Appendix C

Glossary—Esperanto to English

First off, it must be stated that this glossary owes a great deal to Montagu C. Butler’s Esperanto-English
Dictionary

, although it is much less complete and even less detailed (but free...). The following

representation is used for varying levels of acceptability of words: Words listed in the Fundamento are
listed in roman type, with no sign; words used in the Fundamento, but not listed in the Universala Vortaro
thereof are in a typewriter style, with no sign; words in an Oficiala Aldono are in italics, with no sign;
and unofficial words are starred. Words upon which the author frowns are marked with two stars. This
system was adopted with the aim of greater conformity with general conventions in linguistics and of the
avoidance of excessive capitalization. Esperanto words enclosed within parentheses are optional, and square
brackets are used to close off general comments, especially those which refer the reader to words other than
those which are being defined within the definition in which the comment is found. Words that are
capitalized are uniformly proper nouns.

Abbreviations

tr

transitive

den.

denotes

nt

intransitive

tn

-tion

vb

verb

rt

root

s.t.

something

i.t.s.o.

in the sense of

s.o.

someone

etc.

see some other dictionary...

clt

correlative

k

kaj

sfx

suffix

abs

absolute (tr vb used w/o object)

pfx

prefix

aux

auxiliary (used with an infinitive)

us.

used

obj

object

intj

interjection

wrt

with respect to

adv

adverb

adj

adjective

conj

conjunction

prep

preposition

q.v.

which see

Cp

compare

w/

with

w/o

without

<

from

>

to

It is hoped that any other abbreviations which are met will be understandable from context. Most
one-letter abbreviations refer to the main words in the English translation.

43

44

APPENDIX C. GLOSSARY—ESPERANTO TO ENGLISH

Esperanto-English

abon/i tr subscribe to. ∼o, -ption.
absolut

/a absolute, unconditional. ∼e, -ly.

-aˆ

c- pejorative sfx, den. disparagemnt, contempt, dislike:

abominable, odious.

aˆ

cet/i tr buy, purchase.

-ad- (sfx den. Action) 1. -ADO, adds the idea of actn

w/ noun rt. 1. -ADO, w/ vb rt den. actn in general
2. -ADI, continued, habitual, or repeated actn of vb

ADRES

/o address. ∼i, tr a., direct, send.

afer/o affair: object, thing; business, concern, matter.
*Afrik/o Africa. ∼ano, African.
ag/i nt act, behave. ∼o, act, deed. ∼ado, action.

∼(em)a, -ive, energetic.

aˆ

g/o age; epoch, generation, period.

ajn particle den. indefiniteness, used w/ correlatives: k-

t ajn, wh-ever. i- t ajn, any-. ˆ

c- t ajn, absolutely

every-. neni- t ajn, no- at all.

-aˆ- (den. concrete idea.) thing; concrete manifestation

of; meat of; material.

akcept/i tr accept, take; take what is offered; adopt;

admit, agree to; acquiesce in; welcome; honor,
undertake (an office). ∼o -ance.

akir/i tr acquire, gain, get. ∼aˆo, -sition. ∼ebla,

obtainable.

akompan/i accompany (phys. or mus.). ∼(aˆ)o,

-iment, ∼anto, companion. ∼isto, -ist.

akr/a sharp, keen. mal∼a, blunt, dull.
akt/o act (theatrical, legal).
aktual/a present-(day), current, immediate. ∼e, just

now.

akv/o water; liquid of similar appearance. ∼(um)i,

water. ∼e, w-logged.

al (prep) to, towards. Den. approach; dir., aim; relatn;

etc.

ali/a other; different. ∼(aˆ)o, s.t. else. ∼eco, d-ence.

∼e, o-wise. ∼ulo, another person.

almena˘

u (adv ) at least; merely (i.t.s.o. at the very

least).

alt/a high, tall. (Vertically or in greatness). ∼e, -ly, on

high. ∼lernejo, high-school. ∼en, upwards.

altern/i nt alternate, succeed one another by turn. ∼e,

by turns.

alumet/o match. ∼ujo, match-box.
am/i tr love. ∼o, l. ∼egi tr adore. mal∼o hatred.

sin∼o egoism.

amas/o accumulatn, mass; heap, pile. popol∼o crowd,

mob.

amba˘

u (pron) both. ∼ ne, neither.

*Amerik/o America (the continent).
amik/o friend. mal∼o enemy.
ampleks/o dimensn, extent, magnitude. ∼i, tr

comprise, cover, include.

amuz/i tr amuse, entertain. ∼o, -ment (recd). ∼a,

-ing. ∼aˆo -ment.

-an- (∼o) member, unit; inhabitant; adherant. ∼aro,

group. ∼iˆ

gi join.

*angl/o (proper noun) Englishman. ∼ujo/*∼io,

England. ∼a, English.

anka˘

u (adv ) also, too. (Precedes word to be

emphasized)

ankora˘

u (adv ) still, yet, till now. ∼ ne, not yet.

anonc/i tr; al, pri; ke announce, advertise. ∼o, -ment.
anstata˘

u instead of. prep as a substitute for. conj

(before verb), instead of.

anta˘

u (prep) before (place or time); ago (∼ longe, long

ago).

antikv/a antique: ancient; old-fashioned.
aparat/o apparatus.
apart/a separate; special, unique. ∼e, especially; aside.

∼eco characteristic.

aparten/i al belong to; appertain to.
apena˘

u (adv ) hardly, barely, scarcely. (prep) at the

most.

aper/i nt appear. mal∼i disappear.
april/o (proper noun) April.
aprob/i tr approve (of), be pleased with; authorize.

∼o, certificatn.

apud (prep) beside; by, near. ∼a, adjacent. ∼e, near

by, close.

-ar- collection of units of the same kind, regarded as a

whole. Opp: -er-.

aranˆ

g/i tr; ke, por, pri arrange. ∼o, -ment. ∼ema

contriving, ingenious.

arb/o tree.
aritmetik /o arithmetic
arˆ

gent/o silver.

asoci/o association. ∼i tr; kun, -ate. ∼a, allied. ∼ito,

partner.

aspekt/i copula appear to be, look. ∼o aspect, -ance.

∼e in -ance.

atend/i tr; ˆ

gis, por wait, await; expect, regard as likely

to happen.

ating/i tr; ke reach, attain.
a˘

u (conj ) or

a˘

u...a˘

u... (conj ) either...or...

a˘

ud/i tr hear.

a˘

ugust/o (proper noun) August.

a˘

uskult/i tr; al listen. ∼antaro, audience. ∼ilo, (tel)

receiver.

*a˘

utobus/o bus.

a˘

utomobil/o car.

av/o grandfather. praprapra... great-great-great-...
avert/i tr; ke, pri, kontra˘

u; abs caution, warn.

aviz/o notice, announcement.

bal

/o ball, dance. (N.B. This does not mean the same

thing as pilko).

balda˘

u (adv ) soon, promptly, shortly.

ban/i tr; en, per bathe (s.o.), immerse. pluv∼o

shower. ∼ˆ

cambro -room

banan/o banana.
baston/o stick, staff (usually wooden).

45

batal/i nt; inter, por, pro, kun, kontra˘

u, kun do battle,

combat, fight.

baz /o base, basis, starting-point, foundatn; ∼a, -ic. ∼i

tr , base, found.

*beb/o baby, babe, infant-in-arms.
beda˘

ur/i tr; ke regret, be sorry (for). ∼o r.

∼esprimo, excuse.

bel/a beaut/iful, charming, handsome, lovely, noble.

∼o -y.

*bend/o band, tape, ribbon. (vidbendo, video-tape).
benzin/o gasoline.
best/o animal, beast. ∼aro, herd.
*beton/o concrete (building material only). [Cp

konkret/a.]

bezon/i tr need, require; be under obligatn to. ∼a,

necessary.

bibliotek /o library.
bild/o picture, image, likeness.
bilet/o ticket. bank∼o, bank-note.
bird/o bird. ∼aro, flock.
blank/a white; clean, stainless.
blov/i tr blow. ∼a, -y, windswept.
blu/a blue.
bo- in-law, reln by marriage to the relatives of one’s

husband/wife.

bon/a good. ∼e, well.
botel/o bottle.
brak/o (anatomical) arm. ∼umi, embrace, hug.
brems/o brake. ∼i nt, (apply a) brake.
bret/o shelf.
bril/i nt shine, beam, gleam. ∼a, -ing, bright. ∼o,

shine, luster.

bru/o noise, din. ∼i nt, be noisy.
*bulgar/o (proper noun) a Bulgarian. ∼ujo/*∼io,

B-ia. ∼a, Bulgarian.

bulten/o bulletin, short official report.
buˆ

s/o mouth. ∼umo, muzzle.

butik/o shop. ∼umi nt, shop.
cel/i tr, aux; ind. com.; al, kontra˘

u aim. ∼a, pointed.

∼o, aim, goal.

cent hundred.

centr

/o center, middle.

cerb/o brain. ∼umi nt, rack one’s brain.
cert/a certain, sure. ∼igi (ion al iu, iun pri io; ke),

certify; assure.

ceter/a other, remaining, remainder. kaj ∼e, etc. ∼e,

besides.

ci (pron) thou. Den. affection, intimacy.
cigared/o cigarette. ∼ingo, -holder. ∼ujo, -case.
cit/i tr quote, cite; mention. ∼aˆo, quotation.

ˆ

cambr/o chamber, room.

ˆ

cap/o cap.

ˆ

capel/o hat, bonnet; covering.

ˆ

capitr/o chapter (of a book).

ˆ

car (conj ) because, for, since, whereas.

ˆ

ce (prep) at, den. coincidence (place, time,

circmstnce=at, among(st), with)

ˆ

cef/o head, chief(tain). ∼e, above all. ∼a, c., h.,

foremost.

ˆ

cef- (pfx ) chief-, main-, primary-, arch-, high-.
ˆ

cemiz/o shirt. virina ∼o, in∼o, chemise, shift.

ˆ

ces/i nt, aux cease, stop. ∼o, cessatn. ∼igi, stop s.t.

ˆ

ceval/o horse. ∼ejo, stable. ∼ido, colt, foal. ∼ino,

mare. ∼idino, filly.

ˆ

ci den. proximity. W/ t- crltvs, changes “that” to

“this”,

ˆ

ci- (pfx ) den. “this”: ˆ

ci-jara, t-year; “here”: ˆ

ci-kune,

h-with.

ˆ

cia of every kind, every kind of a, all kinds of.

^

cial

for every reason, on all grounds.

ˆ

ciam ever, each time, at all times, always. por ˜ k

eterne, for e. and e.

ˆ

cie everywhere, in each (every) place, in all places. ∼

ajn, abs. everywhere.

ˆ

ciel in every way, in all sorts of ways.

ˆ

ciel/o sky, heaven.

^

cies

every (each) one’s (body’s).

*ˆ

cin/o (proper noun) a Chinese person. *∼io/∼ujo,

China. ∼a, Chinese.

ˆ

cio all, everything, all things.

^

ciom

the whole quantity, all (the whole) of it, the lot.

ˆ

cirka˘

u (prep) around, round. ∼a, surrounding. ∼aˆo,

evironment.

ˆ

ciu (pron) everyone, everybody. ∼j, all. ∼jara, annual,

yearly.

-ˆ

cj- sfx forming affectnate diminutvs for masc. names,

placed aftr the 1st fw ltrs.

ˆ

cu (conj ) whether; forms questions answerable by “yes”

or “no.”

ˆ

cu...ˆ

cu... whether...or...

da (prep) (quantity of) Btwn 2 words den. that the 1st

measures the 2nd.

*dan/o (proper noun) a Dane. ∼ujo/*∼io, Denmark.

∼a, Danish.

danc/i nt dance.
danˆ

ger/o danger.

dank/i tr; ke, pro thank. Dank’ al, thanks to. ∼on,

thanks.

dat/o date (day of the year...). ∼iˆ

gi, to date from. ∼i,

to write a date on.

da˘

ur/i nt continue, endure, go on, last. ∼o, duratn.

∼igi tr continue.

de (prep) of (possessn, prec. gen. subj, character), from,

by (subj of passv).

debat/i tr debate, discuss formally.
dec/i nt be becoming (correct, proper, the right thing

to do). ∼a, becoming.

decembr/o (proper noun) December.
decid/i decide. 1. tr; ˆ

cu; abs, resolve, determine, make

up one’s mind. 2. inter, ke, kontra˘

u, por, pri give

judgment, rule, settle.

deˆor/i nt be on duty, officiate, serve. ∼ejo, post.

∼(ad)o, (spell of) duty.

46

APPENDIX C. GLOSSARY—ESPERANTO TO ENGLISH

dek ten. ∼a, tenth (ordinal). ∼e, tenthly.
deklar /i tr; ke declare (proclamatns or customs). ˆ

Cu vi

havas ion deklarendan?

dekstr/a right (right-hand, or conservative). mal∼a,

left.

deleg/i delegate, authorize as agent. ∼ito, delegate,

deputy.

delegaci/o delegation. Not recommended—instead, use

delegitaro.

demand/i al, pri; ˆ

cu ask (desiring information),

enquire, query. ∼o, question.

dent/o tooth, dent-; cog. ∼kuraco, dentistry.
des 1. ju (mal)pli..., des (mal)pli..., the more (less)...the

more (less)...
2. (alone) so much the, ˜

pli bone, so much the better.

desegn/i tr design; draw, sketch, paint. ∼(ad)o,

drawing. ∼(aˆ)o, a drawing.

despot/o despot, absolute or tyrannical ruler.
detru/i tr destroy. ∼(em)a, -uctive. ∼enda, that

must be destroyed.

dev/o duty, obligatn. ∼i, have the d. of -ing—have to,

must. ∼us, should.

dezir/i tr, aux, ind. com. desire, want, wish (for) (to).

mal∼, disdain.

di/o Dio—God; dio—a god.
diabl/o devil.
difin/i tr define, settle limits of, make clear. ∼(aˆ)o,

-ition. ∼a, -ing.

dik/a thick; corpulent, fat. mal∼a, thin, lean, slim,

tenuous.

diligent/a diligent, assiduous, industrious, sedulous.

mal∼a, lazy.

dimanˆ

c/o (proper noun) Sunday.

dir/i tr; ke say, assert, speak, state. ∼ ke -u, tell (s.o.)

to (do s.t.).

direkt/i tr; al kontra˘

u direct: turn towards; control;

aim; guide. ∼o -ion.

dis- den. separation, divergence; dispersal. ∼e, scattered

about.

*diskrimin/i inter, kontra˘

u discriminate (used

unfavorably). ∼ado, -ation.

diskut/i tr; pri discuss, debate, talk over. ∼o, -ion.
dist(anc)/o distance, interval, range. ∼a -t, far away.

∼i be distant.

distr/i tr distract, divert (draw away, or amuse). ∼a,

amusing.

diven/i tr; el, ˆ

cu, ke, kiel, kion guess, surmise; get

right; divine.

divers/a(j) various: diverse; divers, several.
divid/i tr divide. ∼a, -sive. ∼o, -sion. ∼aˆo, -sion.
do (conj ) so, consequently, etc; then, so; so there! so

that’s that!

doktor

/o doctor: holder of highest univ. degree in any

faculty; physician.

dolˆ

c/a sweet (of taste, smell, sound, or character—nice,

charming).

dolor/i abs, tr pain.

dom/o house. ∼ego, mansion. ∼eto, cottage. urb∼o,

town hall.

domaˆ

g/i tr, aux wish to keep intact, fear to damage.

∼e ∼o, a pity.

don/i tr; al give. al∼i, add. re∼i, return.
donac/i tr; al donate, make a gift. ∼o, -ion, gift.

∼into, donor.

dorm/i nt sleep, be asleep. ∼adi have a long sleep.

∼emulo, sluggard.

dors/o back (of a person; dead animal—loin, chine,

saddle; object). ∼e, behind.

*drat/o wire.
drink/i tr, abs drink hard (to excess), swill. ∼aˆo,

liquor. ∼ejo pub, bar.

du two, ∼a, 2nd. ∼e, 2ndly, in the 2nd place. ∼foje

twice.

dub/i tr; ˆ

cu, ke, pri; abs doubt. ∼o, doubt. sen∼e,

certainly.

dum (prep) during. (conj ) while; also den. contrast.

∼e, meanwhile.

duˆs/i tr shower. ∼o shower. ∼iˆ

gi, take a shower.

eben/a even, level, smooth.
-ebl- sfx den. possibility (-able, -ible) [Must follow tr

vb]. ∼e -ly, perhaps.

-ec- sfx den. quality, state (-ness, -hood, etc.). -∼a =

-simila.

eˆ

c (adv ) even (as in “He even ate the dishes!”).

eduk/i tr educate, train. ∼(ad)o, e-ation. ∼ato, pupil.
edz/o husband, spouse. ∼(in)iˆ

go, marriage. ∼ino,

wife. ∼(in)igi, marry.

efektiv/a real, actual, true. ∼e, really, indeed, actually,

as a matter of fact.

efik/i al, sur, kiel; abs have effect on, avail. ∼o, effect,

influence.

-eg- augmentative sfx, strengthens the rt idea. Ega

deep, intense.

egal/a (al) equal (eqv.; smooth; indifferent). ∼i tr; al,

(be) e. (to).

-ej- den. place. (us. after vb (place for -ing)/noun w/

vb assumed (pc fr -ing ...))

ek- den. (1) the beginning of a continuous actn, (2)

sudden or momentary actn.

ekde since. Ekde tiam, since then.
ekip/i tr equip, accoutre. ∼aˆo, -ment.
eklezi/o church (not as a physical structure, but as a

body of believers, rel. soc.)

eks- pfx den. ex-, former, late. ∼igi, dismiss. ∼iˆ

gi,

resign, abdicate.

ekster (prep) outside (a limit, boundary), out of (same

mng).

ekstrem/a extreme (at the farthest edge; ultra-,

highest grade). ∼o, -ity.

ekzamen/i tr examine (test; inspect). ∼o, -ation,

auditn.

ekzempl/o example. ∼a, illustrative, model. ∼e, for

example, such as.

ekzempler/o copy, sample, specimen.

47

ekzerc/i tr; per, pri exercise, practice, train. ∼(ad)o,

e., p.

ekzist/i nt exist, last, live, subsist. ∼o, -ence. ∼aˆo,

entity, being.

el (prep) out of, from (in), of (in this sense). (pfx ) ...

out.

elekt/i tr; el, inter; abs choose, elect. ∼ado, e-tion.

el∼i, select.

-em- sfx den. tendency (fondness, leaning; apt to,

subject to).

emfaz /o emphasis. ∼a, -tic. ∼i tr; pri, be -tic,

accentuate, -size.

en (prep) in (opp. ekster, el). ∼igi, insert. ∼iˆ

gi, enter.

-end- which is (has) to, must (should) be -ed.
entrepren/i tr, aux undertake, accept obligatn.

∼(aˆ

)o, -ing, enterprise.

enu/i nt be bored, lose interest. ∼o, boredom. ∼igi,

bore.

-er- sfx (opp. -ar-) den. element, unit, of a homogeneous

whole.

erar/i en, pri err. ∼o, error, mistake.
escept/i tr except, exclude. ∼o, -ion. ∼e, -ionally. ∼e

de, except (for).

esenc/o essence. ∼a, -tial, intrinsic, real, true.
esper/i tr; al, je, pri; aux hope, expect. ∼o, confidnc,

h. ∼eble, hopefully.

esplor/i tr explore; investigate.
esprim/i tr express, convey. ∼o, -ion.
est/i copula be, exist, occur, be found. ∼o, being.

∼aˆ

o, a being. ˆ

ce∼i, be at, attend. for∼i, be absent.

estr/o head, leader. urb∼o, mayor. imperi∼o,

emperor. ∼aro, executive.

-et- sfx, to a high degree weakens the idea in the rt.

(-ette).

etaˆ

g/o floor (not the physical floor, but the location),

storey, flight.

eventual/a contingent, eventual, liable to happen. ∼e, if

necessary. ∼o, e-ality.

facil/a easy (simple; light(weight); weak). ∼eco, ease.

mal∼a, difficult.

fajr/o fire. ∼i nt, burn, flame.
fakt/o fact. ∼e, actually, in fact.
fal/i nt fall (drop, tumble down; sink; die; collapse).

∼igi, fell.

fald/i tr fold. ∼ilo, -er.
famili/o family.
far/i tr do, make. ∼iˆ

gi, be done; come to pass, happen;

become.

fart/i nt be (in good or bad health), do, fare, feel. ∼o,

conditn.

favor/o favor, goodwill. ∼e, -ably. ∼aˆo, f., concessn.

∼ito/∼ato -ite.

februar/o (proper noun) February.
feliˆ

c/a happy. ∼igi, delight. mal∼a, sad.

fenestr/o window.
ferm/i tr close, forbid access to. ∼ilo, fastener. mal∼i,

open.

fest/o festival, celebratn, holiday; special anniversary.

∼i tr; pro celebrate

fi-

shameful, morally bad, foul. (also adj). Fi! (intj )

Fie! For shame!

fianˆ

c/(in)o fianc´

e, engaged person. ∼eco/∼iˆ

go,

engagement, betrothal.

fid/i tr;al,je,pri,ke trust, hv faith in; count on. ∼o,

faith. ∼inda, t-y.

figur/o figure, image. ∼i, depict; play the part of.
fiks/i tr; al, sur fix: fasten, secure; decide, settle. ∼aˆo

-ture.

fil/o son. ∼ino, daughter.
*film/o film (wide sense, cinematography, photography,

etc.), thin coating.

fin/i tr finish. ∼o, f., end. ∼a, final. ∼fine at long last.
fingr/o finger, digit. ∼ingo, thimble. ∼ujo, f. (of a

glove).

Finlando Finland. ∼ano, a Finn.
**finn/o a Finn. (Preferable would be

Finlando/Finlandano.)

firm/a firm: stable; dense; resolute; definite. ∼o, f.,

house of business.

fiˆ

s/o fish.

flank/o side. ∼e, alongside; sideways; aside (from).

∼aˆ

o, minor matter; wing.

flav/a yellow.
flirt/i nt; anta˘

u, ˆ

ce, de, kun, super, sur flit, flutter;

float; flirt, dally.

flor/o flower, bloom, blossom. ∼a, -y, floral. ∼i, bloom,

blossom.

flug/i nt fly, rush. ∼ilo, wing. ek∼i, take flight.
foj/o time, occasion. ali∼e, at another t. ˆ

ci∼e, this

time. Etc.

foli/o leaf (of plant or paper); sheet. ∼aˆo/∼aro

foliage.

for (adv ) away, forth, off (den. disappearance or

distance). ∼a, distant.

forges/i tr; pri; abs forget.
form/o form: shape; arrangement, style; customary

behavior. ∼i f., mould; assume.

fort/a strong.
**fot/i tr photograph. ∼o photo. (Use “fotografio”).
frakci/o fraction.
*franc/(in)o (proper noun) a French(wo)man.

∼ujo/*∼io, France. ∼a, French.

frat/o brother. ∼ino, sister.
fra˘

ul/o bachelor, single man. ∼ino, damsel, maiden,

miss. ∼ineto, lass(ie).

fraz /o sentence (grammatical); (∼(er)o) phrase. ∼i,

phrase.

fremd/a foreign; alien. ∼ulo, f-er, stranger. mal∼a,

familiar, intimate.

frenez/a mad; crazy, insane, raving, wacky. ∼aˆo,

craze, lunacy, folly.

freˆ

s/a fresh.

fripon/o rascal.
fru/a early. ∼e, early. mal∼a, late.

48

APPENDIX C. GLOSSARY—ESPERANTO TO ENGLISH

fundament/o foundation: basis, base; underlying

principle.

funkci/i nt function, act, operate, work (in this sense).

∼o, f., duty.

fuˆ

si do awkwardly, blotch, bungle, fumble. ∼a, clumsy.

fuˆs- bungling-, botched-.
ge- pfx den. both sexes (used mostly in the plural).

∼edukado, co-education.

geografi/o geography
geni/o genius: guardian spirit; inborn ability; prevalent

char. ∼a, brilliant.

genu/o knee. inter∼aˆo, lap.
*german/o (proper noun) a German. ∼ujo/*∼io,

Germany. ∼a, German.

*giˆ

cet/o booking office; pay-desk; box-office.

gigant/o giant. (virego is preferable.)
gimnazi/o public (grammar) school, 1st-class classical

school preparatory to university.

glaci/o ice. ∼aˆo, ice-cream.
glas/o (drinking) glass, tumbler.
glat/a smooth:s-surfaced; easy, w/o difficulty; bland,

honeyed. mal∼a, rough.

gorˆ

g/o throat, wind-pipe; gorge, gully; (sea) narrows.

∼a, guttural.

grad/o degree, grade: quality; d. of scale, temp.; rank.

∼e, gradually.

gramatik/o grammar. ∼a, -atical.
grand/a great; big, large, vast; alternating quantity;

major, noble, weighty.

gratul/i tr; pri, pro congratulate.
grav/a important, grave, weighty. [After dankon, one

may say ne gravas]

graved/a pregnant.
*grek/o (proper noun) a (modern) Greek. ∼ujo/*∼io,

(modern) Greece. ∼a,Gk.

grimp/i climb.
griz/a gray, grey.
grund/o ground:earth, soul; ground(s), land estate;

bottom, basis, foundatn.

grup/o group; body, cluster.
gust/o taste:flavor;(sense of) t.,(good) t.;liking. ∼int,t.

∼umi tr ,t.

gvid/i tr guide, lead.
ˆ

garden/o garden. ∼isto, gardener.
ˆ

gen/i tr embarrass; annoy, bother, disturb, trouble.

∼(aˆ

)o, nuisance.

ˆ

general/a general, affecting (nearly) all. ∼e, for the

most part, in g. ∼igi -ize.

ˆ

gi (pron) it (used for objects w/o sex or for objects of

indeterminite sex). (Also used for non-human animals,
unless personified.)

ˆ

gis (prep) as far as, down to, up to; to in from...to...;

till, until.

ˆ

goj/i nt rejoice, be glad. ∼o, joy. ∼(plen)a, j-ful, j-ous.
ˆ

gu/i tr enjoy; possess/have the benefit (use) of.
ˆ

gust/a right, accurate, exact, correct, fair, in order,

proper. mal∼a, wrong.

ha! (intj ) ah! den. sudden emotion; den.

laughter—haha!

hak/i chop, hew. ∼ilo, axe, hatchet. ligno∼isto,

woodcutter.

har/o hair (usually den. a single hair, oft. in plural).

∼aro, thick head of hair.

ha˘

ut/o skin.

hav/i have. ∼ebla, obtainable. mal∼i, lack, be

wanting in.

*hebre/o (proper noun) a Hebrew. ∼a, Hebrew.
hejm/o home. ∼e, at home. ∼en, homewards.
*helen/o (proper noun) an ancient Greek. ∼ujo/*∼io,

ancient Greece.

help/i tr, abs; al, kontra˘

u help, aid. rescue. ∼a,

auxiliary. ∼ema, -ful.

herb/o herb: -aceous plant; grass. ∼ejo, grassy field,

meadow. ∼ero, blade of g.

hiera˘

u yesterday.

histori/o history: a continuous record, chain of events;

the study of history.

ho! (intj ) O! Oh!: vocative interjection; den. emotion,

grief, protest.

hodia˘

u today.

hom/o man (in general), human being, person. ∼a,

human. ∼aro, h-ity, mankind.

hor/o hour, time: 60 min.; time-measurement; time of

day, o’clock; appointed time.

horloˆ

g/o clock, watch, time-piece.

hotel/o hotel, hostelry, inn. ∼isto, -keeper, -proprieter.

motorista ∼, motel.

hund/o dog. ∼a, canine. ˆ

cas∼o, hound. ∼ido, puppy.

∼ujo, kennel.

ia of some (indefinite) kind or other, some kind of a. ∼

ajn, of any kind.

ial for some reason. ∼ ajn, for any reason.
iam at some time, (past): once (upon a time), (future):

some day. ∼ ajn, anytime. ∼a, erstwhile, former.

-id- child, young; descendant. [Cp Eng. -ite, Grk. -id,

Rsn. -(ov)iˆ

c]

ide

/o idea, concept, fancy, notion. sam∼ano,

fellow-thinker.

ideal/o ideal, high aim, vision. ∼a, i., perfect. ∼igi,

-ize. ∼ismo, -ism.

ie in some place, somewhere. ∼ ajn, anywhere.
iel by some means, in some manner, somehow. ∼ ajn,

anyhow, in any way.

ies someone’s, somebody’s. ∼ ajn, anyone’s, anybody’s.
-ig- make, cause to be, render. [Eng. -ize, -en, Makes nt

vbs tr , w/ adjectives and dogs means to cause to be
(more) ... (-like).]

-iˆ

g- become, come to be. [Opp. of -ig-.]

-il- object used to perform an action; appliance,

instrument, tool, utensil.

ili they, (when used as object of prep): them. ∼n, them.

∼a, their(s).

ilustr /i tr illustrate (with pictures or explanations).
imag/i imagine, conceive, fancy. ∼(it)a, -ary.

ne∼ebla, inconceivable.

49

imit/i tr imitate.
impon/i impress, command respect. ∼a, -ive, imposing.

∼eco, majesty, prestige.

-in- den. female, feminine. ∼a/∼seksa, feminine. ∼o, a

female.

-ind/a worthy, deserving of (to be ... -ed). fid∼a,

trustworthy.

indig/o indigo, blue powder < i-plant. ∼a bluo, i-blue.
infan/o child. ∼ejo, nursery.
-ing- den. object in which s.t. is set or put; holder,

sheath, etc. for one obj only.

ink/o ink. ∼ujo, -pot, -well.
instru/i educate, instruct, teach. ∼isto, t-er, i-er.

∼ita, e-ed, erudite.

inteligent/a intelligent, bright, smart. mal∼a, dense,

stupid.

intenc/i tr intend, design, mean, plan. ∼o, -tion, aim,

intent.

inter (prep) between; amongst. ∼tempe, meanwhile.
interes/i tr interest: be -ing to; affect, concern. ∼o,

interest (not financial).

interez/o (financial) interest.
interpret/i tr interpret. mis∼i, mis-interpret.
invit/i tr, aux; al invite, request. ∼o, -ation. ∼a, -ing,

attractive.

io something. ∼ ajn, anything.
iom a certain amount, a little (some) of; somewhat. ∼

ajn, any at all.

ir/i nt; al, de-ˆ

gis; aux go. en∼i, enter. ek∼i, start, set

off.

*Iran/o Iran. ∼ano, Iranian.
*Irland/o Ireland. ∼ano, Irishman.
-ist- person concerned w/, engaged in, the subj den. by

the rt (by profession or by habitual or frequent
occupatn or interest).; adherent of a person or creed.

*ital/o (proper noun) an Italian. ∼ujo/*∼io, Italy.
iu someone; some, a certain (as an adj.). ∼ ajn, anyone.
ja (adv ) indeed, in fact. Den.: emphasis; expostulatn,

remonstrance; although.

jam (adv ) already, by now, by then. jam ne, no longer.
januar/o (proper noun) January.
jar/o year. ∼cento, century. ∼deko, decade.

cent∼ulo, centenarian.

je (prep) as regards, in relatn to: replaces the acc. to

den. any prepositional relatn implied by the context
(thus, indefinite).

jen (intj ) Behold! Lo! Look! Here! There! ∼...∼...,

now..., now...

jes (intj ) yes. se ∼, if so. Mi kredas, ke jes, I believe so.
ju ju (mal)pli..., des (mal)pli..., the more (less)...the

more (less)...

*jugoslav/o (proper noun) a Yugoslavian. ∼ujo/*∼io,

Yugoslavia.

just/a just: lawful, legitimate; fair, impartial; honest,

upright; correct, right.

juˆ

g/i tr, abs judge. ∼isto, j. ∼antaro, jury.

juli/o (proper noun) July.

jun/a young. ∼ulo, young man, youth. mal∼a, old.
juni/o (proper noun) June.
jup/o skirt.

ˆa˘

ud/o (proper noun) Thursday.

ˆet/i tr throw, cast.
ˆus (adv ) just (now), not long ago. ∼a, just made,

up-to-date, last moment.

kaf/o coffee. ∼ejo, caf´e.
kaj (conj ) and. kaj...kaj..., both...and...
kajer/o (stitched-paper) book; exercise book.
kalkan/o heel (of foot). ∼umo, heel (of shoe).
kamen/o fireplace, -side; hearth. ∼tubo, chimney.
kamp/o field. ∼aro, (open) country, land. ∼adi,

(en)camp.

kanajl/o blackguard, rascal, villain.
kant/i sing. ∼o, song.
kap/o head: (anatomical); an individual (counting h’s);

brains; chief; top. Ne senkapiˆ

gu, Don’t lose your head.

kapabl/a je, por; aux capable (of -ing), competent. ∼i,

be capable.

kapt/i tr capture, catch. ∼ilo, pitfall, trap. ∼ito, -ive,

prisoner.

kar/a dear: beloved; highly esteemed, valuable;

expensive. mal∼a, cheap.

kart/o card. lud∼o, playing-card. ∼ludo, card-game.
*kased/o cassette.
kaˆ

s/i tr; anta˘

u, de, de anta˘

u hide, conceal. ∼e, in

secret.

kat/o cat. ∼bleki, caterwaul.
ka˘

uz/o cause: (producg an effect); reason. ∼i tr, cause.
∼e, because of.

kaz/o case (grammatical, medical, or legal).
ke (conj ) that. [Can be omitted in English, but never in

Esperanto.]

kelk/a some, a little; a certain. ∼aj, several, a few

[main use].

kia (adj ) of what kind, what k. of a. Kia ...! What a

...!

kial (adv ) why, for what reason. ∼o, reason.
kiam (adv ) when, at what time.
kie (adv ) where, in which (what) place. ∼o,

whereabouts.

kiel (adv ) in what way, by what means: how; as (in the

same way as); like.

kies (pron) whose, which one, of whom, of which.
kilo- (metric pfx) kilo- (*∼cikl, ∼gram, *∼litr, ∼metr,

**∼˘

uat)o— kilocycle, -gram, -liter, -meter, -watt.

kio (pron) what (thing). [Also used as “which” when it

refers to an entire statement rather to a single word,
for which kiu would be used.]

kiom (adv, conj ) What amount, how much. [Used w/

da: Kiom da pomoj? ]

kis/i kiss.
kiu (adj, pron) Which (one), who. [Cp kio.]
klar/a clear: pure, pellucid; distinct; serene; discerng.

mal∼a, clouded, dark.

50

APPENDIX C. GLOSSARY—ESPERANTO TO ENGLISH

klas/o class: grade, rank; category, rank. alt∼a, of

superior g.

klav/o key (piano, typewriter, etc.) ∼aro, keyboard.

[Cp ˆ

slosilo]

kler/a educated, cultured. mal∼a, barbarous, ignorant.
klin/i tr incline. ∼iˆ

gi, bend down, give way. de∼i tr,

divert.

klopod/i tr take measures, make efforts, make efforts.

∼igi, importune, spur.

knab/o boy, lad, male child. ∼ino, girl.
kol/o neck. ∼umo, collar.
kolegi/o college, institutn of scholarship.
koler/i tr, abs; kontra˘

u, pri be angry. ∼a,angry.

∼o,anger. ∼igi,anger.

kolor/o color.
kom/o comma. punkto∼o, semicolon.
komand/i tr (be in) command (of); bid, order. ∼o, c.,

order.

komb/i comb, brush. ∼ilo, comb. mal∼i, dishevel.
komenc/i tr; ˆ

ce, per; aux, abs begin, commence, start.

∼o, beginning.

komerc/o business, commerce. ∼aˆo, commodity,

goods, merchandise.

komfort/o comfort, ease. ∼a, -able, cosy, pleasant. ∼e,

in comfort, at ease.

komik /a comic(al), funny, humorous.
komitat/o committee. ∼estro, chairman.
kompetent

a en, pri competent, able, capable. ∼(ec)o,

-ce, ability, qualificatn.

komplet/a complete, entire, finished. ∼o, c. set, outfit;

suit. ∼igi, c.

komplik /i tr complicate, entangle.
kompren/i tr; ke, kiel; abs understand, comprehend.

∼aˆ

o, idea. ∼ebla, clear.

*komput/i compute, reckon. ∼ilo, computer.
kon/i tr know (about), be acquainted w/, have met.

re∼i, recognize.

koncept/o concept. ∼i, form a c., conceive. [Not the

same as gravediˆ

gi.]

koncert/o concert.
kondiˆ

c/o conditn, qualificatn.; needed circumstance.

∼a, -al. ∼e, on c., c-ally.

konduk/i conduct, guide, lead. ∼ilo, bridle, rein, leash.
kondut/i behave, conduct one’s self. ∼o, b-ior, c.,

manners. malbon∼a, naughty.

konfes/i tr; ke; abs acknowldge, confess. ∼o, c-ion.

∼preni, shrive, take c-ion.

kongres

/o congress. ∼i, attend a congress.

konjug(aci)/i conjugate (a vb). ∼o/∼ado, -ation.
konjunkci/o conjunction (grammatical and celestial).
konkret/a concrete, in material form, perceptible. [Not

the same as betono.]

konkurs/o competition under definite rules; contest,

match. kur∼o, race.

konsci/i tr; pri, ke; abs be conscious (aware) of.

∼(ec)o, a-ness, c-ness.

konsent/i tr; kun, pri, ke; abs agree, consent: concur;

acquiesce. ∼o, a-ment, c.

konserv/i tr; de, kontra˘

u keep, conserve, preserve.

konsil/i aux w/ io, tr w/ io, ke advise, counsel. ∼o,

(piece of) advice, c.

konsist/i nt consist: el be composed of; in c. in. ∼o,

compositn, make-up.

konstant/a constant, abiding, permanent, stable. ∼a,

constancy. ∼o, (math) constant.

konstru/i tr build, construct: erect; organize; construe.

∼aˆ

o, a building.

kontakt/o contact, connectn, touch. ∼i, be in c.

fuˆ

s∼o, short circuit.

kontra˘

u (prep) against, in opposition to; facing; in o-it

dir. to normal, etc.

kontrol

/i tr; ˆ

cu, check (up on), audit, inspect, verify.

∼(ad)o, inspectn.

konvers/i ([konversacii], also) converse, chat, talk.

∼(ad)o, -ation.

konvink/i tr; pri, ke convince, firmly persuade. ∼o,

convictn.

kopi/i copy, make a c. of; imitate. ∼ilo c-ing machine.
kor/o heart (anat. or wrt feelings). ∼a, cordial. sen∼a,

-less.

korb/o basket.
korekt/i correct: amend; admonish, rectify. ∼a,

*correct (ˆ

gusta), corrective.

korespond/i kun, correspond (interchange letters).

[Not to correspond to.]

korp/o body.
kost/i tr cost, involve expenditure/loss. ∼o, c., price.

sen∼e, free.

kotiz /i contribute. ∼(aˆ)o, c-ion, share, dues.
kovert/o envelope.
kovr/i tr; per cover. ∼ilo, envelope, lid, c. of book,

shutter.

krajon/o pencil. glob∼o, ball-pt pen. [Not the same

as crayon: paˆstelo].

kre/i tr create. ∼(ad)o, -ion (act). ∼aˆo, -ion (object).
kred/i tr; al, je, pri believe; think (that). ∼o, belief.
kresk/i nt grow.
kret/o chalk (the material and the writing implement).
kri/i cry (out), shout; call. ∼o, shout. ∼aˆ

ci, screech.

ek∼i, exclaim.

Krist/nask/o Christmas.
kritik/i tr criticize: appraise, examine; censure, find

fault w/. ∼aˆ

ci, flame.

krokodil/o crocodile; *[colloq.: one who speaks his

native tongue when Esp. is approp.].

krom (prep) treats what follows as separate from other

things: After a general or neg. statement, excludes the
obj. from said statement; after a statement may be
added to include something else. Thus, krom: except;
besides.

kruc/o cross. ∼(ir)i c., intersect. ∼umi, crucify.
kruel/a cruel. ∼ulo, brute.
krur/o leg (of a person, animal, or piece of furniture).

∼umo, pants-leg.

ktp (abbreviation) etc., and so forth (kaj tiel plu).
kuf/o coif, simple head-dress for women.

51

kuir/i tr , cook. ∼ejo, kitchen.
kuk/o cake.
kuler/o spoon.
kultur /o culture, (level of) civilizatn, educatn,

refinement, training.

kun (prep) (along) with (place, time, conj., possession)

[not by means of].

kunikl/o rabbit. kunˆ

cjo, bunny.

kur/i nt run, hasten, hurry. ∼a, r-ing. ∼e, at a r.
kurac/i tr treat (medically), apply remedies. ∼ilo,

remedy. ∼isto, doctor.

kurs/o course (of instructn), series of lessons; course (of

travel).

kuˆ

s/i nt lie: be horizontal; be on a surface; be located,

stay.

kutim/o custom, habit, practice, wont. ∼e, usually. ∼i,

be wont to.

kuz/o (first) cousin (male). ∼ino, female (first) cousin.
kvadrat/o square (geometric and mathematical).
kvankam (conj ) although, even if, granting that. [Can

pair with tamen, q.v.]

kvant/o quantity, amount, extent, size. ∼umo,

quantum.

kvar four
kvaza˘

u 1. (conj ) as, as if (though), like. ∼ diri, as if to

say. 2. (adv ) apparently, as it were, so to speak. ∼a,
quasi-.

kverk/o oak (tree).
kviet/a quite. ∼o, q.
kvin five
la the. [Can, esp. in poetry, be abbrev. as l’ after a

vowel-endg prep.]

labor/i nt labor, work. ∼o, l., w. ∼ema, industrious.

Etc.

lac/a tired, weary. mal∼a, fresh.
lag/o lake, loch, lough. ∼eto, pool, pond.
lakt/o milk.
*lanˆ

c/i launch.

land/o land (all senses relating to geography, but not

flight [surteriˆ

gi].)

lang/o tongue (anatomical, not linguistic).
larˆ

g/a broad, wide. ∼o, breadth, width.

las/i tr leave: depart; l. behind; allow to be; cease to

[not aux]; permit.

last/a last, ultimate (time, order, sense of only

remaining 1). anta˘

u∼a, pen-u.

la˘

u (prep) according to, in -ance with, by means of

(sorting, etc.).

la˘

ud/i tr praise, bring laud. mal∼i, blame, censure.

∼∼a, pejorative.

la˘

ut/a loud, noisy. mal∼a, quite, low, soft.

lav/i tr wash. ∼igi,have washed. [-ig- does the have

thing to tr vbs]

lecion/o lesson. ∼aro, course.
leg/i tr, nt (!) read.
leˆ

g/o law. ∼a, legal. ∼igi, legalize. ∼isto, -yer.

kontra˘

u∼a, il-.

lern/i tr, aux learn. ∼ejo, school.
lert/a je, pri clever, dexterous, skillful. mal∼a,

awkward, clumsy.

leter/o letter (to a person), epistle. [Cp liter/o]
lev/i tr lift, raise. ∼umilo, lever.
li he. ∼a, his. ∼n, him.
liber/a de free, at liberty. ∼(ec)o, f-dom, liberty.

mal∼a, captive.

libr/o book. ∼otenanto, book-keeper.
lig/i tr bind, fasten, tie. ∼o, league. ∼ilo, band, cord.

al∼i, ally.

lign/o wood.
lingv/o language, tongue (linguistic [Cp. lang/o]).

∼isto, linguist.

lini/o line.
lip/o lip.
list/o list, catalog, register, roll.
lit/o bed, couch, resting-place. en∼igi (∼iˆ

gi), put (get)

into bed.

liter/o letter (of the alphabet [Cp leter/o]) ∼i, spell.
loˆ

g/i nt dwell, inhabit, live, reside; lodge, stay. ∼ejo,

abode, house.

lok/o place, location.
long/a long, extended. ∼(ec)o, length [W/o better

than w/].

lud/i nt, tr (!) play. ∼ilo, toy. kart∼i, play cards.
lum/o light. mal∼a, dark.
lun/o moon.
lund/o (proper noun) Monday.
maj/o (proper noun) May.
makul/o spot, blot; blemish, defect.
mal- den. exact opposite of the idea expressed by the

word it modifies.

malgra˘

u (prep) in spite of, notwithstanding.

man/o hand. ∼umo, cuff.
manier/o manner, way; mode of actn.
mank/i nt be lacking, absent. ∼igi, omit. mal∼i,

abound.

manˆ

g/i tr, nt (!) eat, swallow, consume. ∼o, meal.

∼aˆ

o, food.

mantel/o coat, mantle, cape, cloak.
*map/o map.
mar/o sea, ocean.
mard/o (proper noun) Tuesday.
mark/o mark. poˆ

st∼o, postage stamp. ∼i, mark.

mart/o (proper noun) March.
marˆ

s/i nt march.

mas/o mass (not religious).
maˆ

sin/o machine (s.t. more complicated than an ilo,

q.v.).

maten/o morning. ∼e, in the morning.
material

/o material, mater, stuff. ∼e, in substance, not

merely in form.

mebl/o (piece of) furniture.
mejl/o mile.
melk/i tr milk (e.g., a cow).

52

APPENDIX C. GLOSSARY—ESPERANTO TO ENGLISH

mem self, selves (throws emphasis on “self”):

personally, w/o help, spontnsly.

membr/o member.
menci/i mention, allude to. ∼o, mention.
mens/o mind, intellect. ∼a, mental.
merkred/o (proper noun) Wednesday.
met/i tr put, place.
metod/o method.

metr

/o meter (unit of length). ∼a, metric.

mez/o middle: central point; mean, medium. nokto

(tag)∼o, mid-night (day).

mi I, me. ∼a, my, (of) mine.
miks/i tr mix. ∼aˆo, -ture.
mil(o) thousand. dudek kvin mil, twenty-five thousand.
minac/i tr; al, je, per menace, threaten, impend,

forbode. ∼o, m., threat.

minimum/o minimum. ∼e, at least.
minut/o minute (60th of an hour or a degree).
mir/i pri, ke marvel, be astonished. ∼o, surprise,

wonder. ∼igi, amaze.

mis- mis-, amiss, incorrectly. ∼a, incorrect. ∼o, fault,

miss.

modern/a modern. mal∼a, ancient, old.
mok/i tr mock, deride, jeer at, make fun of. ∼(em)a,

bantering, scornful.

moment/o moment: point of time; deciding point.

ˆ

cie∼e, at any moment.

mon/o money, currency. ∼er, coin. ∼ujo, purse.
monat/o month.
mond/o world.
mont/o mountain. ∼eto, hill. ∼supro, summit.
montr/i tr , show, display.
mord/i tr bite. ∼eti, nibble.
morga˘

u (adv ) tomorrow.

mort/i nt die. ∼o, death. ∼inta, dead. ∼a, mortal.

∼igi, kill.

moˆ

st/o gen. title of politeness and respect for people of

rank.

mov/i tr move: displace; put in motion; drive, propel.

∼ado, -ment.

mult/a much, a lot of. ∼aj, many, a large nr of. ∼o,

much. ∼obligi, multiply.

mur/o wall.
murd/i murder, kill unlawfully [as opp. to mortigi, q.v.]
mus/o mouse.

muzik

/o music.

naci/o nation. ∼a, -al. ∼ano, citizen.
naˆ

g/i swim.

najbar/o neighbor. ∼aˆo, ∼eco, -hood.
nask/i tr give birth to, bear. ∼oto, foetus. ∼iˆ

gi, be

born.

natur/o nature.
na˘

u nine.

naz/o nose.
ne not (negates the word it precedes); (pfx) non-, un-,

etc.; (intj ) no.

neces/a necessary. ∼i be necessary. ∼ejo, bathroom,

toilet, w.c.

*Nederland/o Hollad, the Netherlands. ∼ano, a

Dutchman.

negr /o a black man. [Cp nigr/a]
neˆ

g/o snow. ∼ero, snow-flake. ∼ulino, Snow-white.

pluv∼o, sleet.

nek...nek... neither...nor..., not...or...
nenia (adj ) no, of no kind, no kind of, not any.

nenial

(adv ) for no reason, not for any reason, on no

account.

neniam (adv ) never, at no time, not ever.
nenie (adv ) nowhere, in no case, not anywhere.
neniel nohow, by no means, in no way.
nenies (pron) nobody’s, no-one’s.
nenio (pron) nothing, none, not anything, naught.

∼aˆ

o, vacuum.

neniom

(adv ) none (of it), none (at all), no amount, not

a bit.

neniu (pron) nobody, no one, not one; not a single.
nep/o grandson. ∼ino, granddaughter.
nepr/e w/o fail, absolutely, in any case.
nev/o nephew. ∼ino, niece.
ne˘

utral/a neutral.

ni (pron) we. ∼n, us. ∼a, our.
nigr/a black, dark (the color [Cp negro]).
nivel/o level. mar∼o, sea-level.
-nj- sfx of endearment for female names, attached to the

1st few letters of the rt.

nokt/o night. tra∼i nt, pass the night.
nom/o name, appelatn, denominatn. plum∼o,

pseudonym. ∼e, by name, namely.

nombr/o number. mez∼o, average, mean.
nord north. ∼en, to the north, northwards.
normal/a normal (not geometric); ordinary, regular,

typical. ne∼a, abnormal.

not/o note (written and musical). ∼i, take note of,

note.

nov/a new. mal∼a, old.
novembr/o (proper noun) November.
nu (intj ) Well! Well now! Come now!
nud/a bare, nude: naked; exposed; direct, simple.
nul/o nought, zero, nil. ∼igi, nullify. ∼a, null.
numer/o number given to s.t. to indicate its order

among others. [Cp numbr/o]

nun (adv ) now. ∼a, current, present.
nur (adv ) only, merely (modifies the idea it precedes).
obe/i tr; al obey. ∼(ad)o, obedience. ∼igi, train.

mal∼i, disobey.

objekt/o object (concrete and grammatical: rekta

objekto, nerekta objekto).

-obl- den. multiplicatn: -fold. ∼o, multiple. du∼a,

duple, twofold.

observ/i tr observe, watch. mal∼i, disregard.
ofend/i tr offend. ∼o, insult, offense, affront. ∼a,

offensive, insulting.

53

ofer/i offer up, sacrifice.
*ofert/i offer for sale or supply.
ofic/o office: responsible occupatn; duty w/ this. ∼ejo,

o. ∼isto, officer.

oficial

/a official, authorized. [Cp ofic/a: official,

concerning an office or duty]

oficir/o officer (in the military, etc.) [Cp ofic/isto].
oft/e often, frequently. ∼a, frequent, often-occuring.

plej∼e, mostly.

ok eight.
okaz/i nt happen,occur. ∼o,event. ∼a,accidental.

∼e,on occasn,as it h-ed.

okcident/o west. ∼a, w-ern, w-erly. ∼en w-ward.
oktobr/o (proper noun) October.
okul/o eye. ∼(ad)i, e., look at. ∼umi, ogle.
okup/i tr occupy, employ. mal∼i, evacuate, leave free.
ol (conj ) than (with comparison). anta˘

u ∼, before

(sentence).

-on- den. fraction: -th. ∼o, fractn, aliquot part.

kvar∼o, quarter.

oni (pron) one, they, folks, people, men (in general).
onkl/o uncle. ∼ino, aunt.
-op- den. number of elements in a collectivity. du∼e, in

pairs, two by two.

opini/o opinion. ∼i tr, opine, be of an o., believe,

think, suppose.

oranˆ

g/o orange (the fruit). ∼(kolor)a, orange.

ord/o order (arrangement, not command [Cp

ordon/o]).

ordinar/a ordinary.
ordon/i tr; ind. command command, order. ∼o, c., o.
orel/o ear. ∼umo, telephone ear-piece.
organiz /i tr organize. ∼(ad)o, -ation, -ing. ∼(aˆ)o,

-ation, -ed body.

orient/o east, orient. ∼en, e-ward.
ost/o bone.
ov/o egg.
pac/o peace.
paˆ

cj/o (< patro) Daddy, Dad.

paf/i tr; al; kontra˘

u fire, shoot, project a missile. ∼ilo,

gun.

pag/i tr; al, por pay. ∼e, in payment.
paˆ

g/o page (of a book).

pak/i tr pack. ∼(aˆ)o, package.
pal/a pale. ∼iˆ

gi, (become) pale.

pan/o bread.
panj/o (< patro) Mom, Mommy, Mum, Mummy.
paper/o paper.
par/o pair, couple. ∼e, in pairs. ∼ulo, partner.
pardon/i tr; al, ke forgive, pardon, excuse. ∼peto,

apology.

parenc/o relation, relative, kinsman.
parol/i tr; al, kun, pri speak, talk. el∼i, set out clearly,

enunciate.

part/o part. plej∼e, for the most part, mainly.

pas/i tr, nt (!) pass: disappear; go from...to...; pass by,

go past.

pask/o Passover; Easter. ∼a, Paschal.
paˆ

s/i nt, ∼o, step, pace, tread.

paˆstel/o pastel, crayon.
patr/o father. ∼ino, mother.
pa˘

uz/o pause, break, halt. ∼i, cease, stop; delay;

hesitate.

pec/o piece. (dis)∼igi, cut up, dismember, cut to

shreds.

pen/i nt make an effor, try hard, labor, endeavor.
pend/i nt hang, be suspended. ∼igi, hang up. ∼umi

tr , hang s.o.

penik/o brush, hair-pencil; tassel.
pens/i think: cogitate, consider, ponder; believe,

imagine. pri∼i, t. about.

pentr/i tr paint. ∼aˆo, -ing, picture.
per (prep) by means of, per, through, with (instr). ∼i,

act as intermediary.

perd/i tr lose.
perfekt/a perfect.
period/o period (of time).
permes/i tr; al, ke permit, allow, let. ∼o, permissn,

leave. mal∼i, forbid.

person/o person. ∼a, -al, individual, private.
pes/i tr weigh, find the weight of. ∼ilo, scales, balance.
pet/i tr; por, pri, ke ask (as a favor). ∼o, request. mi

petas, please.

pez/i nt, weigh, have weight, be heavy.
pied/o foot.
pilk/o ball (for games, etc.) [Cp bal/o].
pingl/o pin.
pint/o point, extremity, sharp end.
plac/o (public) square; open space, clearing.
plaˆ

c/i tr; al please, be agreable to. al iu ∼as io, s.o.

likes s.t.

plan/o plan. ∼i tr, make a p., plan.
planed/o planet.
plank/o floor, bottom, ground.
plat/a flat.
plej (adv ) most, -est. mal∼, least.
plen/a de, je full. ∼umi, accomplish, fulfil. mal∼a,

empty.

plend/i nt complain.
plezur/o pleasure. ∼e, w/ pleasure.
pli (adv ) more, -er ... (ol: than). mal∼, less.
plor/i nt, cry, weep.
plu (adv ) further, more (in this sense). [Cp pli]
plum/o feather, plume; pen. font∼o, fountain pen.
plur/a ∼aj, more than one, several.
*plus (prep) plus, with the additn of.
pluv/o rain, shower. ∼i, rain. ∼ero, raindrop.
po apiece, at (the rate of). [Complicated—try to find an

explanatn elsewhere]

pokal/o beaker, large drinking cup.
polur/i tr polish.

54

APPENDIX C. GLOSSARY—ESPERANTO TO ENGLISH

polus/o pole (geometric, e.g. the North Pole).
polv/o dust.
pom/o apple. ter∼o, potato.
pont/o bridge.
popol/o people: inhabitants, popultatn; the gen.

public, masses. ∼amaso, crowd.

popular /a popular, familiar to, known (liked) by the

public.

por (prep) for: in order to, for the purpose of; etc.
pord/o door, gateway.
pork/o pig, hog. mar∼o, porpoise. ∼aˆo, pork. ∼ejo,

p-sty.

port/i bear, carry; wear. al∼i, bring.
posed/i tr possess, have, hold, own. ∼o, p-ion,

ownership. ∼aˆo, p-ion.

post (prep) after (time and rank), behind (place). ∼e,

-wards.

postul/i tr , demand, require. ∼o, d., r-ment.
poˆ

s/o pocket.

poˆ

st/o post(al service), mail. en∼igi, m., p.

potenc/o might, power. plej∼a, the Almighty, Most

High.

pov/i aux have the power, can, be able. ∼o, power:

ability; (horse)-power.

pra- den. remoteness: grand, great- (w/ relatives);

primitive, prehistoric, Ur-.

prav/a (in the) right; correct. ∼i, be r. mal∼a, (in

the) wrong, incorrect.

precip/e principally, above all, chiefly. ∼a, principle,

chief, main.

preciz/a precise, accurately expressed.
prefer/i tr, aux prefer, favor. ∼ata, favorite.
preˆ

g/i nt; al, por, pri, ke pray. ∼ejo, church, chapel.

*preleg/i lecture.
premi/o prize, reward.
pren/i tr take.
preska˘

u (adv ) almost, all but, nearly, well-nigh.

pret/a ready. ∼i, be ready. ∼e, beforehand.
preter (prep) beyond, past, on the other side of. [w/ a

positn or limit]

prez/o price.
prezent/i present: offer, proffer, propose; introduce;

imagine; depict; give; form.

prezid/i tr preside. ∼anto, chairman, pn p-ing.

∼ento, -ent, official head.

pri (prep) about, concerning.

princip

/o principle, fundamental. ∼a, of p., f. ∼e, on

p., as a rule.

printemp/o spring.
pro (prep) because of, for, from, owing to, through.

[Lat. propter ]

problem/o problem.
procent/o percent, rate.
produkt/i tr produce.
profesi/o profession. ∼a, -al.
profesor /o professor.

profund/a deep, profound. mal∼a, shallow, superficial.
program/o program, list of arrangements, plan. ∼ero,

item, piece.

progres/i nt (make) progress, advance. ∼o, p.,

advance. mal∼i, decline.

projekt

/o project.

proksim/a near, in proximity, close, nigh. ∼e de, near

to. ∼ume, approximately.

promes/i tr, aux; al promise.
prononc/i tr pronounce. ∼o, pronunciation.
propon/i tr, aux; ke propose. ∼o, -al, -ition.
propr/a (one’s) own, belonging to one.
protekt/i tr; al, kontra˘

u protect (against, from)

protest/i kontra˘

u protest, demonstrate. ∼o, p.,

objection.

prov/i tr (put to the) test, try (in this sense).
proviz/i tr provide.
prunt/i tr; al, de 1. al lend. 2. de borrow.
pruv/i tr; ke prove. ∼o, proof. ∼aˆo, evidence.
publik/o the public.
pun/i tr; pro punish, castigate, chastise. ∼o, penalty.
pup/o doll.
pur/a pure, clean. ∼igi, c., p-ify. mal∼a, im-p., dirty.
purpur/a purple.
raci/o reason, judgement, logical faculty, sense. ∼a,

rational. ∼igi, ratnalize.

rad/o wheel.
rajd/i tr; sur ride (animal, bicycle, etc.).
rajt/o right (to s.t.), just claim, prerogative. ∼i nt,

aux , have the r., may.

rakont/i tr; pri, ke tell (a story), narrate, relate. ∼o,

story, tale, narrative.

rapid/a rapid, fast. ∼e, quickly.
raport/i tr; al, pri; ke report, describe; record; inform

(on), tell tales.

rav/i tr (fill w/) delight, ravish, captivate. ∼a,

r-ing,d-ful,c-ing,lovely.

re- re-.
real/a real: factual, material, objective. mal∼a, unreal,

illusory.

redakt/i tr edit. ∼isto, ∼oro, editor.
reg/i tr rule, dominate. ∼ato, subject. ∼istaro,

government.

registr/i tr rgister (of records or music).
regul/o regulation, rule.
reˆ

g/o king. ∼id(in)o, prince(ss). ∼ino, queen.

eks∼iˆ

gi, abdicate.

rekt/a straight, direct (geometrical, moral,

grammatical, etc.). mal∼a, crooked.

relativ /a relative, comparative, not absolute (also

grammatical).

renkont/i tr meet (s.o.). [Not the same as kun/ven/i]
respond/i tr; al, pri, ke answer: reply, reciprocate;

comply w.; correspond.

rest/i nt remain, stay, continue to be. ∼ejo, abode,

stopping place.

55

ret/o net.
rev/i tr; pri dream, be in a reverie, muse. ∼o, d.

∼(em)a, d-y, romantic.

ricev/i tr receive. ∼o, receipt.
riˆ

c/a je rich. mal∼a, poor.

rid/i tr; je, pri, pro laugh (at). ∼eti, smile.
rigard/i tr; al look (at); regard; face.
rilat/i tr; al relate, be -ed, be connected w/, concern.

∼o, -ion; attitude.

rimark/i tr; de remark, notice, observe; make a r. ∼o,

observatn.

rimed/o means, measure, method, opportunity, way.
ripet/i tr; ke repeat, do again, duplicate, reiterate.
river/o river, stream. ∼eto, brook, creek. ∼ujo, r-bed.
rob/o robe, gown, vestment, dress.
rok /o rock, boulder, crag.
roman/o novel, romance, lengthy tale.
romp/i tr break: crack; interrupt; b. down. ∼(ad)o,

fracture. ∼aˆo, bit.

rond/o round: circle, ring; rounds, beat; social circle.

∼a, round.

ronk/i snore.
ruband/o ribbon, band.
ruˆ

g/a red. ∼iˆ

gi, blush. ∼igi, -en.

*rus/o (proper noun) a Russian. ∼ujo/*∼io, Russia.

∼a, Russian.

sabat/o (proper noun) Saturday.
saˆ

g/a wise. ∼ulo, sage. ∼umi, affect wisdom, split

hairs. mal∼a, stupid.

sal/o salt. ∼i tr, s.
salon/o drawing-room, “salon.”
salt/i nt jump, leap, bound; move quickly. ∼eti, hop.
salut/i tr salute: greet, hail; by gesture express respect.

∼on!, hello.

sam/a the same, identical. ∼(manier)e, in the s. way.

∼tempe, simultaneously.

san/a healthy. ∼o, (good) health. mal∼a, sick, ill.
sang/o blood, gore; lineage, race. ∼ero, drop of blood.
sankt/a holy, sacred. ∼ejo, holy place, sanctuary,

shrine. ∼ulo, saint.

sat/a satiated, satisfied, full, replete. mal∼a, hungry.
sav/i tr save: deliver, rescue; spare.

scen

/o scene.

sci/i tr; ke, kie, etc. know: (facts), be aware of; k. how

to. ∼voli, wonder.

scienc/o science.
se (conj ) if. ∼ jes, if so. ∼ ne, if not. [Not “whether,”

ˆ

cu]

sed (conj ) but, however, moreover.
seg/i tr saw. ∼ilo, saw.
seˆ

g/o chair, seat. brak∼o, arm-chair.

sek/a dry. mal∼a, wet.
seks/o sex; (grammatical) gender. in(∼)a, female.

vir∼a, male.

sekund/o second, sixtieth of a minute (time or degree).

∼i, s., abet, promote.

sekur /a secure, safe.
sekv/i tr, abs follow. ∼a, consequent.
semajn/o week.
sen (prep) w/o, free from, minus, with no, sans. sen-,

-less.

senc/o sense; meaning; idea, purport.
send/i tr send.
*sens/o sense (one of the five...). ∼a, sensory. ∼ama,

sensual.

sent/i feel, be conscious of, sense. ∼o, -ing, perceptn,

sense.

sep seven.
septembr/o (proper noun) September.
serˆ

c/i tr search: look for, seek; investigate, research.

seri/o series, sequence of similar things. ∼a, -al.
ses six.
sezon/o season.
si (reflexive pron) refers to the subj of the sentence, but

only if 3rd pn. ∼a, his-(her-its-their-one’s)own. sin-,
self-.

sid/i nt sit. ∼igi, seat, set. kun∼i, hold a meeting

(kunveni).

signif/i tr mean, signify, denote. sen∼a, insignificant,

meaningless.

silent/a silent, tacit. ∼o, silence. ∼i nt, be silent.
simil/a al, je similar (to), (a)like. ∼i, be like, match,

resemble.

simpl/a simple. ∼e, -y, just, merely, only; plainly.
sinjor/o gentleman;Mr.; master; (rel) the Lord; ∼ino,

Mrs. ge∼oj, Mr. and Mrs.

siren/o siren (woman or loud object).

sistem

/o system. ∼a, -atic.

Skandinavi/o Scandinavia. ∼ano, -n.
skatol/o box, tin.
*ski/o ski. ∼(kur)i, s.
sklav/o slave. ∼i, s., drudge.
skrib/i nt, tr (!) write.
societ/o society: community; associatn, club; company,

firm; social circle.

soif/i tr; al thirst (for), be -y. ∼o, t.
sol/a alone, lone.
solv/i tr dissolve; resolve, solve. ∼o, solutn, answer.

∼a, solvent.

somer/o summer.
son/i nt (make) sound, be heard, resound.
sonˆ

g/i, ∼o dream (in sleep).

sorˆ

c/i tr enchant, put a spell on. ∼isto, -er, wizard.

∼istino, witch.

sort/o fate.
spac/o space: area, extent; limitless s.
spec/o kind, sort; brand, variety.

special

/a special, particular, for a def. purpose [Cp

apart/a, precip/e].

*specif/i tr specify; define in detail. ∼o, specificatn.
spegul/o mirror.

56

APPENDIX C. GLOSSARY—ESPERANTO TO ENGLISH

spert/a experienced, adept, competent, conversant,

expert, skilled.

spinac/o spinach.
spit/i defy, flout, spite. ∼e ... -n, ∼e al, in defiance of.
sport/o sport, out-of-door recreatn. ∼ejo, stadium.
sprit/a witty, bright, clever, quick. ∼(ec)o, wit.

mal∼a, inane, folly.

staci/o station: (haltejo; restejo; establaˆo). ∼domo, s.

building.

star/i nt stand: be in upright positn;stay unshaken; be

situated. ∼ema,stable. re∼i, right, stand back up.

stat/o conditn, state; plight, status. ∼i, be in a s.
stel/o star. ∼ul(in)o, “star” (film, etc.)
stil/o style: manner; pattern, shape.
*stop! (intj ) stop!
strang/a strange, odd, peculiar. ∼aˆo, oddity,

peculiarity. ∼ulo, eccentric.

strat/o street, road between buildings.
streb/i nt strive; do one’s best. ∼o, great effort,

struggle.

streˆ

c/i tr stretch, brace, tense, stiffen, strain. ∼e,

fixedly. ∼o, strain. ∼ita, intense, strained. mal∼i,
ease, loosen.

struktur /o structure, constructn, build. ∼a, structural.
stud/i tr study, do research work on. ∼ema, studious.

∼anto, person -ing.

student/o (college) student, undergraduate.
stult/a stupid, foolish, silly. ∼igi, besot, stultify.
sub (prep) under(neath), beneath, below. ∼ulo,

underling.

subit/a sudden, abrupt, unexpected. ∼e, -ly, all at

once.

suˆ

c/i tr suck.

sud/o south. ∼a, southern. ∼en, southwards, to the s.

∼ano,∼ulo, -erner.

sufiˆ

c/a enough, sufficient. ∼e!, enough! ∼i, be e.,

suffice.

suk/o juice, organic fluid, sap.
sukces/i nt; en, pri; aux succeed, have success. ∼o,

success. mal∼i, fail.

sun/o sun. ∼a, solar.
super (prep) above, super-, over. ∼i, beat, exceed,

excel, surpass.

supoz/i suppose, accept as true or possible w/o proof;

assume, imagine, presume.

supr/o top, summit. ∼a, upper. ∼e de, on the t. of.

∼en, up(wards). ∼aˆ

o, surface. mal∼o, bottom.

mal∼e, below. mal∼en, down.

sur (prep) on, upon.
surpriz/i tr surprise. ∼o, s.
*sved/o (proper noun) a Swede. ∼ujo/*∼io, Sweden.

∼a, Swedish.

sving/i tr swing.
*svis/o (proper noun) a Swiss. ∼ujo/*∼io,

Switzerland. ∼a, Swiss.

ˆ

saf/o sheep. Di∼ido, Agnus Dei.

ˆ

sajn/i seem. ∼o, appearance. ∼e, apparently. ver∼e,

probably, presumably.

ˆsanc/o chance. bon∼a, fortunate, lucky.
ˆ

sanˆ

g/i tr change, alter. mon∼o, change.

ˆ

sat/i appreciate, enjoy, think highly of; like (in this

sense). [Don’t use as aux]

ˆ

serc/i nt joke, jest, make fun. mal∼a, serious.

ˆ

si (pron) she. ∼n, her. ∼a, her.

ˆ

sip/o ship, boat. ∼estro, captain, skipper.

ˆ

sir/i tr tear; pull apart, rip. dis∼i, tear up, shred.

ˆ

slim/o slime.

ˆ

slos/i tr lock. ∼ilo, key.

ˆ

snur/o rope, line, cord.

ˆ

spar/i tr save (up), reserve; be sparing of, economize.

∼(em)a, thrifty.

ˆ

srank/o cupboard.

ˆ

stat/o state (realm), nation, form of government.

ˆ

stel/i steal, thieve. ∼aˆo, booty, plunder, loot. ∼o,

theft. ∼isto, thief.

ˆ

stof/o stuff, fabric, textile.

ˆ

stup/o stair, set (of staircase). ∼e, gradually. ∼aro,

staircase, stairs.

ˆ

su/o shoe.

ˆ

suld/i tr owe, be in debt.

ˆ

sultr/o shoulder.
tabl/o table.
tabul/o board, plank. nigra ∼o, black-board.
tag/o day.
*tajp/i type(write). ∼ilo, typewriter. ∼isto, -ist.

∼aˆ

o, type.

tamen (adv, conj ) nevertheless, however, still, though,

yet, howbeit.

task /o task, job, piece of work.
ta˘

ug/i nt be fit for, be of use, serve. ∼a, fitting,

suitable.

te/o tea. ∼ujo, tea-caddy. ∼horo, tea-time. ∼kruˆ

co,

tea-pot.

teatr

/o theater, play-house. ∼aˆ

ca, meretricious. ∼aˆo,

drama, piece, play.

*teknologi/o technology. La Masaˆ

cusetsa Instituto de

Teknologio.

tekst/o text, wording, words (of music).
teler/o plate.
tem/o subject, theme, topic. ∼i, be about, have as a

theme, touch on.

temp/o time. lasta∼e, lately. sam∼a, contemporary.
temperatur /o temperature.
ten/i tr hold, keep. sin∼o, attitude, bearing. ∼ilo,

handle.

ter/o earth: the world; ground, land; soil, dirt. en∼igi,

bury, inter.

*teren/o ground, plot, terrain, tract of land.
terur/o terror, fright, intense fear. ∼a, -ible, -iffying,

awful. ∼i, -ify, appal.

tia of that kind,that kind of a,such a. ∼ˆoj,such things.

∼maniere, so that.

tial accordingly, for that reason, therefore. ∼ ke,

because.

57

tiam (adv ) then, at that time; in that case. ∼a, of that

time, contemporary.

tie (adv ) there, in that place, over there. ∼n, thither. ˆ

ci

∼, here.

tiel (adv ) as, in such a way, like that, so, thus. ∼ ...

kiel, as ... as.

ties

of that, that one’s, his, etc.; the latter’s.

tim/i tr fear, be afraid of, dread. ∼o, fear, -phobia.
tio (pron) that (thing), it. ˆ

ci ∼, this thing.

tiom (da) (adv ) that amount, so many.
tip/o type, character, specimen. ∼a, typical.
tir/i tr draw, pull. al∼i, attract.
tiu (pron) that one, the one; (adj ) that (particular,

individual). ˆ

ci ∼, this (one). ˆ

ci ∼j, these.

toler/i tr tolerate. ∼ema, tolerant, broad-minded,

easy-going.

tond/i tr clip, shear, snip. ∼ilo, scissors, clippers,

shears.

tondr/o thunder.
tra (prep) through: from one end to the other; through

and past; during.

traduk/i tr; el...en... translate. ∼(aˆ)o, -ion,

rendering, version.

traf/i tr hit the goal, reach one’s aim, befall; contact,

meet. ∼o, hit.

*trajn/o train, string, tow: series of objects; railway

train (vagonaro).

trakt/i tr; pri treat of, deal w/, describe; act towards,

deal w/.

tranˆ

c/i tr cut, cleave. ∼o, cut(ting). ∼ilo, knife.

trans (prep) over, across; (pfx) trans-. ∼ruˆ

ga,

infra-red. ∼violo, u.v.

tre (adv ) very (much), strongly.
tri three
trink/i tr drink. ∼o, drink.
tro (adv ) too; (w/ vb) over(much), too much. ∼a,

excessive.

trov/i tr find: discover; receive; succeed in getting;

consider to be.

tru/o hole, break, breach, gap, opening. ∼i tr, h.,

puncture.

tuj (adv ) immediately, at once, forthwith; just, right

(tute apude).

tuk/o a cloth. buˆ

s∼o, napkin. poˆs∼o, naz∼o,

handkerchief.

tuˆ

s/i tr touch: lay hand on; contact; alter; mentn, deal
w.; affect; concern.

tut/a the whole, all the, intact. ∼e, quite, completely.

∼e ne, by no means. ne ∼e, not altogether, not quite.
en∼e, as a whole.

-uj- den.: container, holder; obj in which an actn is

performed; land of; fruittree.

-ul- den. individual: (w/ adj rt) pn characterized by rt;

a type of animal (mam∼o, mammal); (inanimate obj)
triferdek∼o, 3decker.

-um- has no def. meaning, but forms related words

whose sense is defined by the usage or suggested by
context. [In general, one cannot confidently form new
examples and must look up any which have been
formed].

*uni/o union, coalitn.
universal/a universal, world-wide, ecumenical.
universitat/o university.
unu one
urb/o town. ∼a, urban. ∼ego, great city. ∼estro,

mayor. ∼domo, t-hall.

Uson/o The United States of America. ∼ano,

American.

util/a of use; advantageous. ∼i nt, be of use, help.

mal∼a, harmful.

uz/i tr use, employ, utilize.

valor

/o value, worth.

var /o article of commerce, commodity. ∼oj, wares,

goods. ∼ejo, warehouse.

varb/i tr; al, en, por enlist, enroll, gain over, recruit.
varm/a warm. ∼ega, hot. ∼eta, tepid. mal∼a, cool.

mal∼ega, cold.

vast/a vast. dis∼igi, promulgate, spread. mal∼a,

narrow, limited.

ve (intj ) woe! ho ∼!, alas! woe is me!
vek/i tr wake(n), rouse (< sleep). ∼iˆ

gi, awaken.

ven/i nt come. al∼i, arrive at, reach. re∼i return.

kun∼i, convene, meet. kun∼o, meeting.

vend/i tr sell.
vendred/o (proper noun) Friday.
venen/o poison. kontra˘

u∼o, antidote.

venk/i tr, abs conquer, vanquish, beat, defeat, triumph

over. mal∼o, defeat.

vent/o wind.
ventr/o belly, abdomen; womb.
ver/a true, authentic, genuine, real, veritable. ∼o,

truth.

verb/o verb.
verd/a green, verdant.
verk/i tr write, make (by mental labor).
verm/o worm.
verˆ

s/i tr pour out (liquids), discharge.

vesper/o evening; gloaming, twilight, dusk.
vest/i tr clothe, dress, robe. ∼(aˆ)o, article of clothing,

apparel, dress.

veter/o weather.
vetur/i go (travel) by vehicle. ∼ilo, vehicle.

kusen∼ilo, hovercraft.

vi you (sg and pl). ∼a, your(s).
viand/o meat. ∼ejo, butcher’s shop. ∼isto, butcher.
vid/i tr see: behold; realize; understand; visit. ∼o,

sight, view.

vigl/a animated: bright, fresh; lively, nimble; energetic;

alert, vigilant.

vin/o wine.
vintr/o winter.
viol/o violet. ∼a, ∼kolora, v.
vir/o male; man (opp woman); man (opp child); (pfx)

male-. ∼ino, woman, female.

vitr/o glass; obj of glass. okul∼oj, eye-glasses.
viv/i nt live; remain alive, endure; remain in memory;

manage; conduct one’s l.; dwell. ∼o, life.

58

APPENDIX C. GLOSSARY—ESPERANTO TO ENGLISH

vizaˆ

g/o face, countenance, visage.

vizit/i tr visit.
voˆ

c/o voice. ∼(don)i, ∼(don)o vote.

voj/o way, path, road. fer∼o, railroad. sur∼e, en

route, on the way.

vojaˆ

g/i nt journey, travel; migrate.

vok/i tr; al call to, cry out; call in; call upon, invite.
vokal/o vowel.
vol/i tr, aux will, choose, determine; desire, like, want.

sci∼i, wonder.

volont/e willingly, w/ pleasure. mal∼e, ne∼e,

reluctantly.

volv/i tr wrap, roll, wind.
vort/o word; speech, mesage; promise. ∼aro,

dictionary. ∼ero, morpheme.

vulp/o fox. ∼ino, vixen.
zorg/i pri; tr care (for), attend to; be anxious about.

∼anto, guardian.