The History of Great Britain Chapter Three The English Renaissance


THE HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN

CHAPTER THREE - THE ENGLISH RENAISSANCE

TUDOR MONARCHS - 1485 - 1603

HENRY VII (1485-1509)

HENRY VIII (1509-1547) - the eldest surviving son of Henry VII

EDWARD VI (1547-1553) - the only son of Henry VIII and Jane Seymour

MARY I (1553-1558) - a daughter of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon

ELIZABETH I (1558-1603) - a daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn

The Tudors were concerned with building their own public image through propaganda of success. They boasted of their achievements and carefully constructed public relations to build a myth of a monarch who is beloved and admired by his people.

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HENRY VII (1485-1509) was the first Tudor.

COURT OF THE STAR CHAMBER - set up by Henry VII to deal with the misdemeanours of Lords who broke law. Its main aim was to bring to trial and punish all nobles who broke the laws.

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HENRY VIII (1509-1547) was the eldest surviving son of Henry VII and was appointed by his father the Prince of Wales.

ACT OF SUPREMACY - a parliamentary act issued in 1534 that established Henry VIII in place of the Pope as Supreme Head of the Church of England. It gave him control over all ecclesiastical appointments, income and doctrine. The measure was repealed by Mary I. Another Act of Supremacy, passed in 1559, made Elizabeth I supreme governor of the Church of England.

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THOMAS CROMWELL (c. 1485-1540) - Henry VIII's closer adviser who presided over the separation of the English Church from Rome. He dissolved monasteries and declared the marriage with Catherine null and void. Cromwell's reforms produced the true Privy Council. He hoped for a Protestant alliance for England and secured a Protestant wife for Henry, Anne of Cleves. However, Henry VIII soon came to detest her and that led to the execution of Cromwell.

CHURCH OF ENGLAND - a national church established during the Reformation. It retained its medieval organisation but lacked a firm confession of faith. The Head of the Church of England until today is the monarch.

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EDWARD VI (1547-1553) was the only son of Henry VIII and Jane Seymour.

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MARY I (1553-1558) was a daughter of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon.

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ELIZABETH I (1558-1603) was a daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn, and stepsister of Mary I.

ARMADA - an large Spanish fleet of ships and tens of thousands of soldiers sent with the blessing of the Pope to:

Philip II of Spain made himself the champion of Roman Catholicism and co-operated with Mary Queen of Scots. He wanted to destroy Protestantism and revenge the death of Mary Queen of Scots, who had been executed. Other causes included:

ELIZABETHAN THEATRE - its establishment was a cultural achievement of the age.

BRITISH EAST INDIA COMPANY - a massive export company that was the force behind much of the colonization of India.

Tudor reign was a great artistic period during which art, literature and politics flowered under the influence of Greek and Roman models. Many artists, the majority of whom were Protestants from the Netherlands and Germany, were invited. Among them were: Hans Holbein Younger and Anton van Dyke.

Literacy increased, and by the seventeenth century half the population could read and write. More and more books were also printed by William Caxton at Westminster.

Negative aspects of the Tudor reign include:

The Tudors were ruthless in dealing with challenges to the monarchy. However, they moved England from a medieval society to one with an international standing where royal power was strengthened by the break with Rome.

MONOPOLY - a market dominated by a single producer or trader. Monopolies in trade were granted to companies to regulate trade, to raise revenue, and very often to favour individuals. Monopolies were abolished by Parliament in 1601.

ENCLOSURES OF LAND - extensive enclosure, especially for sheep farming in the sixteenth century, causing considerable social unrest. Food demands of a growing population caused more enclosures in the second half of the eighteenth century. By 1815 almost all usable farming land was enclosed.

THE REFORMATION

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REFORMATION:

Reasons for Reformation:

REFORMATION UNDER HENRY VIII

After 20 years of marriage to Catherine of Aragon, Henry VIII decide to divorce her because she did not give him a son. He instructed Cardinal Thomas Wolsey to petition Pope Clement VII for annulment of his marriage. However, the Pope refused, and Henry VIII reacted by forcing Wolsey to resign as Lord Chancellor and replaced him with Thomas More. Initially, More was devoted to Henry VIII, but when the King bean to deny the authority of the Pope, his worries grew.

1531 - Henry VIII claimed jurisdiction over the English Church for himself, and this marks beginning of Henrician Reformation.

1532 - Archbishop of Canterbury and seven other bishops signed the Submission of the Clergy.

1534 - Act of Supremacy was passed. It was a parliamentary act that established Henry VIII in place of the Pope as Supreme Head of the Church of England. It gave him control over all ecclesiastical appointments, income and doctrine.

1536 - Henry VIII ordered the DISSOLUTION OF MONASTERIES and marked the disappearance of the monastic system. Dissolution was organised by Tomas Cromwell. Its consequences were:

The Dissolution of Monasteries was the greatest act of official destruction.

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PIGRIMAGE OF GRACE were a series of risings against Henry VIII during 1536-7 as a protest against the dissolution of the smaller monasteries.

1536 - Ten Articles were introduced. They were the official doctrine showing a measure of compromise with Lutheran theology. According to them:

1537 - Cromwell ordered all the main prayers to be translated into English and the English Bible appeared.

1538 - Cromwell issued Injunctions.

1539 - Six Articles - they reflected Henry VIII's conservatism in religion. They reimposed strict catholic orthodoxy in with the papal supremacy was replaced with the king's authority.

REFORMATION UNDER EDWARD VI

Under Edward VI reign England turned into a Protestant country.

1549 - Act of Uniformity

1552 - Second Act of Uniformity

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BOOK OF COMMON PRAYER was the prayer book of the Church of England which was one of the instruments of the Protestant Reformation in England. It replaced the various Latin rites, which had been used in different parts of the country, with a single compact volume in English. First produced in 1549, it was drastically revised in 1552 and more subtly changed in 1559 and 1662.

THOMAS CRANMER (1489-1556) was Archbishop of Canterbury and Edward VI's chief advisor. One of more radical reformers who introduced Protestantism into the English Church. He was largely responsible for the two Books of Common Prayer. After Mary I's succession, he was burnt at the stake.

REFORMATION UNDER MARY I

Mary I was determined to restore the Catholic faith to England and its involved both her foreign and domestic policies. Under her pressure, Parliament passed an act reestablishing papal authority and undoing the Edwarian Reformation. England became reconciled with Rome.

1554 - The Injunction required all bishops to:

1555 - Mary I ordered religious persecutions of Protestants. These were really cruel acts and earned Mary I an infamous nickname Bloody Mary.

REFORMATION UNDER ELIZABETH I

1558 - Elizabeth I ascended the throne. Then Act of Supremacy was passed again and Elizabeth I was made Head of the Church of England. Once again:

Elizabeth I rejected the extreme Protestantism of Edward VI and the Roman Catholicism of Queen Mary. She strove to establish a church with an elastic doctrine to satisfy the major of her subject. However, political events prevented her from achieving this aim.

1572 - Elizabeth was excommunicated by Pope Pius V and all Catholics urged to help in her deposition. In response to this, she declare every Catholic priest in England to be a traitor Parliament, where Puritans were the majority, passed serve laws against Roman Catholics.

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PURITANS were members of the radical Protestant movement in England during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. The term covers a range of doctrines and attitudes and never had a precise definition. They identified with the parliamentary opposition to the monarchy and allied themselves with Scottish Presbyterianism in order to resist the bishops. They emphasised:

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JESUITS were members of the Society of Jesus, founded by St Ignatius Loyola in 1534 to promote Roman Catholicism and oppose heresy. They were implicated in plots to place Mary Queen of Scots on the English throne and were even involved in a gunpowder plot. Thus, successive attempts were made to expel them and they suffered under the penal laws against Catholics.

Elizabeth I's Royal injunctions demanded:

OVERSEAS EXPANSION

The XIV and XV centuries were a period of great discoveries. It was also a time of growing national imperialism and economic competition between developing states, including Britain. They sought wealth and thus were concerned with the establishment of trade routes and colonies.

GREAT EXPLORERS:

Henry VII established the modem English merchant marine system and founded the modem English navy, the Royal Navy. Now shipbuilding was expanded, docks were built and lighthouses were constructed to facilitate coastal navigation. Henry VIII also sponsored the voyages of the Italian mariner John Cabot.

Elizabeth I, like her father, promoted Atlantic explorations by English sailors such as Sir Francis Drake and Sir Walter Raleigh. Under her reign:

However, these colonies proved to be short-lived and had to be abandoned due to food shortages, severe weather and hostile encounters with Indians.

The first English settlement in North America was Jamestown established in 1604 on the James River in Virginia. Both the river and the new settlement were named after King James I, who ascended to the English throne after Elizabeth I.

Elizabeth I also encouraged trade, especially with the Netherlands, and had many trading companies in India, America and Africa established. England traded mainly in slaves and spices and soon became a trading power. The defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588. during the Anglo-Spanish war, put an end to Spanish dominance in sea expansion and strengthened England's position as a major naval power, too. This all led to Britain's colonial growth in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries.

SUMMARY

The reign of the Tudors began in 1485 after the Battle of Bosworth. Among the Tudor Monarchs were: Henry VII, Henry VIII, Edward VI, Mary I and Elizabeth I.

Henry VII, who was born in XV-th century, filled up the royal coffers because he wanted to got the country out of the economic crisis resultant from the War of the Roses. He spent the money mainly on a fleet of merchant ships, modern weapons or to erected Richmond Palace. To avoid anti-English feelings in Wales, he appointed many Welshmen and gave them land. He Was succeeded by his son, who is best known for his tract “Fidei Defensor”. By the Act of Supremacy he was made Supreme Head of the Church of England.

The Dissolution of Monasteries started. It had many consequences, namely: the Treasury grew three times bigger, capitalisation of the countryside, commercialisation of agriculture and enclosure of land. A series of risings against destroying monasteries followed. These were known as Pilgrimage of Grace. The church liturgy did not change much. However, the Bible was translated into English and was from now on to be available to everyone. Henry VIII did not like the changes and the Six Articles were passed which reimposed strict Catholicism. To avoid the spread of heresy, Henry VIII restricted the reading Bible to only upper class men and women.

Edward VI was too young to rule on his own. One of his Protectors was Edward Seymour who wanted England to become a truly Protestant country. The main breakthrough that took place under the king's short reign was the introduction of First Book of Common Prayer. The language of the church was now English. The Second Act of Uniformity imposed in 1552 introduced a more Protestant liturgy.

Mary I was the daughter of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragorn. She was brought up in France and was married to Philip II of Spain. Her ambition was to restore the Catholic faith to England. Under her reign war with France broke out. That campaign turned out to be disastrous for England as Calais was lost to France in 1558. The Queen was called “Bloody Marry” because of her cruel executions of Protestants.

Elizabeth I was much like her father. Like him, she was made her court the centre of arts and humanist studies and once again England strengthened its royal power by break with Rome. Now, England became vulnerable to a Catholic invasion from Scotland or Jesuit. The Queen's ambition was to restore a moderate form of her father's Anglicanism. However, she failed to achieve it. There were many Catholic plots and Elizabeth I suspected her cousin Mary Stuart, Queen of Scots, to be implicated in them so she had her executed in 1587. After her excommunication, Elizabeth I regarded all Catholic priest in England to be traitors and that is why many Puritans' bills were passed. Many of Jesuits were forced to go into exile.

In 1588 the English defeated of the Spanish fleet, Armada in 1588. Now the balance of power changed and England became a great European sea power. The country was also emerging as a trading and colonial power. It was possible because ___ and ___. Another thing was that Elizabeth I encouraged her traders and explorers to settle in newly discovered places. The two famous explorers of those times were: Sir Francis Drake and Sir Walter Raleigh.

Elizabeth I needed money to fight expensive wars with Spain and France and quite often she raised it in a dishonest way by selling of monopolies and official posts.

A cultural achievement of Elizabethan reign was Elizabethan Theatre, which provided a new kind of entertainment. Her death in 1603 marks the end of Tudor rule.

DATES:

DATES

1485 - Henry VII become King.

1487 - Court of the Star Chamber

1498 - Christopher Columbus discovered America.

1499 - 1502 - Amerigi Vespucci explored the east coast of South America.

1509 - Henry VIII become King.

1517 - the beginning of Reformation launched by Luther's theses at Wittenberg.

1531 - the beginning of Henrician Reformation

1532 - Submission of Clergy

1534 - Act of Supremacy - Henry VIII was made the Supreme Head of the Church of England.

1534 - Wales jointed to England under one administration.

1536 - Dissolution of the Monasteries

1536-1537 - Pilgrimage of Grace

1536 - Ten Articles

1537 - the English Bible appeared and all the main prayers to be translated into English

1538 - Tomas Cromwell issued Injurisdiction

1539 - Six Articles

1547 - Edward VI become King.

1549 - Act of Uniformity - the First Book of Common Prayer

1552 - Second Act of Uniformity - the Second Book of Common Prayer

1553 - Mary I become Queen.

1554 - the Injuction

1555 - Mary I ordered religious persecutions of Protestants.

1558 - England lost Calais - its last possession in France

1558 - Elizabeth become Queen.

1558 - Act of Supremacy was passed again.

1572 - Elizabeth I was excommunicated by Pope Pius V.

1588 - Elizabeth defeated of the Spanish Armada.

1601 - Parliament abolished monopolies.



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