 
mgr Barbara
mgr Barbara Braid
Braid
Szczecin
Szczecin University
University 2013
2013
 
Look at the examples of texts below. Are 
they oral or written? Are they literature? 
Justify your answer.
THINK AND
DISCUSS!
Little Red Riding
Harry Potter and
Judas by
Lady Gaga
A Brief History of
Time by Stephen
Hawking
Little Red Riding
Hood
50 Shades
of Gray by
E. L. James
Harry Potter and
Deadly Hallows by J.K.
Rowling
The
Times
The
Bible
 
‘literature’ = Latin littera –
letter. So, is literature 
everything that’s 
written?
there are texts which are
there are texts which are
not literature; also, there
is oral literature as well
‘literature’ = imaginative 
writing, uses a specific 
language
 
What is denotation and connotation?
Think about the word bird. What is its literal 
meaning = denotation? What additional 
meaning can it have? What feelings, 
images does it evoke?
THINK
AND
DISCUSS!
images does it evoke?
Now think about connotations for these
kinds of birds: hawk, dove, penguin, 
peacock, chicken, crow, owl, vulture.
Connotations are useful for poetry because
they allow it to be suggestive and 
economical at the same time.
 
literature is a form of 
discourse (communication, 
in speech and writing) 
which is constituted of such 
features which differentiate 
features which differentiate 
it from other discourses
widespread use of 
connotations
creative expression of 
individual experiences
it has universal appeal
 
work of art
does not exist independent of its context
uses certain conventions and techniques
of expression
of expression
form and content are fused together
conflict and contrast are the most 
characteristic organising principles
presents personal experience
requires analysis and interpretation
 
Why do you read 
literature?
If you were obliged 
to read, e.g. at 
school, think about 
THINK AND
DISCUSS!
school, think about 
the reasons those 
who obliged you 
had. 
With your partner 
enumerate as many 
reasons as you can.
 
entertaining function – we read for fun
informative function – we read to 
expand our knowledge
aesthetic function – we read for the
aesthetic function – we read for the 
unique artistic value of the work
intellectual function – we read for 
intellectual satisfaction/ to find some sort 
of truth
social function – to integrate with the 
common cultural heritage of mankind
 
Who do you agree with most? Discuss the 
opinions below with your partner.
THINK
AND
DISCUSS!
ART FOR
ART’S
ABOVE ALL,
LITERATURE
SHOULD MAKE US
ART’S
SAKE!
SHOULD MAKE US
BETTER PEOPLE
LITERATURE
SHOULD BE AN
ACCURATE
REPRESENTATIO
N OF LIFE
LITERATURE IS
JUST A
REFLECTION OF
THE EPOCH IT
WAS WRITTEN IN
 
mimetic/ naturalistic approach – the role of literature 
is to give an accurate and fair representation of the 
world (19th and 20th c. – E. Zola)
historical/ biographical approach – a literary work 
reflects the contemporary beliefs, opinions and 
reflects the contemporary beliefs, opinions and 
prejudices of the author and his/ her times
moral/ philosophical approach – the aim of literature 
is to instruct (18th c. – S. Johnson)
›
sectarian approach – critics will seek proof of views which 
the author did not share (e.g. marxists)
aesthetic approach – escapism, sublimation of 
beauty, art (literature) has no other purpose but itself 
(19th - 20th c. – Pre-Raphaelites, O. Wilde)
 
reading = an active process of the mind 
to get the message of information from 
the text
›
comprehension (an elaborate process which 
involves making inferences about individual 
involves making inferences about individual 
and complex senses in a literary world and 
to extra-textual reality)
›
interpretation (meaning created by the 
author is processed by a reader)
›
feeling (a reader confronts and compares 
his/her experience of life with the literary 
text)
 
‘naive’ (incompetent) reader
›
focuses on the surface meaning of a literary 
text
›
does not want to uncover deeper/ more 
complex meanings in the text
complex meanings in the text
critical (competent) reader
›
equipped with a sufficient literary and 
cultural knowledge
›
has competence to analyse and interpret 
the complex meaning of a literary text
 
Who determines the 
meaning of the text: the 
author or the reader?
What is the traditional 
view of the author, 
THINK AND
DISCUSS!
view of the author, 
meaning and the text?
What are the problems 
with this view?
How can we determine 
the meaning of the text?
 
context
message
receiver
contact
code
sender (author)
message
(literary
text)
receiver
(reader)
 
it shows that any kind of message, including that 
contained in imaginative literature, is transmitted 
from a sender to a receiver via a medium
the message is coded by a sender and then 
decoded by a receiver
decoded by a receiver
contact = medium (book, e-book, audio book, etc.)
code = language (+ translation), plus style, tone, 
figures of speech, etc.
Consequences of this view: assumption that the text 
has one definite meaning; it’s about cracking the 
code and solving the riddle
 
according to this view, it is common 
sense to assume that ‘I’ in the work 
of literature is the author
there’s one definite meaning that 
the reader has to decode
you can get the clues about what
you can get the clues about what 
the text means from extra-textual 
sources, e.g. a letter the author 
wrote to his/her friend –
‘autobiographical criticism’
the author is somehow ‘present’ in 
the text, talking to us readers
 
if literature was a code, there would be no 
need for literature
there’s no one shared cypher for a code in
this case
the autobiographical evidence from an
the autobiographical evidence from an 
author’s life can be a lie, or were written in
a certain historical and sociological
environment and were influenced by it
there’s no one correct interpretation of a 
text! It will depend not only on each
particular reader, but also on when you
read the work of literature!
 
TEXT
interpreted by
READER
TEXT
interpreted by
READER
2
 
the study, discussion, evaluation, and interpretation 
of literature
not synonymous with literary theory – philosophical 
discussion of methods and goals of literary criticism
literary theory can be applied to literary criticism
two opposite approaches to literary study:
›
intrinsic/ formalistic – interpretation for the works 
of literature without reference to their historical 
context/ life of the author
›
extrinsic – relating works of literature to historical, 
economic or psychological contexts
 
elements of literary criticism:
›
genre classification
›
analysis of the structure and style of literary work
›
interpretation of literary work
›
interpretation of literary work
the purpose of literary criticism:
›
better understanding of a literary work
›
better interpretation of literature
›
appreciating and evaluating literature
examples: Aristotle’s Poetics (4th c. BC), 
Horace’s Ars Poetica (19th c. BC)
 
LITERARY THEORIES
TEXT-ORIENTED
CONTEXT-
TEXT-ORIENTED
Philology
Rhetoric
Formalism and
Structuralism
New Criticism
Semiotics and
Deconstruction
AUTHOR-ORIENTED
Biographical
Criticism
Psychoanalytic
Criticism
Phenomenology
READER-ORIENTED
Reception Theory
Reception History
Reader-Response
Criticism
CONTEXT-
ORIENTED
Literary History
Marxist Literary
Theory
Feminist Literary
Theory
New Historicism and
Cultural Studies
 
oral vs. written
forms of literature:
›
poetry (narrative, lyric, etc.)
›
drama
›
prose
genres:
genres:
›
poetry: epic heroic, the mock epic, modern epic, ballad, eclogues, 
sonnet, dramatic monologue, elegy, ode, etc.
›
drama: tragedy, comedy, farse, tragicomedy, masque, closet drama, 
heoric drama, etc.
›
prose: novel, short story, legend, fable, fairy tale, parable, romance, saga 
etc. 
other divisions:
›
popular literature
›
children’s literature
›
ethnic literature…
 
Think about some 
examples of 
interrelations 
between 
literature and:
THINK AND
DISCUSS!
literature and:
›
history
›
religion
›
art
›
philosophy
›
myth
›
film
 
in pairs, in 
chronological order, 
write down as many 
periods in history of 
English literature(s) as 
you can
THINK AND
DISCUSS!
you can
try to name some 
characteristic 
features of those 
periods and/or some 
examples of famous 
works/ writers
 
Old English / Anglo-Saxon period (5th – 11th 
century)
Middle Ages (11th – 15th century)
Renaissance (16th – 17th century)
Renaissance (16th – 17th century)
Augustan Age / Englightenment (18th century)
Romantic period (first half of the 19th century)
Victorian age (second half of the 19th century)
Modernism (1920s – 1950s)
Contemporary period/ Postmodernism (1960s –
now)
 
The Puritan Age / Colonial Age (17th –
18th century)
Romantic period / American 
Renaissance (1st half of the 19th century)
Renaissance (1st half of the 19th century)
Realism and Naturalism (second half of 
the 19th century)
Modernism (1900 – 1945)
Contemporary period / Postmodernism 
(1945 – now)