Models of Translation
Models of Translation
Criticism
Criticism
Juliane
Juliane
House
House
jhouse@uni
jhouse@uni
-
-
hamburg.de
hamburg.de
http://www.uni
http://www.uni
-
-
hamburg.de/fachbereiche
hamburg.de/fachbereiche
-
-
einrichtungen/sfb538/
einrichtungen/sfb538/
Structure
Structure
1. Different Approaches to
1. Different Approaches to
Assessing Translation Quality
Assessing Translation Quality
2.
2.
A Functional
A Functional
-
-
Pragmatic Model of
Pragmatic Model of
Translation Quality Assessment
Translation Quality Assessment
3. Linguistic Description vs. Social
3. Linguistic Description vs. Social
Evaluation in Translation Quality
Evaluation in Translation Quality
Assessment
Assessment
1. Different Approaches to
1. Different Approaches to
Assessing Translation Quality
Assessing Translation Quality
Mentalist
Mentalist
Views
Views
:
:
Global anecdotal judgements such as
Global anecdotal judgements such as
“
“
the translation does justice to the
the translation does justice to the
original
original
”
”
or
or
“
“
the tone of the original
the tone of the original
is lost in the translation
is lost in the translation
”
”
. Revived in
. Revived in
neo
neo
-
-
hermeneutic, subjective
hermeneutic, subjective
interpretations of the worth of a
interpretations of the worth of a
translation
translation
Response
Response
-
-
based Approaches
based Approaches
Behavioristic
Behavioristic
Views
Views
•
•
Tests using
Tests using
behavioral
behavioral
criteria
criteria
(e.g.
(e.g.
intelligibility and
intelligibility and
informativeness
informativeness
)
)
based on the belief that a
based on the belief that a
„
„
good
good
“
“
translation is one that would lead to
translation is one that would lead to
“
“
equivalent responses
equivalent responses
“
“
taken
taken
as
as
yardstick
yardstick
for
for
the
the
quality
quality
of a
of a
translation
translation
•
•
The
The
source
source
text
text
is
is
largely
largely
ignored
ignored
Functionalistic,"Skopos"
Functionalistic,"Skopos"
-
-
Related
Related
Approach
Approach
•
•
The "
The "
skopos
skopos
" of a translation is of
" of a translation is of
overriding importance in evaluating the
overriding importance in evaluating the
translation
translation
•
•
Crucial also: Whether and how target
Crucial also: Whether and how target
culture norms are heeded in a translation
culture norms are heeded in a translation
The translator or more frequently the
The translator or more frequently the
translation brief decides on the function
translation brief decides on the function
which the translation should fulfil in its new
which the translation should fulfil in its new
environment
environment
Text and Discourse Oriented
Text and Discourse Oriented
Approaches
Approaches
Descriptive
Descriptive
Translation
Translation
Studies
Studies
•
•
Translation is evaluated in terms of its
Translation is evaluated in terms of its
forms and functions inside the historically
forms and functions inside the historically
developed systems of the receiving
developed systems of the receiving
culture and literature
culture and literature
•
•
Original
Original
is
is
of
of
subordinate
subordinate
importance
importance
•
•
Main
Main
focus
focus
on
on
"actual translations"
"actual translations"
and
and
the textual phenomena that have come to
the textual phenomena that have come to
be known in the target culture as
be known in the target culture as
characteristic features of translations
characteristic features of translations
Postmodernist and
Postmodernist and
De
De
-
-
constructionist
constructionist
Thinking
Thinking
•
•
Translation practices are examined
Translation practices are examined
from a psycho
from a psycho
-
-
philosophical and socio
philosophical and socio
-
-
political stance
political stance
•
•
Attempts to unmask unequal power
Attempts to unmask unequal power
relations
relations
which
which
may
may
appear
appear
as a
as a
certain skewing in the translation and
certain skewing in the translation and
should be exposed as such
should be exposed as such
Linguistically
Linguistically
-
-
oriented
oriented
Approaches
Approaches
•
•
Relationship between source and
Relationship between source and
translation text taken seriously
translation text taken seriously
•
•
Differ in their capacity to provide
Differ in their capacity to provide
detailed procedures for analysis and
detailed procedures for analysis and
evaluation
evaluation
•
•
Most
Most
promising
promising
:
:
Approaches that stress
Approaches that stress
the inextricable link between context and
the inextricable link between context and
text
text
in
in
translation
translation
•
•
Such a
Such a
view
view
characterises
characterises
the
the
evaluation
evaluation
model
model
by
by
House (1977; 19979
House (1977; 19979
2. A Functional
2. A Functional
-
-
Pragmatic Model
Pragmatic Model
of Translation Evaluation
of Translation Evaluation
Based on a Theory of Translation as Re
Based on a Theory of Translation as Re
-
-
contextualisation
contextualisation
Translation texts are doubly contextually
Translation texts are doubly contextually
bound: To their originals and to the
bound: To their originals and to the
new recipients
new recipients
’
’
contextual conditions.
contextual conditions.
This double linkage is the basis of the
This double linkage is the basis of the
equivalence relation
equivalence relation
–
–
the conceptual
the conceptual
heart of translation
heart of translation
Since appropriate use of language in
Since appropriate use of language in
communicative performance is what
communicative performance is what
matters most in translation, it is
matters most in translation, it is
functional pragmatic equivalence
functional pragmatic equivalence
which is crucial.
which is crucial.
This type of
This type of
equivalence underpins this functional
equivalence underpins this functional
translation model.
translation model.
The model explicates the way semantic,
The model explicates the way semantic,
pragmatic and textual meaning are re
pragmatic and textual meaning are re
-
-
constituted across different contexts.
constituted across different contexts.
Translation is conceived as the
Translation is conceived as the
replacement of an L1 text by a
replacement of an L1 text by a
semantically and pragmatically equivalent
semantically and pragmatically equivalent
L2 text. An adequate translation is then a
L2 text. An adequate translation is then a
pragmatically and semantically equivalent
pragmatically and semantically equivalent
one.
one.
A first requirement for this equivalence is
A first requirement for this equivalence is
that
that
a translation text have a function
a translation text have a function
equivalent to that of its original
equivalent to that of its original
.
.
If we use a concept such as
If we use a concept such as
‘
‘
function
function
’
’
of
of
a text, we must be sure that there are
a text, we must be sure that there are
elements in a text which can reveal a
elements in a text which can reveal a
text
text
’
’
s function.
s function.
Function here is
Function here is
NOT
NOT
identical with
identical with
‘
‘
functions of language
functions of language
’
’
as suggested by
as suggested by
philosophers and linguists such as
philosophers and linguists such as
B
B
ü
ü
hler
hler
,
,
Jakobson
Jakobson
, Ogden and Richards, Popper
, Ogden and Richards, Popper
and many others.
and many others.
Different language functions always co
Different language functions always co
-
-
exist in a text, there is no simple equation
exist in a text, there is no simple equation
of language function and textual type.
of language function and textual type.
The
The
function of a text
function of a text
–
–
with its
with its
ideational and interpersonal components
ideational and interpersonal components
-
-
is simply
is simply
the application of a text in a
the application of a text in a
particular context,
particular context,
and there is a
and there is a
systematic relationship between context
systematic relationship between context
and the functional organization of
and the functional organization of
language
language
-
-
in
in
-
-
text, which can be revealed
text, which can be revealed
by breaking down context into a
by breaking down context into a
manageable set of
manageable set of
‘
‘
contextual
contextual
parameters
parameters
’
’
. To grasp a text
. To grasp a text
’
’
s meaning, it
s meaning, it
must be referred to the particular
must be referred to the particular
‘
‘
context
context
of situation
of situation
’
’
which envelops it
which envelops it
Such a view of function and context
Such a view of function and context
-
-
text
text
underlies the analytic framework of the
underlies the analytic framework of the
model
model
Analytic
Analytic
framework
framework
for
for
analysing
analysing
and
and
comparing
comparing
originals
originals
and
and
translations
translations
Based on
Based on
Hallidayan
Hallidayan
systemic
systemic
-
-
functional
functional
theory
theory
,
,
Prague school linguistics, speech act
Prague school linguistics, speech act
theory, pragmatics, discourse analysis and
theory, pragmatics, discourse analysis and
corpus
corpus
-
-
based distinctions between spoken
based distinctions between spoken
and written language (
and written language (
Biber
Biber
et al 1999)
et al 1999)
Breaking
Breaking
down
down
‚
‚
context
context
of
of
situation
situation
‘
‘
into
into
manageable
manageable
parts
parts
,
,
i.e
i.e
.,
.,
the
the
categories
categories
of
of
Register:
Register:
Field
Field
–
–
Tenor
Tenor
–
–
Mode
Mode
Genre
Genre
„
„
in
in
between
between
“
“
register
register
categories
categories
and
and
the
the
textual
textual
function
function
The analysis of the original results in a
The analysis of the original results in a
text
text
-
-
context profile that reflects the
context profile that reflects the
original text
original text
’
’
s function.
s function.
Crucial in the ensuing comparison of
Crucial in the ensuing comparison of
original and translated texts is whether
original and translated texts is whether
and how this textual function is, or
and how this textual function is, or
indeed can be, maintained. This
indeed can be, maintained. This
critically depends on the type of
critically depends on the type of
translation.
translation.
Two Types of Translation:
Two Types of Translation:
Overt and Covert Translation
Overt and Covert Translation
Overt
Overt
and
and
covert translation
covert translation
are
are
outcomes of
outcomes of
different types of re
different types of re
-
-
contextualisation
contextualisation
. They make
. They make
qualitatively different demands on translation
qualitatively different demands on translation
criticism: overt translation is more straightforward,
criticism: overt translation is more straightforward,
covert more complex
covert more complex
These types resemble Schleiermacher
These types resemble Schleiermacher
’
’
s famous
s famous
distinction between
distinction between
“
“
verfremdende
verfremdende
und
und
einb
einb
ü
ü
rgernde
rgernde
Ü
Ü
bersetzungen
bersetzungen
”
”
(
(
‘
‘
alienating
alienating
’
’
and
and
‘
‘
integrating
integrating
’
’
translations) whose many imitators used different,
translations) whose many imitators used different,
but essentially similar terms
but essentially similar terms
What sets the overt
What sets the overt
-
-
covert distinction apart, is the
covert distinction apart, is the
fact that it is integrated into a coherent theory of
fact that it is integrated into a coherent theory of
translation, within which these terms are explicated.
translation, within which these terms are explicated.
Overt
Overt
translation
translation
Recipients are quite
Recipients are quite
‘
‘
overtly
overtly
’
’
NOT
NOT
directly addressed
directly addressed
Not a
Not a
‘
‘
second original
second original
’
’
Embedded in a new context but still
Embedded in a new context but still
signaling its
signaling its
“
“
foreign
foreign
”
”
origin
origin
Translator
Translator
’
’
s work is visible, translation
s work is visible, translation
a case of
a case of
‘
‘
language mention
language mention
’
’
Enabling L2 members to observe and
Enabling L2 members to observe and
judge the original
judge the original
’
’
s impact
s impact
“
“
from
from
outside
outside
”
”
Overt translation and original are
Overt translation and original are
equivalent at levels of
equivalent at levels of
Language/Text,
Language/Text,
Register, Genre
Register, Genre
But
But
:
:
only
only
second
second
-
-
level
level
functional
functional
equivalence possible: giving new
equivalence possible: giving new
addressees opportunity to appreciate
addressees opportunity to appreciate
original
original
’
’
s function in new guise
s function in new guise
Contextual switch, new speech event
Contextual switch, new speech event
Original
Original
‘
‘
s
s
context
context
however
however
co
co
-
-
activated
activated
-
-
psycholinguistically
psycholinguistically
complex
complex
Covert
Covert
translation
translation
Enjoys status of an original text in a
Enjoys status of an original text in a
new context
new context
Not marked as a translation, case of
Not marked as a translation, case of
‘
‘
language use
language use
’
’
Pragmatically of equal concern for L1
Pragmatically of equal concern for L1
and L2 addressees
and L2 addressees
Recreation
Recreation
of an
of an
equivalent
equivalent
speech
speech
event
event
,
,
reproducing
reproducing
original
original
‘
‘
s
s
function
function
No
No
co
co
-
-
activation
activation
of
of
original
original
‘
‘
s
s
context
context
-
-
psycholingistically
psycholingistically
simpler
simpler
Translator
Translator
‘
‘
s
s
task
task
: to
: to
„
„
betray
betray
“
“
the
the
orginal
orginal
, to
, to
hide
hide
behind
behind
‚
‚
crossing
crossing
‘
‘
and
and
transformation
transformation
Goal:
Goal:
true
true
functional
functional
equivalence
equivalence
Manipulation on
Manipulation on
levels
levels
of
of
Language
Language
/Text
/Text
and
and
Register
Register
Translator
Translator
takes
takes
new
new
context
context
into
into
account
account
:
:
via
via
application
application
of a CULTURAL FILTER
of a CULTURAL FILTER
The
The
‘
‘
Cultural Filter
Cultural Filter
’
’
Construct capturing differences in expectation norms
Construct capturing differences in expectation norms
between recipients in L1 and L2 contexts. Important
between recipients in L1 and L2 contexts. Important
for translation criticism: The nature of cultural filtering
for translation criticism: The nature of cultural filtering
helps differentiate between a covert translation and a
helps differentiate between a covert translation and a
covert version
covert version
Cultural filtering ideally in line with results of empirical
Cultural filtering ideally in line with results of empirical
cross
cross
-
-
cultural research which needs to complement
cultural research which needs to complement
native speaker intuition
native speaker intuition
Example: Research on German
Example: Research on German
-
-
English communicative
English communicative
norms to explain changes in re
norms to explain changes in re
-
-
contextualisation
contextualisation
processes in covert translation
processes in covert translation
The
The
Cultural
Cultural
Filter (German
Filter (German
–
–
English)
English)
The
The
Cultural
Cultural
Filter:
Filter:
Examples
Examples
Sign at Frankfurt Airport at a building site:
Sign at Frankfurt Airport at a building site:
Damit die Zukunft schneller kommt!
Damit die Zukunft schneller kommt!
[Such that the future comes more quickly!]
[Such that the future comes more quickly!]
vs. English translation:
vs. English translation:
We apologize for any inconvenience work on
We apologize for any inconvenience work on
our building site is causing you!
our building site is causing you!
FILM TITLES
FILM TITLES
(Original ENGLISH
(Original ENGLISH
-
-
Backtranslation
Backtranslation
(BT) from GERMAN)
(BT) from GERMAN)
Where are the children?
Where are the children?
----
----
Limitless Suffering of a
Limitless Suffering of a
Mother
Mother
Jack the Bear
Jack the Bear
----
----
My Dad
My Dad
-
-
a totally incredible father
a totally incredible father
The
The
Surrogate
Surrogate
----
----
Murder
Murder
after
after
Birth
Birth
Whatever happened to Aunt Alice
Whatever happened to Aunt Alice
----
----
A widow kills
A widow kills
softly
softly
Silent
Silent
victim
victim
…
…
.
.
Accusation
Accusation
:
:
Abortion
Abortion
Backlash
Backlash
…
…
..The secret of the five graves
..The secret of the five graves
Shadow of the Past
Shadow of the Past
----
----
The corpse in the boot
The corpse in the boot
etc.
etc.
Michel Bond
Michel Bond
’
’
s classic book
s classic book
“
“
A Bear called
A Bear called
Paddington
Paddington
”
”
in German translation
in German translation
“
“
Paddington
Paddington
unser
unser
kleiner
kleiner
B
B
ä
ä
r
r
”
”
An example of massive cultural filtering in
An example of massive cultural filtering in
children
children
’
’
s literature.
s literature.
(Mr Brown offers Paddington some cakes)
(Mr Brown offers Paddington some cakes)
I
I
’
’
m sorry they haven
m sorry they haven
’
’
t any marmalade ones, but these
t any marmalade ones, but these
were the best I could get
were the best I could get
BT
BT
There
There
is
is
nothing
nothing
with
with
marmalade
marmalade
(Paddington in a shop)
(Paddington in a shop)
Mr Gruber took Paddington into his shop and after
Mr Gruber took Paddington into his shop and after
offering him a seat.
offering him a seat.
…
…
.
.
BT Then he pulled the little bear into the shop:
BT Then he pulled the little bear into the shop:
„
„
Sit
Sit
down!
down!
”
”
(Small Talk)
(Small Talk)
“
“
Hallo Mrs Bird
Hallo Mrs Bird
”
”
said Judy
said Judy
“
“
It
It
’
’
s nice to see you again.
s nice to see you again.
How
How
’
’
s the rheumatism?
s the rheumatism?
”
”
“
“
Worse than it
Worse than it
’
’
s ever been
s ever been
”
”
began Mrs Bird
began Mrs Bird
…
…
.
.
(Zero
(Zero
-
-
Realization in the German Translation
Realization in the German Translation
…
…
)
)
CULTURAL FILTERING IN SCIENCE TEXTS
CULTURAL FILTERING IN SCIENCE TEXTS
„
„
HIV
HIV
Vaccines
Vaccines
:
:
Prospects
Prospects
and
and
Challenges
Challenges
“
“
Scientific
Scientific
American
American
,
,
July
July
1998/ BT
1998/ BT
from
from
Spektrum der Wissenschaft
Spektrum der Wissenschaft
,
,
October
October
1998
1998
Most vaccines
Most vaccines
activate what is
activate what is
called the
called the
humoral
humoral
arm of the immune
arm of the immune
system.
system.
Most vaccines
Most vaccines
activate the so
activate the so
-
-
called
called
humoral
humoral
arm of the
arm of the
immune system
immune system
(after Latin
(after Latin
humor
humor
,
,
liquid.
liquid.
Buchbinder, S.
Buchbinder, S.
„
„
Avoiding
Avoiding
Infection
Infection
after
after
HIV
HIV
Exposure
Exposure
“
“
Scientific
Scientific
American
American
July
July
1998;
1998;
Backtranslation
Backtranslation
from
from
German Spektrum der
German Spektrum der
Wissenschaft
Wissenschaft
October
October
1998
1998
„
„
Prevention
Prevention
after
after
HIV
HIV
Contact
Contact
“
“
Treatment may reduce
Treatment may reduce
the chance of
the chance of
contracting HIV
contracting HIV
infection after a risky
infection after a risky
encounter.
encounter.
An immediate
An immediate
treatment after contact
treatment after contact
reduces under certain
reduces under certain
circumstances the
circumstances the
danger that the human
danger that the human
immuno
immuno
-
-
deficiency
deficiency
-
-
virus establishes itself
virus establishes itself
in the body.There is no
in the body.There is no
guarantee for this,
guarantee for this,
moreover new risks
moreover new risks
arise.
arise.
Suppose YOU are a
Suppose YOU are a
doctor in an emergency
doctor in an emergency
room and a patient tells
room and a patient tells
YOU she was raped two
YOU she was raped two
hours earlier. She is
hours earlier. She is
afraid she may have
afraid she may have
been exposed to HIV, the
been exposed to HIV, the
virus that causes AIDS
virus that causes AIDS
but has heard that there
but has heard that there
is a "morning
is a "morning
-
-
after pill"
after pill"
to prevent HIV infection.
to prevent HIV infection.
Can YOU in fact do
Can YOU in fact do
anything to block the
anything to block the
virus from replicating and
virus from replicating and
establishing infection?
establishing infection?
In the emergency room
In the emergency room
of a hospital a patient
of a hospital a patient
reports that she had
reports that she had
been raped two hours
been raped two hours
ago and was now
ago and was now
worrying that she had
worrying that she had
been exposed to the
been exposed to the
AIDS
AIDS
-
-
Virus. She said she
Virus. She said she
had heard that there was
had heard that there was
an "After
an "After
-
-
Pill", which
Pill", which
might prevent an HIV
might prevent an HIV
-
-
infection. Can THE
infection. Can THE
DOCTOR in fact do
DOCTOR in fact do
anything which might
anything which might
prevent potentially
prevent potentially
existing viruses from
existing viruses from
replicating and
replicating and
establishing themselves
establishing themselves
permanently in the body?
permanently in the body?
M.F. Perutz,
M.F. Perutz,
Hemoglobin
Hemoglobin
structure and respiratory
structure and respiratory
transport,
transport,
Scientific American,
Scientific American,
December 1978,
December 1978,
Backtranslated
Backtranslated
from German, February 1979
from German, February 1979
Spektrum
Spektrum
der
der
Wissenschaften
Wissenschaften
Hemoglobin
Hemoglobin
carries
carries
oxygen
oxygen
from
from
the
the
lungs
lungs
to
to
the
the
tissues
tissues
and
and
helps
helps
to
to
transport
transport
carbon
carbon
dioxide
dioxide
back to
back to
the
the
lungs
lungs
.
.
It
It
fulfils
fulfils
this
this
dual
dual
role
role
by
by
clicking
clicking
back and
back and
forth
forth
between
between
two
two
alternative
alternative
structures
structures
.
.
Hemoglobin
Hemoglobin
, the substance responsible for the blood
, the substance responsible for the blood
’
’
s
s
red
red
color
color
, carries oxygen from the lungs to the tissues
, carries oxygen from the lungs to the tissues
and facilitates the
and facilitates the
backtransport
backtransport
of carbon dioxide to
of carbon dioxide to
the lungs. The molecule fulfils this double function
the lungs. The molecule fulfils this double function
because it changes between two structures.
because it changes between two structures.
“
“
Why the
Why the
grass is green and our blood red, are secrets which
grass is green and our blood red, are secrets which
nobody will ever know. In this dim state, poor soul,
nobody will ever know. In this dim state, poor soul,
what will you do?
what will you do?
”
”
(John Donne
(John Donne
“
“
On the soul
On the soul
’
’
s
s
progress
progress
”
”
)
)
David
David
Hounshell
Hounshell
,
,
“
“
Two Paths to the Telephone,
Two Paths to the Telephone,
Scientific American
Scientific American
”
”
, June 1981
, June 1981
As Alexander Graham Bell was developing the
As Alexander Graham Bell was developing the
telephone, Elisha Gray was doing the same. Bell got
telephone, Elisha Gray was doing the same. Bell got
the patent, but the episode is nonetheless an
the patent, but the episode is nonetheless an
instructive example of simultaneous invention.
instructive example of simultaneous invention.
Back
Back
Translation
Translation
from
from
German
German
„
„
The
The
Race
Race
for
for
the
the
Telephone
Telephone
Patent
Patent
“
“
, Spektrum der Wissenschaft,
, Spektrum der Wissenschaft,
August 1981.
August 1981.
Independent of
Independent of
each
each
other
other
Alexander Graham Bell
Alexander Graham Bell
and
and
Elisha
Elisha
Gray
Gray
handed
handed
in
in
nearly
nearly
identical
identical
construction
construction
plans
plans
for
for
a
a
telephone
telephone
in 1976
in 1976
–
–
but
but
only
only
Bell
Bell
received
received
the
the
patent and
patent and
became
became
rich
rich
and
and
famous
famous
.
.
Gray on the other hand had misjudged the
Gray on the other hand had misjudged the
importance of his invention and had moreover been
importance of his invention and had moreover been
badly advised.
badly advised.
Over and above distinguishing
Over and above distinguishing
between two translation types, the
between two translation types, the
model also distinguishes between
model also distinguishes between
translations and versions
translations and versions
Versions result from a deliberate
Versions result from a deliberate
turning away from the original
turning away from the original
Re
Re
-
-
evaluation, often outright
evaluation, often outright
renunciation of the original
renunciation of the original
New purposes are superimposed on
New purposes are superimposed on
a translation
a translation
Overt version
Overt version
A special function is explicitly, overtly
A special function is explicitly, overtly
added to a translation text
added to a translation text
(
(
e.g
e.g
.
.
special
special
editions
editions
for
for
children
children
)
)
The
The
„
„
translation
translation
”
”
is given a special added
is given a special added
purpose (
purpose (
e.g
e.g
.
.
resum
resum
é
é
s
s
,
,
abstracts
abstracts
)
)
Covert
Covert
version
version
Manipulation of original text:
Manipulation of original text:
Translator
Translator
has
has
applied
applied
cultural
cultural
filter
filter
randomly
randomly
3. Linguistic Description vs. Social
3. Linguistic Description vs. Social
Evaluation in Translation Quality
Evaluation in Translation Quality
Assessment
Assessment
Crucial difference between (linguistic)
Crucial difference between (linguistic)
analysis and (social) judgment
analysis and (social) judgment
The functional
The functional
-
-
pragmatic approach
pragmatic approach
outlined here focuses on the make
outlined here focuses on the make
-
-
up of
up of
texts rather than on vague categories
texts rather than on vague categories
such as
such as
intuitions
intuitions
,
,
opinions
opinions
,
,
beliefs
beliefs
Evaluative judgments of a translation
Evaluative judgments of a translation
depend on a multitude of factors
depend on a multitude of factors
One important factor is that they
One important factor is that they
emanate from the analytic,
emanate from the analytic,
comparative process of linguistic
comparative process of linguistic
translation criticism
translation criticism
Two methodological steps:
Two methodological steps:
1. L
1. L
inguistic
inguistic
-
-
textual
textual
intersubjectively
intersubjectively
verifiable
verifiable
analysis, description, explanation, and
analysis, description, explanation, and
comparison
comparison
2. V
2. V
alue
alue
judgments, social, personal and ethical
judgments, social, personal and ethical
questions of socio
questions of socio
-
-
political and psychological
political and psychological
relevance, ideological stance or individual taste
relevance, ideological stance or individual taste
To
To
judge
judge
is
is
easy
easy
, to
, to
understand
understand
less
less
so. To
so. To
take
take
the
the
second
second
step
step
before
before
the
the
first
first
one
one
is
is
therefore
therefore
tempting
tempting
.
.
However
However
,
,
if
if
translation
translation
criticism
criticism
is
is
to
to
be
be
compatible
compatible
with
with
accepted
accepted
scientific
scientific
procedure
procedure
,
,
2
2
had
had
better
better
follow
follow
1....
1....