Gramatyka historyczna 25-01-2012
| Old English | French |
|---|---|
| leod | People |
| Stow | place |
| wlitig | Beautiful |
| Eam | uncle |
| andian | To envy |
| aebeling | nobleman |
English French
Breakfast (compound from break and fast (post)) dinner, supper
Town, house, hall village, city, palace
Most parts of the body face, voice
Humbler crafts: baker, miller carpenter; draper, mason
King, queen, lord prince, count,
Swine/pig, ox, sheep pork, beef, mutton, venison(sarnina)-french
We pronounce breakfast, not breikfast, because of cluster shortening – if there are two vowels and two consonants, in the result of this process one vowel is shortened. (long vowel become short in front of two consonants). It can tell us about many irregularities in English, which result from this process.
Sheep and shepherd Sheep was originally sze:p, GVS changed it into szi:p, shepherd is the result of cluster shortening
| English | French |
|---|---|
| shut | close |
| wish | Desire |
| Room | Chamber |
| English (popular) | French (literary) | Latin (learned) |
|---|---|---|
| rise | mount | ascend |
| fast | firm | Secure |
| ask | question | Interrogate |
French spoken on the British Isles was not Parisian French. In Fact it was Norman French. Parisian French was treated as more prestigious and people preferred to speak it, rather than Norman.
Catel> cattle chattel>chattel(s) (‘property’)
Direct translations (kalki językowe): take leave, draw near, come to a hand, hand to hand, on the point, by heart.
New adjectival suffixes : -ent/-ant, -al, -ous, -ive, -able/-ible, -ary,: adjacent, incumbent, legal, individual, nervous, lucrative, incredible, necessary
The Peterborough Chronicle – transitional period of OE into Middle English. The last version of the Anglo-Saxon chronicle.
Different vowels, like a,o,u changes into e, or is lost. This process is called the levelling of inflectional endings different inflectional endings of OE became ‘e’. This ending didn’t matter. IT’S ONE OF THE MOST IMPORTANT CHANGES IN ENGLISH. In the result of this progress, the word order has to be fixed (S+V+O).
Middle English spelling
Anglo-Norman innovations:
OE <cw> was replaced by <qu> (queen)
<ht> by <ght> as in night
<c> pronounced /tsz/ was replaced by <ch> as in church, child
<sc> /sz/ was replaced by <sh> (scip>ship)
<hw> <wh> (hwi>why)
The sound u: was indicated by <ou>, as in house. Some of the graphemes changed their distribution. The most significant cases are:
The replacement of <c> by <k> in front of <I, e, n, l> to avoid a succession of downstrokes which could have been produced by <c> in this position, and the use of <o> in place of <u> before <m, n, v, w> for the same reason (kepe, kille, kinde, care, monk, come).
Munc (munuc)
Middle English consonants – on eof the most development was the changed of the states of voiced fricatives from allophones to phonemes
Voiced fricatives appeared initially and finally, voiceless fricatives in the middles. originally. V and Z initially appeared in the borrowings from French. [th-voiced] is initially in demonstratives, articles, but only in such, no in normal Nouns, Verbs, etc. At the end of words (connected with the loss of inflectional ending) like in Love (originally lufian). Voiceless fricatives appealing in the middle of the words. Its connected with degonimation (shortening of consonants). Pyffan puff
Dropping and the velar fricative
/hw/ changed into voiceless labio-velra spirant / / written <wh> (which vs. witch), Wales vs. whales
/x/ either merged with /f/ e.g., dwerh>dwarf, enough, tough, or was lost (the palatal c does not become /f/): bright, night, knight
Metathesis –
Deletion of /w/ before non-low back vowel. Suster<sweostor, such<swylc, so<swa, sword, answer
Swa (so, so; such as) so. What happened?
Swa:swo: (raising)
Swo: so: (loss of w)
So: seu (so) - GVS