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Ľubomír BEŇA

ODNAWIALNE

ŹRÓDŁA ENERGII

(RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES)

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- zajecia w semestrze zimowym: co dwa tygodnie (w tygodniu B)

Warunki do zaliczenia przedmiotu:

- laboratorium (20p), egzamin (80p) - max. liczba punktów: A=100)

- do zaliczenia przedmiotu trzeba uzyskać min. 51p

Informacje podstawowe

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Objectives of the subject

 explanation of main reasons for the use of renewable

energy

(

wyjaśnienie głównych powodow korzystania odnawialnych źródeł

energii)

-

limited reserves of conventional energy resources, increasing of
energy consumption,

-

ecological aspects,

-

energy independence.

 basic principles of renewable energy sources

(podstawowe

zasady funkcjonowania odnawialnych zrodel energii)

-

solar power plants,

-

hydro power plants

-

wind power plants,

-

biomass power plants,

-

geothermal power plants

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Evolution of global energy consumption

Mtoe - Million Tons of Oil Equivalent;

Mtoe

1 toe = 11 630 kWh
1 toe = 41 868 MJ

http://www.unitjuggler.com/convert-energy-from-J-to-MJ.html

1 toe = 7,4 barrel of oil (1 bbl = 159 l)
1 toe = 1270 m

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natural gas

1 toe = 2,3 t of coal

[Mastný, P.: Obnovitelné zdroje elektrické energie. ČVUT Praha 2011. ISBN 978-80-01-04937-2]

http://ec.europa.eu/energy/observatory/trends_2030/doc/trends_to_2030_update_2009.pdf

1 EVOLUTION OF ENERGY CONSUMPTION IN THE WORLD

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(Energy production)

Total primary energy supply (by fuel)

http://www.iea.org/stats/regionresults.asp?COUNTRY_CODE=29&Submit=Submit

http://www.javys.sk/sk/informacny-servis/energeticky-slovnik/S/spotreba-elektrickej-energie

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http://www.iea.org/stats/regionresults.asp?COUNTRY_CODE=29&Submit=Submit

Share of total primary energy supply in 2009

http://www.siea.sk/materials/files/poradenstvo/legislativa/strategia_eb/seb.pdf

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http://ec.europa.eu/energy/observatory/countries/doc/key_figures.pdf

Note: World energy demand is on the rise … !!!

World energy demand

OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) – Australia, Austria, Belgium,

Canada, Chile, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland,

Israël, Italy, Japan, Korea, Luxembourg, Mexico, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal,

Slovak Republic, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, United Kingdom, United States

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http://www.iea.org/stats/regionresults.asp?COUNTRY_CODE=29&Submit=Submit

Electricity generation by fuel

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According to the WEC (World Energy Council - World Energy Council),

the expected estimate of the world's primary energy sources:

Oil: 50 years

Gas: 70 years

Coal: 120 years

Brown Coal: 300 years

Uranium: 50 years

Tkáč, J.,Ptáček, J.: Netradičné zdroje elektriny, Košice 2006, ISBN 80-8073-549-2

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2 TYPES OF ENERGY SOURCES

1) non-renewable energy sources

- energy source, the depletion is expected in the term a maximum of

hundreds of years

- its eventual restoration would take many times longer

- there are mainly fossil (coal, oil, natural gas) and nuclear fuels.

2) renewable energy sources

a) sources, which can not be exhausted (for example: solar energy, wind,
water, geothermal). They will be here in terms of human life yet thousands of
human generations.

b) resources with regular cycles recovering. This means that while they can
exhaust, but we know the appropriate measures to ensure their continued
existence. It's for example biomass and all its products..

Examples:

- trees (can be cut down, but it will grow again, if we keep certain

necessary conditions for their growth)

- livestock products (biogas or manure).

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Classifications of energy resources

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364032111003261

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3 NON-RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES

-

these fuels can be found below the surface, where created over millions of
years decomposition of prehistoric remains of dead plants and animals.
Today fossil fuels originated about 300 million years ago (oil, coal, natural
gas) and some stocks of lignite about 65 million years ago

-

although fossil fuels action of natural forces (heat and pressure) are still
emerging, the current consumption far outweigh their creation (mankind
consumes in 1 year the amount of fossil fuels, which nature has produced
over 1 million years).

-

that are not replenished as quickly as they consume means that the pattern
of consumption of the run out in the near future. Therefore, fossil fuels are
considered as

non-renewable

.

-

finite sources of fuel is not single threat facing humanity. The use of fossil
fuels also leads to environmental degradation.

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With the use of fossil fuels leads to large, often irreversible damage to ecosystems, as

their production, processing and combustion produce large quantities of toxic waste,

including heavy metals.

3.1 Impact of fossil fuels on the environment

- Mining

where the surface, often means complete

devastation of the country.

- Processing

brings a large amount of non-recoverable waste.

- Burning

of fossil fuels causes: high levels of CO

2

(the most

responsible for global warming), oxides of nitrogen, sulfur

and ammonia that cause acidification of the environment, a

variety of volatiles, ash and heavy metals (As, Cd, Hg, Pb ,

Zn). These compounds reduce human immunity, increased

susceptibility to common respiratory diseases such as colds

and flu in infants may also encourage development of

allergies and various chronic inflammatory diseases.

Emissions of sulfur and nitrogen oxides, mainly from traffic and industry have a direct

impact on the formation of

acid rain

, which is the result from a chemical reaction

between the gases and water in the atmosphere. This has adverse effects on forests,

water bodies (lakes, ponds, reservoirs), green in the city, damaging historic buildings,

leads to health problems, especially in sensitive populations (children, seniors,

allergists).

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Note on the impact of nuclear power on the environment:
-

today's next-generation nuclear power plants are considered safe, but we must not

forget also the risks.

-

technology of power plant may be okay, but need to think to human error - the main

reason for nuclear incidents and accidents (Chernobyl) or natural disaster

(Fukushima).

-

also must not forget the issue of storing spent nuclear fuel after its use is still

radioactive

-

radioactivity in consequence of an accident causing genetic defects causing

deformation of the body and various diseases and the real lifetime risk of developing

cancer, contamination of water and soil.

http://www.alternativy.sk

http://www.energyweb.cz/web/rao/sk/41.htm

http://www.njf.sk/dokumenty/aktuality/analyza_pred_a_zad_casti_jad_palvi_cyklu.pdf

Global production of uranium in 2006

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Evolution of global CO

2

production

[Key World Energy Statistics, Edition 2010. International Energy Agency. 9,rue de la Federation 75739
Paris Cedex 15,

www.iea.org

]

http://www.quark.sk/oxid-uhli-it-pod-zem

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil-fuel_power_station

In 2008, the

European Environment Agency

(EEA) documented fuel-dependent emission

factors based on actual emissions from power plants in the European Union.

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[Key World Energy Statistics, Edition 2010. International Energy Agency. 9,rue de la Federation 75739
Paris Cedex 15,

www.iea.org

]

Regional shares of CO

2

emissions

OECD (Organisation for

Economic Co-operation

and Development) –

Australia, Austria, Belgium,

Canada, Chile, Czech

Republic, Denmark,

Estonia, Finland, France,

Germany, Greece,

Hungary, Iceland, Ireland,

Israël, Italy, Japan, Korea,

Luxembourg, Mexico,

Netherlands, New Zealand,

Norway, Poland, Portugal,

Slovak Republic, Slovenia,

Spain, Sweden,

Switzerland, Turkey,

United Kingdom, United

States

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http://www.ekologika.sk/spravy/spravy/globalna-produkcia-co2-sa-zvysila-o-3-v-2011.html

Global production of CO

2

in

2011

: 34 billion tons / year

The largest contributors of CO

2

emissions globally are:

China (29%)

United States (16%)

European Union (11%)

India (6%)

Russian Federation (5%)

Japan (4%)

http://sagacommodities.com/?cid=7&NewsId=319&lng=sk

http://www.euractiv.sk/zivotne-prostredie/clanok/cina-zmari-ambicioznejsie-plany-unie-pre-znizenie-
co2-016271

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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w1v43IQAtIA&feature=related

- unit ppm (parts per million) - is the number of particles per 1 million other

particles, or 0.0001%,

- ppm is usually used to express the concentration in chemistry

Evolution of CO

2

production at various locations around the world

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David J. C. MacKay: Obnoviteľne zdroje energie – s chladnou hlavou. SIEA Bratislava, 2012 ISBN 978-
80-88823-54-4
http://www.withouthotair.com/

Share of CO

2

between regions in 2000

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Share of CO

2

between countries in 2000

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Comments:

- there are the large differences in the location and amount of resource

consumption on the Earth's surface.

- about 25% of the population of most developed countries consume 63%

of world production of energy

- if all the inhabitants of the earth began to use energy as a people from

industrialized countries, it would mean an environmental disaster and the

exhaustion of all resources for 20 years.

- for about the last 50 years mankind has consumed more of the world's

energy resources than in the entire previous development.

- according to recent research, people live on this planet for about 700,000

years.

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Energy dependence of European Union countries

3.2 Energy dependence of European Union countries

http://ec.europa.eu/energy/publications/doc/2012_energy_transport_figures.pdf

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Energy dependence of European Union countries

http://ec.europa.eu/energy/publications/doc/2012_energy_transport_figures.pdf

Note: Energy dependency strongly

differs among Member States:

Denmark is the only net energy

exporter while Malta is

entirely dependent on energy

imports.

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Energy dependence of European Union countries

Note: The EU produces 48 % of its energy needs...

http://ec.europa.eu/energy/observatory/countries/doc/key_figures.pdf