Grammar Train
Jean-Louis Martine
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Grammar Train
Jean-Louis Martine
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2
Jean - Louis Martine
Grammar Train
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I Know Nouns!
Nouns
are names given to any object in the real world
Concrete nouns
or
any state of mind e.g. Love hate etc
Abstract nouns
The word Noun comes from the Latin word “numen” meaning name.
We can work out if a word is a noun by asking are selves is it a name.
When learning a foreign language one of the first and most useful question we
can learn to ask is……………………..
What is it called?
What do you call that?
You are asking for the name of something, a place, a person, an object or a
thing even an emotion is a noun.
Examples of Common Nouns (Common Names)
What is it called?
It’s called a
frog.
Frog
is the
name
we give to this kind of animal.
What is it called?
It’s called
snow.
What is it called?
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It’s called a
city.
* Be careful when deciding if you think a word is a noun or not. Emotions like
Love, Hate and Happiness are all nouns. Activities like play, work and leisure are
also nouns. All the colours are also nouns.
What is it called?
It’s called
love.
What is it called? It’s called
wonder.
What is it called? It’s called a
thunderstorm.
*Nouns come in more than one group.
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I Know
Common and Proper Nouns
A
common noun
is the name given to any non-specific item object or place.
Common nouns start with a small letter.
A
proper noun
is the name given to a specific object person or place.
Example
What is it called? It’s called a
cat. (Common noun)
What is your cat called? His name is
Tom.
(Proper noun)
What is it called? It’s called a
city
.
(Common noun)
What is this city called? It’s called
London.
(Proper noun)
Only names that are specific are proper nouns and all proper nouns are written
with a capital letter.
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I Know
Countable nouns and Un-countable nouns
Can you count it? Yes you can!
How many
cats
are there? There are five
cats!
(Countable noun)
How many
rivers
are there? There are hundreds of
rivers
. (Countable noun)
All nouns that can be counted can be expressed in the singular or plural. The
most common expression of the plural is by the addition of an “s” at the end of the
noun.
Cat
becomes
cats.
River
becomes
rivers.
This is known as “the regular” form. For most plural forms the addition of an
“s” to the original singular form will be sufficient to create the plural.
However there are many exceptions.
Here are some of the most common exceptions.
I Know Regular and Irregular countable nouns
Regular Nouns
Irregular Nouns
Singular
Plural
Singular
Plural
Cat >
Cats
Chid >
Children
Pen >
Pens
Man
>
Men
Television >
Televisions
Woman
>
Women
Hammer >
Hammers
Person
>
People
School >
Schools
Mouse
>
Mice
Job >
Jobs
Sheep
>
Sheep
Session >
Sessions
Series
>
Series
Tradition >
Traditions
Kiss >
Kisses
Instrument >
Instruments
Tooth >
Teeth
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Can you count it? No you can’t!
Many Nouns cannot be counted by the nature of what they are that is it makes
no sense to use numbers when talking about them. This applies to all
abstract nouns
and some common nouns.
How much do you love me? I Love you a lot.
Correct
Can you count it? No you can’t
How many do you love me? I love you twelve!
Incorrect
Can you count it? No you can’t
You must really hate him. Yes I hate him a lot
.
Correct
Can you count it? No you can’t
You must hate him twenty-seven. I hate him thirty.
Incorrect
Can you count it? No you can’t
Other examples of uncountable nouns are liquids and similar things like sugar,
salt and butter, which are inherently difficult to count. There are ways that we can get
around this problem by the addition of something that is countable.
e.g.
1) Three
spoonfuls
of
sugar.
Instead of counting the sugar (grain by gain) we count how many spoons of
sugar we want.
Red = Uncountable noun
Blue = Countable counter part
The same is true of liquids. Like beer, wine, water or milk.
2) Three
glasses
of
wine.
3) Five
pints
of
beer.
4) Four
litters
of
milk
5) Six
bags
of
cement.
5) Two
pieces
o
f
furniture.
Nouns
Regular Countable Nouns
Irregular Countable Nouns
Uncountable Nouns
Singular
Plural
Singular
Plural
Singular only
Cat >
Cats
Chid >
Children
Milk
Pen > Pens
Man
>
Men
Love
Television >
Televisions
Woman >
Women
Money
Hammer > Hammers
Person >
People
Furniture
School > Schools
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I know Possessive forms
The simplest way to explain this is that a possessive from of noun is used to
indicate ownership over something from the word
“possession”
, meaning to belong
to, or to be owned by.
The simplest way to spot a possessive noun is to look for
’s
It is John’s book. The book belongs to John.
That is Mary’s leg. It is part of her body.
That is Louis’ picture. Louis painted it.
Beijing is China’s capital city. Beijing belongs to China.
The Mississippi is America’s most famous river. The Mississippi belongs to
America.
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I Know
Compound Nouns and Noun Combinations
Nouns are often put together or combined to
express one thing,
this is
known
as a
noun combination.
When noun combinations are a regular occurrence
the two nouns are often joined by a
hyphen
–
or can even be written as one word.
When nouns are combined they act as one. The first noun in a noun combination often
tells us more about the second
“main”
noun acting in some way like an adjective.
Examples: of Compound nouns and noun combinations
light bulb
ice-cream
weekend
computer virus
timetable
battlefield
mobile phone
schoolbag
homework
I Know
Collective Nouns
Collective nouns are used to refer to groups of people. Although a group
contains more than one individual, collective nouns can be used in the singular,
depending on weather you want to emphasise, the group as a unified body or the
individuals within the group.
Everyone is happy
The Staff are happy
The Army is moving into position.
The Army are moving into position.
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I know Pronouns
Pronouns
are used to replace nouns or noun phrases when the noun is known
to avoid repetition of the noun in a sentence group of sentences.
e.g.
Bob was very happy Bob had just won the lottery.
Bob
was very happy
he
had just won the lottery.
Bob = Noun
he = Pronoun = Bob
There are eight types of pronoun:
Personal Pronouns
have two types
Subject
and
Object
they are used to
stand in place of a noun.
Subject Pronouns:
I, You, He, She, It, We, They, Who, Whoever,
Object Pronouns:
Me, You, Him, Her, It, Us, Them, Whom, Whomever,
They are also divided
to express
The Plural and The Singular of
The First Person:
Singular
I, me,
Plural
we, us
The Second Person:
Singular and Plural
you
The Third Person:
Singular
he, him, she, her, it,
Plural
they, them
This determines whether
am / is /
or
are
, is used and whether or not
s
or
es
, is
added to end of the verb in the formation of past tenses.
Reflexive Pronouns
have one type and are used to refer backwards or
inwards on the subject or object.
Think of the word refection.
Possessive pronouns
have two types Possessive pronouns and
Possessive
determiners
the difference being Possessive pronouns stand alone in a sentence e.g.
Think of the word possession.
It is
mine
.
And
Possessive determiners
always come before a noun e.g.
It is
my
book.
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PRONOUN CHART
Personal
Reflexives Possessive
Possessive
Subject
Object
pronoun
determiner
I
me
myself
mine
my
you
you
yourself
yours
your
he
him
himself
his
his
she
her
herself
hers
her
it
it
itself
its
its
we
us
ourselves
ours
our
you
you
yourselves
yours
your
they
them
themselves
theirs
their
Demonstrative Pronouns
help us to
demonstrate
something or point it out.
When these words stand alone they are considered to be
pronouns
because
they replace or stand in for a noun. When they are used before a noun they are
considered to be
determiners
because the determine which noun we are referring to
e,g, this ball or that
.
this, that, these, those,
He is a teacher.
(pronoun)
This book
(determiner)
Interrogative Pronouns
are used in the formation of questions and are
normally followed by a question mark. They can also be used in indirect questions
that do not require a question mark.
Think of the word interrogation meaning to
question.
who, whom, whose, what, which,
He said “What is it your name?”
He asked the man’s name.
(direct question)
(indirect question)
Relative Pronouns
are used to introduce relative clauses that come after a
noun or noun phrase. e.g.
He is
the man
that came in yesterday
.
Look at
the boy
with the blue hat.
Relative pronouns
act rather like
conjunctions
and join two parts of a sentence
together to give more information about the noun subject or object i.e. The clause is
related
to the noun.
that, which, who, whom, whose, what, whatever whomever
There are only two
Reciprocal Pronouns:
One another
(more than two or in
general) and
each other
(between two people or things). They are called such as they
are used to demonstrate a reciprocal relation between people or things.
The two boys played
with each other
. We should love
one another.
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I Know Determiners
Determiners
are a class of word that are used to help define or identify a
noun and are placed before it. You may have noticed that some of them can act as
Pronouns this is when they are used instead of the noun and replace it completely.
The two most commonly used determiners are:
“A, An,”
which are known as
The indefinite article
as they signify a noun
which is non-specific e.g.
A cat
Referring to no cat in particular
The definite article
“The”
which is used to signify a specific noun. e.g.
The cat
Referring to one cat in particular.
Possessive determiners
my, your, his, her, its, our, your, their,
indicate who or what the noun belongs to.
e.g.
My cat. Your cat. His cat. etc.
This reflects ownership or possession.
Demonstrative determiners
help us to demonstrate something or point it
out in exactly the same way as
demonstrative pronouns
except the do not replace the
noun but precede it adding the information.
e.g.
This cat, or that cat.
When these words stand alone they are considered to be
pronouns
. However
when they are used before a noun they are considered to be
determiners
.
this, that, these, those,
This is mine.
(pronoun)
This book is mine.
(determiner)
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I Know Quantifiers
Quantifiers
are very specific class of
determiner
and they are used to
signify number or quantity. Like all determiners quantifiers are place before a noun or
noun phrase.
The most easy to remember and use are the
Cardinal numbers
1 2 3 4 5 ….etc
and the
Ordinal numbers
First Second Third Forth Fifth…………….. Etc
They can precede any
concrete noun.
However with other
Quantifiers
there use is limited to either
countable
or
uncountable nouns
and or to refer to only to two items e.g.
both
Quantifier chat
Countable uncountable Singular
Plural
two
All
X
X
X
Another
X
Any
X
X
X
X
both
X
X
X
each
X
X
Either/neither
X
X
Enough
X
X
Every
X
Few/fewer/a few
X
X
Little/less/a little
X
Some
X
X
X
Many
X
X
X
Much
X
More
X
X
X
No
X
X
X
X
Several
X
X
A lot of
X
X
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I Know Adjectives
Adjectives
are words that give more information about a noun or pronoun.
They are often known as
describing
words.
Adjectives
are often related to Nouns or
Verbs i.e. they have a Noun or a Verb as their root. Many of these are followed by
“suffixes” (word endings):
-able -al -ate -an -ant -ent -ful -ist -ive -ory
-ous -some -wise -y
Sometimes the adjective has long out lived the usage of it’s
verb or noun root, as in the case of
impeccable
that originate from the Latin
“impeccabilis”
meaning not liable to sin.
Suffixes are not always used when a
Noun
acts as an
Adjective
e.g.
The cat
The
black
cat
What makes a word an
adjective
is the way it is used i.e. the “job” it is doing.
Adjectives give more information about a noun and tell us what kind of a thing it is,
that is they describe it.
Look at the sentence part
The cat
Adding Adjectives tells us more about the particular cat we are talking about.
What kind of cat is it?
It’s a big black cat.
It’s a
funny
cat. It’s a
big black
and
friendly
cat.
Noun >
Adjective
Verb >
Adjective
beauty >
beautiful
drink >
drinkable
truth >
truthful
work >
workable
courage >
courageous
like >
likeable
danger >
dangerous
talk >
talkative
obligation >
obligatory
communicate >
communicative
street >
streetwise
hurt >
hurtful
parent >
parental
lone >
lonesome
lone >
lonely
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I Know Verbs
Verbs
are typically referred to as
Action
(dynamic)
words however
this is only one of their many functions
Verbs
are also used to express a
state
of
mind, condition or a relationship between one thing and another. One of the chief
differences that can be drawn between verb types is
Lexical
that is, one based upon
the words meaning. Verbs that refer to States tend not to be used with
Continuous
forms,
(ing)
because states of mind and relationships are not processes that move
but are rather static by nature.
A second and equally important distinction that can be made between Verb
types is that between
Main Verbs
, verbs that function by themselves and convey the
key meaning in any group of verbs e.g. to love to hit, to sing, and
Auxiliary
(meaning to help)
verbs
that add or help to give extra meaning to the main verb.
Auxiliary verbs
cannot be used by them selves and must accompany a main verb e.g.
had (had breakfast), can (can swim), is (is sick) etc.
State and dynamic Verbs
This distinction is drawn between different kinds of
Main Verbs
.
State verbs
express
a state of mind
, to love, to hate, to know or
a relationship
, to be, to belong, to have, to resemble because state are not actions we
tend not uses them with continuous from e.g.
I love you.
Not
I am loving you.
I know him.
Not
I am knowing him.
I like ice-cream.
Not
I am liking ice-cream.
Dynamic Verbs
describe actions acts activities and processes: to hit, to run,
to jump, to change, to flow, to walk, to crawl,
By the very nature of the kinds of things
Dynamic Verbs
describe
continuous can be used.
I run.
(Present simple)
I am running.
(Present continuous)
I hit him.
(Present simple)
I am hitting him.
(Present continuous)
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List of State Verbs
State of mind
Relationships
to love
to be
to hate
to own
to know
to have
to like
to resemble
to understand
to belong
to need
to want
to wonder
to dislike
Regular and Irregular Verbs
Regular Verbs
Infinitive
Past simple
Past principle
Cast
Cast
Cast
Cost
Cost
Cost
Cut
Cut
Cut
Fit
Fit/Fitted
Fit
Hit
Hit
Hit
Let
Let
Let
Put
Put
Put
Read (long)
Read (short)
Read (short)
Set
Set
Set
Shut
Shut
Shut
Spread
Spread
Spread
Continuous
form of regular verbs
When making
the continuous
form or regular verbs the simple
addition of
ing
is used. e.g.
Cast > Casting Read > Reading
.
For words ending in a single consonant with a short vowel sound it is
necessary to double the last consonant to keep the vowel sound short. e.g.
Cut > Cu
tt
ing Fit > Fi
tt
ing Set > Se
tt
ing
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Irregular Verbs
There are approximately 300 irregular verbs in the English language, and there
are no rules or easy way to tell whether or not a verb is regular or irregular. However
irregular verbs can be grouped in accordance with the pattern in which they change
form to make learning easier.
Changes in the past
Infinitive
Past simple
Past Participle
bind
bound
bound
feed
fed
fed
find
found
found
get
got
got
have
had
had
hear
heard
heard
hold
Held
held
lay
laid
laid
light
lit
lit
make
made
made
meet
met
met
pay
paid
paid
say
said
said
sell
Sold
sold
shoot
shot
shot
sit
sat
sat
stand
stood
stood
tell
told
told
Changes in the past and past participle
Infinitive
Past simple
Past Participle
drink
drank
drunk
sink
sank
sunk
Irregular verbs
be
and
go
different to all other in so much as their forms
have no relation to each other in terms of spelling.
be
go
Present Tense
am/is/are
go(es)
Past Tense
was/were
went
Past Participle
been
gone
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I Know
Modal Auxiliary Verbs
shall / will / can / could / would / should / may / might / must /
need (n’t) / ought (not) to /
Modal auxiliary verbs differ from main verbs in two ways. The first difference is that
they cannot stand alone but must be used in conjunction with a full verb. This
function is exemplified in the name “
Auxiliary
” meaning to help or assist. The second
difference of modal auxiliary verbs is to do with their function as “
Mode changers”
Hence the name “Modal”
To understand modality more clearly consider the following examples:
Come to dinner.
(This sentence is an imperative and acts as an order)
Can you come to dinner?
(The use of can here is linked to ability rephrased: Are you
able to come to dinner. Remember
come
is the full verb
can
is the modal auxiliary
verb.)
Will you come to dinner?
(The use of
will
here is linked to intention. Rephrased do
you intend to come to dinner?)
You ought to come to dinner?
(The use of
ought to
here is being used to express the
speakers belief that s/he thinks X is a good idea.)
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I Know
Adverbs
What is an Adverb? Add Verb! Simply it is a word which adds additional information
to a verb. For example: Run
quickly
Run is the verb
quickly
is the adverb
Adverbs can come both before and after the verb. For example:
The boy ran
happily
down the road. The boy
happily
ran down the road.
Adverbs answer the question:
How?
About the verb
How did the boy run? He ran quickly.
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I Know
Phrasal Verbs
Phrasal verbs are an extremely large and potentially confusing area of the English
language. The best way to describe a phrasal verb is to say that it is a number of
words taken together, as a set phrase with a particular meaning.
The one of the greatest problems with learning and teaching phrasal verbs is that there
is not necessarily a direct or obvious connection between to the constituent words and
the meaning of the phrasal verb itself. Another problem with phrasal verbs is that one
phrasal verb might have more than one meaning. Finally there are just so many
phrasal verbs in English it is difficult to know where to start and they are easy to
confuse with each other.
Due to the nature of Phrasal Verbs it is difficult to decisively say whether the full
under the heading of Grammar or Lexis. It is my opinion that it is best to consider
them primarily as Lexical items i.e. Vocabulary and then teach the necessary grammar
to with them.
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Verb Tenses
I know
The Present Simple
I do
Form
Subject Pronoun 1
st
2
nd
and 3
rd
person plural
Verb
I /you /we/ they +
do
Subject Pronoun 3
rd
person singular / Noun
Verb
he/she/it/ Jack
*
+
do
es
* For The 3
rd
person and noun constructions add either
s
or
es
to the verb.
Present Simple
examples chart
I
work in a bank.
I
teach English.
You
work in a bank.
You
teach English.
We
work in a bank.
We
teach English.
They
work in a bank.
They
teach English.
Jack
work
s
in a bank.
Jack
teach
es
English.
He
work
s
in a bank.
He
teach
es
English.
She
work
s
in a bank.
She
teach
es
English.
It
counts money in a
bank.
It
teach
es
English.
Note.
It refers to animals, machines and inanimate object therefore many verbs do not always make
sense with it.
Meaning
The Present Simple
is used to convey a general state of affairs. That
is to say when I say
“
I work in a bank
”
I am not implying that I am
working their now at this very minute but that it is
My Job
.
I work in a bank
everyday.
We can look at the meaning of
The Present Simple
pictorially.
X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
<_______________________________NOW_______________________________>
I work in a bank
X = work in bank
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Making Questions with
The Present Simple
To make questions with the present simple we use the verb
do
for
Subject
Pronoun 1
st
2
nd
and 3
rd
person plural
and
does
for
3
rd
person singular.
Therefore the statement
“I work in a bank”
becomes
the question
“Do you work in a bank?”
When answering a question we use the verb
do
for positive answers.
and
don’t (do not)
for negative answers.
Yes I do.
No I don’t
For the 3
rd
person singular
(he/she/it/Jack)
we use
does
and
doesn’t.
Example
Does he work in a bank?
Yes he does
No he doesn’t.
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I Know
The Present Continuous
I am doing
Form
1
st
person singular
I am +
Verb + ing
I’m
3
rd
person singular
he/she/it/Jack is +
Verb + ing
He’s/She’s/It’s/Jack’s
2
nd
person and 3
rd
person plural
we/you/they are +
Verb + ing
We’re/You’re/They’re
Present continuous
example chart
I am
reading a book.
I am
writing a letter.
Jack is
reading a book.
Jack is
writing a letter.
He is
reading a book.
He is
writing a letter.
She is
reading a book.
She is
writing a letter.
It is
running a program.
It is
We are
reading a book.
We are
writing a letter.
You are
reading a book.
You are
writing a letter.
They are
reading a book.
They are
writing a letter.
Note: Contractions are very often used in daily life I am > I’m We are > We’re etc.
Meaning
1. The present continuous
is used to describe an on going
activity that has recently started and will end shortly. i.e. It is a on going but
temporary state of affairs.
When I say
“I am reading a book”
I mean
a) I am reading the book.
Now
b) I started reading it recently.
C) I won’t be reading it shortly.
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I Know
The Past Simple
I did
Form
1
st
2
nd
& 3
rd
person
I/ he/she/it/Jack /we/you/they
Verb + ed
ed for regular verbs past participle form for irregular verbs varry
I Know
The Past Continuous
I was doing
Form
1
st
3
rd
person singular
I /he/she/it/Jack was +
Verb + ing
2
nd
person and 3
rd
person plural
We/you/they were +
Verb + ing
I Know
The Future Simple
I will do
Form
1
st
2
nd
& 3
rd
person
I /he/she/it/Jack /we/you/they will +
Verb
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I know
The Future Continuous
I will be doing
Form
1
st
2
nd
& 3
rd
person
I /he/she/it/Jack will be +
/we/you/they
Verb + ing
I Know
The Present Perfect
I have done
Form
1
st
& 2
nd
person and 3
rd
person plural
I / you/we/they + have
Verb + ed
3rd person singular
he/she/it/Jack + has
Verb + ed
I Know
The Present Perfect Continuous
I have been doing
Form
1
st
& 2
nd
person and 3
rd
person plural
I / you/we/they + have been Verb + ing
3
rd
person singular
he/she/it/Jack + has been
Verb + ing
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I Know
The Past Perfect
I will have done
Form
1
st
& 2
nd
person and 3
rd
person plural
I / you/we/they + will have
he /she/it/Jack
Verb + ed
I know
The Past Perfect Continuous
I will have been doing
Form
1
st
& 2
nd
person and 3
rd
person plural
I / you/we
/they/he /she/ + will have been
it/Jack
Verb + ed
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The I Know
Future Perfect
I know
The Future Perfect Continuous
I Know
The Passive and Active Constructions
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The 12 Tense at a glance
The Present Simple
I do
I am
I work in a bank.
He work
s
in a bank.
I
am
a teacher
He
is
a teacher
The Past Simple
I did
I was
I worked in a bank.
He worked in a bank.
I was a teacher
He was a teacher.
The Future Simple
I will do
I will be
I will work in a bank.
He will work in a bank.
I will be a teacher.
He will be a teacher.
The Present Continuous
I am doing
I am working in a bank.
He
is
working in a bank.
The Past Continuous
I was doing
I was working in a bank.
He was working in a bank.
The Future Continuous
I will be doing
I will be working in a bank.
He will be working in a bank.
The Present Perfect
I have done
I have worked in a bank.
He
has
worked in a bank.
The Past Perfect
I had done
I had worked in a bank.
He had worked in a bank.
The Future Perfect
I will have done
I will have worked in a bank.
He will have worked in a bank.
The Present Perfect Continuous
I have been doing
I have been working in a bank.
He
has
been working in a bank.
The Past Perfect Continuous
I had been doing
I had been working in a bank.
He had been working in a
bank.
The Future Perfect Continuous
I will have been doing
I will have been working in a
bank
.
He will have been working in a
bank.
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Passive Constructions at a glance
The Present Simple
The Past Simple
The Future Simple
The Present Continuous
The Past Continuous
The Future Continuous
The Present Perfect
The Past Perfect
The Future Perfect
The Present Perfect Continuous
The Past Perfect Continuous
The Future Perfect Continuous
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Simple
Continuous
Perfect
Perfect Continuous
Past
Active
Passive
I / he/ she / it/ + past participle
I was +
past participle
You were +
He was +
verb + ing
You / they were +
She was being +
past participle
We were being +
It had + past participle
I had been + past participle
They had been + verb + ing
I had been being + past participle
Present
Active
Passive
I/you/they + verb
He/she/it/ + verb (s/es)
I am +
He is past participle
We are +
I am
He is + verb + ing
They are
I am being
He is being + past participle
We are being
I have
+ past participle
He has
I have been
+ past participle
He has been
I/they have been + verb + ing
He/it has been + verb + ing
I have been being + past participle
Future
Active
Passive
I/you/ + will + verb
I/he/she + will be + past participle
I will be + verb + ing
I will be being + past participle
I will have + past participle
I will have been + past participle
I will have been + verb + ing
I will have been being + past participle
Infinitive
after
modal
Auxiliary
I/it/they/ +
M
+ verb
I/he/you +
M
be + past participle
You
M
be
+ verb + ing
I
M
be being + past participle
I
M
+ have + past participle
I
M
+ have been + past participle
I
M
+ have been + verb + ing
I
M
+ have been being + past participle
Past participle = Verb + ed for all regular verbs
Modal Auxiliary Verbs
(M)
,
are: shall / will / can / could / would / should / may / might / must / need (n’t) / ought (not) to /
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I know
If & Conditional clauses
We use
if
when we want to talk about uncertain events, activities or things,
that
may or may not happen
or
might or might not be true
. In such sentences, the
if
represents a
condition
that must happen
first
hence the name
conditional
clauses.
All
conditional clauses
are separated into two halves
the main if clause or
condition
that must happen first and
the second clause or result
which happens
afterwards. Conditionals can understood in terms of
cause and
effect
where
If =
the cause.
If you drop that glass,
it will brake.
If you heat water to 100.c,
it will boil.
Conditional clauses can be used with special tenses to indicate how likely the
statement we are making is.
ZERO Conditional
General truths 100% certainty
FIRST conditional
Possible situation & likely outcomes
SECOND conditional
Hypothetical situations or improbable outcomes
THIRD conditional
Impossible situations and hypothetical outcomes
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I know
Gerunds and participles
Gerund and participle are terms given to when we use –ing forms of the verb
Not
as
Verbs but as
adjectives, adverbs or nouns.
Gerund is the term given to the use of an –ing form of the verb used as a
noun
e.g.
The man was
laughing
. (laughing as a verb)
Laughing
is good for you. (laughing acting as a noun)
It is easy to check if an –ing is being used as a noun if you can replace it with a noun
then it’s a gerund.
Chocolate
is good for you. (Chocolate is a noun)
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I know
Indirect and Reported Speech
In indirect speech we do not use speech marks and often we do not repeat word for
word what someone has said but rather retransmit or convey the mean of what they
have said. This can be very useful for example if I have just had a conversation and
someone asked what we were talking about I might very well find it very hard to repeat
word for word what was said. However I could quite easily explain what was talked
about and what was and wasn’t said in my own words.
Other examples were indirect or reported speech are common are in news reports. For
example a politician gives a long speech that covers many topics. However the news
report needs to sum this up in many less words e.g.
Tony Blair said that Gordon Brown was making a hash of the economy and wouldn’t it
be great if he was back in power.
He said that…………..
It has been reported……….
It is assumed that……………..
Back forming
Very often when we use reported speech we make a tense shift into a past tense e.g.
from the present simple to the past simple.