NH
2
H C
OC
NH
Ribose- P
H
2
2
C
OC
Ribose- P
NH
H
2
C
NH
Ribose-
P
CHO
N
=
N
N
CH
C
C
H
N
H
2
Ribose- P
N
N
CH
C
C
N
H
2
Ribose- P
OC
HN
N
N
CH
C
C
Ribose- P
C
H N
2
N
N
CH
C
C
N
H
2
Ribose- P
OOC
PURINE METABOLISM
-
-
OOCCHCH
COO
2
N
O
CH O-
2
P
H H H
H
OH OH
OH
O
CH O-
2
P
H H H
H
OH OH
O- P-O-P
O
CH O-
2
P
H H H
H
OH OH
orororO
CH O-
2
P
H H H H
OH OH
NH
COCH NH
2
2
O
N
C
C
N
CH
C
C
C
Ribose
Ribose
Ribose-P
Ribose
C
N
H
HN
Ribose-P
N
C
C
N
CH
C
C
C
Ribose-P
C
N
H
HN
C
C
C
N
CH
C
C
C
C
H
HN
H
NH
2
NH
2
N
N
CH
C
C
C
N
N
CH
C
C
N
H
HN
N
N
CH
C
C
C
O
N
N
CH
C
C
Ribose- P
C
N
H
HN
ATP AMP
Glutamate
H O
2
PP
ATP ADP+P
Formyl-
H
4
folate
Gln
ATP
H O
2
ADP
Pi Glu
Aspartate
ATP
ADP
P
i
CO
2
OOCCHCH
COO
2
-
-
-
Fumarate
Formyl-
H4folate
H4folate
C
Glutamine
Glycine
-
NH
2
5-amino-1-(P-ribosyl)-
5-amino-1-(5-P-ribosyl)
imidazole-4-carboxylate
5-amino-1-(5-P-ribosyl-)
-4-(N)-[1,2-dicarboxyethyl]-
5-P-Ribosylamine
5-P-ribosyl-
pyrophosphate
(PRPP)
5-P-ribose
-
-
-OOCCHCH
2COO
-
NH
3
+
Aspartate
GTP
GDP
P
i
H N
2
O
ATP
ADP
Pi
Inosine-P
IMP
Adenylosuccinate
ADENINE
ADENOSINE
INOSINE
=
De novo
SYNTHESIS
N
+
N
2.7.6.1
2.4.2.14
2.1.2.2
6.3.4.13
6.3.5.3
6.3.3.1
4.1.1.21
6.3.2.6
4.3.2.2
2.1.2.3
(2SH)
(S-S)
Thioredoxin
NADPH+H
NADP
+
+
1.6.4.5
ADP
GDP
GMP
GDP
GTP
AMP
ADP
ATP
N
C
C
N
CH
C
C
C
H
H
H H
H
O
H H
P-O-CH
2
NH
2
H
N
N
C
C
C
N
C
C
C
H
H H H
O
H H
H
OH
OH
2
N
NH
2
N
N
DeoxyGTP
Th
ioredoxin
H
4
folate
NH
NH
CHO
O
O
P-O-P-O-P-OCH2
GUANOSINE
N
C
N
CH
C
C
C
H
H
H H
H
O
H H
OH
P- O-CH
2
N
NH 2
H
N
N
N
N
C
C
C
O
O
N
N
C
C
C
C
N
H
H
HN
C
C
C
N
N
N
CH
C
C
Ribose
C
N
N
N
H
NH
2
HYPOXANTHINE
Deoxy-ATP
N
N
CH
C
C
C
O
N
N
CH
C
C
C
N
HN
N
N
CH
C
C
C
O
N
N
CH
C
C
C
N
HN
=
O
XANTHOSINE
XANTHINE
H
H
H N
2
C
C
C
N
C
N
CH
C
C
C
N
N
C
N
H
H
H H
H
H
OO
H H
H
OH
OH
P- -P- -P-
O
O
O-CH
2
P- -P- -P-
O
O
O-CH
2
O
H N
2
C
C
O
C
C
HN
C
C
C
N
CH
C
C
HN
C
H
H H
H
H
OO
H
H
H H
H
OH
OH
P- -P- -P-
O
O
O-CH
2
P- -P- -P-
O
O
O-CH
2
H
H
O
Thioredoxin
(2SH)
Thioredoxin
(S-S)
NADPH+H
NADP
+
+
1.17.4.1
1.6.4.5
H N
2
C
C
O
C
C
N
HN
C
C
C
N
C
C
N
HN
C
N
H
H
H H
H
H
OO
H
H
H H
OH
OH
P- -P-
O
O-CH
2
-P-
O
O-CH
2
H
H
O
H N
2
CH
C
C
CH
C
C
N
CH
C
C
C
C
N
CH
CH
C
C
N
C
N
N
H
H H
H
H
H
OO
H
H H
OH
OH
-P-
O
O-CH
2
--
O
O-CH
2
HN
P-
GUANINE
P
U
R
IN
E
E
X
C
R
E
T
IO
N
2H O
2
O
2
H O
2
2
CO
2
Marine
Sharks,
amphibia
Teleost (bony) fish
Other Mammals
Primates, birds
reptiles insects
1.7.3.3
1.1.3.22
C
C
C
C=O
C
C
C
N
H
=
C
N
H
H
N
H
O
O
C
C
C
C=O
C
C
C
N
H
=
O
N
H
H
2
O
H
2
O
H
H
O
O
N
C
C
C
C
C
N
H
=
O
H
H
O
H N
2
N
C=O
NH
2
N
H N
2
C
C
C
C
=
O
H N
2
C=O
NH
2
NH
2
NH
2
Glyoxylate
2 Urea
Allantoic acid
Allantoin
Ammonia
URIC ACID
COOH
CHO
3.5.1.5.
3.5.3.4
3.5.3.4
2CO
2
2H
2
O
N
N
CH
C
C
Ribose- P
C
H N
2
O
5-formamido-1-(5-P-ribosyl)-
imidazole-4-carboxamide
H
2
O
DNA
RNA
O
N
CH
C
C
C
N
CH
C
C
C
H
H H H
O
H H
H
OH
OH
2
N
NH
2
N
N
O
P-O-P-O-P-OCH2
CH
C
C
C
N
CH
C
C
C
H H
O
H
H
H
OH
OH
2
NH
2
NH
2
N
O
P-OCH2
H N
2
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
N
CH
C
C
C
C
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
H
2
N
C
C
C
O
C
C
C
N
H
C
C
C
O
N
CH
C
C
C
C
N
=
O
N
N
CH
C
C
C
O
N
N
CH
C
C
C
N
HN
N
N
CH
C
C
C
N
N
CH
C
C
C
N
HN
=
O
N
N
C
C
C
O
N
N
C
C
C
HN
N
N
C
C
C
O
O
O
O
O
O
N
N
CH
C
C
C
C
HN
H
2
O
H
2
O
H
2
O
H
2
O
H2O
H
2
O
H
2
O
H
2
O
H
2
O
H
2
O
H
2
O
H
2
O
P
i
P
i
P
i
P
i
P
i
PPi
PPi
PRPP
PRPP
Ribose-1-P
P
i
P
i
P
i
Ribose-1-P
Ribose-1-P
Ribose-1-P
NH
4
+
NH
4
+
NH
4
+
NH
4
+
NH
4
+
ATP
ADP
NAD
+
NADH+H
+
NTP
NDP
Fumarate
H2O2
H2O2
O
2
O2
C
ATP
ATP
ATP
ADP
ADP
AMP
PP
i
2.7.4.6
2.7.4.3
1.17.4.1
3.5.4.6
1.1.1.205
2.4.2.1
2.4.2.1
2.4.2.1
2.4.2.1
3.1.3.31
3.1.3.31
3.1.3.31
3.1.3.31
2.7.4.8
3.5.4.4
3.5.4.2
1.1.3.22
1.1.3.22
3.5.4.3
3.5.4.15
2.7.4.6
ATP
ADP
2.7.4.6
2.7.7.6
2.7.7.6
2.7.7.7
2.7.7.7
RNAn+1
RNAn+1
DNAn+1
DNAn+1
DNAn
DNAn
RNAn
RNAn
2.4.2.8
SA
LV
AG
E
S
A
L
V
A
G
E
PPi
PRPP
N
U
C
L
E
O
T
ID
E
T
R
IP
H
O
S
P
H
A
T
E
S
N
U
C
L
E
O
T
ID
E
D
IP
H
O
S
P
H
A
T
E
S
N
U
C
L
E
O
T
ID
E
S
N
U
C
L
E
O
S
ID
E
S
P
U
R
IN
E
B
A
S
E
S
c
2001 IUBMB
d
e
n
o
vo
B
IO
S
Y
N
T
H
E
S
IS
invertebrates
4NH
4
+
4.3.2.2
S
A
L
V
A
G
E
N
N
C
O
HN
N
N
N
CH
N
CH
N
N
CH
C
C
C
C
N
N
N
N
N
C
N
N
N
N
HN
N
H
HN
OHC
N
H
C
C
H
2
O
Glutamine
Glutamate
6.3.4.1
COOH
N1-(5-P-ribosyl)glycinamide
N2-formyl-N1-(5-P-ribosyl)
glycinamide
2-(formamido)-N1-
(5-P-ribosyl)acetamidine
5-amino-1-(5-P-ribosyl)-
imidazole-4-carboxamide
or
3.5.4.10
imidazole
carboxamide
imidazole
PU
R
IN
E
NU
CL
EO
TID
E C
YCLE
TCA
CYCLE
(M
usc
le)
H
H
3.2.2.7 Adenosine nucleosidase
3.5.1.5
Urease
3.5.3.4
Allantoicase
3.2.2.1 Purine nucleosidase
3.2.2.2 Inosine Nucleosidase
3.2.2.4
AMP nucleosidase
3.5.4.2 Adenine deaminase
3.5.4.3 Guanine deaminase
3.5.4.4 Adenosine deaminase
3.5.4.6 AMP deaminase
3.5.4.10 IMP cyclohydrolase
3.5.4.15 Guanosine deaminase
4.1.1.21
ribosylaminoimidazole carboxylase
P-
4.3.2.2 Adenylosuccinate lyase
6.3.2.6
ribosylaminoimidazolesuccino-
P-
carboxamide synthase
6.3.3.1
ribosylformylglycinamidine cyclo-ligase
P-
6.3.4.1 GMP synthase
6.3.4.13
ribosylamine-glycine ligase
P-
6.3.5.3
ribosylformylglycinamidine synthase
P-
ENZYMES
.
.
1.1.1.1.205 IMP dehydrogenase
1.1.3.22 Xanthine oxidase
1.17.4.1 Ribonucleoside-diphosphate Reductase
1.6.4.5
Thioredoxin reductase(NADPH)
1.6.6.8 GMP reductase
1.7.3.3
2.1.2.2
ribosylglycinamide formyl-transferase
P-
2.1.2.3
ribosylaminoimidazolecarboxamide
P-
formyltransferase
2.4.2.1 Purine-nucleoside phosphorylase
2.4.2.7 Adenine Phosphoribosyltransferase
-2.4.2.14 Amidophosphoribosyltransferase
2.7.1.15 Ribokinase
2.7.6.1 Ribose-phosphate pyrophosphokinase
2.7.4.3
Adenylate kinase
2.7.4.8 Guanylate
2.7.4.4 Nucleoside- P kinase
2.7.4.6 Nucleoside-diphosphate kinase
3.1.3.5 5í-Nucleotidase
3.1.3.31 Nucleotidase
2.4.2.8 Hy poxanthine P-ribos yltrans feras e
Urate oxidase
1.17 .4.1 Ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase
2.7.4.11 (Deoxy) adenylate
kinase
kinase
2.7.7.6 DNA-directed RNA polymerase
2.7.7.7 DNA-directed DNA polymerase
GDP
GMP
GTP
XMP
DeoxyGDP
ATP
ADP
H
Deoxy-ADP
AMP