower

);

• Inflections are ambiguous (

books, loaded

);

• Derived form may be lexicalised (

meeting, revolver

– Lexicalization = adding words, set phrases, or word patterns to

a language.

– Grammatical category ambiguity (e.g.

round

– Homonymy:

• Alternativemeanings within the same expression.

Understanding the source text

• Syntactic ambiguity

– Due to combination of grammatically ambiguous

words, e.g.:

• Time flies like an arrow, fruit flies like a banana

– Due to alternative interpretations of structure,

e.g.:

• The man saw the girl with a telescope

• In addition, there are problems resulting from

differences between languages.

Machine translation

• It is difficult to get a literary quality

translation.

• Today’s MT systems can generate rough

translations that give you at least a gist of a
document.

• High quality translations are possible of

specialized narrow domains, e.g. weather
forecasts.

Statistical MT

• It is virtually impossible to write an algorithm

that would render natural language grammar.

• Rather than writing explicit rules to translate

natural language,

computer algorithms are

trained

on human-translated parallel texts,

– this allows them to

automatically learn

how to

translate (thanks to neural networks, statistical
methods, etc.).

Statistical translation programs

• Translations are generated on the basis of:

– statistical models

analysing

bilingual text corpora

• E.g.

Google Translate

works by detecting patterns

in hundreds of millions of documents that have
previously been translated by humans,

• then it makes intelligent guesses based on the

patterns it learned.

• The more human-translated documents there are

in a given language, the more likely it is that the
translation will be of good quality.

2014-05-06

English-Polish MT programs

• Let’s compare two programs translating from

English to Polish (and vice versa):

– Poltran (

http://www.poltran.com/

), Ectaco Inc.,

and

– Translatica (

http://www.translatica.pl/

), PWN.

• The sentence to translate is as follows:

Nie można zapominać także o korzyściach
społecznych i niebezpieczeństwach
wynikających z wadliwego zaprojektowania
budynku.

English-Polish MT programs

• Poltran:
It is not possible to forget
about social benefits also
and from defect designing
building dangers
subsequent.

• Translatica:
It isn't possible to forget ..
also about social benefits
and dangers resulting
from effective designing
the building.